Normal Cortical Anatomy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Normal Cortical Anatomy Normal Cortical Anatomy MGH Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School NORMAL CORTICAL ANATOMY • Sagittal • Axial • Coronal • The Central Sulcus NP/MGH Sagittal Neuroanatomy NP/MGH Cingulate sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Marginal ramus of Cingulate sulcus Cingulate gyrus Paracentral lobule Superior parietal lobule Parietooccipital sulcus Cuneus Calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus Subcallosal gyrus Gyrus rectus Fastigium, fourth ventricle NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Cingulate sulcus Precentral gyrus Marginal ramus of Cingulate gyrus Central sulcus Cingulate sulcus Superior parietal lobule Precuneus Parietooccipital sulcus Cuneus Calcarine sulcus Frontomarginal gyrus Lingual gyrus Caudothallamic groove Gyrus rectus NP/MGH Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Marginal ramus of Corona radiata Cingulate sulcus Superior parietal lobule Precuneus Parietooccipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus Inferior occipital gyrus Lingual gyrus NP/MGH Central sulcus Superior parietal lobule Parietooccipital sulcus Frontopolar gyrus Frontomarginal gyrus Superior occipital gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Medial orbital gyrus Lingual gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Temporal horn, lateral ventricle NP/MGH Central sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus NP/MGH Central sulcus Superior parietal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus Frontomarginal gyrus Anterior orbital gyrus Superior occipital gyrus Middle occipital Posterior orbital gyrus gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Lingual gyrus NP/MGH Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Lateral fissure, Inferior frontal gyrus, posterior segment pars triangularis Inferior frontal gyrus, Angular gyrus pars orbitalis Superior Temporal gyrus Superior Temporal sulcus Middle occipital gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Anterior occipital sulcus Inferior Temporal gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus NP/MGH Axial Neuroanatomy NP/MGH Fusiform gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus NP/MGH Parahippocampal gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Hippocampal gyrus NP/MGH Amygdala Hippocampus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Temporo-occipital fissure Inferior occipital gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Gyrus descendens Lingual gyrus NP/MGH Gyrus rectus Medial orbital gyrus Olfactory sulcus Subcallosal gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Amygdala Middle Temporal gyrus Hippocampus Inferior Temporal gyrus Temporo-occipital fissure Middle occipital gyrus Gyrus descendens Lingual gyrus NP/MGH Gyrus rectus Olfactory sulcus Medial orbital gyrus Anterior orbital gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Lingual gyrus Temporo-occipital fissure Calcarine sulcus Middle occipital gyrus Gyrus descendens Cuneus Intra-occipital sulcus NP/MGH Frontomarginal gyrus Superior frontal gyrus Anterior orbital gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Cingulate gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Intra-occipital sulcus Superior occipital gyrus NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalis Lateral fissure Inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis Inferior parietal gyrus Insula Lateral fissure Cingulate gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Parieto-occipital fissure Superior temporal sulcus Middle temporal gyrus Calcarine sulcus Middle occipital gyrus Cuneus Superior occipital gyrus Intra-occipital sulcus NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Lateral fissure Inferior parietal gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Lateral fissure Superior temporal sulcus Middle occipital gyrus Intra-occipital sulcus Parieto-occipital sulcus Superior occipital gyrus NP/MGH Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Central sulcus Middle occipital gyrus Cuneus Intra-occipital sulcus Superior occipital gyrus NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal gyrus Centrum semiovale Central sulcus Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Postcentral sulcus Supramarginal gyrus Intraparietal sulcus Angular gyrus Parietooccipital sulcus Superior parietal gyrus Precuneus NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Central sulcus Central sulcus Supramarginal gyrus Postcentral sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Angular gyrus Pars marginalis Intraparietal sulcus Superior parietal gyrus NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Postcentral sulcus Supramarginal gyrus Intraparietal sulcus Angular gyrus Pars marginalis Superior parietal gyrus NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Middle frontal gyrus Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Precuneus Postcentral sulcus Paracentral lobule Superior parietal gyrus Intraparietal sulcus Pars marginalis NP/MGH Coronal Neuroanatomy