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Internationale Schutzgebiets-Kategorien Der IUCN WWF Deutschland Tel.: 0 69/7 91 44-0 Direkt: -166 Rebstöcker Straße 55 Fax: 0 69/61 72 21 60326 Frankfurt a. M. [email protected] [email protected] www.wwf.de Hintergrundinformation November 2008 Internationale Schutzgebiets-Kategorien der IUCN In der Entwicklung des weltweiten Naturschutzes Entwicklung der Kategorien kam es zu einer großen Fülle von verschiedenen Schutzgebietsformen, die einem ganz Die IUCN hatte 1978 zunächst ein System mit unterschiedlichen Management unterliegen zehn Schutzgebietskategorien vorgestellt. Diese können. Dieses kann beispielsweise von einem waren unterteilt in: Gebiete mit größter Bedeutung sehr strengen Schutz bis hin zu Schutzgebieten für den Naturschutz (Kategorie I – V), Gebiete mit reichen, die in Wirklichkeit kaum einen echten zweitrangiger Bedeutung (Kategorie VI – VIII) Schutz genießen. Dies führte auch zu einer großen sowie Gebiete mit international anerkannter Zahl an verschiedenen Bezeichnungen und Bedeutung (IX: Biosphärenreservat, X: Welt- Definitionen für Schutzgebiete. Alleine in Europa Naturerbe). existieren mehr als 90 verschiedene Kategorien. Aus diesem Grund lässt es sich kaum genau sagen, 1994 veröffentlichte sie eine überarbeitete Version wie groß die weltweit unter Schutz stehende mit jetzt nur noch sechs Schutzgebiets-Kategorien, Fläche wirklich ist. Z.B. überlappen Schutzgebiete die bis heute Gültigkeit hat. Dieses System ist verschiedener Kategorien sich oft, so dass man unter anderem Grundlage für die „UN List of ihre Flächen nicht einfach addieren kann. National Parks and Protected Areas“. Sie gibt Aus diesem Grund hat die IUCN (International einen vollständigen Überblick über alle Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Nationalparks und Naturreservate und wird Resources) ein System zur Einteilung von regelmäßig aktualisiert. Schutzgebieten mit weltweit vergleichbaren Kriterien entwickelt. Die Einstufung in sechs Ein Schutzgebiet ist laut Definition der IUCN „ein Kategorien erfolgt aufgrund der primären Land- oder Meeresgebiet, das vor allem dem Management-Ziele in den Schutzgebieten – also Schutz und Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt danach, was durch die Errichtung dieses gewidmet ist, sowie natürlicher und damit Schutzgebietes erreicht werden soll. verbundener kultureller Ressourcen, und das durch gesetzliche oder andere effektive Maßnahmen Die IUCN ist eine internationale, halbstaatliche verwaltet wird“. Naturschutzorganisation, die sich die Koordination des weltweiten Naturschutzes zur Aufgabe Die unterschiedlichen Kategorien werden über die gemacht hat. Ihr Hauptsitz ist in Gland (Schweiz). Management-Ziele, die man mit den Die Organisation ist unter anderem Veranstalter Schutzgebieten erreichen will, definiert. Die des „World Parks Congress“, der alle zehn Jahre Erläuterungen der einzelnen Kategorien enthalten stattfindet, zuletzt 2003 in Durban (Südafrika). Angaben zu den Auswahlkriterien und zur organisatorischen Verantwortlichkeit. Eine Der WWF ist eine der nationalen Organisationen des WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature – in Gland (Schweiz). Hintergrundinformation IUCN-Schutzgebietskategorien November 2008 bestimmte Mindestgröße wird nicht vorgegeben, offen für wissenschaftliche Forschung und dem da die Größe der Schutzgebiete den jeweiligen Umwelt-Monitoring. Zielen angepasst sein soll. Obwohl die verwendete Management-Kategorie Bei der Festlegung des Areals muss darauf natürlich schon eine sehr hohe Bedeutung für die geachtet werden, dass dieses groß genug ist und erreichte Qualität des Naturschutzes in einem zum Beispiel das zu schützende Ökosystem Gebiet haben kann, betont die IUCN, dass die vollständig umfasst. Es sind keine direkten unterschiedlichen Kategorien nicht schon per se menschlichen Eingriffe erlaubt, der Schutz der als Wertung der Effizienz verschiedener Biodiversität soll ohne aktives Management Management-Maßnahmen zu verstehen sind und auskommen. dass alle von ihnen definierten Kategorien für den Naturschutz wichtig sind. Beispiele für ein Schutzgebiet der Kategorie I a sind der Schweizer Nationalpark im Engadin oder Die Kriterien für die einzelnen Kategorien sind mit das Naturreservat Florarna in Schweden. Absicht allgemein gefasst worden, damit sie den regionalen Bedingungen angepasst werden Kategorie I b: Wildnisgebiet (Wilderness können. Area): Wenn ein Schutzgebiet mehrere Zwecke erfüllen soll, so müssen mindestens drei Viertel des Definition (Originaltext) : „ Category Ib protected areas are usually large unmodified or slightly Gebietes einem einzigen Management-Ziel dienen, modified areas, retaining their natural character und die unterschiedlichen Management-Ansätze and influence, without permanent or significant dürfen sich nicht widersprechen. human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural Die Schutzgebiets-Kategorien condition .