The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders This page intentionally left blank The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders Edited by Tomasz Kamusella University of St Andrews, UK Motoki Nomachi Hokkaido University, Japan and Catherine Gibson European University Institute, Italy Selection, introduction and editorial content © Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi and Catherine Gibson 2016 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2016 Foreword © Peter Burke 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-34838-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57703-3 ISBN 978-1-137-34839-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Palgrave handbook of Slavic languages, identities and borders / edited by Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, Catherine Gibson. pages cm Summary: “Languages are artefacts of culture, meaning they are created by people. They are often used for identity building and maintenance, but in Central and Eastern Europe they became the basis of nation building and national statehood maintenance. The recent split of the Serbo-Croatian language in the wake of the break-up of Yugoslavia amply illustrates the highly politicized role of languages in this region, which is also home to most of the world’s Slavic-speakers. This volume presents and analyzes the creation of languages across the Slavophone areas of the world and their deployment for political projects and identity building, mainly after 1989. The overview concludes with a reflection on the recent rise of Slavophone speech communities in Western Europe and Israel. The book brings together renowned international scholars who offer a variety of perspectives from a number of disciplines and sub-fields such as sociolinguistics, socio- political history and language policy, making this book of great interest to historians, sociologists, political scientists and anthropologists interested in Central and Eastern Europe and Slavic Studies”—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978–1–137–34838–8 (hardback) 1. Slavic languages—History. 2. Languages in contact—Slavic languages. I. Kamusella, Tomasz, editor. II. Nomachi, Motoki, editor. III. Gibson, Catherine, editor. PG45.P35 2015 491.8'09—dc23 2015003227 Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. In remembrance of Professor Anna M. Cienciała (1929–2014) Professor Milka Ivić (1923–2011) Professor Jerzy Tomaszewski (1931–2014) This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures, Tables, and Maps x Foreword xii Acknowledgements xiv Notes on Contributors xv Introduction 1 Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, and Catherine Gibson 1 Cross-border Turkic and Iranian Language Retention in the West and East Slavic Lands and Beyond: A Tentative Classification 8 Paul Wexler 2 Identity and Language of the Roma (Gypsies) in Central and Eastern Europe 26 Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov Part I North Slavs and Their Languages 3 The Polish Livonian Legacy in Latgalia: The Confluence of Slavic Ethnolects in the Baltic-Slavic Borderland 57 Catherine Gibson 4 Iazychie and Surzhyk: Mixing Languages and Identities in the Ukrainian Borderlands 81 Andrii Danylenko 5 A Borderland of Borders: The Search for a Literary Language in Carpathian Rus’ 101 Paul Robert Magocsi 6 Rusyn: A New–Old Language In-between Nations and States 124 Michael Moser 7 The Czech-Slovak Communicative and Dialect Continuum: With and Without a Border 140 Mira Nábělková vii viii Contents 8 The Changing Lattice of Languages, Borders, and Identities in Silesia 185 Tomasz Kamusella 9 ‘Our People is Divided, Yes, and Torn Asunder …’: The Sorbian Language Community and Its Internal Divisions 206 Roland Marti 10 Fickle Nationalism: Slovakia’s Shifting Ethno-Linguistic Borders 230 Alexander Maxwell 11 From ‘Hungarus’ Patriotism to Linguistic Nationalism 245 István Fried Part II South Slavs and Their Languages 12 Phonology and the Construction of Borders in the Balkans 263 Brian D. Joseph 13 Slovene Language after the Schengen Agreement: Will the Linguistic Borders Also Disappear? 276 Andrej Bekeš 14 Borderlands and Transborder Regions of the Croatian Language: How Far Back in History Is Enough? 