NP/MGH Interhemispheric Fissure Superior Frontal gyrus Inferior Frontal gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus Inferior Frontal gyrus Gyrus rectus Medial Orbital gyrus Olfactory bulb NP/MGH Superior Frontal gyrus Forceps Superior Frontal sulcus minor Middle Frontal gyrus Inferior Frontal gyrus Lateral orbital sulcus Medial Orbital gyrus Gyrus rectus Anterior Orbital gyrus Lateral orbital gyrus Olfactory Sulcus NP/MGH Circular insular sulcus Cingulate gyrus Superior Frontal gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus short insular gyrus Inferior Frontal sulcus Inferior Frontal gyrus pars opercularis Sylvian Fissure Posterior Orbital gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Olfactory Sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Medial Orbital gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Gyrus rectus NP/MGH Superior Frontal gyrus Superior Frontal sulcus Cingulate sulcus Middle Frontal gyrus Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Sylvian Fissure Superior Temporal gyrus Superior Temporal Sulcus Middle Temporal gyrus Amygdala Inferior Temporal gyrus Anterior commissure NP/MGH Superior Frontal Superior Frontal gyrus sulcus Cingulate gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Sylvian Fissure Superior Temporal gyrus Superior Temporal Sulcus Heschl’s gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal sulcus Ambient gyrus Entorhinal area Amygdala Inferior Temporal gyrus NP/MGH Superior Frontal gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus Central Sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Hippocampus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus CA1, cornu ammonis Fusiform gyrus NP/MGH Postcentral gyrus Paracentral lobule Intraparietal sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Central Sulcus Cingulate gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Collateral sulcus Parahippocampal gyrus NP/MGH Paracentral lobule Central sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus NP/MGH Paracentral lobule Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Supramarginal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Calcarine sulcus Cingulate gyrus Lingual gyrus NP/MGH Superior parietal lobule precuneus Inferior parietal lobule Cingulate gyrus Lingual gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Calcarine sulcus Collateral sulcus Fusiform gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Lingual gyrus Tentorium cerebelli NP/MGH The Central Sulcus NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS)* • superior frontal sulcus - pre CS sign • sigmoidal Hook sign • pars bracket sign • Bifid post-CS sign • thin postcentral gyrus sign • intraparital sulcus - post-CS • midline sulcus sign *Naidich & Brightbill. Int J Neurorad 1996;2:313-338 NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) • Superior frontal sulcus - preCS sign – the posterior end of the superior frontal sulcus joins the precentral sulcus in 85% Superior frontal gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral sulcus Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) • Sigmoid “Hook” – hooklike configuration of the posterior surface of the Precentral sulcus precentral gyrus – the “hook” corresponds to the motor hand area. – The “hook” is well seen on CT (89%) and MRI (98%). Central sulcus NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) Precentral gyrus • pars bracket sign Superior frontal – The paired pars sulcus marginalis form a “bracket” to each Precentral sulcus side of the interhemispheric fissure at or behind the central sulcus Central sulcus (96%). Pars bracket Paracentral lobule NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) Precentral gyrus • pars bracket sign Superior frontal sulcus Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Pars bracket Pars bracket NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) • Bifid post-CS sign – the post-CS is bifid (85%). – The bifid post-CS encloses the lateral end of the pars marginalis (88%). Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral sulcus Pars bracket NP/MGH Central sulcus Central sulcus Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Postcentral sulcus Postcentral sulcus Pars bracket Pars bracket NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) Precentral gyrus • Thin post-CG sign – the postcentral gyrus is thinner than the precentral gyrus (98%). Postcentral gyrus NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) • Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) and the post-CS – in axial MRI, the IPS intersects the post-CS (99%). Postcentral sulcus IPS IPS Pars bracket Pars bracket NP/MGH IPS IPS IPS Postcentral sulcus Postcentral sulcus Postcentral sulcus NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) Superior frontal gyrus • Midline Sulcus sign – the most prominent Superior frontal sulcus convexity sulcus that reaches the midline interhemispheric fissure is the CS (70%). Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS) SFS-preCS sign Hook sign Thin postcentral gyrus sign Bifid post-CS sign IPS - postCS sign Pars bracket sign NP/MGH .
