CBD NEWS SPECIAL EDITION

Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets Protected areas International Crane Foundation (ICF) / Siberian Cranes for achieving biodiversity targets Editorial Board Table of contents Hamdallah Zedan From Kuala Lumpur to Montecatini to Brazil ...... 1 Kalemani Jo Mulongoy Hamdallah Zedan Arthur Nogueira Protected areas and the 2010 biodiversity target – the Italian experience . . 2 John Fry Dr. Aldo Cosentino Sarat Babu Gidda BirdLife international and the programme of work on protected areas . . . . . 4 Paola Deda Mr. Michael Rands David Ainsworth Protected area systems in France ...... 5 Mathieu Régnier Mr. Olivier Laroussinie

Conserving wildlife pathways and corridors...... 6 Graphic design and typesetting Mr. Robert Hepworth Infoscan Collette Status of protected areas in Thailand ...... 8 Printed in Canada on New Life Dr. Chaweewan Hutacharem ISBN: 92-9225-029-9 Qechua communities launched first natural sacred site in Peru ...... 9 Copyright Secretariat of the Dr. Alejandro Argumedo Convention on Biological Diversity Madagascar’s approach to protected areas...... 10 2005. Dr. Claudine Ramiarison All rights reserved. Protected areas for today’s world...... 11 Mr. Nikita Lopoukhine Protected areas and the 2010 biodiversity target – Australia’s role...... 12 Dr. Conall O’Connell The nature conservancy and the programme of work on protected areas . . . . . 13 Mr. Steven J. McCormick World wide fund for nature and the 2010 biodiversity target ...... 14 Dr. Claude Martin Ukraine and protected areas: looking forward ...... 16 Dr. Yaroslav Movchan Managing the matrix or protected areas – in their place...... 17 Mr. Peter Bridgewater Understanding and optimising governance: a quiet revolution for protected areas? ...... 18 Dr. Grazia Borrini-Feyeraband The national integrated protected area system of the Phillippines ...... 20 Dr. Theresa Mundita Lim Biosphere reserves ...... 21 Mr. Natarajan Ishwaran Conservation international and the programme of work on protected areas. . . . 22 Mr. Russell A. Mittermeier How is the global environment facility supporting the CBD programme of work on protected areas?...... 23 Dr. Gonzalo Castro

Pollino National Park, Italy Targets in the programme of work on protected areas ...... 24

CBD News Special Edition Hamdallah Zedan, Executive Secretary Convention on Biological Diversity

From Kuala Lumpur to Montecatini to Brazil

rotected areas are, and will lishment and maintenance of compre- remain, cornerstones of biodi- hensive, effectively managed and eco- THE OVERALL DEADLINE Pversity conservation. They are logically representative national and FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION also critical to human welfare, poverty regional systems of protected areas, OF THE PROGRAMME OF WORK alleviation and the achievement of the with clearly defined goals and time- IS 2010 FOR TERRESTRIAL Millennium Development Goals. In the based targets. The overall deadline for AND 2012 FOR MARINE AREAS face of increasing human pressure on the implementation of the programme the planet's resources, an effective of work is 2010 for terrestrial and 2012 global protected area system is the for marine areas. Important intermedi- best hope for conserving ecosystems, ate deadlines are 2006 (COP-8) and mental organizations, indigenous and habitats, and species and to help 2008 (COP-9). Particularly urgent is local communities, and international achieve the target of achieving a sig- the 2006 deadline for a set of activities conventions, that have undertaken nificant reduction in the current rate of that will collectively constitute the first concrete and viable actions for the biodiversity loss by 2010, which was major benchmark towards full imple- establishment and management of adopted by the Conference of the Par- mentation of the programme of work protected areas. ties to the Convention on Biological by 2010/2012. These activities include, Diversity in 2002 and endorsed by the inter alia, completing protected areas Important issues before the Monteca- World Summit on Sustainable Devel- gap-analysis, capacity-building, inte- tini meeting include: exploring coop- opment later in the same year. gration of protected areas into the eration options for establishing marine wider land- and seascape, addressing protected areas beyond national juris- Globally, the number of protected areas legislative gaps and other barriers for diction, options for mobilizing financial has been increasing significantly over effective management. resources for the implementation of the last few decades, currently cover- the programme of work by developing ing 12 per cent of the world's land The Conference of the Parties estab- countries, and further development of surface. However, biological diversity lished an Ad Hoc Open-Ended Work- toolkits for protected areas. The Mon- loss continues unabated. The exist- ing Group to support and review imple- tecatini meeting will be an important ing global system of protected areas mentation of the programme of work. milestone as it will lay the basis for the is insufficient in several ways. These The Government of Italy is hosting the implementation of the Convention's areas do not adequately represent first meeting of the Working Group in programme of work, while assisting all ecosystems, habitats and species Montecatini in June 2005. This special Parties to translate it into tangible important for conservation, and those edition of CBD News is intended to actions on the ground. already established are beset with share recent developments on the financial difficulties that impedes their status and trends, levels and types of I would like to express my sincere effective management. support in establishing protected areas gratitude to the Government of Italy for and plans and achievements towards its generous support to host the Mon- At its seventh meeting, the Conference the 2010 biodiversity target. The con- tecatini meeting as well as for the pub- of the Parties (COP) to the Conven- tributors represent a wide spectrum of lication of this special edition. I would tion on Biological Diversity adopted a stakeholders, including Governments, also like to thank all contributors. programme of work to support estab- intergovernmental and non-govern- Vignette Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 1 Dr. Aldo Cosentino, Director General, General Directorate for Nature Protection Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory, Rome, Italy Protected areas and the 2010 biodiversity target – the Italian experience a significant reduction in the rate of Currently, approximately 10 per biodiversity loss by that date. The cent of the territory of Italy is

target has also been adopted in included in over 770 protected other international forums and has areas on the national Official List. strengthened the activities already They cover a total of 2,900,000 in place for the implementation hectares, totalling more than the of the Convention on Biological size of the island of Sicily. These Diversity. The significance of this

ambitious objective is reflected not ITALY CAN BE LISTED only in the number of countries AMONG THE COUNTRIES that have committed themselves

Gorgona island on the Tuscan Archipelago Archipelago Gorgona island on Tuscan the National Italy Park, WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE to it world-wide but also in the fact OF TERRITORY’S PROTECTION he sustainable develop- that a specific deadline has been BUT NOW IT’S BECOMING ment strategy of the Euro- defined. The “2010 Target” has EVEN MORE IMPORTANT DUE Tpean Union was launched to be considered as more than in Göteborg in 2001 with the aim a political intent and it is there- TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF of halting the loss of biodiversity fore important to look beyond the A LAND MANAGEMENT MODEL by 2010. This aim was reinforced words. Halting the loss of biodi- FOR NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL at the Stakeholders’ Conference versity by that time means huge DIVERSITY CONSERVATION on Biodiversity and the European efforts in order to guarantee an Union, held in Malahide, Ireland, appropriate and effective imple- protected areas are to be found all in 2004, where the main goals to mentation of these objectives. At over the country and comprise a be achieved were shared at the the seventh meeting of the Confer- network that reflects a representa- Community level, and the IUCN- ence of the Parties to the Conven- tive variety of ecosystems in the implemented Countdown 2010 ini- tion on Biological Diversity, held in Italian peninsula. tiative was officially launched. The Kuala Lumpur, Italy offered to host 2002 World Summit on Sustain- in Montecantini the first meeting of The system covers almost 20 able Development in Johannes- the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working per cent of the national territory, burg saw the 2010 target endorsed Group on Protected Areas, on the including those sites identified at the global level, as the nations of basis of a multiyear experience under the European “Natura 2000” the world committed themselves to in managing a national system of programme and developed and protected areas. agreed on the basis of the shared experience with the other Euro- There is no doubt that protect- pean Union partners. ed areas are a vital tool for the conservation of biological diver- As far as the marine areas are sity and are key “laboratories” for concerned, about two million eight the implementation of sustainable hundred thousand hectares are development policies. protected, including an area in Stelvio National Park, Italy 2 CBD News Special Edition Granparadiso National Park, Italy

Italy’s territorial waters forming can be listed among the coun- the Pelagos Sanctuary for marine tries with the highest percentage mammals in the northern Tyrrhe- of territory’s protection but now it’s nian Sea. This protected area has becoming even more important

been established through coop- due to the identification of a land Underwater archeological park Italy Gaiola, eration between Italy, France and management model for national Monaco, and about 50 per cent of biological diversity conservation. ed areas, which is one of the priori- ty tools for achieving such a target. A management model for pro- We also believe that the Ad Hoc tected areas able to respect not Open-ended Working Group on just environmental priorities has Protected Areas could be the ideal to be based on a multi-level social forum for translating this concept analysis. A top-down approach into each country’s circumstances that does not take into account the and to reinforce the guiding role social dynamics would be a fail- of the Convention on Biological ure, because it would not be able Diversity in the global debate on to evaluate and understand those sustainable development. environmental systems where eco-

Porto Cesareo marine protected Italy area, logical and socio-economic factors are linked. the area is located in international waters. The experience with the We believe that sharing the 2010 Sanctuary will therefore be essen- target at the national and interna- tial for the debate concerning the tional level means converging on identification, institution and man- management strategies of protect- agement of marine protected areas in international waters.

