Anatomic Significance of Topographical Relief in the Pars Basalis Telencephali

Anatomic significance of topographical relief in the pars basalis telencephali. Implications in forensic psychopathology

Gheorghe S. Drăgoi1,2,*, Ileana Marinescu3

______Abstract: Topographical relief situated in the pars basalis telencephali have always been aspects of interest for anatomists and neurologists with regard to their terming and integration in neuronal systems. The main target of the present work is the macroanatonic analysis of the location and relations of reference anatomic markers of topographical relief on which connections of anatomical and functional areas are based. The study was carried out on human biological samples. Twenty samples of lesion- free encephala were taken from 8 men (aged between 36 and 65), 7 women (aged between 41 and 69) and 5 new-born infants (2 males and 3 females). Based on reference anatomic markers, identification of anatomic and functional area borderlines was done in the subcalloso – olfactory space. According to morphological variability the markers were grouped in 3 classes: a) commissural interconnective markers; b) non-commissural interconnective markers; c) markers modelled by the branches of the anterior cerebral artery. Based on our research and further corroboration with the progress made in the research of topographical relief as well as of the experimental results on septal nuclei, we offer an attempt at clarifying of the semantic content of taxonomy of terms as well as their implication in forensic phychopathology. Key Words: septum verum, subcallosal area, paraterminal gyrus, paraolfactory area, paraolfactory gyri.

INTRODUCTION [7]; Cruveilhier (1836)[8]; Bergman (1831)[9]; Meynert (1867)[10]; Broca (1879)[11]; și Zuckerkandl (1887) Topographical relief variation in the pars basalis [12]. Delimitation of locations, relations and connections telencephali arises a host of debatable issues regarding of anatomical and functional areas have opened new terminology, morphogenesis and, last but not least, its approaches to their potential integration within the role in behavior and cognition processing. Heterogeneity neuronal systems (Elliot Smith (1895)[13]; Broca (1879) of anatomic terms is discomforting in the identification, [11]; Unger (1906)[14]; Herrick (1910)[15]; Johnston evaluation and homologation of topographical relief. In (1913)[16]; Barady and Nauta (1953)[17]; Andy and this context there are 3 main anatomic and functional areas Stephan (1959)[18]; Swanson (1976)[19]; Williams et al that are under debate in current literature: subcallosal area, (1989)[20]; O'Rahilli and Fabiola (2006)[21]; Nieuwenhuys paraolfactory area and septal area. et al. (2008)[22]). Topographical relief has been studied and Anatomists and embriologists’ permanent termed by a large number of anatomists, neurologists, preoccupation to term topographical relief is also and embriologists, some of whose names are eponyms in reflected in the chronology of international anatomic International Anatomic Terminology: Riolan (1649)[1]; nomenclatures starting with 1895 at Basel (BNA = Bartholini (1686)[2]; Lancisi (1713)[3]; Santorini (1724) Basel Nomina Anatomica)[23], in 1936 at Jena (JNA = [4]; Vicq d'Azyr (1786)[5]; Reil (1812)[6]; Burdach (1822) Jena Nomina Anatomica)[24], in 1955 at Paris (NAP =

1) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Doctoral School, Craiova, Romania 2) Romanian Academy of Medical Science, Bucharest, Romania * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] 3) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 5th Department, Craiova, Romania