Recommended publications
  • The Neural Correlates of Visual Imagery: a Co-Ordinate-Based Meta-Analysis
    cortex 105 (2018) 4e25 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cortex Special issue: Research report The neural correlates of visual imagery: A co-ordinate-based meta-analysis * Crawford I.P. Winlove a, , Fraser Milton b, Jake Ranson c, Jon Fulford a, Matthew MacKisack a, Fiona Macpherson d and Adam Zeman a a Medical School, University of Exeter, UK b School of Psychology, University of Exeter, UK c St George's Medical School, London, UK d Department of Philosophy, University of Glasgow, UK article info abstract Article history: Visual imagery is a form of sensory imagination, involving subjective experiences typi- Received 4 August 2017 cally described as similar to perception, but which occur in the absence of corresponding Reviewed 2 October 2017 external stimuli. We used the Activation Likelihood Estimation algorithm (ALE) to iden- Revised 11 December 2017 tify regions consistently activated by visual imagery across 40 neuroimaging studies, the Accepted 18 December 2017 first such meta-analysis. We also employed a recently developed multi-modal parcella- Published online 2 January 2018 tion of the human brain to attribute stereotactic co-ordinates to one of 180 anatomical regions, the first time this approach has been combined with the ALE algorithm. We Keywords: identified a total 634 foci, based on measurements from 464 participants. Our overall fMRI comparison identified activation in the superior parietal lobule, particularly in the left Neuroimaging hemisphere, consistent with the proposed ‘top-down’ role for this brain region in im- Imagery agery. Inferior premotor areas and the inferior frontal sulcus were reliably activated, a Imagination finding consistent with the prominent semantic demands made by many visual imagery ALE tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • 10041.Full.Pdf
    The Journal of Neuroscience, July 23, 2014 • 34(30):10041–10054 • 10041 Systems/Circuits Frontal Cortical and Subcortical Projections Provide a Basis for Segmenting the Cingulum Bundle: Implications for Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Disorders Sarah R. Heilbronner and Suzanne N. Haber Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 The cingulum bundle (CB) is one of the brain’s major white matter pathways, linking regions associated with executive function, decision-making, and emotion. Neuroimaging has revealed that abnormalities in particular locations within the CB are associated with specific psychiatric disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. However, the fibers using each portion of the CB remain unknown. In this study, we used anatomical tract-tracing in nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta)toexaminetheorganizationofspecificcingulate,noncingulatefrontal,andsubcorticalpathwaysthroughtheCB.Thegoalswere as follows: (1) to determine connections that use the CB, (2) to establish through which parts of the CB these fibers travel, and (3) to relate the CB fiber pathways to the portions of the CB identified in humans as neurosurgical targets for amelioration of psychiatric disorders. Results indicate that cingulate, noncingulate frontal, and subcortical fibers all travel through the CB to reach both cingulate and noncin- gulate targets. However, many brain regions send projections through only part, not all, of the CB. For example, amygdala fibers are not present in the caudal portion of the dorsal CB. These results allow segmentation of the CB into four unique zones. We identify the specific connections that are abnormal in psychiatric disorders and affected by neurosurgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation and cingulotomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuneus and Fusiform Cortices Thickness Is Reduced in Trigeminal
    Parise et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2014, 15:17 http://www.thejournalofheadacheandpain.com/content/15/1/17 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Cuneus and fusiform cortices thickness is reduced in trigeminal neuralgia Maud Parise1,2*, Tadeu Takao Almodovar Kubo1, Thomas Martin Doring1, Gustavo Tukamoto1, Maurice Vincent1,3 and Emerson Leandro Gasparetto1 Abstract Background: Chronic pain disorders are presumed to induce changes in brain grey and white matters. Few studies have focused CNS alterations in trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Methods: The aim of this study was to explore changes in white matter microstructure in TN subjects using diffusion tensor images (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS); and cortical thickness changes with surface based morphometry. Twenty-four patients with classical TN (37-67 y-o) and 24 healthy controls, matched for age and sex, were included in the study. Results: Comparing patients with controls, no diffusivity abnormalities of brain white matter were detected. However, a significant reduction in cortical thickness was observed at the left cuneus and left fusiform cortex in the patients group. The thickness of the fusiform cortex correlated negatively with the carbamazepine dose (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Since the cuneus and the fusiform gyrus have been related to the multisensory integration area and cognitive processing, as well as the retrieval of shock perception conveyed by Aδ fibers, our results support the role of these areas in TN pathogenesis. Whether such changes occurs as an epiphenomenon secondary to daily stimulation or represent a structural predisposition to TN in the light of peripheral vascular compression is a matter of future studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Epilepsy Research and Treatment Volume 2012, Article ID 176157, 12 pages doi:10.1155/2012/176157 Review Article AnatomyoftheTemporalLobe J. A. Kiernan Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1 Correspondence should be addressed to J. A. Kiernan, [email protected] Received 6 October 2011; Accepted 3 December 2011 Academic Editor: Seyed M. Mirsattari Copyright © 2012 J. A. Kiernan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest in man, accommodating 17% of the cerebral cortex and including areas with auditory, olfactory, vestibular, visual and linguistic functions. The hippocampal formation, on the medial side of the lobe, includes the parahippocampal gyrus, subiculum, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and associated white matter, notably the fimbria, whose fibres continue into the fornix. The hippocampus is an inrolled gyrus that bulges into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Association fibres connect all parts of the cerebral cortex with the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum, which in turn project to the dentate gyrus. The largest efferent projection of the subiculum and hippocampus is through the fornix to the hypothalamus. The choroid fissure, alongside the fimbria, separates the temporal lobe from the optic tract, hypothalamus and midbrain. The amygdala comprises several nuclei on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe, mostly anterior the hippocampus and indenting the tip of the temporal horn. The amygdala receives input from the olfactory bulb and from association cortex for other modalities of sensation.
    [Show full text]
  • S1 Table. Anatomical Regions of Individual SPES Contacts in Correspondence to Fig 8
    S1 Table. Anatomical regions of individual SPES contacts in correspondence to Fig 8. Subject Contact Number Anatomical Region 1 Superior frontal gyrus 2 Central sulcus 3 Lateral occipito-temporal gyrus (fusiform gyrus) #1 4 Superior frontal gyrus 5 Inferior frontal sulcus 6 Middle occipital gyrus 1 Subparietal sulcus 2 Posterior-dorsal part of the cingulate gyrus #2 3 Precuneus 4 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 5 Sulcus intermedius primus (of Jensen) 1 Inferior part of the precentral sulcus 2 Subcentral gyrus and sulci 3 Inferior part of the precentral sulcus #3 4 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 5 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 6 Hippocampus 7 Hippocampus 1 Transverse temporal sulcus 2 Posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus 3 Intraparietal sulcus and transverse parietal sulci 4 Intraparietal sulcus and transverse parietal sulci #4 5 Hippocampus 6 Superior occipital sulcus and transverse occipital sulcus 7 Middle-posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 8 Posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus 1 Superior frontal gyrus 2 Superior frontal sulcus #5 3 Middle frontal gyrus 4 Parahippocampal part of the medial occipito-temporal gyrus 5 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 1 Superior frontal sulcus 2 Posterior-dorsal part of the cingulate gyrus #6 3 Superior frontal gyrus 4 Middle frontal gyrus 1 Inferior frontal sulcus #7 2 Opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus #8 1 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus 1 Superior frontal sulcus 2 Orbital sulci (H-shaped) #9 3 Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula 4 Middle-anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus .
    [Show full text]
  • Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Contributions to the Perceptual Awareness of Touch M
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Prefrontal and posterior parietal contributions to the perceptual awareness of touch M. Rullmann1,2,5, S. Preusser1,5 & B. Pleger1,3,4* Which brain regions contribute to the perceptual awareness of touch remains largely unclear. We collected structural magnetic resonance imaging scans and neurological examination reports of 70 patients with brain injuries or stroke in S1 extending into adjacent parietal, temporal or pre-/frontal regions. We applied voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to identify brain areas that overlap with an impaired touch perception (i.e., hypoesthesia). As expected, patients with hypoesthesia (n = 43) presented lesions in all Brodmann areas in S1 on postcentral gyrus (BA 1, 2, 3a, 3b). At the anterior border to BA 3b, we additionally identifed motor area BA 4p in association with hypoesthesia, as well as further ventrally the ventral premotor cortex (BA 6, BA 44), assumed to be involved in whole-body perception. At the posterior border to S1, we found hypoesthesia associated efects in attention-related areas such as the inferior parietal lobe and intraparietal sulcus. Downstream to S1, we replicated previously reported lesion-hypoesthesia associations in the parietal operculum and insular cortex (i.e., ventral pathway of somatosensory processing). The present fndings extend this pathway from S1 to the insular cortex by prefrontal and posterior parietal areas involved in multisensory integration and attention processes. Te primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in monkeys can be divided into four Brodmann areas: (BA) 1, 2, 3a, and 3b. Each BA consists of a somatotopically organized map that subserves distinct somatosensory functions1–3.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Topography of Human Intraparietal Sulcus
    5326 • The Journal of Neuroscience, May 16, 2007 • 27(20):5326–5337 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Visual Topography of Human Intraparietal Sulcus Jascha D. Swisher,1 Mark A. Halko,1 Lotfi B. Merabet,1,2 Stephanie A. McMains,1,3 and David C. Somers1,4 1Perceptual Neuroimaging Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, 2Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, 3Neuroscience of Attention and Perception Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, and 4Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 Human parietal cortex is implicated in a wide variety of sensory and cognitive functions, yet its precise organization remains unclear. Visual field maps provide a potential structural basis for descriptions of functional organization. Here, we detail the topography of a series of five maps of the contralateral visual hemifield within human posterior parietal cortex. These maps are located along the medial bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and are revealed by direct visual stimulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging, allowing these parietal regions to be routinely and reliably identified simultaneously with occipital visual areas. Two of these maps (IPS3 and IPS4) are novel, whereas two others (IPS1 and IPS2) have previously been revealed only by higher-order cognitive tasks. Area V7, a previously identified visual map, is observed to lie within posterior IPS and to share a foveal representation with IPS1. These parietal maps are reliably observed across scan sessions; however, their precise topography varies between individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
    Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925).
    [Show full text]
  • Processing Emotional Pictures and Words: Effects of Valence and Arousal
    Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2006, 6 (2), 110-126 Processing emotional pictures and words: Effects of valence and arousal ELIZABETH A. KENSINGER and DANIEL L. SCHACTER Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts There is considerable debate regarding the extent to which limbic regions respond differentially to items with different valences (positive or negative) or to different stimulus types (pictures or words). In the present event-related fMRI study, 21 participants viewed words and pictures that were neutral, negative, or positive. Negative and positive items were equated on arousal. The participants rated each item for whether it depicted or described something animate or inanimate or something common or uncommon. For both pictures and words, the amygdala, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventromedial PFC responded equally to all high-arousal items, regardless of valence. Laterality effects in the amygdala were based on the stimulus type (word left, picture bilateral). Valence effects were most apparent when the individuals processed pictures, and the results revealed a lateral/medial distinction within the PFC: The lateral PFC responded differentially to negative items, whereas the medial PFC was more engaged during the processing of positive pictures. In our daily lives, we experience many events that trig- son & Irwin, 1999). In most of the studies demonstrating ger an emotional response: We receive a compliment, wit- this preferential amygdala response, however, the fear-re- ness a car crash, or watch children playing in a park. One lated stimuli were more arousing than the other types of widely accepted framework used to classify these diverse stimuli.
