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1. Lateral View of Lobes in Left Hemisphere TOPOGRAPHY

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1. Lateral View of Lobes in Left Hemisphere TOPOGRAPHY TOPOGRAPHY T1 Division of Cerebral Cortex into Lobes 1. Lateral View of Lobes in Left Hemisphere 2. Medial View of Lobes in Right Hemisphere PARIETAL PARIETAL LIMBIC FRONTAL FRONTAL INSULAR: buried OCCIPITAL OCCIPITAL in lateral fissure TEMPORAL TEMPORAL 3. Dorsal View of Lobes 4. Ventral View of Lobes PARIETAL TEMPORAL LIMBIC FRONTAL OCCIPITAL FRONTAL OCCIPITAL Comment: The cerebral lobes are arbitrary divisions of the cerebrum, taking their names, for the most part, from overlying bones. They are not functional subdivisions of the brain, but serve as a reference for locating specific functions within them. The anterior (rostral) end of the frontal lobe is referred to as the frontal pole. Similarly, the anterior end of the temporal lobe is the temporal pole, and the posterior end of the occipital lobe the occipital pole. TOPOGRAPHY T2 central sulcus central sulcus parietal frontal occipital lateral temporal lateral sulcus sulcus SUMMARY CARTOON: LOBES SUMMARY CARTOON: GYRI Lateral View of Left Hemisphere central sulcus postcentral superior parietal superior precentral gyrus gyrus lobule frontal intraparietal sulcus gyrus inferior parietal lobule: supramarginal and angular gyri middle frontal parieto-occipital sulcus gyrus incision for close-up below OP T preoccipital O notch inferior frontal cerebellum gyrus: O-orbital lateral T-triangular sulcus superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri OP-opercular Lateral View of Insula central sulcus cut surface corresponding to incision in above figure insula superior temporal gyrus Comment: Insula (insular gyri) exposed by removal of overlying opercula (“lids” of frontal and parietal cortex). TOPOGRAPHY T3 Language sites and arcuate fasciculus. MRI reconstruction from a volunteer. central sulcus supramarginal site (posterior Wernicke’s) Language sites (squares) approximated from electrical stimulation sites in patients undergoing operations for epilepsy or tumor removal (Ojeman and Berger). Broca’s site superior temporal site (anterior Wernicke’s) corpus callosum arcuate fasciculus supramarginal site (posterior Wernicke’s) superior temporal site (anterior Wernicke’s) Broca’s site Dissection of arcuate fasciculus transverse central sulcus arcuate fasciculus temporal gyrus visual radiation caudate Broca’s site arcuate fasciculus Broca’s region supramarginal site (posterior Wernicke’s) superior temporal gyrus TOPOGRAPHY T4 Lateral Dissections central sulcus cut surface of middle supramarginal gyrus frontal gyrus lateral fissure putamen middle temporal gyrus pons medulla external capsule spinal cord pyramidal cell in central sulcus corona radiata precentral gyrus internal capsule fiber in cerebral peduncle fiber in base of pons fiber in pyramid pyramidal decussation TOPOGRAPHY T5 Dorsal View of Brain LEFT HEMISPHERE RIGHT HEMISPHERE superior frontal gyrus longitudinal fissure middle frontal gyrus superior frontal sulcus precentral sulcus central sulcus precentral gyrus postcentral sulcus postcentral gyrus superior parietal lobule intraparietal sulcus parieto-occipital fissure occipital lobe Posterior View of Brain longitudinal fissure falx lies between the cerebral hemi- parieto-occipital spheres in the longitu- sulcus dinal fissure occipital lobe tentorium lies between occipital lobes and cerebellum cerebellum medulla T6 TOPOGRAPHY B B parieto- central sulcus occipital fissure A A lateral fissure A corpus callosum FRONTAL LOBE longitudinal caudate fissure nucleus thalamus central sulcus lateral fissure intraparietal lateral sulcus ventricle: posterior- horn parieto- occipital parieto- fissure OCCIPITAL LOBE occipital fissure B corpus callosum caudate parieto- nucleus occipital fissure thalamus lateral occipital fissure pole lateral ventricle: inferior cerebellum horn TOPOGRAPHY T7 Dorsal View of Brain LEFT RIGHT frontal lobe genu of corpus callosum body of corpus callosum genu of corpus callosum caudate nucleus occipital lobe splenium of corpus callosum internal capsule thalamus transverse temporal gyrus choroid plexus posterior horn of lateral ventricle splenium of corpus callosum TOPOGRAPHY T8 Dorsal View anterior horn of lateral ventricle caudate nucleus internal capsule thalamus amygdala inferior horn of lateral ventricle hippocampus fimbria corpus callosum internal capsule fornix caudate nucleus amygdala thalamus fornix inferior horn fimbria of lateral ventricle hippocampus posterior horn of lateral ventricle TOPOGRAPHY T9 Medial View of Right Hemisphere central sulcus cingulate gyrus parieto-occipital fissure corpus callosum: cuneus (cuneate gyrus ) calcarine body splenium fissure fornix septum genu pellucidum thalamus cerebellar midbrain vermis lingual gyrus pons subcallosal gyrus medulla superior and anterior commissure interventricular cerebral aqueduct and inferior colliculi optic chiasm foramen and fourth ventricle hypothalamus Medial View of Right Hemisphere: Brain Stem and Septum