Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas
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Salt Point State Marine Conservation Area North Central California Marine Protected Areas (Mpas), Established May 2010
Salt Point State Marine Conservation Area North Central California Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Established May 2010 Red abalone Blue rockfish Salt Point SMCA (Haliotis rufescens) (Sebastes mystinus) Photo by Brian Owens Photo by CDFW Photo by Kevin Joe Site Overview Photos are representative of the North Central Coast Region and may not be within this MPA. What is an MPA? MPAs are a type of marine managed area (MMA) where marine or estuarine waters are set aside primarily to protect or conserve marine life and associated habitats. California has a coastal network of 124 protected areas designed to help increase the coherence and effectiveness of protecting the state’s marine life, habitats, and ecosystems. The network includes three types of MPA: state marine reserve (SMR), state marine conservation area (SMCA), and state marine park (SMP); one MMA: state marine recreational management area (SMRMA); and special closures. There are 119 MPAs, 5 MMAs and 15 special closures, each with unique boundaries and regulations in the network. Non-consumptive activities, restoration, and permitted scientific research are allowed. What is an SMCA? An SMCA is a type of MPA that protects resources by allowing for only specific types of recreational and/or commercial take to occur. (Area restrictions are defined in Title 14, Section 632(a)(1)(C)). Salt Point SMCA Overview Salt Point SMCA Key Habitats MPA size: 1.84 square miles Beaches: 0.62 miles Depth range: 0 to 226 feet Rocky shores: 4.30 miles Along-shore span (shoreline): 2.40 miles Sand (all depths): 1.14 square miles Rock (all depths): 0.40 square miles Where is Salt Point SMCA? Average Kelp (1989 to 2008): 0.11 square miles Unidentified (all depths): 0.28 square miles Boundaries and Regulations Boundary: This area is bounded by the mean high tide line and straight lines connecting the following points in the order listed: 38° 35.600' N. -
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (As an Extension of the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park)
Asia / Pacific Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (as an extension of the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park) Philippines WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION TUBBATAHA REEFS NATURAL PARK (PHILIPPINES) ID No. 653 bis Background note: At the time of the inscription of Tubbataha Reef Marine Park in 1993, IUCN recommended that t��������o nearb islets �ith important reefs (Jessie Beazle Reef and Bastera Reef) be included in a future extension of the propert. This recommendation �as repeated in the state of conservation report on the propert presented at the�� 2�th Session of the World Heritage Committee in 2005. In August 2006, the State Part extended the National Marine Park to include Jessie Beazle Reef and renamed it the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP). The park’s area �as increased from ����������������33,200 ha������� to 96,�2������������������������������������������������������ ha. The ne� boundaries and legal protection do not include Bastera Reef �hich lies in a different municipalit and at a greater distance from both Tubbataha north and south atolls and Jessie Beazle Reef. The present nomination is for an extension to the World Heritage propert to the same boundaries as that of the TRNP. 1. DOCUMENTATION i) Date nomination received by IUCN: 15 March 200�. ii) Additional information officially requested from and provided by the State Party: IUCN requested supplementary information after the first meeting of the World Heritage Panel in December 2008 related to a number of points concerning the management capacit and budget for the propert. The State Part provide a response to IUCN on these points on 30th Januar 2009. iii) IUCN/WCMC Data Sheet: Sourced from nomination document �hich cites 22 references. -
Rethinking East Mediterranean Security: Powers, Allies & International Law
Touro Law Review Volume 33 Number 3 Article 10 2017 Rethinking East Mediterranean Security: Powers, Allies & International Law Sami Dogru Herbert Reginbogin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/lawreview Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Dogru, Sami and Reginbogin, Herbert (2017) "Rethinking East Mediterranean Security: Powers, Allies & International Law," Touro Law Review: Vol. 33 : No. 3 , Article 10. Available at: https://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/lawreview/vol33/iss3/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Touro Law Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Touro Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Touro Law Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dogru and Reginbogin: Rethinking East Mediterranean Security RETHINKING EAST MEDITERRANEAN SECURITY: POWERS, ALLIES & INTERNATIONAL LAW Sami Dogru * Herbert Reginbogin ** Contents Abstract I. Introduction II. Overview to Reduce Tensions in Eastern Mediterranean and Southeast Asia III. The Need for Maritime Delimitation IV. The Laws of Maritime Delimitation V. Tension Rising in the South and East China Seas VI. The Eastern Mediterranean Conundrum of Territorial Disputes VII. Reaction by the Republic of Turkey - Escalation of Tension VIII. Reaction by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)—Escalation of Tension IX. USA, Russia, China, and Turkey’s Shift in Eastern Mediterranean Geopolitics – Rising Tensions X. Case for an Eastern Mediterranean Delimitation Program A.Relevant Area B.Configuration of the Coasts C.Proportionality D.Islands 1.Islands ‘On the Wrong Side’ 2.Island State E. Security and Navigation Factors F.Economic Factors: Joint Maritime Development Regime 1.The Characteristics of a Joint Maritime Development Regime 2.Designing a Joint Development Area 3.Maritime Joint Development Regime XI. -
Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea a Practical Guide
Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea A Practical Guide Eleanor Freund SPECIAL REPORT JUNE 2017 Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 www.belfercenter.org Publication design and illustrations by Andrew Facini Cover photo: United States. Central Intelligence Agency. The Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands. Scale 1:2,000,000. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 1992. Copyright 2017, President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea A Practical Guide Eleanor Freund SPECIAL REPORT JUNE 2017 About the Author Eleanor Freund is a Research Assistant at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. She studies U.S. foreign policy and security issues, with a focus on U.S.-China relations. Email: [email protected] Acknowledgments The author is grateful to James Kraska, Howard S. Levie Professor of International Law at the U.S. Naval War College, and Julian Ku, Maurice A. Deane Distinguished Professor of Constitutional Law at Hofstra University School of Law, for their thoughtful comments and feedback on the text of this document. All errors or omissions are the author’s own. ii Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea: A Practical Guide Table of Contents What is the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)? ..............1 What are maritime features? ......................................................................1 Why is the distinction between different maritime features important? .................................................................................... 4 What are the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, and the exclusive economic zone? ........................................................... 5 What maritime zones do islands, rocks, and low-tide elevations generate? ....................................................................7 What maritime zones do artificially constructed islands generate? .... -
Marine Nature Conservation in the Pelagic Environment: a Case for Pelagic Marine Protected Areas?
Marine nature conservation in the pelagic environment: a case for pelagic Marine Protected Areas? Susan Gubbay September 2006 Contents Contents......................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive summary....................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 4 2 The pelagic environment....................................................................................................... 4 2.1 An overview...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Characteristics of the pelagic environment ....................................................................... 5 2.3 Spatial and temporal structure in the pelagic environment ............................................... 6 2.4 Marine life....................................................................................................................... 10 3 Biodiversity conservation in the pelagic environment........................................................ 12 3.1 Environmental concerns.................................................................................................. 12 3.2 Legislation, policy and management tools...................................................................... 15 -
Page 01 Oct 26.Indd
ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED NEWSPAPER Gulf states risk deficit as oil price falls, says IMF Business | 17 Sunday 26 October 2014 • 2 Muharram 1436 • Volume 19 Number 6230 www.thepeninsulaqatar.com [email protected] | [email protected] Editorial: 4455 7741 | Advertising: 4455 7837 / 4455 7780 AFC champions Aljazeera Forum Ecuador offers for Film Festivals launched DOHA: The Aljazeera Documentary Festival being Qatar help in held at Ritz-Carlton hotel saw the launch of Aljazeera Forum for Film Festivals, a first of its kind initiative globally. The Aljazeera Festival Director, food security Abbas Arnaout said this initia- tive represented a big step into the world of documentary films. Ties to be bolstered in various areas This new body will enhance the exchange of expertise, foster the BY JABER AL HARAMI Middle East. We didn’t have an documentary film culture, and embassy in the Middle East. Now encourage innovative people and DOHA: Qatar and Ecuador are we have an embassy in Qatar and producers. Arnaout was elected passing through the best phase Qatar has an embassy in Quito.” an executive director to the forum of their relationship, which goes He said the relations between the first meeting of which will be beyond mutual interests and Qatar and Ecuador surpassed held in Doha. An internal charter is based on shared values and economic interests. will be created defining the duties principles like supporting the “Our relations are not focus- and the conditions of joining and Palestinian cause, president of ing only on the economic aspect membership. Membership shall Ecuador Rafael Correa Delgado but extend to culture, science be open to all types of film fes- has said. -
Enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions Through Protected Areas Table of Contents
ENHANCING NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS THROUGH PROTECTED AREAS TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 BACKGROUND 5 METHODOLOGY 7 RESULTS 13 1. EXPLICIT MENTION OF PROTECTED AREAS 13 2. ESTABLISHING NEW OR EXPANDING EXISTING PROTECTED AREAS 14 3. UTILIZING PROTECTED AREAS TO HELP PEOPLE ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE (ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION) 15 4. MITIGATION BENEFITS FROM CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND AUTHORS AVOIDED EMISSIONS 17 Abigail Hehmeyer, Jacqueline Vogel, Shaun Martin, Ryan Bartlett 5. MANAGING PROTECTED AREAS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS 18 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20 WWF CONCLUSION 27 GLOSSARY 28 For more than 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. One APPENDICES 31 of the world’s leading conservation organizations, WWF works in nearly 100 countries and is supported by more than 1.1 million members in the United APPENDIX 1: RESULTS BY COUNTRY 31 States and 5 million supporters globally. WWF’s unique way of working APPENDIX 2: COUNTRIES RANKED BY CREDITS EARNED FOR THE combines global reach with a foundation in science, involves action at every level 5 CRITERIA EXAMINED 39 from local to global, and ensures the delivery of innovative solutions that meet the needs of both people and nature. Visit worldwildlife.org to learn more. APPENDIX 3: COUNTRIES REFERENCED IN THIS REPORT, LISTED BY REGION 41 REFERENCES 43 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this analysis, conducted by WWF US, was made possible by the Support Project for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement (SPA), which is implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) under its International Climate Initiative (IKI). -
What Is Inclusive Conservation and Why Is It Important to Biodiversity Conservation and Protected Area Management?
Fact Sheet What is inclusive conservation and why is it important to biodiversity conservation and protected area management? October 2019 ‘Inclusive Conservation’ is a trans-disciplinary approach to balancing stakeholder visions, and promoting shared agreements for the future management of protected areas through the development and application of multiple tools and processes. - 2 - Protecting our natural areas Global context Protected areas are clearly defined geographical spaces, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated Figure 1: Growth in ecosystem services and cultural values.1 Protected areas are critical for protected area coverage conserving local to regional biodiversity, particularly the characteristic on land and in the ocean (Exclusive Economic Zones of threatened species, habitats and ecosystems.2,3 (EEZ) and Areas Beyond At a global level, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) National Jurisdiction (ABNJ)) between 1990 agreed in 2010 to a target of protecting at least 17% of terrestrial and and 2018 and projected inland water areas, and 10% of coastal and marine areas (Aichi Target growth to 2020 according 11), by 2020. Currently, protected areas cover almost 15% of land and to commitments from countries and territories.5 inland waters and 8% of the world’s oceans.4 (Figure 1). Area (Million km2) 40 2 30 3 20 10 1 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1 ABNJ 2 EEZ 3 Land - 3 - Despite this expansion, protected areas only partly cover important sites for biodiversity, and there are issues associated with their ecological representativeness and equitable management6. -
The Blue Paradox: Preemptive Overfishing in Marine Reserves
PAPER The blue paradox: Preemptive overfishing in COLLOQUIUM marine reserves Grant R. McDermotta,1,2, Kyle C. Mengb,c,d,1,2, Gavin G. McDonaldb,e, and Christopher J. Costellob,c,d,e aDepartment of Economics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; bBren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; cDepartment of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; dNational Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138; and eMarine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Edited by Jane Lubchenco, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, and approved July 25, 2018 (received for review March 9, 2018) Most large-scale conservation policies are anticipated or an- This line of reasoning suggests that the anticipation of a new nounced in advance. This risks the possibility of preemptive conservation policy may give rise to a set of incentives that is resource extraction before the conservation intervention goes distinct from—but possibly just as important as—the incentives into force. We use a high-resolution dataset of satellite-based fish- arising from the policy’s implementation. While this kind of pre- ing activity to show that anticipation of an impending no-take emptive behavior has been well-documented for landowners, gun marine reserve undermines the policy by triggering an unin- owners, and owners of natural resource extraction rights, it has tended race-to-fish. We study one of the world’s largest marine not been studied in the commons. For vast swaths of the ocean, reserves, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), and find that no single owner has exclusive rights and so must compete against fishers more than doubled their fishing effort once this area was others for extraction. -