The concept of the Italian system of protected areas should not be considered as a few isolated points of excellence grouped together: all the national territory is considered as a whole, with protection always present on different levels, tak- ing into account the stakeholders’ needs and development activities, on the basis of the principles of environmental sustainability. Italy Stelvio National Park, Italy Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 3 Mr. Michael Rands, Director, BirdLife International Cambridge, United Kingdom BirdLife international and the programme of work

on protected areas Birdlife/Cousin Islands, Seychelles IBAs are identified, monitored and to ensuring financial sustainability conserved by national partners of protected areas. Through its UK and local organisations, and an partner, the RSPB, BirdLife is sup- increasing number of IBAs are porting the work of the Conserva- managed by Site Support Groups, tion Biology Group at Cambridge which represent all local stake- University, which has been devel- holders. To date, some 10,000 oping a methodology to evaluate IBAs have been identified in 170 the funding shortfall in the existing countries. system of Protected Areas, and the costs of an expanded system The existing network of protected of protected areas which would areas was developed for historic fully meet globally agreed targets.

Birdlife/Clearing coconut alien invasive species reasons that may not primarily on Cousin Island, Seychelles include conservation of biodiver- irdLife International is the sity. We need to know whether

leading authority on the they are in the right places, and A COMPREHENSIVE AFRICAN status and trends of bird what their ecological condition is. B PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM species worldwide. The Birdlife Indices based on IBAs can already WOULD COST A TOTAL Partnership comprises over 100 provide a good indicator of trends OF $800 MILLION national NGOs, all actively involved in the overall coverage of biodiver- PER YEAR in BirdLife International's Impor- sity by protected areas. A compar- tant Bird Areas (IBAs) programme, ison of the IBA and protected area which can make a major contribu- networks in Africa shows that 43 tion to the CBD's Programme of per cent of IBAs are unprotected. An international workshop in Feb- Work on Protected Areas. Because ruary, co-organised by BirdLife and more is known about birds than BirdLife is also developing indi- the African Protected Areas Initia- other groups, IBAs tend to be ces, which show trends in condi- tive, announced that $300 million identified sooner than other impor- tion (state), threats (pressure) and will be required every year to man- tant biodiversity areas, but they conservation action (response) at age Africa's 1200 existing protect- have also been shown to capture IBAs. A pilot study of Kenyan IBAs ed areas. A comprehensive African the bulk of diversity in many other shows that between 1990 and Protected Area system would cost taxonomic groups. 2003, site condition and threats a total of $800 million per year. deteriorated but conservation This is a fraction of the estimated action increased substantially. Fur- $30 billion annual cost of a com- ther monitoring will show whether prehensive worldwide protected this action is effective. area system, and highlights Africa as an achievable step towards the BirdLife's work on management 2010 Target. strategies for IBAs can contribute

4 CBD News Special Edition Mr. Olivier Laroussinie, responsable, Bureau des réserves et parcs nationaux, Ministère de l’écologie et du développement durable, Paris, France

Protected area systems in France rotected areas in axis is by the level of the deci- pleted, and regional strategies France belong to more sion taking authority (State, for biodiversity and nature will Por less ten different region, department, individuals be established. The common types differing in terms of status or NGOs). These include areas reference is the national nature and governance system. A first varying from a few hectares inventory. axis in this diversity is the way to several hundred thousand the protection is achieved by hectares. They are often set Altogether protected areas regulation measures (national up in a complementary way concern about 20 per cent of parks, nature reserves, biotop (e.g. a nature reserve can metropolitan France. The main protection areas), by contract offer regulation measures for orientation in developing the (Natura 2000 sites, regional some specific habitats within a network is firstly to fill the main nature parks) or by land ten- regional nature park, a national gaps: habitats and species at ure (Department's sensitive park often serves as a Natura risk, marine areas, and protec- 2000 site for habitat and spe- tion of overseas biodiversity. cies protection). This complex Secondly an effort is made to

AS THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN situation offers a great deal of harmonize approaches, devel- possibilities for stakeholders to op complementarities and facil- DIVERSIFIED, NEW WAYS OF be involved in the processes itate exchange of information. COORDINATION BETWEEN of creating and managing pro- As a contribution to it, an insti- ACTORS HAVE BEEN SET UP tected areas. As the system tution associating managers of AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL has been diversified, new ways natural areas and the minis- of coordination between actors try of ecology and sustainable have been set up at the region- development, named ATEN, is nature areas, littoral conserva- al level: Regional orientations in charge of professional train- tion agency, regional agencies for the management of wildlife ing, technical development and for natural areas). A second and habitats have been com- knowledge dissemination.

The President of the French Republic, during the International Conference entitled “Biodiversity: Science and Governance,” held in Paris in January 2005, declared:

...France will give impetus to the creation of national parks. By 2006 at the latest, and with the full agreement of local authorities, the Reunion Island and French Guyana national parks will be up and running. Illegal Gold washing will be eradicated. Gold mining will be strictly controlled and restricted to very lim- ited peripheral areas. The Amerindian and Guyana Maroon populations will benefit from preservation of their traditional activities. This reform will also make it possible to create new natural marine parks, in the Iroise Sea, for instance.

France will create natural reserves in the French Southern hemisphere and Antarctic regions, Mayotte and Reunion Island. With the support of New Caledonian representatives, it will also strengthen the protection and management of the coral barrier reef with a view to having it declared a UNESCO World Heritage site.”

Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 5 Mr. Robert Hepworth, Executive Secretary, Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), Bonn, Germany

Conserving wildlife

pathways and corridors Fig. 1 C. H. Gomersall RSPB

During their journeys, migratory Y ESTABLISHING animals define marine, terrestrial B AND CONNECTING and aerial “highways”, natural net- PROTECTED AREAS works of interconnected ecosys- TO HELP THE NTELOPES tems. These pathways split into a A , WILL CONTRIBUTE number of alternative routes and CMS TO THE SUSTAINABLE some species or individuals can DEVELOPMENT cross from one pathway to anoth- OF THE LOCAL er. Along the way they identify COMMUNITIES suitable breeding, nursing, resting and feeding grounds.

Fig. Fig. 2 CMS species, and the pathways they iodiversity - the web of life However, for most of the migra- rely on for survival, are identified on Earth- has no boundar- tory species, crossing geopolitical and conserved. Bies; ecosystems transcend boundaries is increasingly becom- geopolitical regions and several ing a risk, as large stretches of In addition, CMS has initiated a animals regularly migrate across migratory range are being lost at number of projects to conserve national frontiers as they rely on an accelerating pace as a result of species and their habitats through a number of different and dis- degradation and fragmentation of the establishment of networks of tant habitats for their survival. For habitats and conflicts with human protected areas. For instance, instance, the historic range of the activities. Moreover, different stan- a project initiated by CMS and slender-billed curlew (Fig. 1), one dards for conservation apply in each backed by the Fonds Francais pour of Europe's most threatened bird country through which they pass. l'Environnement Mondial (FEMM) species, spans 29 countries. The is working towards the develop- humpback whale (Fig. 2) migrates By bringing together the States ment of a network of protected from summer feeding grounds in through which animals migrate - areas to ensure the survival of habi- polar seas to warmer waters near the Range States- the Convention tats suitable for African Antelopes the Equator where they breed in on Migratory Species (CMS) lays in the Saharan region, as well as winter. The Artic tern migrates a legal foundation for conservation addressing specific and immedi- practically from pole to pole, flying measures through extended migra- ate threats such as illegal hunting to the Antarctic after breeding in tory ranges, measures that can which have driven some of these the Arctic, year-after-year. then be embedded and defined in priceless species to the very edge detailed conservation and manage- of extinction. Only 200 specimens ment plans. Through a number of of the Addax antelope are thought agreements developed under the to survive in the wild (Fig. 3). aegis of the Convention, migratory