Pellucidum Removed cingulate gyrus corpus callosum fornix caudate isthmus of cingulate gyrus subcallosal gyrus part of thalamus remaining after removal of brainstem uncus fimbria at edge of hippocam- anterior pus (not seen) commissure parahippocampal gyrus lamina terminalis optic chiasm column of fornix entering dissected hypothalamus TOPOGRAPHY T10 Magnetic Resonance Scan: midline septum pellucidum corpus callosum cingulate gyrus parieto-occipital fissure calcarine fissure superior and inferior fornix colliculi third ventricle cerebral aqueduct midbrain optic nerve pituitary fossa cerebellar vermis pons medulla spinal cord fourth ventricle TOPOGRAPHY T11 1. Septum Pellucidum, Hypothalamus & Most of Thalamus Removed parieto-occipital fissure fornix body of corpus callosum cingulate gyrus calcarine sulcus head of caudate nucleus anterior commissure vermis pons 2. Remaining Thalamus & Fornix Removed cingulate gyrus head of caudate thalamus uncus cerebral peduncle nucleus genu of corpus callosum parieto-occipital fissure calcarine sulcus internal capsule vermis pons 3. Caudate Removed anterior commissure splenium of cingulum cingulate gyrus corpus substantia cerebral callosum nigra peduncle uncus body of corpus callosum internal capsule anterior commissure vermis pons uncus substantia cerebral peduncle nigra TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CNS T12 Ventral View of Brain frontal pole olfactory bulb and olfactory tract orbital gyri lateral sulcus FRONTAL LOBE optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract temporal pole inferior temporal gyrus collateral sulcus TEMPORAL LOBE floor of hypothalamus lateral and medial (tuber cinereum) occipitotemporal gyri mammillary body of hypothalamus BASE OF cerebral PONS peduncle parahippocampal gyrus trigeminal nerve flocculus MEDULLA (part of cerebellum) olive CEREBELLUM tonsil pyramid (part of cerebellum) occipital pole Comment: The ventral surface of the brain is especially important. It is here that the blood supply to the brain enters. The brain stem and many of the cranial nerves are visible. In addition, one can see the cerebellum, portions of the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes, and the floor of the diencephalon. And it is also here that the pituitary gland (not shown) is attached to the hypothalamus by the small infundibulum (posterior to the optic chiasm). TOPOGRAPHY T13 Cranial Nerves: Numbers and Names orbital gyri I . Olfactory bulb: olfactory nerves (in the nasal epithelium) terminate in the bulb. Olfactory tract straight (rectus) gyrus II. Optic nerve: The cell bodies of origin are in the retina. Half the axons cross (optic chiasm) to the opposite optic tract, half continuing to help form the optic tract of the same side. infundibulum and Optic chiasm and optic tract tuber cinereum mammillary III. Oculomotor nerve body (nucleus) cerebral IV. Trochlear nerve peduncle pons middle cerebellar V. Trigeminal nerve peduncle VI. Abducens nerve VII. Facial nerve nerve VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve pyramid XII. Hypoglossal nerve rootlets olive X. Vagus nerve rootlets IX. Glossopharyngeal and XI. Accessory (cranial) nerve rootlets are too small to see here: position is rostral and caudal to the vagus in the same line TOPOGRAPHY T14 Ventral View Dissections olfactory tract frontal pole optic chiasm hypothalamus temporal pole mammillary nucleus (body) amygdala optic tract hippocampus uncus cerebral peduncle parahippocampal gyrus substantia cerebral aqueduct nigra splenium of corpus callosum occipital pole olfactory bulb infundibulum amygdala optic tract inferior horn of lateral uncus ventricle hippocampus parahippocampal gyrus mammillary body cerebral peduncle midbrain posterior horn splenium of of lateral ventricle corpus callosum TOPOGRAPHY T15 Ventral Dissection: Optic Radiation RIGHT LEFT optic nerve, chiasm and tract olfactory bulb and tract middle cerebral artery infundibulum and hypothalamus hypothalamus dura oculomotor cerebral peduncle nerve optic radiation: substantia temporal (Meyer’s) nigra loop lateral geniculate medial geniculate parahippocampal gyrus pulvinar optic radiation splenium of corpus callosum midbrain dissected lower bank of calcarine fissure TOPOGRAPHY T16 BRAINSTEM 1. Medial view of right hemisphere corpus callosum septum fornix pellucidum pineal anterior thalamus commissure superior & midbrain cerebellar inferior vermis colliculus hypothalamus pons cerebral aqueduct optic medulla chiasm mammillary body fourth ventricle 3. Posterior view: cerebellum removed 2. Anterior view superior colliculus internal capsule inferior colliculus optic chiasm striatum and tract cerebral peduncle superior cerebellar hypothalamus cerebral peduncle peduncle pons cerebellar middle cerebellar hemisphere peduncle VIII flocculus inferior floor of inferior cerebellar olive tonsil medulla 4th ventricle peduncle pyramid 4. Lateral view from left side cerebral peduncle cerebellar hemisphere optic trigeminal tract nerve (V) flocculus hypothalamus pons tonsil pyramid inferior olive medulla.
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