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Considerations on the Morphology and Terminology of the Organs

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Considerations on the Morphology and Terminology of the Organs Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 68(4): 225-230, October, 1991 Considerations on the Morphology and Terminology of the Organs By Hidekazu WAKURI Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University Towada- shi, Aomori 034, Japan -Received for Publication, July 15, 1991- Key Words: Organ system, Organ, Sub-organ, Organelle Summary: In anatomy, the morphological features of organs are captured in a variety of ways, and this allows wide interpretations of the terminology for organs. However, the present terminology is considered to include terms that require re-evaluation for appropriate ranking of organs. Organs should be understood in a proper perspective of their anatomical hierarchy and architectural characteristics. I consider that organs should be classified morphologically by the terminology of "organelle" on the cytological level, "sub-organ" on tthe histological level, "organ" on the macroscopic anatomical level, and "organ system", which may also be expressed as "apparatus" or "organa", on the level of systematic anatomy. I strongly demand that N.A.V.-N.H. (1983) acknowledge this hierarchial order and adopt the general term "organum". A structure of a animal body composed of several Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A. V. , 1968, 1973) but, for organ systems. Anatomy is a science which aims to some reason, not in the current Nomina Anatomina morphologically investigate the world of external Veterinaria — Nomina Histologica (N. A.V.-N.H. , shape (= form) and internal structures of the body. 1983). They are absent also in the Nomina Anatomica The shape and structures of the body are studied Veterinaria Japonica (N.A.V.J.). from various scientific viewpoints such as cytology, Some investigators may consider that issues over histology, embryology, macroscopic anatomy, and the morphology of organs or interpretation of the systematic anatomy. However, anatomy does not terms descriptive of them are unimportant or mar- appear to have been discussed systematically with ginal problems in anatomy. However, I believe that appropriate emphasis on organs although it would the treatment of organs contains very important be devoid of its fundamental framework without the problems unavoidable in understanding the "frame- concept of organum. It may be more accurate to say work of anatomy" and exploring the ways to "recon- that anatomists have hardly intended to study organs, struct the system of anatomy" (Wakuri, 1990, 1991). including researches of organ systems, and those According to Knese (1957), terms for organs have relativities in the perspective of the entire architec- been used only in the realm of regional anatomy, and ture of the body. We are primarily interested in the no great importance seems to have been attached to organ anatomy or organology of domestic animals organs themselves in the entire discipline of anatomy. (Wakuri, 1985; Wakuri Sc, Chung, 1986; Wakuri, Nevertheless, the term organ is not necessarily 1990, 1991), but I would like here to review how out of use today. P.N.A. was revised extensively organs have been treated in contemporary anatomy. in 1965, followed by the issue of the Nomina Em- The history of the appearance of the terms for bryologica (1984), Nomina Histologica (1985), and organs in the Nomina Anatomica may be outlined General Anatomical Nomenclature (1986). Terms as follows. Organ names were included as general of organs are included in the Termini Generates of terms at least in the Basel Nomina Anatomica of these books. As above mentioned, organs are incor- the early days (Suzuki, 1941; others). However, gen- porated as general terms also in N.A.J.. eral terms for organs were omitted from the Jena Apart from these developments of the anatom- Nomina Anatomica and the Paris Nomina Anatomica ical terminology, organs have been considerably (P.N.A., 1955) (Knese, 1957). General terms for recognized in education of anatomy as demonstrated organs are incorporated in the Nomina Anatomica by the appearance of organ names in standard text- Japonica (N.A.J.). They were also seen in the Nomina books of histology (Kroening & Grau, 196); Bloom * See a note at the end of this paper . 225 226 H. Wakuri & Fawcett, 1969; Ogawa et al., 1988), embryology Krahmer et al (1976) and Dellmann & Brown (1987) (Patten, 1948), and macroscopic and systematic anat- described "digital organ (= organum digitale)". This omy (Krahmer et al. , 1976; Dyce et al. , 1987). There- is considered to be larger structure that are ranked fore, the organ is considered to be, so to speak, a as category of organa. traditional term. However, it is undeniable that eva- Chauveau Arloing (1873), Evans & Christen- luation of the universal morphological characteristics sen (1979), N.A. (1989), N.A.V.