1 Drăgoi G.S. et al. Anatomic significance of topographical relief in the pars basalis telencephali

Nomina Anatomica Parisiensia)[25], in 1998 at Stuttgard localisation and relations of the gyri in the subcallosal (IAT = International Anatomical Terminology)[26], in area and paraolfactory area on the medio-sagital and 2013 at Stuttgard (IET = International Embriological frontal sagittal sections in the encephalon. Terminology)[27] and in 2016 at Göttingen (TNA = Macroanatomic imagery was done by Prof. Terminologia Neuroanatomica)[28]. Working on human Gheorghe S.Drăgoi on a Digital Camera Canon Eos 1Ds biological material, we aim at revealing the pragmatic and Mark II and Macro Ultrasonic Lens EF 100 mm, f/2,8. theoretical aspects of topographical relief organization in the pars basalis telencephali and their integration in RESULTS behavior and cognition processing. Our main objective is the macroscopic analysis of topographical relief variability The macroanatomic study of topographical relief and, in particular, of the reference anatomic markers in the pars basalis telencephali was carried out in two stages: required for the delimitation of anatomic and functional in a first stage we identified the location and the relations areas. of reference anatomic markers in the topographical relief, while in the second stage we limited the borderlines and MATERIALS AND METHOD evaluated the connections of anatomic and functional areas from the subcalloso-olfactory region: the subcallosal Materials area and the paraolfactory area. The study was carried out on human biological A. Location and relations of reference anatomic material obtained postmortem in the dissection markers in topographical relief laboratories of the Morphology Department from the Three groups of reference anatomic markers have Faculty of General Medicine, the University of Medicine been considered: 1) interconnective commissural markers; and Pharmacy of Craiova. All norms of ethics and 2) interconnective non-commissural markers; 3) markers deontology were observed. Macroanatomic evaluation was modeled by the anterior cerebral artery. performed on 20 human encephala. Samples of healthy 1) Interconnective commissural markers encephala were taken from 8 men (aged between 36 and a) The Anterior commissure (TNA Latin term: 65), 7 women (aged between 41 and 69) and 5 new-born Commissura anterior) appears on the median sagittal part infants (2 males and 3 females). of the encephalon as an ovoid prominence lined anteriorly by the precommissuralis sulcus and posteriorly by the Methods postcommissuralis sulcus. It connects the two temporal Identification and evaluation of topographical lobes (Fig. 1, no. 14). relief was carried out through macroanatomic methods: b) The lamina terminalis (TNA Latin term: descriptive, topographic, sectional and connectional. Lamina terminalis) is visible on the median sagittal section Preservation and processing was done in two stages. of the encephalon as a membrane situated at the anterior In the first stage the preservation of the extracranial extremity of the third ventricle. It lies frontally from the encephala was done. They were washed in cold running rostrum of the corporis callosum through lamina rostralis water and fixed for 48 hours in saline solution 0.9% and to the dorsal surface of the optic chiasma where it forms formaldehyde 5%. Long term preservation, of at least two depressions: the preoptic recess and the supraoptic 30 days, required re-fixing in saline solution 0.9% and recess (Fig. 2, no. 22). formaldehyde 10%. In the second stage our attention c) Rostrum of the corporis callosum (TNA Latin focused on processing the material in order to: a) term: Corpus callosum, Rostrum) is easily identifiable visualize the medial face of the pars basalis telencephali as a posterior tale-like structure of genu of the corporis by sectioning the encephalon in medio-sagittal plane; callosum. It is continued to posterior and ventral parts b) visualize spatial distribution of branches in the with the lamina rostralis that appears as a thin blade of anterior cerebral artery, postcommunicanting part, white matter that goes before the anterior commissure and by leptomeninx dissection (Arachnoid mater and Pia continues ventrally with the lamina terminalis at the level mater); c) select and limit the subcalloso-olfactory region of the precommissuralis sulcus. Through the upper surface observing the following marks: the horizontal line that it is attached to the septum pellucidum. The lower surface unites the foramen interventriculare and the rostrum is in touch with the indusium griseum (Fig. 1, no. 2). of the corporis callosum towards the dorsal part; the 2) Interconnective non-commissural markers vertical line that unites the foramen interventriculare a) The Indusium griseum (TNA Latin term: and the preoptic recess towards the posterior part; the Indusium griseum) appears on the ventral part of the horizontal line that unites the preoptic recess and the rostrum of the corporis callosum, passes ventrally from the anterior paraolfactory sulcus towards ventral part, and lamina rostralis to the dorsal extremity of the paraterminal the vertical line that unites rostrum of the corporis gyrus in the subcallosal area. It connects the paraterminal callosum and anterior paraolfactory sulcus towards the gyrus and the dentate gyrus via the fasciolar gyrus (Fig. 1, anterior part (Fig. 1: the yelow rectangular); d) identify no. 9).

