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Race, Gender, and Citizenship: the Removal of Japanese And University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2010-01-01 Race, Gender, and Citizenship: The Removal of Japanese and Japanese Mexicans from the United States/Mexico Borderlands Selfa Alejandra Chew Smithart University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Chew Smithart, Selfa Alejandra, "Race, Gender, and Citizenship: The Removal of Japanese and Japanese Mexicans from the United States/Mexico Borderlands" (2010). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 2456. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/2456 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE, GENDER, AND CITIZENSHIP: THE REMOVAL OF JAPANESE AND JAPANESE MEXICANS FROM THE UNITED STATES/MEXICO BORDERLANDS DURING WORLD WAR II SELFA ALEJANDRA CHEW-SMITHART DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY APPROVED: ___________________________________ Maceo C. Dailey, Jr., Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Michael Topp, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Julia M. Schiavone-Camacho, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Fernando García Núñez, Ph.D. ___________________________________ John D. Márquez, Ph.D. ______________________________ Patricia D.Witherspoon, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School RACE, GENDER, AND CITIZENSHIP: THE REMOVAL OF JAPANESE AND JAPANESE MEXICANS FROM THE UNITED STATES/MEXICO BORDERLANDS DURING WORLD WAR II By SELFA ALEJANDRA CHEW-SMITHART, M.A., M.F.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO December 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe my academic achievements, the conclusion of this dissertation in particular, to the workers who have sustained with their labor the educational institutions in which I have been trained to become a social scientist. I am grateful for the support I have received from the persons listed in this page and from many others not mentioned here but who are always present in my life and in my work. Ningún trabajo es el producto de una sola persona. Debo mis logros y la conclusión de esta etapa de mi vida académica a los trabajadores que sostienen con su labor las instituciones educativas a las que he asistido para convertirme en científica social. Agradezco también el apoyo de las siguientes personas y de muchas otras a quienes no menciono pero que están presentes en mi vida y en mi trabajo: Pedro Chew Almanze, Angelina Valdez de Sánchez, Celia García de Sánchez, Celia Landeros de Sánchez, Josefina Gómez de Sánchez, Alicia Larios de Sánchez, Silvia Barrón de Sánchez, Ariel Corral, Modesta Cisneros, Cecilia Cisneros, Ema Montesinos de Sánchez, Evelia Sánchez de Chew, Carlos Chacón De La Rosa, Gerardo Chacón De La Rosa, Victoria García Flores, Nancy González, Antonio Reyes López, Janet Davis, Yolanda Chávez Leyva, Paul Edison, Samuel Brunk, Sandy McGee Deutsch, Chuck Ambler, Liliana Chew, Daniel Orizaga, Robert Harland, Juan Sandoval, Cheryl Martin, Charles Martin, Jeffrey Shepherd, Ernesto Chávez, Claudia Rivers, Irma Chew, Hortensia Chew, Susana Chew, Mónica González Chew, Gloria Hall, Guadalupe Méndez, Pedro García, Alan García, Saúl Muñoz Mier, Roberto Díaz Molina, Mario Meléndez, Martín Guzmán, Nancy Green, Arnulfo Cisneros, Markus Steven Smithart, Amit Gosh, Carmen Seda, Minerva Laveaga,Toshiya Kamei, Omar Carrillo, Felipe Cisneros, Carolina Monsiváis, Denise Chávez, Pete Chew Sánchez, Betty Yu, Pedro Yu, Rosita King, Elvira King, Celerina López, Alfredo López, Brígida Lopez, Alex Sánchez, Velia Licón, Roberto Mora, Rosario Mora, Saúl Muñoz Mier, Jorge Sánchez Montesinos, Juan Cisneros, Armandina Ramírez, Ángel Tanaka, Sidoni Otsuka de Tanaka, María Fujigaki, Fidelia Takaki, Eva Watanabe, Raúl Hiromoto, Carmen Kobashi, Rodolfo Nakamura, Josefina de Nakamura, Georgina Nakamura, Eleonor Nakamura, Antonio Nakamura, Diamantina Nakamura, Alberto Blanco, Jorge Cheng, Minerva Yoshino, Martha y Manuel Enrique Chew, Georgina Phillips, Mahatma Tanahara, Susana Kobashi, Guadalupe y Flor Montalvo, Alberto Ruy Sánchez, Rosa Isela Ramírez, Gina Sánchez Ramírez, Marina de la Mora, Jaime Ruiz, Cesar Sotelo, Ben Sáenz, Daniel Chacón, John Collins, Eve Stoddard, Joyce Sheridan, Lisa Bennett, Felipe Méndez, Nancy Hinojos, Raúl Hinojos, Mirlo Rodríguez, José Luis Valadez, Harland Hall, Ramón Sánchez Valdez, Violeta Mena, Maricarmen Nieto-Meléndez, Patricia Álvarez, Lucia Meléndez, Socorro Tabuenca, Rosa María Tabuenca, Héctor Enríquez, Perla de la Rosa, Armida Desormaux, Sandra Tijerina, Carlos Marentes, Reies López Tijerina, Alfredo