309 Anita Peti-Stantić and Keith Langston 15 The Language Situation for the Bosniaks on Both Sides of the Serbian/Montenegrin Border 330 Robert D. Greenberg 16 Burgenland Croatian: An Old Language on a Do-it-Yourself Border with a New Name 347 E. Wayles Browne 17 Identity Problems of the Gorani in Eastern Albania and Kosovo 360 Klaus Steinke 18 Borders in Bulgaria in the Light of Areal Ethnolinguistics 376 Irina Sedakova 19 The Rise, Fall, and Revival of the Banat Bulgarian Literary Language: Sociolinguistic History from the Perspective of Trans-Border Interactions 394 Motoki Nomachi 20 Conflicting Nationalist Discourses in the Balkan Slavic Language Area 429 Jouko Lindstedt Contents ix Part III A Glimpse into the Future 21 Speakers of Russian in Ireland: Where Borderless and Bordered Languages Meet 451 Sarah Smyth 22 Central Europe in the Middle East: The Russian Language in Israel 477 Anna Novikov 23 Negotiating Goods and Language on Cross-Border Retail Markets in the Postsocialist Space 495 Dieter Stern 24 Migration or Immigration? Ireland’s New and Unexpected Polish-Language Community 524 Tomasz Kamusella Index 549 List of Figures, Tables, and Maps Figures 4.1 Language and identity mixing in the Ukrainian borderlands 83 13.1 The evolving of bilingual topographic names in Carinthia 294 23.1 Allegedly irredentist slogan in factory at Aginskoe, Chitinskoe oblast’. The text in fact translates as: ‘Safety and civilized order of production enhance and guarantee a prosperous future of the enterprise’ 498 23.2 Torgovyi tsentr at Manzhouli in classicist style 507 Tables 4.1 Development of the literary Ukrainian language(s) 96 12.1 Genealogical classification and affiliation of languages of the Balkans 266 15.1 Bosniaks, Muslims, and Bosniaks/Muslims in the 2011 Montenegrin Census 339 17.1 Gorani in Albania 364 21.1 Question 1: which languages do you know? 458 21.2 Responses to questions 16–19 on language use 460 21.3 Question 2a: I consider language X ‘part of who I am’ 462 21.4 Responses to question 8 464 21.5 Responses to question 9: re. the status of languages 465 21.6 Responses to question 9: intrinsic and extrinsic factors motivating language education needs 466 21.7 Responses to question 9: psychological factors motivating language education needs 467 21.8 Question 11: attitudinal statements (c) and (f) 471 Maps 5.1 Carpathian Rus’: a borderland of borders 102 5.2 Dialects in Carpathian Rus’ 104 x List of Figures, Tables, and Maps xi 5.3 Ethnographic divisions in Carpathian Rus’ 105 7.1 Czech Republic and Slovak Republic with main cities and towns mentioned (map by Marián Sloboda) 141 7.2 Isoglosses of features considered Czech/Slovak (adapted and translated from Bělič 1972) 153 7.3 Moravian, Silesian, and Slovak border dialects (based on a merger of dialect division maps in Bělič (1972) and Štolc et al. (1968), created by Marián Sloboda) 154 10.1 The Czechoslovak and North Hungarian Slavic national concepts 239 13.1 Ethnic distribution in Austria-Hungary (Wikimedia Commons, based on Shepherd 1911: 168) 280 13.2 Present distribution of Slovenes in Slovenia and neighbouring countries 281 15.1 The Sandžak after 2006: divergent language policies of Serbia and Montenegro 332 16.1 The ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary in 1910 according to Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary by William R. Shepherd, 1911 351 17.1 Slavic minorities in Albania 371 18.1 Terms for Christmas 381 18.2 Terms for the Yule log 382 18.3 Terms for Christmas loaves 383 18.4 Terms for the Twelve Days’ demons 384 18.5 Terms for the Twelve Days 385 18.6 Christmas and Mumming processions 386 18.7 St Ignatius Day: semantics and main rituals 387 18.8 Local specific features in celebrating the Twelve Days’ rituals 388 Foreword A handbook of Slavic languages needs no introduction to linguists working in this field, but this foreword gives me an opportunity to welcome a collective study that is of great interest and relevance to historians of Europe, whether their principal interests are in cultural, social, or political history. The editors and the contributors to this volume, 25 of them in all, working in 18 different countries, have interpreted their task in broad terms.