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Figure 1. Median sagittal section in human encephalon. Localization of reference anatomic markers and that of anatomic- functional areas in the calloso-olfactory region (Yelow rectangular). 1. Septum pellucidum (TNA Latin Septum pellucidum). 2. Rostrum of corporis callosum (TNA Latin: Corpus callosum, rostrum) 3. Cingulate gyrus (TNA : Gyrus cinguli). 4. Sulcus of corpus callosum (TNA latin: Sulcus corporis callosi). 5. Anterior paraolfactory sulcus (TNA Latin: Sulcus paraolfactorius anterior) 6. Grove of the anterior cerebral artery, postcommunicating part. 7. Posterior paraolfactory sulcus (TNA Latin: Sulcus paraolfactorius posterior). 8. Paraolfactorry area (TNA Latin : Area paraolfactoria) 9. Indusium griseum (TNA Latin: Indusium griseum). 10. Sulcus of the prehippocampal rudiment (Williams & Warwick, 1989). 11. Lamina rostralis (BNA Latin: Lamina rostralis corporis callosi). 12. Subcallosal area (TNA Latin: Area subcallosa). 13. Sulcus precommissuralis. 14. Anterior commissura (TNA Latin: Commissura anterior). 15. Sulcus postcommissuralis. 16. Column of the fornix. (TNA Latin: Columna fornicis). 17. Interventricular foramen (TNA Latin: Foramen interventriculare). 18. Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (TNA Latin: Plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis). 19. Hypothalamic sulcus (TNA Latin: Sulcus hypothalamicus). 20. Hipothalamus (TNA Latin: Hypothalamus). 21. Broca’s diagonal band, vertical limb (TNA Latin: Stria diagonalis, crus verticale). 22. Lamina terminalis (TNA latin: Lamina terminalis). 23. Anterior perforated substance (TNA Latin: Substantia perforata anterior). 24. Supraoptic recess (TNA Latin: Recessus supraopticus). 25. Preoptic recess (TNA Latin: Recessus preopticus). 26.T Optic nerv (TNA Latin: Nervus opticus). 27. Optic chiasma (TNA Latin: Chiasma opticum). 28. Infundibular recess (TNA Latin: Recessus infundibularis). 29. Mammilary body (TNA Latin: Corpus mammillare). 30. Tuber cinereum (TNA Latin: Tuber cinereum). 31. Medial olfactory gyrus (TNA Latin: Gyrus olfactorius medialis). 32. Straight gyrus (TNA Latin: Gyrus rectus). 33. sulcus (Broca). 34. Cingulate sulcus (TNA Latin: Sulcus cinguli). BNA=Basel Nomina Anatomica(1895); TNA=Terminologia neuroanatomica, 2016).

b) Diagonal band of Broca (TNA Latin term: 3) Markers modeled by the anterior cerebral Stria diagonalis) continues the ventral extremity of the artery. paraterminal gyrus to the lateral margin of the optic tract Dissection of the branches of the anterior cerebral and is part of the delimiting medial margin of the anterior artery enables the visualization of their relations with the perforated substance. Its branches are easily seen: the depressions of the topographical relief in the pars basalis vertical limb (TNA Latin term: Crus verticale) and the telencephali. We identified the anterior cerebral artery in horizontal limb (TNA Latin term: Crus orizontale). It the longitudinal fissure where it comes into anastomosis connects paraolfactory gyrus to the amygdaloid complex. with that in the opposite part, through the anterior cerebral (Fig. 1, no. 21). artery. Dissection branches of the anterior cerebral artery