Limas, Yoshiko Murakami, Shiori Kumagai, Joaquina Castro, Oscar Gómez, Pamela Gómez, Laura Gómez, Sonia Torres, Moi Villegas, Eduardo Bravo, Agustín Sosa, Víctor Acosta, Verónica Sosa, Daniel iii Guzmán, Alan Santinele Martino, Austin Dempewolff, Zulma Méndez, Alberto Esquinca, Marina A. Llorente, Renato Díaz, Adriano Santos, Carlos Ruvalcaba, Sergio Rivera, Ramón Campos Mosqueda, Edith Yánez, Janet Davis, César Silva Santiesteban, Rubén Leyva, Sergio Mondragón, Saúl Ibargoyen, Mariluz Suárez, Eve Gil, Luisa Elberg, Hermes Forbes, Antonio Del Campo, Eleonora Achugar, Leticia Bravo, Eleonora Ghioldi, John Fahey, Carolina Chong, Guadalupe Yee, Lourdes Vázquez, Nancy Pierce, Ramon, Angelita, Arturo y Rocío Sánchez Landeros, Alberto, Alejandro y Rosaelia Sánchez Gómez, Sergio Rivera, Sylvia Peregrino, Violeta Mena, Alicia Bueno, Braulio Cañas, Wannie Wang, Nancy Meléndez, Luz María Aparicio, Columba Sánchez Larios, Jorge Sánchez Ramírez, Lucía Martínez, Ramón Méndez, Araceli Nieto, Carlos Marentes, Fernando Hernández, Walter Servín, Virginia Ordoñez, Araceli Goche, Hortencia Echeverría, Socorro Diamondstein, Miguel García, Jorge Humberto Chávez, Virginia Sánchez Landeros, Luis Arturo Ramos, Richard Yáñez, Lex Williford, Héctor Carbajal, mis estudiantes y otras muchas personas con las que estoy en deuda. DEDICATORIA Esta disertación está dedicada a la vida de mi hermano Pedro Manuel. A su generosidad infinita, amor incondicional y servicio a sus semejantes. A quienes con él han sucumbido ante la guerra más cruenta que jamás haya librado un Cd. Juárez desarmado y atacado por las fuerzas federales. A mi tío, el doctor Rodolfo Sánchez Cisneros, quien ha sido el mejor de los padres y mi más grande ejemplo de consagración a la ciencia. A mi esposo, Doroteo Meléndez, compañero de mi vida, por su paciencia y amor. A mi hija Nolí, nube hermosa y luz de mi vida, por su valentía, belleza, talento, inteligencia y por todo su entusiasmo y ayuda en cada etapa en mi carrera. A mis hermanas Martha y Mariana por su activismo en pro de la justicia social y por el ejemplo académico que me han dado. A mis padres, Selfa y Manuel, por tener fe en nuestra capacidad de vencer los más grandes obstáculos, por habernos enseñado a sentirnos orgullosos de nuestras raíces y a contribuir al mejoramiento de nuestra sociedad. A mis sobrinos Pedro Manuel, Thelma, Ximena y Paloma por todo el amor que me han brindado y la esperanza que representan. A mis tíos Alberto, Hermilo, Lucrecio, Efrén, Mario, Francisco y Víctor quienes me brindaron su aliento y cariño desde los primeros días de mi vida y me enseñaron a trabajar con dignidad y ahínco. iv A mis profesores, los doctores Maceo C. Dailey, John D. Márquez, Michael Topp, Fernando García Núñez y Julia Camacho Schiavone por su valiosa guía, pacientes consejos y el esfuerzo invertido en mi carrera. A la doctora Yolanda Leyva por su ejemplo. Thanks for their faith in my capability to succeed in this program. Thanks for their patience, time and guidance. A mis ancestros más queridos: Angelina Cisneros Serra, Manuela Almanze, Chio Sam Chew y Virginio Sánchez, quienes me regalaron las coordenadas de mi vida y el deseo constante de caminar por el mundo. To all Asian immigrants in the American Continent who resisted with dignity their oppression. A los inmigrantes Asiáticos en el Continente Americano quienes han resistido con dignidad la opresión desde los márgenes sociales y aportado su esfuerzo y cultura a las sociedades que han gozado de los frutos de su trabajo. I would like to thank the financial support I received to conduct my research and to write this dissertation from: Smithsonian Institute Race, Ethnicity, and Migration Studies Institute (Trans-Atlantic Graduate Exchange Program) The Hispanic Scholarship Fund Cotton Memorial Scholarship Richard E. Dunlap Fund Scholarship Saint Lawrence University Dr. Diana Natalicio The University of Texas at El Paso: Department of Liberal Arts Department of History Department of African American Studies v ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the uprooting of the Japanese Mexican community from the United States/Mexico borderlands region during World War II. I argue that the development of international relations and the global organization of the economy directly informed the management of Japanese immigrants and their descendants in the United States borderlands region. In compliance with the United States’ request to control Japanese Mexicans, President Manuel Ávila Camacho ordered the dislocation of the entire Japanese Mexican community and approved the creation of concentration camps
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