6 CBD News Special Edition Fig. Fig. 1 C. H. Gomersall RSPB

managed sport hunting, which can bring real economic benefits to the CONNECTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEMS local people. AND NETWORKS OF PROTECTED AREAS ARE CRUCIAL The Convention is also at the TO THE CONSERVATION final stages of negotiating a pio- AND SUSTAINABLE USE neering agreement to conserve OF MIGRATORY SPECIES the habitats and pathways needed AND THEIR HABITATS for one of the truly 'charismatic megaspecies' - the West African Elephant (Fig. 4). It is expected Fig. 3 Newby, USA that in November 2005 the agree- ment and action plan, which CMS networks of protected areas are By establishing and connect- have negotiated with the support crucial to the conservation and ing protected areas to help the of IUCN, will be ready for signa- sustainable use of migratory spe- Antelopes, CMS will contribute to ture by 13 States in or through cies and their habitats and, conse- the sustainable development of where the West African Elephant quently, to the reduction of biodi- the local communities. There are lives and migrates. Here, again, versity loss by 2010, and beyond. untapped opportunities for eco- we are clearly demonstrating how tourism and, in the longer-term, connectivity of ecosystems and

MIGRATORY ANIMALS DEFINE MARINE, TERRESTRIAL AND AERIAL “HIGHWAYS”, NATURAL NETWORKS OF INTERCONNECTED ECOSYSTEMS Fig. Fig. 4 Douglas Hykle/CMS

Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 7 Dr. (Ms.) Chaweewan Hutacharem, Head of Insect Research Group Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand

Status of protected areas in Thailand A competent national authority, cur- rently assigned to the Department of National Parks and Wildlife, nominates both national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. The nomina- tions are then submitted to the Cab- inet for endorsement. Up to March 2005, 103 national parks (includ- ing 21 marine national parks) and 56 wildlife sanctuaries have been National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation Denis Hamel, SCBD/Chestnut-headed Bee-eater, Doi officially endorsed by the govern- in Thailand/Narok, Khao Yai National Park Chiandao, Thailand ment. The national parks currently In recent years, the government n Thailand, national parks and cover a total area of 5.5 million has adopted several measures wildlife sanctuaries form the ha while the wildlife sanctuaries to reinforce protection in national Ibackbone of the country's pro- add another 3.6 million hectares parks and wildlife sanctuaries. tected area system. Legal distinc- to the protected area system. The These range from local mech- tion between these two can be government spends approximately anisms the likes of zoning to made by the fact that each was 150 million US dollars to maintain preserve head watershed forests created by two different pieces of national parks and wildlife sanctu- to international instruments such legislation. The National Park Act aries on an annual basis. This bud- as nomination of these protected of 1961 gave raise to establish- get includes payments for roughly areas for inclusion in the list of ment of national parks in Thailand, 7000 park officials, employees and World Heritage (i.e. nomination while wildlife sanctuaries were rangers assigned to these pro- of Khao Yai National Park). Fur- actually developed as a mecha- tected areas. thermore, specific protection has nism for protection of wild animals been provided for critical habi- as envisaged by the 1992 Wild tats, such as mangrove forests Animals Reservation and Protec- NATIONAL PARKS CURRENTLY where the enlisted forests enjoy tion Act. Management carried out COVER A TOTAL AREA the equivalent level of protection in these two types of protected OF 5.5 MILLION HA WHILE as that for national parks. With areas also reflects such distinction THE WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES the recent ratification of Con- with national parks being strin- vention on Biological Diversity ADD ANOTHER 3.6 MILLION gently regulated while protection in early 2004, the government HA TO THE PROTECTED in wildlife sanctuaries tends to be also initiated a project to intro- AREA SYSTEM more lenient, including allowing duce the “ecosystem approach” limited used of natural resources in management of national parks by locals in adjacent areas. and wildlife sanctuaries in order to provide inline agencies with a new approach for maintaining these protected areas.

8 CBD News Special Edition Dr. Alejandro Argumedo, Associate Director Asociacion ANDES, Indigenous Peoples’ Biodiversity Network (IPBN), Cusco, Peru

Qechua communities launched first natural sacred site in Peru echua communities The Vilcanota region includes the landscapes. Additionally, the area of Q'eros and Ausan- second most important glacier sys- is a prime tourist destination in Qgate, from Cusco, Perú, tem in Peru. The mountain range high demand due to its beautiful launched the Vilcanota Spiritual is dominated by the snow-capped mountain landscapes. Park on the 6th of December 2004. peak of Ausangate (6,372m), which This is the first Natural Sacred Site is considered the main Apu of the in Peru, a model which recognizes Southern Andes. This site includes BECAUSE OF RESTRICTED and promotes Qechua values and great ecological diversity due to ACCESS TO SOME AREAS principles in the conservation and the different Andean altitudinal and WITH VOLUNTARY PROTECTION sustainable use of biodiversity. climatic zones. It is recognized MEASURES EXERCISED as a hot-spot of biodiversity, a BY THE LOCAL POPULATION, This community led initiative is critical ecosystem, and one of the NATURAL SACRED SITES being implemented with techni- main centres of genetic diversity of CONSERVE LOCAL ECOSYSTEMS cal support from Peruvian gov- important Andean crops. AND THEIR UNIQUE BIODIVERSITY ernmental organizations such as IN AN EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT CONAM and INRENA, and inter- Traditional peoples such as the WAY, SO THEY COULD SERVE national organizations includ- Q'eros who live in this area, dem- AS REPOSITORIES OF CRITICAL ing the "Sustaining Local Food onstrate the vitality and continu- BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Systems, Agricultural Biodiversity ity of the ancient Qechua culture. and Livelihoods Programme" of The Q'eros are known as holders FOR THE REHABILITATION the International Institute for Envi- and transmitters of principles and OF DEPLETED ANDEAN ronment and Development (IIED) practices of environmental sustain- LANDSCAPES United Kingdom. ability which are being proposed as the basis of a modern ethic of conservation. For them, moun- The Vilcanota Spiritual Park is tains or Apus are sacred beings being implemented by the Pro-Vil- that represent the most important canota Spiritual Park Committee expression of human aspirations. and the Asociacion ANDES, an indigenous NGO based in Cusco Because of restricted access to Peru, as a Community-Conserva- some areas with voluntary protec- tion Area, a concept based on tion measures exercised by the community-based landscape man- local population, Natural Sacred agement, integrating traditional Sites conserve local ecosystems models with modern ones. Inter- and their unique biodiversity in nationally, it is considered a unique an effective and efficient way, so and innovative proposal that could they could serve as repositories of serve as a model for the establish- critical biological resources for the ment of other special conservation rehabilitation of depleted Andean areas in the Peruvian Andes. Vignette Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 9 Dr. Claudine Ramiarison, Directeur Exécutif Service d'Appui à la Gestion de l'Environnement (SAGE), Antananarivo, Madagascar

Madagascar's approach to protected areas UNEP / Alphapresse • The establishment of new protect- IUCN CATEGORIES ed areas focuses, in particular, on OF PROTECTED AREAS corridors connecting two existing IN MADAGASCSAR protected areas. IUCN Number of protected • The current protected-area-man- categories areas agement policy is to develop an I 5 integrated approach to the develop- II 18 ment and use of land and natural III - resources at national and regional IV 23 levels (region means an adminis- V - trative area at the national level). VI -

• One of these regional planning As living natural resources are structures is the Protected Area limited and endemic biological Bry / UNEP/Alphapresse: River Erosion Steering and Support Committee diversity is highly sensitive to any ecent developments in the (Comité d'Orientation et de Soutien unsustainable activity, it will be a status of protected areas à Aire Protégée) (COSAP). The matter of priority to identify viable Rin Madagascar under the majority of the members of the alternative uses of those resourc- national planning process have given Committee come from communi- es in the areas bordering the priority to the following elements: ties bordering protected areas and protected areas. In line with the civil society. The Committee is also principle of equitable benefit-shar- • Improved representativity and rep- represented in the governing body ing, ANGAP allocates 50 per cent resentation of under-represented of the National Association for the of its income to the financing of ecosystems such as wetlands Management of Protected Areas small scale development projects and marine and coastal environ- (Association Nationale pour la Ges- that are identified, planned and ments (three new marine protected tion des Aires Protégées) (ANGAP), managed from villages bordering areas). which is in charge of the national protected areas. This is direct network of protected areas. financing based on an agreement • Protected areas in Madagascar fall tied to conservation indicators under IUCN categories I, II and IV identified jointly. and the country intends to estab- lish category V and VI protected areas to open up land and natural resources for sustainable use. THE PRESIDENTOF MADAGASCAR MR. MARK RAVALOMANANA PLEDGED IN SEPTEMBER 2003 TO TRIPLE MADAGASCAR’S PROTECTED AREA COVERAGE