Marine Biodiversity and International Law: Instruments and Institutions That Can Be Used to Conserve Marine Biological Diversity Internationally
MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: INSTRUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS THAT CAN BE USED TO CONSERVE MARINE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY INTERNATIONALLY SUZANNE IUDICELLO* MARGARET LYTLE† I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 124 A. What is Marine Biodiversity? ........................................ 124 B. The Threats to Marine Biodiversity ............................... 126 II. OVEREXPLOITATION ..................................................................... 127 A. International Framework for Fisheries Management .................................................................... 129 1. Early Efforts at Fishery Management ............... 130 2. The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea ................................................... 131 B. Regional Fishery Organizations and Agreements ........ 134 C. Additional International Agreements Protecting Marine Mammals, Birds and Other Wildlife................. 136 1. Marine Mammal Conventions .......................... 136 2. Protection of Migratory Birds ........................... 138 3. Conservation of Overexploited Wildlife .......... 140 D. Domestic Strategies for Conserving Marine Biodiversity Globally ...................................................... 141 1. Trade and Economic Measures ......................... 141 2. Direct Regulation ............................................... 143 III. ALTERATION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................... 144 A. Coastal Development ..................................................... -
Review of the Benefits of No-Take Zones
1 Preface This report was commissioned by the Wildlife Conservation Society to support a three-year project aimed at expanding the area of no-take, or replenishment, zones to at least 10% of the territorial sea of Belize by the end of 2015. It is clear from ongoing efforts to expand Belize’s no-take zones that securing support for additional fishery closures requires demonstrating to fishers and other stakeholders that such closures offer clear and specific benefits to fisheries – and to fishers. Thus, an important component of the national expansion project has been to prepare a synthesis report of the performance of no-take zones, in Belize and elsewhere, in replenishing fisheries and conserving biodiversity, with the aim of providing positive examples, elucidating the factors contributing to positive results, and developing scientific arguments and data that can be used to generate and sustain stakeholder support for no-take expansion. To this end, Dr. Craig Dahlgren, a recognized expert in marine protected areas and fisheries management, with broad experience in the Caribbean, including Belize, was contracted to prepare this synthesis report. The project involved an in-depth literature review of no-take areas and a visit to Belize to conduct consultations with staff of the Belize Fisheries Department, marine reserve managers, and fishermen, collect information and national data, and identify local examples of benefits of no-take areas. In November 2013, Dr. Dahlgren presented his preliminary results to the Replenishment Zone Project Steering Committee, and he subsequently incorporated feedback received from Steering Committee members and WCS staff in this final report. -
Marine Protected Areas (Mpas) in Management 1 of Coral Reefs
ISRS BRIEFING PAPER 1 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAS) IN MANAGEMENT 1 OF CORAL REEFS SYNOPSIS Marine protected areas (MPAs) may stop all extractive uses, protect particular species or locally prohibit specific kinds of fishing. These areas may be established for reasons of conservation, tourism or fisheries management. This briefing paper discusses the potential uses of MPAs, factors that have affected their success and the conditions under which they are likely to be effective. ¾ MPAs are often established as a conservation tool, allowing protection of species sensitive to fishing and thus preserving intact ecosystems, their processes and biodiversity and ultimately their resilience to perturbations. ¾ Increases in charismatic species such as large groupers in MPAs combined with the perception that the reefs there are relatively pristine mean that MPAs can play a significant role in tourism. ¾ By reducing fishing mortality, effective MPAs have positive effects locally on abundances, biomass, sizes and reproductive outputs of many exploitable site- attached reef species. ¾ Because high biomass of focal species is sought but this is quickly depleted and is slow to recover, poaching is a problem in most reef MPAs. ¾ Target-species ‘spillover’ into fishing areas is likely occurring close to the MPA boundaries and benefits will often be related to MPA size. Evidence for MPAs acting as a source of larval export remains weak. ¾ The science of MPAs is at an early stage of its development and MPAs will rarely suffice alone to address the main objectives of fisheries management; concomitant control of effort and other measures are needed to reduce fishery impacts, sustain yields or help stocks to recover.