3 Drăgoi G.S. et al. Anatomic significance of topographical relief in the pars basalis telencephali

Figure 2. Anterior surface of frontal section in human encephalon rendering evident the anterior limb of the internal capsule and the head of the caudate nucleus. Visualization of place and gyri relations in subcallosal area (The paraterminal gyrus) and in paraolfactory area (The paraolfactory gyri) 1. Putamen (TNA Latin: Putamen). 2. Internal capsula, anterior limb (TNA Latin: Capsula interna, crus anterior). 3. Caudate nucleus, head (TNA Latin: Caput nuclei caudate). 4. Lateral ventricle, frontal or anterior horn (TNA Latin: Ventriculus lateralis, cornu frontale, syn. Cornu anterius). 5. Corpus callosum, trunk, or body (TNA Latin: Corpus callosum, truncus or corpus). 6. Pericallosal artery (TNA Latin: A. pericallosa). 7. Septum pellucidus, cave (TNA Latin: Septum pellucidum, cavum). 8. Septum pellucidum, lamina (TNA Latin: Septum pellucidum, lamina). 9. V. Septi pellucidi. 10. Corpus callosum, rostrum. 11. Gyrus paraterminalis of area subcallosa. 12. Paraolfactory gyri in area paraolfactoria Broca. 13. Aa. Cerebri anterior, pars postcommunicalis, Segmentum A2. imprint the following depressions on the topographical cinguli) is visible under the cingulate gyrus where it forms relief: the sulcus of corporis callosum through the the limitation between the cingulate gyrus and the straight pericallosal artery; the cingulated sulcus through the gyrus (Fig. 1, no. 34). callosomarginal artery and the paraolfactory sulci through c) The cingulate gyrus (TNA Latin term: Gyrus the medial orbito-frontal artery (Fig. 3, no. 18-20). cinguli) is present under the rostrum of the corporis a) The Sulcus of corporis callosum (TNA Latin callosum. It is dorsally lined with the sulcus of corporis term: Sulcus corporis callosi) was identified ventrally as callosum and ventrally with the cingulate sulcus. The compared to the rostrum of the corporis callosum in its connection fold between the cingulate sulcus and the posterior part, where it makes up the dorsal limitation paraolfactory area (Fig. 1, no. 3) is easily seen. of the paraolfactory area. It further continues ventrally d) The paraolfactory sulci (IAT Latin term: Sulci with the posterior paraolfactory sulcus that sets the limit paraolfactori) are depressions generated by branches of between the subcallosal area and the paraolfactory area the medial orbito-frontal artery. They were initially termed (Fig. 1, no. 4). sulcus parolfactorius anterior and sulcus parolfactorius b) The Cingulate sulcus (TNA Latin term: Sulcus posterior (BNA,1895). They are parts of the boundaries of

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Figure 3. Variability of topographical relief in the pars basalis telencephali. 1.Cingulate gyrus. 2. Rostrum of corporis callosum. 3. Septum pellucidum. 4. Indusium griseum. 5. Lamina rostralis. 6. Interventricular foramen. 7. Hypothalamic sulcus. 8. Commissura anterior. 9. Subcallosal area 10. Paraolfactory gyri in paraolfactory area. 11.Grove of the anterior cerebral artery, postcommunicating part. 12. Anterior paraolfactory sulcus. 13. Posterior paraolfactory sulcus 14. Lamina terminalis. 15. Supraoptic recess. 16. Optic chiasma. 17. Diagonal band of Broca, vertical limb. 18. Anterior cerebral artery, post-communicanting part. 19. Pericallosal artery. 20. Callosomarginal artery.