10 CBD News Special Edition Mr. Nikita Lopoukhine, Chair, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, Gland, Switzerland

Protected areas

IUCN/Historic Sanctuary of Peru Machu Picchu, for today's world cience tells us that protect- and conservation) are innumerable.

ed areas are good for pro- This fact deflates the stilted view IUCN / Peucang Island in the Ujung Kulon National Park Indonesia Stecting biodiversity. Yet, it that protected areas are one-dimen- is not science alone that drives the sional and not multi-purposed. cause dramatic changes within pro- establishment of protected areas. tected areas and likely exacerbate Rather, it is the emotion around Protected areas are by definition the already nefarious influences of the loss of charismatic species, dedicated to the conservation of invasive species. Pervasive global the aesthetics of a land or sea- biodiversity. As such a primary poverty poses another challenge scape and, now more than ever, tool for meeting the 2010 target facing all protected area managers. the people that live within and next of significantly reducing the rate to these areas and their cultures. of biodiversity loss. They are a contribution to this critical target, PROTECTED AREAS while offering a clear demonstra- ARE CONSERVING NATURE tion of how people and nature can FOR THE BENEFIT OF BOTH co-exist to the benefit of both - a PEOPLE AND NATURE, model for today's world. NOW AND IN THE FUTURE

Despite the world's enthusiasm for the idea of protected areas the There is hope however. The agree- reality is less encouraging. Bud- ment of the Conference of the Par- IUCN / Viewing Lions in the Amboseli National Park, Kenya gets are stagnating, infrastructure ties to the Convention on Biologi- is collapsing, marine ecosystems cal Diversity on the Programme To be clear, protected areas are not are woefully underrepresented and of Work on Protected Areas pro- set up to protect something from the protected values are increas- vides a blueprint for renewing the people. Rather, protected areas are ingly at risk from threats that are fervour that initially built up the conserving nature for the benefit of global as much as local. protected area estate. It sets out a clear direction with deliverables and targets for all to follow. In DESPITE THE WORLD'S ENTHUSIASM FOR THE IDEA OF PROTECTED turn, the IUCN World Commis- AREAS THE REALITY IS LESS ENCOURAGING. BUDGETS ARE STAGNATING, sion on Protected Areas is rolling INFRASTRUCTURE IS COLLAPSING, MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ARE WOEFULLY up its sleeves. Its global network UNDERREPRESENTED AND THE PROTECTED VALUES ARE INCREASINGLY of experts along with partners is poised to help the 188 Parties to AT RISK FROM THREATS THAT ARE GLOBAL AS MUCH AS LOCAL the Convention realize the defined deliverables and targets. both people and nature, now and This shift may be a reflection of in the future. Ecosystem services, changing societal values as the With financing in place there is no tourism, human health, spiritual- world's population becomes urban- reason why the mandate of protect- ity, sacredness, peace, justice and ized and divorced from nature. The ed areas cannot be met and targets equity, employment, education, and, basis of understanding and experi- achieved. It is time to bring experts, of course conservation - the val- ence of nature is declining. Added science, funding and emotion togeth- ues of protected areas (for people to this, climate change is poised to er for the good of the world. Vignette Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 11 Dr. Conall O'Connell, Deputy Secretary Department of Environment and Heritage, Environment Australia, Canberra, Australia Protected areas and the 2010 biodiversity target - Australia's role Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ustralia has a federal system bioregions defined by their major ecosys- Marine Protected Areas of government comprising one tems and reflect patterns in geology, land- The NRSMPA aims to establish and ACommonwealth and eight sepa- form, soils, vegetation and climate. Sub- manage a comprehensive, adequate rate State and Territory governments. regions have also been defined based on and representative system of MPAs that Each government establishes and man- major geomorphological features in each contribute to the long-term ecological ages terrestrial and/or marine protected bioregion. IBRA and sub-regions form viability of marine and estuarine sys- areas throughout their jurisdictions. the major planning tools for establishing a tems, maintain ecological processes and comprehensive, adequate and represen- systems, and protect Australia's biologi- In terrestrial environments, all protected tative (CAR) reserve system. cal diversity at all levels. areas managed by the governments, non-government organisations and pri- 67 PER CENT OF AUSTRALIA'S ECOSYSTEMS ARE SAMPLED vate individuals including indigenous Vignette WITHIN EXISTING PROTECTED AREAS landholders, form the 'National Reserve System' (NRS). The Commonwealth Government man- Guidelines were developed to assist In marine environments, State govern- ages a grants program that has provided governments work consistently toward ments manage marine protected areas over $80 million over a number of years establishing the NRSMPA, and to help (MPAs) between the coast and three to address gaps in the national reserve stakeholders understand the process. A nautical miles offshore. The Common- system. Funding is provided to state Strategic Plan of Action was developed wealth manages MPAs from three nau- agencies, NGO groups and Indigenous to integrate the policy and planning tical miles offshore to the limit of its communities for purchase and/or man- framework and to list actions required to Exclusive Economic Zone. Together, agement of land for protected areas. achieve the goals of the NRSMPA. Australia's State and Commonwealth MPAs make up the 'National Represen- Governments in Australia are final- The Australian marine jurisdiction has tative System of Marine Protected Areas' izing a document “Directions for the been divided into large marine domains (NRSMPA). National Reserve System - A Partner- for the purposes of regional marine plan- ship Approach that will provide a stra- ning. As part of this process, MPA propos- The concept underpinning both the NRS tegic national approach for quantifiable als are being developed to ensure each and the NRSMPA was developed to progress towards the establishment and bioregion is represented in the NRSMPA. meet Australia's commitments under management of a CAR terrestrial reserve The south-east marine region is the first Article 8 (a & b) of the Convention on system. The Directions cover reserve region covered by a comprehensive and Biological Diversity. system planning and design, establish- integrated plan. In this region, 11 broad ment of protected areas, management of areas of interest have been identified Terrestrial Protected Areas protected areas and progress in the NRS. based on ecological data. Scientific Under the NRS, Australia has developed The work program is consistent with the guidelines have been prepared for identi- a national collaborative approach to set- CBD Decision VII/28 on the Programme fying an MPA within each of these broad ting priorities for incorporation of lands of Work on Protected Areas. The most areas of interest. The guidelines will within the reserve system and establish- recent national assessment of progress ensure the criteria of comprehensive- ing protocols for tracking additions to in establishing a CAR reserve system ness, adequacy and representativeness the system. The Interim Biogeograph- concluded that, 67 per cent of Australia's are met. A northern regional marine plan ic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) ecosystems are sampled within existing is under development and a south-west divides the Australian continent into 85 protected areas. plan has been initiated.

12 CBD News Special Edition Mr. Steven McCormick, President The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, USA

Mark Godfrey/TNC Frog on Gunnera leaf, Valdivian The Nature Conservancy Coastal Preserve, Chile and the programme of work on protected areas rotecting the diversity of worked to achieve enduring con- funding for early actions related to life on Earth received a servation at 45 landscape-scale the Programme of work. We are Phuge boost at the seventh protected areas in 16 countries helping to compile with other key meeting of the Conference of the throughout Latin America and partners critical technical expertise Parties to the Convention on Bio- the Caribbean. The U.S. Gov- on specific themes relevant to the logical Diversity when the 188 Par- ernment's $85 million investment Programme of work that will serve ties to the Convention gathered has generated roughly $390 mil- as tools to those responsible for and agreed to an extraordinarily lion from private and public donors Programme of work implementa- ambitious and specific program since 1990, which has allowed tan- tion. And we are working closely of work on protected areas: to gible progress in 45 of the region's with other NGO partners to sup- create a global network of ecologi- most biologically important areas. port these activities. cally representative and effectively managed protected areas on land Since COP-7, The Nature Con- Building on these kinds of efforts by 2010 and at sea by 2012. servancy has mobilized to pro- around the world is what the Pro- vide support to countries for the gramme of work calls–for and it At COP-7, governments embraced implementation of the programme is a daunting task. But looking at an approach to conservation that has of work. In 16 countries we have the early achievements, we are the potential to be comprehensive joined government-led partner- inspired to forge ahead. and lasting. Furthermore, they recog- nize that time is not on our side.