“ Kategorie I a: Strenges Naturreservat Mit Hilfe dieser Schutzgebietskategorie sollen die (Strict Nature Reserve): natürlichen Merkmale eines Areals auf lange Zeit erhalten bleiben. Deshalb ist der öffentliche Definition (Originaltext) : “ .Category Ia are Zugang so zu regulieren, dass die strictly protected areas set aside to protect charakteristischen Besonderheiten dieser Gebiete biodiversity and also possibly nicht gefährdet werden. Indigene Völker sollen die geological/geomorphological features, where Möglichkeit erhalten, hier in kleinen Gruppen zu human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the siedeln und ihre traditionelle Lebensweise zu conservation values. Such protected areas can pflegen. serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring . “ Die Gebiete sollen wichtige ökologische, geologische, physiogeografische oder andere Mit Hilfe dieser Kategorie sollen ganze Habitate Besonderheiten mit wissenschaftlichem, bzw. Ökosysteme oder einzelne Arten in einem erzieherischem, ästhetischem oder historischem möglichst ungestörten Zustand erhalten werden. Wert besitzen. Diese sollen vorrangig durch die Aus diesem Grund sind diese Gebiete der natürlich ablaufenden Prozesse beeinflusst werden, Öffentlichkeit nur beschränkt zugänglich, jedoch die durch die Ausweisung des Schutzgebietes auch Der WWF Deutschland ist eine der nationalen Organisationen des WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature – in Gland (Schweiz). Hintergrundinformation IUCN-Schutzgebietskategorien November 2008 nicht gestört werden dürfen. Anthropogene as a cave or even a living feature such as an Einflüsse sollen weitestgehend fehlen. ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and Das Bolshoi Arkticheskiy Naturreservat auf der often have high visitor value. “ nordsibirischen Halbinsel Taimyr ist ein Schutzgebiet der Kategorie I b. Diese Region ist Die Areale sollen ein oder mehrere von 4.000 Indigenen (Dolganen und Nganasanen) Besonderheiten von herausragender Bedeutung bevölkert, die dort jagen, fischen und Rentiere umfassen. Dazu zählen beispielsweise halten. eindrucksvolle Wasserfälle wie die Victoriafälle in Simbabwe, Höhlen, Krater, Sanddünen oder Fossilienfundstellen sowie kulturell und Kategorie II: Nationalpark (National Park) archäologisch wichtige Stellen (Höhlensiedlungen und ähnliches). Definition (Originaltext) : „ Category II protected Das Gebiet muss groß genug sein, um die areas are large natural or near natural areas set Unversehrtheit dieser Besonderheiten sowie ihrer aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, unmittelbaren Umgebung zu gewährleisten. Es along with the complement of species and sollen auch möglichst Gelegenheiten zur ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also Forschung, Ausbildung und für den Tourismus provide a foundation for environmentally and geboten werden. culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. “ Kategorie IV: Biotop/Artenschutzgebiet mit Management (Habitat/Species Management Area) Das Hauptziel in den zur Kategorie II gehörenden Nationalparks ist es, die natürliche Biodiversität Definition (Originaltext) : „ Category IV protected zusammen mit den dazu gehörigen ökologischen areas aim to protect particular species or habitats Strukturen zu schützen, und in diesem and management reflects this priority. Many Zusammenhang auch eine die Umwelt schonende category IV protected areas will need regular, Naturbildung und Naturerlebnis zu fördern. active interventions to address the requirements of Nationalparks im Sinne der Management- particular species or to maintain habitats, but this Kategorie II sollen großräumig sein und schützen is not a requirement of the category.“ typischerweise ein funktionierendes und komplettes Ökosystem, um ihrem Ziel gerecht Durch diese Kategorie sollen die Bedingungen werden zu können. gesichert und erhalten werden, die für den Schutz bedeutsamer Arten, Artengruppen und biotischer Gemeinschaften nötig sind. Wenn nötig, sind dazu Kategorie III: Naturmonument (Natural auch menschliche Eingriffe erlaubt. Begrenzte Monument) Abschnitte dieser Schutzgebiete sollen der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich sein, damit diese ein Definition (Originaltext) : „ Category III Verständnis für die natürlichen Prozesse protected areas are set aside to protect a specific entwickeln kann. natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such Der WWF Deutschland ist eine der nationalen Organisationen des WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature – in Gland (Schweiz). Hintergrundinformation IUCN-Schutzgebietskategorien November 2008 In die Definition dieser
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