5 Drăgoi G.S. et al. Anatomic significance of topographical relief in the pars basalis telencephali the two anatomic and functional areas: the subcallosal area in the paraolfactory area become relay stations for the and the paraolfactory area (Fig. 1 no. 5;7;8;12). hippocampus, through the cingulate gyrus and for Gyrus B. Study of location and relations of anatomic and olfactorius medialis, through the connective infolding. functional areas The term subcallosal area has been in use since We made use of reference anatomic markers in 1998 (IAT) [26] only to denote the space occupied by the order to make the delimitation between two anatomic and paraterminal gyrus. In 1895, Elliot Smith [13]suggested functional areas: the subcallosal area and the paraolfactory the term precommissural area for this location, further area. taken up only by Nieuwenhuys et al. (2008) [22]. In 1901 The Subcallosal area (TNA Latin term: Area Elliot Smith [29] also suggested the term paraterminal subcallosa) appears ventrally regarding the rostrum of body, later taken up by Noback and Demarest in 1975 [38]; the corporis callosum, anteriorly regarding the anterior but this term was later abolished. The paraterminal gyrus commissure and the lamina terminalis and posteriorly to localized in the subcallosal area is a relay station for the the posterior paraolfactory sulcus. It is dorsally connected hippocampus through the indusium griesum and for the to the hippocampus through the indusium griseum and amygdaloid complex through the diagonal band of Broca. ventrally to the amygdaloid complex through the Diagonal The uncertain delimitations of these areas and their band of Broca (Fig. 1, no. 12). disputable belonging to the septal structures became new The Paraolfactory area (TNA Latin term: Area sources of confusion and discomfort. We mention 3 terms paraolfactoria) is easily identifiable through two marks: found in literature for the concept of septal – the septal the sulcus of corporis callosum dorsally, the posterior area, the septal region and the septal nuclei – which should paraolfactory sulcus and the lamina terminalis posteriorly be more clearly defined semantically and taxonomically and the anterior paraolfactory sulcus antero-ventrally. It in order to avoid potential errors and remove the existing is connected antero-dorsally to the hippocampus through incongruences. the cingulate gyrus and antero-ventrally to the medial Noback și Demarest (1975)[38] included two olfactory gyrus through the connective infolding (Fig. 1, structures in the septal area: the paraterminal body (the no. 8). subcallosal gyrus) and the paraolfactory area of the orbito- After we analyzed the frontal sections through frontal cortex. In Carpenter's human neuroanatomy Parent the anterior limb of the internal capsule, two gyri are (1996) [39] sustains this integration and believes the septal easily seen in the medial part and ventrally as compared area to be the cortical part of a region under which the septal to the rostrum of the corporis callosum and dorsally to nuclei are situated. The dispute goes further, regarding the the groove in the anterior cerebral artery: the paraterminal septal region in which Noback and Demarest (1975) [38] gyrus in the subcallosal area and the paraolfactory gyrii in grouped 3 structures: the septum pellucidum, the septal the paraolfactory area (Fig. 2, no. 11 and 12). nuclei and the septal area. In 1995, Michael Conn [48], a pharmacologist, sustained that the septal nuclei belonged DISCUSSION to the septal region. To conclude, the concept of septal nuclei has Our results render evident the variability of not been free of confusion in terms of semantics and reference anatomic markers and of anatomic and functional terminology. In International Embryological Terminology areas - the subcallosal area and the paraolfactory area. (2013)[27] septal nuclei belong to the prosencephalic Although uncertain from points of view of pragmatism of septum. In International Anatomical Terminology (1998) topography, terming, taxonomy and belonging to neuronal [26] they are grouped as septal area. structures, they become attractive as relay stations through The studies on the morphogenesis of the their connections to the hippocampus, the amygdaloid prosencephalon highlighted a new structure - the complex and the olfactory region, within the Greater prosencephalic septum – situated between the lamina Limbic System. terminalis, and the olfactory bulb. It brings taxonomic Corroboration of our data and neuro-anatomic clarification to the appartnance of anatomic and literature highlights the heterogeneity of the semantic functional areas to the septal terminology. The dorsal content of terms, homologation and their interaction in supracommissural part of this septum corresponds to the the neuronal systems (Tables 1 and 2). septum pellucidum, and is excluded from the septal region. The term paraolfactory area suggested by Broca in The ventral precommissural part of this septum partially 1879 [11] was initially accepted in Basel Nomina Anatomica corresponds to the paraterminal gyrus of the subcallosal (1895) [23], but successively replaced by the adolfactory area and was equaled to the septum verum (Andy and area (JNA ,1936) [24] and the subcallosal area (NAP, 1955). Stephan, 1959) [18]. It should be taken as a junction In 1998 the Broca’s term is taken up again (IAT,1998; TNA, area between the germinal matrices of the hippocampus, 2016) [26;27] and the name the subcallosal area is aborted. the amygdaloid complex and the olfactory germinal. In 1998 (IAT) [26] it will be reserved to the space occupied Nieuwenhuys (2008) [22] believes that the septum verum by the paraterminal gyrus. The paraolfactory gyri situated is the true the septal region.