This bold, international Program of THE NATIONS Work meshes perfectly with The OF THE WORLD HAVE Nature Conservancy's conserva- SET THE BAR VERY HIGH. tion goal of protecting function- NOW, THEY-AND WE-NEED ing ecosystems that represent the TO MAKE GOOD whole of our planet's biological ON OUR COLLECTIVE diversity. The nations of the world COMMITMENT have set the bar very high. Now, Mark Godfrey/TNC Morning mist, East Kalimantan they-and we-need to make good rainforest, Borneo, Indonesia on our collective commitment. ships and signed formal agree- At a time of pressing urgency for Protected Areas are a key compo- ments aimed at bringing multiple the future of biological diversity in nent of the work of The Nature Con- stakeholders together to collabo- the world, it is refreshing–indeed, servancy. For example, through rate around implementing the Pro- historic–to see protected areas the Parks in Peril program, a part- gramme of work. We have sig- and their critical role in supporting nership between the U.S. Agency nificantly reallocated the responsi- sustainable development as a for International Development and bilities of our existing staff as well rallying point for global unity and The Nature Conservancy, we have as committed $4 million in grant real hope.

Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 13 Dr. Claude Martin, Director General, World Wide Fund for Nature International, Gland, Switzerland

World Wide Fund for nature and the 2010 biodiversity target he Living Planet Index (LPI), published by WWF Inter- WE IN THE CONSERVATION/BIODIVERSITY COMMUNITY ARE NOW FACING Tnational every two years, THE CHALLENGE TO DEMONSTRATE THAT PROTECTED AREAS, shows a dramatic decline in spe- AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN GENERAL, ARE MAKING cies populations over the last 30 A CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION years. The index aggregates popu- TO THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS lation data of more than 1100 spe- AND IN PARTICULAR TO THE POVERTY REDUCTION AGENDA cies and consists of three separate biome indices: the terrestrial and marine species population indices Since the mid 1990's, WWF pur- the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecore- which declined each by about 30 sues targets it set itself - to increase gion, must remain a high priority per cent, and the freshwater index the protected areas coverage in for conservation. which dropped by as much as 50 the forest, marine and freshwater per cent over this time period. While biomes. In the past 10 years, the LPI is not synonymous with a with the important engagement THE "END OF POVERTY" measure of the world's biodiversity, of many governments and local WILL REMAIN AN ILLUSION it is at the very least indicative for communities, we have been able IF IT IS CONCEIVED the challenge we face with the to significantly contribute to the IN ISOLATION OF THE VERY 2010 biodiversity target. rapid increase of the area under BASE ON WHICH protection. Now, the world's ter- LIVELIHOODS DEPEND restrial protected areas equal the - ECOSYSTEM SERVICES size of China and India combined. Although some may argue that increasing protected areas is only a sort of an immune reaction to the increasing loss of biodiversity, one could also stress that if it were not for the world's protected areas, the state of biodiversity conservation would be much worse. Indeed, the addition of new protected area initiatives in some of the most vulnerable habitats, e.g. under the Congo Basin Partnership, the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) plan, the Heart of Borneo initiative and, most importantly, in many marine areas, such as the tri-national agreement to conserve Planet WWF International 14 CBD News Special Edition

However, increasing protected areas coverage should not simply be seen as incremental business.

We in the conservation/biodiver- WWF International sity community are now facing the challenge to demonstrate that depend - ecosystem services protected areas, and biodiversity such as regular water and rain- conservation in general, are mak- fall supplies, sustainable fisheries ing a crucially important contribu- and wildlife populations, medicinal tion to the Millenium Development plants and wild genetic resources, Goals (MDGs) and in particular as well as many other elements to the poverty reduction agenda. of biodiversity. In order to sustain This is an aspect of our work that the important biodiversity achieve- currently tends to be neglected ments over the last decade, it is and therefore risks to be forgotten critical that these resources and in the allocation of resources for their services be properly valued bilateral and multilateral aid. The to ensure they gain the weight WWF International "End of Poverty" will remain an illu- they deserve in national accounts sion if it is conceived in isolation of and on international development the very base on which livelihoods agendas.

IT IS CRITICAL THAT THESE RESOURCES AND THEIR SERVICES BE PROPERLY VALUED TO ENSURE THEY GAIN THE WEIGHT THEY DESERVE IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND ON INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDAS

WWF International

Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 15 Dr. Yaroslav Movchan, Director Department of Land Resources Protection, EcoNet and Biodiversity Ministry of Environmental Protection with Kiev, Ukraine

Ukraine and protected areas: looking forward

of Formation of National Eco- gramme envisages coherence of logical Network, some 29 new a national econet with those of national nature parks and 7 new neighbouring countries by the biosphere reserves are being creation of joint transboundary established and the territories of econets and Low-Danube Green 3 nature reserves, 3 biosphere Corridor. Existing transboundary reserves and 5 national nature nature-protected areas include: parks will be expanded. Ukrainian-Romanian "Danube delta" and Ukrainian-Slovakian-

Dmytro Kovalenko THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME ENVISAGES COHERENCE kraine is a land of rich OF A NATIONAL ECONET WITH THOSE OF NEIGHBOURING biodiversity and unique COUNTRIES BY THE CREATION OF JOINT cultural landscapes. U TRANSBOUNDARY ECONETS Ukrainian indigenous tradi- tions support the conservation of biodiversity and its sustain- able use. Since independence Ukraine is one of the leading Polish "Eastern Carpathian". in 1991, Ukraine witnessed a European countries in the devel- Furthermore, the following trans- twofold increase in the number opment of econetworks. The Par- boundary biosphere reserves will of protected areas and area to liament of Ukraine enacted spe- be established: protected areas. Current num- cial sector-oriented Laws "State Ukrainian-Polish "Western Polis- ber of protected areas includes Program of Formation of Nation- sya" and "Rostochchya", 7085 sites covering 27 million al Ecological Network of Ukraine Ukrainian-Russian "Desnyansko- ha, which constitute 4.5 per cent for 2000-2015 years" (2000) and Starogytskiy-Bryansky forests" of the total geographic area of the " Ecological network of Ukraine" and "Meotida", country. The country is poised to (2004), towards this end. Ukraine Ukrainian-Moldavian "Low-Dni- enlarge this area to more than actively participates in develop- ester" and "Prout River", and 10 per cent by 2015. In accor- ment of Pan-European Ecologi- Ukrainian-Byelorussian "Prypyat- dance with the State Programme cal Network. The national pro- Stokhid".

SINCE INDEPENDENCE IN 1991, UKRAINE WITNESSED A TWOFOLD INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PROTECTED AREAS

Pavlo Moskalenko Pavlo Moskalenko

16 CBD News Special Edition Mr. Peter Bridgewater, Secretary General Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Gland, Switzerland Managing the matrix or protected areas Ramsar The South Alligator River is a Ramsar site, included in their place within the boundary of Kakadu National Park, Australia. The Park is home to an Aboriginal These issues also summarise the community who use the area for traditional activities, although it is largely protected. Ramsar approach to protected areas. Ramsar has, within its n 2003, following the World Parks rubric, the global list of Wetlands Congress, a short publication of International Importance. Yet Itermed the DurbanLink was pro- not all wetlands on this list are pro- duced. This publication listed 10 key tected areas, and there are many issues for the post Durban decade, wetlands in protected areas not on most of the time, in other words, to the list. But the Ramsar approach