-N.H., N.A.J., and significance of organs still lags markedly behind. N.A. V.J. and Dyce et al. (1987) treat structures such In this paper, I would like to promote under- as the locomotory apparatus, apparatus digestorius standing of the reality that organs have diverse mor- (= digestive apparatus), apparatus respiratorius (= phological features and that they are interpreted in respiratory apparatus), apparatus urogenitalis, and a variety of ways rather than to establish definitions apparatus lacrimalis in the category of the apparatus. of organs. I will attempt a few evaluations in order Structures such as the apparatus reticulatus internus, to provide clues to formation of reasonable concepts apparatus mitoticus, apparatus fusalis, apparatus as well as information for this purpose. hyoideus, and apparatus suspensorius mammarius are mentioned in N.A. V. -N. H. , N.A.J. and N.A.V.J.. Apparatus terms of apparatus Golgi, vasomotor Examples of the Use of Organ Terminology apparatus, and juxtaglomerular apparatus are also described in the medical dictionary (Dorland, 1980) In anatomy, there are described that various and textbook of Histology (Fujita & Fujita, 1984). kinds of tissues are arranged into structure known In macroscopic anatomy or systematic anat- as organs. That is, the organ is a part of the body omy, the locomotor system (skeleton, and skeletal that is composed of one to several tissues and has muscles), cardiovascular system (blood, blood ves- an independent and definite shape and function sels, and lymphatic vessels), nervous system (central (Leach, 1961; Yoshioka & Awaya, 1969; Dorland, nervous, peripheral nervous, and autonomic ner- 1980; Nakai et al. , 1984). In general, the organ is de- vous), and endocrine system (= System der endo- fined clearly only in the field of histology (Kroelling krinen Druesen, or endocrine glands) are understood & Grau, 1960; Leach, 1961; Ogawa et al., 1988). as systems with specific functions (Ellenberger & This definition provides expression to the funda- Baum, 1943; Nickel et al., 1986; Dyce et al., 1987). mental morphology of the organ, and is the basis The apparatus digestorius, apparatus respiratorius, for its perception and understanding. Understand- and apparatus urogenitalis are respectively described ing of the organ will naturally be confused if a term also as the systema digestorium, systema respir- that is assumed to have only one meaning is inter- atorium , and systema urogenitale in N.A.J. , which preted varyingly in relation to several morphological ranks the apparatus with the systema. or structural entities. Quite unexpectedly, the ter- To force a tentative summary from the above minology for the organ has been applied to a wide mentioned examples, large structures of a systematic spectrum from macroscopic to ultrastructural levels. dimension are refered to as systemae and structures The following are randomly selected examples of of a slightly lower rank as apparatus. Organa appears the terminology of the organ used to express the to rank lower than apparatus. The expression "organ morphology or structures of the body. system" (Patt & Patt, 1969; Bloom & Fawcett, 1969; Group of the organs are considered as forming Krahmer et al. , 1976; Nickel et al. , 1986) seems to systems. These organ systems form the organism, cover the ranks of the systema, apparatus, and organa or complete animal body. First, the term organ is collectively (Table 1). However, to which rank in used to refer to a larger structure of the body which the organ system individual major structures are is made up of associated organs and performs a classified varies widely among researchers (Bloom specific task. These larger structures are expressed & Fawcett, 1969; Krahmer et al., 1976; Dorland, as "organa" in macroscopic anatomy and systematic 1980; Nickel et al., 1986) despite their definitions anatomy. They are too called as complex organ sys- in glossaries. Zietzschmann et at. (1943) describe tems (Leach, 1961) or organ systems (Abramson & to same level as Organ apparatus or Organ system. Dobrina, 1984). For example, terms such as "organa I think that "organ system" is included into category urinaria", "organa genitalia feminina", "organa of "organa" (= complex organ system). genitalia masculina", "organa genitalia feminina", Secondly, the term organ is used for structures "organa sensuum (or organa sensoria)" , "organa that are in agreement with its definition (Stoehr oculi accessoria", "organa haemopoietica", "organa Moellendorff, 1922; Leach, 1961; Yoshioka & lymphopoietica", and "organa accessoria embryo- Awaya, 1969; Dorland, 1980; Nakai et al., 1984). nalia" are observed in the N.A. (1989), N.A.V.- In this case, organ refers to structures that occupy N.H., N.A.J. and N.A.V.J.
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