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Table 1. Reference anatomic markers of topographical relief on the pars basalis telencephali ENGLISH TNA Latin term (2016) SYNONYMS / SOURCES / CONNECTIONS official term Anterior Commissura anterior Transvers cord (Riolan, 1649) [1]; Processus transversus corpora Commissure (BNA,1895;JNA,1936;NAP,1955;I striata conjugens (Bartholin, 1686) [2]; Anterior cerebral AT,1998) Commissure (Tarin,1753)[30]; Chorda Willisi (Santorini, 1724) [4]; Great commissure (Meckel,1817) [31]; Commissure of corpus striatum (Combe et al,1838) [32]; Commissura of hemispheres (Carus,1814) [33]; Commissura anterior cerebri (BNA,1895) [23]. Connection between temporal lobes. Rostrum of Corpus Callosum, Rostrum Lamina Genu Corporis Callosi (Burdach, 1822) [7]; Bec du Corps Corporis (BNA,1895;NAP,1955;IAT,1998) calleux (Testut, 1929) [34] ; Copula (Mettler,1948) [35]. callosum Connection between Genu corporis callosi and Lamina terminalis via Lamina rostralis corporis callosi (BNA,1895 [23]). Lamina Lamina Terminalis Gray Terminal Lamina (Burdach, 1822) [7]; Velum Commissurae Terminalis (BNA,1895;NAP,1955) Anterior (Bergmann, 1831) [9]; Plancher anterieur du troisieme ventricule (Cruveilhier,1836) [8]; Lame grise de la junction des nerfs optique (Testut, 1929) [34]; Lame sur – optique (Testut, 1929) [34]; Lamina terminalis cinerea ventriculi tertii(JNA,1936)[24]. Connection between Rostrum corporis callosum and Optic chiasma. Indusium Indusium griseum Gray stria of Lancisi (Lancisi, 1713) [3]; Stratum griseum of corporis Griseum (NAP,1955;IAT,1998) callosi (JNA,1936) [24]; Supracallosal gyrus (William , Warwrick et.al, 1989) [20]; Pars supracommissuralis hippocampi (TNA,2016) [28]. Connection between Paraterminal gyrus and Dentate gyrus via fasciolar gyrus. Diagonal Band Stria Diagonalis Lemniscus of lamina cribrosa (Reil, 1812) [6]; Septal arcuat fibers of Broca (IAT,1998) (Burdach, 1822) [7]; Diagonal band of quadrilateral space (Broca, 1879) [11]; Olfactory radiation of Zuckerkandl (Zuckerkandl, 1887) [12]; Internal arcuat fibers of septum (Cajal, 1901) [36]. Connection between the subcallosal area and the Amygdaloid complex. Sulcus of Sulcus Corporis callosi Ventricle of corpus callosum (Cruveilhier, 1836) [8]. Corpus BNA,1895;JNA,1936;NAP,1955;IAT,1998) Connections: continuous ventrally with the posterior paraolfactory Callosum sulcus. Cingulate Sulcus cinguli Sinus du corps calleux (Testut, 1929) [34], Callosomarginal sulcus Sulcus (BNA,1895;JNA,1936;NAP,1955;I (Crosby, 1962) [37]. AT,1998) Connections: Limitation between the the cingulate gyrus and the straight gyrus. Cingulate Gyrus Cinguli Convolution accompanying corpus callosum (Vicq d’Azyr, 1786) Gyrus (BNA,1895;JNA,1936;NAP,1955,I [5]; Long convolution (Reil, 1812) [6]; Regio cingularis (Brodman, AT,1998) 1909) [48]; Lobe du corps calleux de Broca (1879) [11 TNA = Terminologia Neuro-Anatomica Connections : antero-ventrally with the paraolfactory gyrus (2016)[28]; IAT=International via connective infolding and postero-ventrally with isthmus of Anatomical Terminology(1998) [26]; cingulate gyrus. NAP=Nomina Anatomica Parisinsia BNA = Basel Nomina Anatomica (1895) [23] ; JNA = Jena Nomina (1955) [25] Anatomica (1936) [24].