seeing the 2010 targets implement- is to identify a comprehensive set of Ramsar ed. These key issues were: global wetlands, which are impor- The Ria de Mundaka-Guernika Ramsar site is part of the tant as ecological systems holding Urdaibai Biosphere rserve. The area is almost entirely privately owned. The most important traditional human activity is shell- • poverty alleviation; the biosphere together, or sites of fish harvesting. The area is also used to collect worms for bait • better Governance; scientific interest, or sites of cul- and there is some livestock grazing on the marsh itself, while the surrounding land is cultivated. • ensuring the right institutions tural interest. Ramsar's other key are in place; plank is the wise use approach.The • recognising and managing wise use of wetlands anywhere in And for Ramsar, ecological char- global change; a contracting party's demesne is a acter is “The combination of the • giving due prominence key obligation under the Ramsar ecosystem components, process- to Socio-cultural aspects; Convention. For Ramsar, the wise es and services that characterise • bridging the marine/coast use of wetlands links also to the the wetland at a given point in interface; conceptual framework of the Mil- time.” Which means that function- • having sufficient science lennium Ecosystem Assessment, ing biodiversity at all levels is criti- available to understand so that a definition could be: cal to the success of the Ramsar ecological aspects; convention's implementation. • ensuring sufficient funding “the maintenance of their ecologi- is available to implement cal character within the context In this sense, the protected area agreed strategies; of sustainable development, and work of Ramsar can be effective • supporting the right research; achieved through the implementa- only if the surrounding matrix of • gaining the support of the tion of ecosystem approaches.” other wetlands and ecosystems private sector; is also managed effectively. And • putting in place a defined In that sense, and linking with so, to reach the 2010 targets, CEPA strategy. CBD's Ecosystem Approach, yes, protected areas are needed, wise use = ecosystem approach; but only if set in a well-managed wise use = sustainable develop- matrix of surrounding land and sea TO REACH THE 2010 TARGETS, ment, and scapes. YES, PROTECTED AREAS ARE wise use - depends on ecological NEEDED, BUT ONLY IF SET IN A character. WELL-MANAGED MATRIX OF SUR- ROUNDING LAND AND SEA SCAPES Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 17 Dr. Grazia Borrini-Feyeraband, Vice Chair, Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP) and World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) World Conservation Union-IUCN Bugnaux Vaud, Switzerland Understanding and optimising governance: a quiet revolution for protected areas? COUNTRIES THAT TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF ALL MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES CAN BUILD A FLEXIBLE AND RESPONSIVE NATIONAL SYSTEM, CAPABLE OF EXPANDING THE NATIONAL PA COVERAGE, ADDRESSING ITS GAPS, IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY AND ENHANCING PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR CONSERVATION

accountability. A specific gover- A. Government managed nance setting reflects what a soci- protected areas ety enables as fair, or is prepared B. Co-managed protected areas to accept as such, in terms of C. Private protected areas

Cristina Eghenter the who's and how's of authority D. Community conserved areas Women collect and make sustainable use of wild plants in Kayan and responsibility. In a protected Mentarang National Park (Indonesia), the first Indonesian protected area context, governance affects Besides the well known IUCN area under a co-management regime with the resident Dayak people. the achievement of manage- six management category sys- hy is “governance” such ment objectives (effectiveness), tems (defined a crucial new concept in the sharing of costs and benefits on the basis of Wthe programme of work (equity) and the generation and main manage- on protected areas (PAs) of the sustenance of community, political ment objective), CBD? There are at least three and financial support. At the level a protected area main reasons: of a protected area system or indi- can also be - it broadens the perspective on vidual site, however, governance characterised by what can be included as part of depends on much more than for- its governance a national system of protected mal institutions and processes. It type. Field based areas; depends on history, culture, legal analyses reveal - it broadens the spectrum of the and customary rights, access to that all such gov- social actors recognised as legiti- information, markets, financial ernance types mate protected area managers; flows and informal influence on include exam- - it introduces the consideration decisions. ples of major of principles and values, affecting conservation value, and that they what is perceived as possible and Since the IUCN World Congress on can all be compatible with all IUCN desirable for protected areas. Protected Areas of 2003, the first categories. In other words, a pro- cut at understanding governance tected area can be managed by Governance has to do with power, is made on the basis of “who holds a variety of actors, including sub- relationships, responsibility and relevant authority and responsibil- national and local administrative ity and can be held accountable”. bodies, NGOs, private and corpo- In this sense, four main types of rate landowners, indigenous peo-

Patricia Pinto da Silva. protected area governance have ples and local communities- either been identified: sedentary or mobile. In particu- lar, examples of areas harbouring Community members pull in the net in the Marine Extractive Reserve (MER) of Arraial do Cabo (Brazil). important biodiversity managed by This is the oldest of Brazilian MERs and is governed indigenous peoples and local com- by a local fishing community in collaboration with a federal environmental agency. The resources remain munities can be found in most ter- under the exclusive access of the community that restrial and coastal ecosystems. possesses customary rights and has developed through time a complex system of rules for their As “Community Conserved Areas” sustainable use. CREDIT: Patricia Pinto da Silva. these local contributions to con-

18 CBD News Special Edition US Forest Service Officials discuss with local residents a variety of management issues, including a revised management plan for the San Juan National Forest in Colorado.

A sacred lake in the region of Toulear (Madagascar). This lake and several sacred groves in the same region remain remarkably conserved within a territory dominated by destructive and unregulated exploitation. Randall Wilson. K.

servation become recognised as national PA coverage, addressing

part of national protected area sys- its gaps, improving connectivity Claudine Ramiarison. tems. and enhancing public support for conservation. Arguments are also capacity of men and women to Territories and resources man- accumulating that such an expan- influence decisions, built on free- aged by indigenous people and sion of the national PA system dom of association and speech; local communities are the oldest may be not only important for “subsidiarity” attributing manage- form of governance of natural biodiversity and equity, but also ment authority and responsibility resources and often reveal a sym- economically advantageous for to the institutions closest to the biosis between people and nature the concerned countries. Yet, most resources at stake; “accountabil- that some refer to as “bio-cultural countries remain confined to a few ity” – ensuring a transparent flow units” or “cultural landscapes/sea- management categories and gov- of information on processes and scapes”. Characteristically, they ernance types. Indigenous man- institutions, with decision makers are established and managed agement systems and community assuming responsibility for their by customary or locally agreed conserved areas are still generally choices; “performance” meeting unrecognised, when not actively the needs and concerns of all The Ingano peoples have stakeholders according to agreed themselves proposed undermined. Many private protect- to the Colombian ed areas receive no incentive from plans and while making a wise government that their use of resources; and “direction” – traditional sacred the state. And co-management is territory is declared often confined to marginal experi- following a broadly agreed conser- “protected area”. vation vision rooted on ecological This was agreed, and ments. Fortunately, with the impul- now Alto Fragua Indiwasi sion of the CBD leadership, all this and historical complexities. is a National Park… managed by its might change. traditional owners. In the light of the principles of The CBD Programme of Work on good governance, and with the full Protected Areas not only stresses spectrum of IUCN management the need to recognise and support categories and governance types different types of Protected Areas at their disposal, national protect- institutions, following interlocked governance, and community con- ed area systems can enter an era objectives and values (spiritual, served areas in particular. It also of renewed strength. The new religious, security-related, survival- encourages its Parties to seek challenges will then be: achieving related). Thus, the areas in which “good governance” by establishing management effectiveness; har- indigenous peoples and local com- criteria, principles and values to monising the governance type of munities successfully conserve guide action. Specifically, the CBD each protected area site within the biodiversity include “sacred” areas Programme of Work requires “not broader system of governance at and resources but also resources to harm” the indigenous, local and the landscape and regional level; collectively managed for sustain- mobile communities living close and optimising the policy deci- able use, community safety and to the relevant biodiversity, in full sions– made by even higher bod- general well being. respect of their human rights, and ies that can ultimately make or it calls for “equity”, sharing in a break conservation. The emerg- Countries that take full advantage fairer way the costs and benefits of ing IUCN classification system for of all management categories and protected areas management and protected areas, comprising both governance types can build a flex- ensuring recourse to justice when management category and gover- ible and responsive national sys- conflicts ensue. Other principles nance type. tem, capable of expanding the include “legitimacy and voice”- the

Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 19 Dr. (Ms.) Theresa Mundita S. Lim, Director, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (PAWB-DEWR), Quezon City, Philippines