    [Show full text]
  • 01 05 Lateral Surface of the Brain-NOTES.Pdf
    Lateral Surface of the Brain Medical Neuroscience | Tutorial Notes Lateral Surface of the Brain 1 MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After study of the assigned learning materials, the student will: 1. Demonstrate the four paired lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe the boundaries of each. 2. Sketch the major features of each cerebral lobe, as seen from the lateral view, identifying major gyri and sulci that characterize each lobe. NARRATIVE by Leonard E. WHITE and Nell B. CANT Duke Institute for Brain Sciences Department of Neurobiology Duke University School of Medicine Overview When you view the lateral aspect of a human brain specimen (see Figures A3A and A102), three structures are usually visible: the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, and part of the brainstem (although the brainstem is not visible in the specimen photographed in lateral view for Fig. 1 below). The spinal cord has usually been severed (but we’ll consider the spinal cord later), and the rest of the subdivisions are hidden from lateral view by the hemispheres. The diencephalon and the rest of the brainstem are visible on the medial surface of a brain that has been cut in the midsagittal plane. Parts of all of the subdivisions are also visible from the ventral surface of the whole brain. Over the next several tutorials, you will find video demonstrations (from the brain anatomy lab) and photographs (in the tutorial notes) of these brain surfaces, and sufficient detail in the narrative to appreciate the overall organization of the parts of the brain that are visible from each perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Gliomas of the Cingulate Gyrus: Surgical Management and Functional Outcome
    Neurosurg Focus 27 (2):E9, 2009 Gliomas of the cingulate gyrus: surgical management and functional outcome MAREC VON LEHE , M.D., AN D JOHANNES SCHRA mm , M.D. Neurochirurgische Klinik, Universitätsklinik Bonn, Germany Object. In this paper, the authors’ goal was to summarize their experience with the surgical treatment of gliomas arising from the cingulate gyrus. Methods. The authors analyzed preoperative data, surgical strategies, complications, and functional outcome in a series of 34 patients (mean age 42 years, range 12–69 years; 14 females) who underwent 38 operations between May 2001 and November 2008. Results. In 7 cases (18%) the tumor was located in the posterior (parietal) part of the cingulate gyrus, and in 31 (82%) the tumor was in the anterior (frontal) part. In 10 cases (26%) the glioma was solely located in the cingulate gyrus, and in 28 cases (74%) the tumor extended to the supracingular frontal/parietal cortex. Most cases (23 [61%]) had seizures as the presenting symptom, 8 patients (24%) suffered from a hemiparesis/hemihypesthesia, and 4 pa- tients (12%) had aphasic symptoms. The authors chose an interhemispheric approach for tumor resection in 11 (29%) and a transcortical approach in 27 (71%) cases; intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring was applied in 23 (61%) and neuronavigation in 15 (39%) cases. A > 90% resection was achieved in 32 (84%) and > 70% in another 5 (13%) cases. Tumors were classified as low-grade gliomas in 11 cases (29%). A glioblastoma multiforme (WHO Grade IV, 10 cases [26%]) and oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade III, 9 cases [24%]) were the most frequent histopathological results.
    [Show full text]
  • Differentiable Processing of Objects, Associations and Scenes Within the Hippocampus
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/208827; this version posted October 25, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Differentiable processing of objects, associations and scenes within the hippocampus Marshall A. Dalton, Peter Zeidman, Cornelia McCormick, Eleanor A. Maguire* Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK Keywords: hippocampus, scene construction, relational, associative, memory, pre/parasubiculum, subfields, fMRI, objects, perirhinal *Corresponding author at: Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. T: +44-20-34484362; F: +44-20-78131445; E: [email protected] (E.A. Maguire) 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/208827; this version posted October 25, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Highlights . Theories generally posit that the hippocampus (HC) executes one fundamental process . We compared several of these processes in a rigorously matched manner using fMRI . Dissociable processing of objects, associations and scenes was evident in the HC . The HC is not uni-functional and extant theories may need to be revised eTOC blurb Dalton et al. show that there is dissociable processing of objects, associations and scenes within the hippocampus.
    [Show full text]