Integration of the septum verum in the limbic and fury (Brady and Nauta) [17]. The new knowledge neuronal system as a relay station (Papez, 1937) [41] regarding the functional anatomy of the septum verum has has opened the door to the studies on its implication in opened new horizons in forensic psychopathology with the behavioral functions. They were proven by experimentally view of furthering the morphological investigation where inducing lesions on the septal nuclei in rat (Barady and the inhibitory effects of the septal nuclei was identified. Nauta, 1953) [17] and electrical stimulus in cat (Siegel In conclusion, the diversity of topographical relief and Skog, 1970)[48]. The ablation of the septal nuclei led in the pars basalis telencephali draws attention upon the to inhibitory effects, and thus to hyper-emotion (King, factors determining their morphogenesis and the location 1956[43], Corman, 1967[44]), fear-freedom (Corman, of relay structures in the Greater Limbic System. 1967[44], Seigel and Leaf, 1969[45], Lubar and Numan, Heterogeneity of semantics and terminology 1973) [46], hypersensitivity (Ellen and Butler, 1969)[47], of reference anatomic markers and of the anatomic and

7 Drăgoi G.S. et al. Anatomic significance of topographical relief in the pars basalis telencephali

Table 2. Anatomic and functional areas in the pars basalis telencephali ENGLISH official TNA Latin SYNONYMS / SYNONYMS / SOURCES / CONTENT term term (2016) SOURCES CONNECTIONS Subcallosal Area Area The Gyrus Gyrus Subcallosus (BNA, 1895;JNA,1936) Subcallosa Precommissural Paraterminalis Pedoncules du corps calleux (Testut,1929) [34] (IAT,1998) Area (Elliot (NAP,1955; Septum verum (Andy & Stephan, 1959) [18]; Smith, 1895) [13]; IAT,1998; The Precommisural septum (Nieuwenhuys,2008 TNA,2016) (Williams and Warwick, 1989) [20]; )[22]. Area Septalis (IAT, 1998); The Paraterminal Nuclei septales (IAT,1998;TNA,2016) Body (Elliot Smith, Septum prosencephalicum 1901) [29]; (O’Rahilli and Fabiola, 2006 [21]; IET,2013). Connections with: 1. Hippocampus prin Indusium griseum 2.Amygdaloid complex prin Diagonal band of Broca Paraolfactory Area Area Area Parolfactoria Gyrus 1. Connections with: Paraolfactoria (Broca,1879[11]; Paraolfactorius 2. Hippocampus prin Gyrus Cinguli ( IAT,1998) BNA 1895) (IAT,1998; 3. Gyrus olfactorius medialis prin the con- Area Adolfactoria TNA,2016) nective infolding (JNA,1936) Area subcallosa (NAP,1955) BNA(1895)= Basel Nomina Anatomica [23]; JNA(1936)= Jena Nomina Anatomica [24]; NAP(1955)= Nomina Anatomica Parisiensia [25]; IAT(1998)= International Anatomical Terminology [26]; IET(2013)= International Embryological Terminology [27]; TNA= Terminologia Neuroanatomica [28]. functional areas generates confusion and discomfort in septum (the septum verum). evaluation. Partial identification of the paraterminal gyrus as Terming the topographical relief should take into the septum verum largely contributes to the study of septal account the criteria of location, relations and anatomic nuclei in forensic psychopathology. connections elicited in time and space on the one hand, and taxonomy on the other. Conflict of interest. The authors declare that Taxonomically the septal nuclei belong to the septal there is no conflict of interest. area as ventral precommissural part of the prosencephalic

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