The national integrated protected area system of the Philippines THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES IS PRIMARILY AIMED AT ENSURING THE PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION OF THE REMAINING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF THE COUNTRY IN COORDINATION WITH THE VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS

pines is primarily aimed at ensuring ward in the WSSD and in the CBD's the protection and conservation of various Programmes of Work. the remaining biological diversity of the country in coordination with the Aside from the management of estab- various stakeholders. In 2002, a lished protected areas, the Philip- Olot River, Samar Island Natural Park / Dickson Bernales National Priority Setting Program pines is currently pursuing the devel- epublic Act 7586 or the for Biodiversity Conservation was opment of relevant policy reforms National Integrated Pro- implemented to identify the areas in to strengthen governance and part- tected Areas System Act of R the country that are very important nership with local communities and 1992 governs the establishment and for biodiversity conservation. Table local government units over man- management of protected areas in 2 shows the number of terrestrial agement of protected areas, valua- the Philippines. The Law provides and marine sites throughout the Phil- tion of biodiversity resources within that the State shall secure for the Fil- ippines needing immediate action by protected areas, development and ipino people the perpetual existence way of establishing as protected implementation of monitoring sys- of all native plants and animals and areas under the NIPAS or by desig- tems both for terrestrial and marine their associated habitats and cultur- nating as critical habitats of wildlife protected areas, capacity assess- al diversities through the establish- pursuant to the Wildlife Resources ments on biodiversity conservation ment of a comprehensive system of Conservation and Protection Act of within and outside protected areas, integrated protected areas. It further 2001 (RA 9147). In accordance with and preparation of project proposals provides that the use and enjoyment the country's National Biodiversity in cooperation with the civil society of these protected areas must be Strategies and Action Plan, these such as for the implementation of consistent with the principles of sus- areas shall be the priority for protec- the Conservation Plan for the Sulu- tainable development and conserva- tion to assist the global community Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion along tion of biological diversity. address biodiversity loss as put for with the Governments of Indonesia

and Malaysia, among others. Since the enactment of the NIPAS Act, the Philippines has established Table 1. PROCLAIMED PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES (As of March 2005) 101 proclaimed protected areas cov- ering 3.21 million hectares (Table 1). ECOSYSTEM TYPES PAs PROCLAIMED (No.) AREA (Million Hectares) These protected areas consist of Terrestrial 69 1.57 69 terrestrial protected areas with a Marine/Aquatic 32 1.64 total of 1.57 million hectares and 32 TOTAL 101 3.21 marine protected areas of about 1.64 million hectares. This is in recogni- Table 2. PROPOSED SITES FOR INCLUSION UNDER THE NIPAS tion of the fact that the Philippines OR DESIGNATION AS CRITICAL HABITATS is globally significant for biodiversity ECOSYSTEM TYPES No . OF SITES ESTIMATED AREA (Million Hectares) conservation and at the same time a Terrestrial 106 15.03 conservation hotspot. The establish- Marine/Aquatic 24 1.4 ment of protected areas in the Philip- TOTAL 130 16.43

20 CBD News Special Edition Mr. Natarajan Ishwaran, Director, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences UNESCO, Man and the Biosphere Programme, Paris, France

The national integrated protected Biosphere reserves area system of the Philippines Cerrado Biosphere Reserve, Brazil. The system of ecological corridors of the Cerrado Biosphere Reserve in Brazil, showing THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES how the core protected areas (dark green) are connected up. IS PRIMARILY AIMED AT ENSURING THE PROTECTION a) by emphasising the active AND CONSERVATION OF THE REMAINING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY n the 1970s, at the request of implication of local communities OF THE COUNTRY IN COORDINATION WITH THE VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS its Member States, UNESCO's in designing and managing areas IMAB Programme launched the dedicated for biodiversity conser- biosphere reserve concept as a vation, encouraging human activi-

tool to reconcile the conserva- ties to develop “quality economies” Person in Mangrove, The Can Gio Biopshere Reserve tion of biodiversity with economic which enhance livelihoods and also in Vietnam comprises the largest area of reforested mangrove in the region, rehabilitating the natural development. In doing so, the bio- take pressure off wild resources; biodiversity and allowing new economic ventures in aquaculture and fisheries. sphere reserve concept has been a pioneer in the ideological and b) by introducing a zoning sys- c) by engaging the scientific com- practical evolution of protected tem with a legally established core munity in conservation efforts, areas in several ways: area, a surrounding buffer zone to applying conservation science and enhance protection, and a transi- undertaking long-term monitoring to tion area to integrate conservation track management effectiveness; actions into the development poli- cies of the larger landscape. In turn, d) by building up a World Net- this implies the creation of new work of Biosphere Reserves as governance mechanisms between an operational structure to facili- government agencies, local com- tate exchanges of experience and munities, and the private sector; ideas, and to train personnel.

BIOSPHERE RESERVES ARE PLAYING AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT The multifunctional approach of biosphere reserves is now adopted by modern types ROLE IN IN SITU CONSERVATION SINCE THE ORIGINAL FOCUS WAS of protected areas. ON ENCOURAGING COUNTRIES TO MAKE A GLOBAL SYSTEMATIC EFFORT TO CONSERVE “REPRESENTATIVE ECOLOGICAL AREAS”

All these dimensions are now integral parts of the “modern” biodiversity in the 89per cent of land and water outside protected area paradigm as understood at the 5th World the recognised “protected areas”, developing and testing Parks Congress in 2003. indicators of patterns and trends in environmental sustain- ability and biodiversity loss. Biosphere reserves are play- Today, there are 459 biosphere reserves in 97 countries, ing an increasingly important role in in situ conservation with many more in the making, including numerous trans- since the original focus was on encouraging countries to boundary biosphere reserves. The MAB programme is make a global systematic effort to conserve “representa- currently renewing its research agenda to further help tive ecological areas”, including agrological diversity, and countries to meet the 2010 target and the MDGs. The not focus only on rare and endangered species. This World Network of Biosphere Reserves, comprising sites dimension is now being further researched within the nominated by countries for international cooperative work, International Assessment of Agricultural Science and is a robust structure for this. Some avenues being explored Technology for Development. are the role of biosphere reserves as “living laboratories” to test out the CBD Ecosystem Approach, understanding More information can be found on www.unesco.org/mab landscape level planning to address the conservation of Vignette Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 21 Mr. Russell A. Mittermeier, President, Conservation International Washington, D. C., United States of America Conservation international and the programme of work on protected areas he CBD program of work on training as well as funding support protected areas is a land- and administrative capacity. These Tmark agreement for biodiver- efforts have contributed to the Haroldo Castro/CI The Golden-crowned Sifaka, sity conservation and its implemen- implementation of an indigenous endemic to Madagascar, is one of many threatened species that will benefit from an expanded national pro- tation will be critical to achieving the tected area system. Millennium Development Goals.

EXPANDING PROTECTED AREA SYSTEMS IN AN EFFECTIVE A recent global gap analysis AND EQUITABLE MANNER WILL REQUIRE WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP shows that the current worldwide WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, network of protected areas is far from complete in terms of repre- AND EMPLOYING A RANGE OF GOVERNANCE TYPES senting species diversity. Concrete actions are required at the national level to address such gaps. The community management plan to Fund (GCF) portfolio includes sup- most irreplaceable and vulnerable protect and conserve nearly 67,000 port for the creation of 22.5 million sites - where extinction is imminent hectares of land. hectares of new protected areas. - must be targeted urgently for For example, GCF will contribute conservation if we are to reach the Through its in-country offices, CI is $1 million to the newly established 2010 target to significantly reduce supporting government-led initia- Madagascar Foundation for Pro- the rate of biodiversity loss. tives to implement the CBD pro- tected Areas and Biodiversity. This gram of work on protected areas Foundation, supported by many Expanding protected area systems in a number of countries including donors, will provide long-term in an effective and equitable man- Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, financing for the management of ner will require working in partner- Indonesia, Madagascar, Mexico, Madagascar's unique biodiversity. ship with indigenous peoples and Peru, the Philippines, and Papua It represents a powerful response local communities, and employing New Guinea. CI technical support from the international community a range of governance types. Con- involves helping to define site level to President Marc Ravalomanana's servation International (CI) actively priorities through protected area September 2003 commitment to engages with indigenous and local gap analysis, capacity building to triple his country's protected area communities to support their capac- enhance protected area manage- coverage. ities and opportunities to establish, ment effectiveness, biodiversity manage and conserve their own monitoring, financial analysis and CI looks forward to continuing work lands. For example, in partnership planning, and other key activities. with CBD Parties, indigenous and with Asociación de Autoridades local community leaders, NGOs, Indígenas de la Pedrera Amazonas Finally, CI's Conservation Funding and other partners towards achiev- (AIPEA), a local indigenous orga- Division provides financial resourc- ing ecologically representative nization representing 9 indigenous es to CI programs and partner and effectively managed protected communities in the Columbian organizations for protected areas area systems by 2010. Amazon, CI has provided technical work. The Global Conservation

22 CBD News Special Edition Dr. Gonzalo Castro, Team Leader, Biodiversity. Global Environment Facility (GEF), Washington D. C., United-States of America

How is the global environment facility supporting the CBD programme of work

National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation in Thailand on protected areas?

he relationship between the these funds, they are not sufficient. Durban Accord of the World Parks Conference of the Parties Therefore, the GEF has strong- Congress. The key objective of this Tof the CBD and the GEF is ly supported innovative financial priority is to conserve biodiversity in governed by a MOU under which mechanisms for sustainability, protected area systems through the the COP determines policy, strate- including the creation and capital- expansion, consolidation, and ratio- ization of Trust Funds, and projects nalization of national protected area to establish systems of payments systems. Its operational focus is THE KEY OBJECTIVE OF THIS PRIOR- for environmental services. It is flexible and is based on a thorough ITY IS TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY IN understood that although in the understanding of key strengths and PROTECTED AREA SYSTEMS THROUGH short term direct support to sites weaknesses at the system and is essential in most contexts, the national institutional levels, and on THE EXPANSION, CONSOLIDATION, dependency from outside funding how any given individual interven- AND RATIONALIZATION OF NATIONAL must be broken through the devel- tion contributes towards long-term PROTECTED AREA SYSTEMS opment of local capacities and sustainability within a protected sustainable financing tools. area comprehensive systems con- text. The measurement of prog- gy, program priorities and eligibility During GEF-3, the GEF Council ress in achieving the objectives of criteria for access to the GEF, while mandated the GEF to strengthen Strategic Priority 1 is accomplished the GEF Council translates this operationalization of COP Guid- through the application of portfolio- guidance into operational policies, ance through the definition of stra- level tracking tools adapted from strategies, operational modalities, tegic priorities. Of the four priorities the WCPA Tracking Tools for pro- and strategic priorities. In apply- in biodiversity during GEF-3, Stra- tected areas. ing the guidance, the GEF and tegic Priority 1, “Achieving Sustain- its Implementing Agencies sup- ability of Protected Area Systems”, In addition, and as an immediate port country-driven national prior- encompasses the achievement direct response to the Program of ity activities. This country-driven of ecological, institutional, social, Work, the GEF (through UNDP) is process determines the relative political and financial sustainability preparing a project currently in the emphasis of the guidance at the in the context of national-level PA pipeline for Early Action that will project level. systems. Inherent to this strategic concentrate on those countries that priority is an understanding that have had limited access to GEF As a result, and because the major- sustainability is a long-term, sys- support through Strategic Priority 1. ity of eligible GEF countries con- tematic process that requires con- sider functional protected areas tinued support over the life of sev- As a result of the Program of Work as a fundamental step towards eral projects and progress along a on protected areas, and because implementing the CBD, the result- variety of axes, including the policy, protected areas remain the criti- ing GEF portfolio is very strong in institutional, management, capac- cal foundation of biodiversity, it is protected areas. In fact, protected ity, ecological, and financial dimen- proposed that this priority will con- areas represent the largest share sions. Through this strategic priority, tinue to be supported as a major of the GEF portfolio in biodiversity. the GEF supports systematic coun- thrust of GEF-4. Since 1992, the GEF has financed try efforts to strengthen systems more than 200 projects in over of protected areas at national and In conclusion, protected areas 1,000 sites covering over 250 mil- sub-national levels. have been and will remain at the lion hectares. GEF investments core of GEF activities in biodiver- exceed US$1.1 billion, with an Implementation of this priority sity. We look forward to supporting additional US$2.5 billion mobilized responds to the guidance from the the efforts of countries as they in co-financing. Nevertheless, and CBD Program of Work on Protect- implement the Program of Work on despite the large magnitude of ed Areas, and is consistent with the Protected Areas. Vignette Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets 23 Targets in the programme of work on protected areas he overall purpose of the programme By 2005: By 2008: By 2010: of work on protected areas is to • evaluate effectiveness • address the under- • establish terrestrial Tsupport the establishment and main- of existing financial representation of protected areas tenance of comprehensive, effectively man- resources and financial marine (1.1.3) (Goal 1.1) aged, and ecologically representative nation- needs (3.4.1)* • undertake steps for the • establish and strengthen al and regional systems of protected areas. integration of protected transboundary protected The programme of work consists of four By 2006: areas into land- and areas (Goal 1.3) • establish national seascapes, (1.2.2) • address approaches interlinked elements, mutually reinforcing protected area targets • undertake measures for to liability and redress and cross-cutting in their implementation. and indicators (1.1.1) preventing, / mitigating measures (1.5.2) Programme element 1 deals with what pro- • establish or expand negative impacts of key • undertake tected area systems need to conserve and protected areas in, threats (Goal 1.5) comprehensive capacity where. Programme elements 2 and 3 cover intact or unfragmented • establish mechanisms building programmes or highly irreplaceable for equitable sharing of (Goal 3.2). how to effectively implement protected area natural areas, or areas both cost and benefits • ensure transfer systems, including issues such as the policy under high threat, (Goal 2.1) of appropriate environment, governance and participation, (1.1.2) • ensure effective technologies and capacity building. Programme element • address the under- participation of (Goal 3.3) 4 addresses the steps needed for assessing representation of inland indigenous and local • establish frameworks and monitoring the effectiveness of actions water ecosystems communities (Goal 2.2) for management taken under programme elements 1-3. (1.1.3) • ensure supportive effectiveness (Goal 4.1) • review existing and enabling environment • undertake management Each programme element is structured into potential forms of (Goal 3.1) effectiveness evaluation specific goals, targets and activities. The conservation, (1.1.4) • ensure sufficient (4.2.2) programme of work contains 16 goals, which • complete protected financial, technical and • undertake effective are outcome-oriented statements of ultimate area system gap other resources (Goal monitoring of protected- purpose. Each goal has a target that sets analyses (1.1.5) 3.4) area coverage, status a specific date by which the goal is to be • evaluate efforts to • implement country-level and trends (Goal 4.3) accomplished, and in many cases indicators integrate protected sustainable financing to measure progress towards the goal. Each areas into land- and plans (3.4.2) By 2012: paired goal and target is followed by a list seascapes (1.2.1) • increase public • establish marine • undertake to identify awareness (Goal 3.5) protected areas of activities, that individual countries should legislative gaps and • develop standards, (Goal 1.1) implement to meet their commitments to barriers (3.1.1) criteria, and best • achieve effective achieve these goals and targets. • capacities needs practices (Goal 4.1) management (Goal 1.4) The overall target deadline for implementa- assessments, and tion of the programme of work is 2010 for establish capacity By 2009: By 2015: building (3.1.1) • designate protected • integrate protected terrestrial and 2012 for marine areas. The • develop standards, areas identified through areas into the wider Conference of the Parties has put forward and indicators for gap analysis (1.1.6) land- and seascape, intermediate target dates for many activities evaluating management • address legislative gaps (Goal 1.2) with time bound deadlines of either 2006/ effectiveness, (4.2.1) and barriers (3.1.1) 2008 or 2010/2012, in recognition of the fact that many of the goals and targets will require a phased, step-by-step approach.

* denotes the activity number from the programme of work on protected areas adopted 24 CBD News Special Edition by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2004. Mark Atwater/GRASP Mountain gorilla

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Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 413 Saint Jacques Street, Suite 800 Montreal, Quebec, H2Y 1N9 Canada Phone : +1 (514) 288-2220 Fax : +1 (514) 288-6588 Email : [email protected] www.biodiv.org Vignette Pollino National Park, Italy Protected areas for achieving biodiversity targets NEWS CBD SPECIAL EDITION SPECIAL

rotected areas are the cornerstones for in situ conservation In order to address these gaps and threats, the seventh meeting of biological diversity. Their importance ranging from of the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted a programme of Pconservation of biological diversity, storehouses of genetic work on protected areas. The overall purpose of the programme of material, provision of essential ecosystems services for human work on protected areas is to support the establishment and welfare, and contribution to sustainable development, have been maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas recognised at multiple levels, from international bodies, to national of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically governments, local groups, and communities. There are now more representative national and regional systems of protected areas than 100,000 protected area sites worldwide. However, many of that collectively, inter alia through a global network contribute to these protected areas are not yet effectively managed, nor do they achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 adequately represent all ecosystems habitats and species target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss at important for conservation. the global, regional, national and subnational levels.