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Becoming (An)Other

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Becoming (An)Other Becoming (an)other An intergenerational exploration of storied encounters of migrations, processes of otherisation and identity (re)negotiations for post-war Jamaican families in Manchester, England. Patrick K. Williams BA (Hons), MA (Econ), PGC-AP. September 2017 No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institution of learning. 1 Abstract The emergence of Britain’s black population is often attributed to the arrival of the MV Empire Windrush into Tilbury Docks, London, England on 22nd June 1948. This event is now marked as the genesis of Britain’s multi-cultural character, along with the emergent social problems of racism(s), discriminations and racialized inequalities. Yet, whilst oft told, the story is imprecise, inextricably bound up within the development of a pathological and ‘dangerous’ sociology (Bourne and Sivanandan 1980). The sociology of race relations has served to produce, impose and maintain pathological constructions of the black immigrant as ‘economic migrant’, being those who were pushed away from the poverty of the Caribbean and pulled towards the prosperity afforded by the post-war British economy. Furthermore, the post-war black immigrant becomes imbue with an unassimilable culture that impedes their absorption into British society. Today, the subtext of the ‘Windrush story’ endures, still serviced by a ‘race relations’ industry but also accompanied by pathological Criminologies, astute in the production of objects, its knowledge base is episodically evoked by politicians and policy-makers to arouse the (social, economic and cultural) problems attributed to unchecked immigration. Within this context research conversations capture the stories of ten families who migrated from Jamaica to Manchester in England, UK. Drawing upon Narrative Identity Theory (McAdams 1993, Maruna 2001), self- (and contested) identities emerged inductively as central to the families’ experiences. Further, family stories reveal the self through recollections of (social) interactions with a generalised British other. Critically, particular encounters emerged as significant events, attributed with arousing that sensation of difference, a consciousness of an otherness. It is within such ‘disruptive encounters’ that otherisation occurs, necessitating a (re)negotiation of imposed and imagined definitions and identities. In defiance of and in resisting the imposition of negative (culturally maladjusted and criminally endowed) constructions of Jamaican identity, a Britishness is produced and claimed by the family’s which marks their perpetual migration toward the (British) Other. 2 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 6 Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 8 Chapter Two: The Other as the object of Raced Relations ..................................... 21 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 21 Caribbean migration ........................................................................................................ 21 On migration decisions .................................................................................................... 26 Toward migration ............................................................................................................ 29 Silenced stories ............................................................................................................... 33 A “better life” ................................................................................................................... 38 Encountering ‘dark strangers’. ......................................................................................... 42 The problematisation of the ‘black immigrant’ .................................................................. 45 On political reactions to the ‘black (im)migrant’. .............................................................. 51 ‘Race as Stigma’? ........................................................................................................... 57 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter Three: The Other as the object of Criminology .......................................... 65 The Criminology of the Other .......................................................................................... 67 The Contemporary Position ............................................................................................. 70 Race and Crime nexus .................................................................................................... 72 The Media: rehearsal, amplification and consolidation of the black criminal other ........... 79 Memoried racialisation .................................................................................................... 88 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 91 3 Chapter Four: Methodology ..................................................................................... 94 Roots of Otherisation ...................................................................................................... 97 Writing against othering ................................................................................................. 101 There is no one story .................................................................................................... 103 The Research Site ........................................................................................................ 106 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 109 ‘Cum mek we reason together’. ..................................................................................... 112 The First Generation ....................................................................................... 117 The First-borns ................................................................................................ 117 The 3rd Generation .......................................................................................... 118 Toward theory ............................................................................................................... 118 Chapter Five: The First Generation ....................................................................... 121 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 121 “Shocked”...................................................................................................................... 121 Otherness: “‘making your way here.” ............................................................................ 133 Chapter Six: The First-borns ................................................................................. 138 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 138 On Identity and encountering ‘strangers’ ....................................................................... 139 Otherisation: “Black man down dere like a trouble”. ..................................................... 146 Transmitting Otherisation .............................................................................................. 148 On difference: an underlying thing. ............................................................................... 151 Secondary School ........................................................................................... 151 Loving Thy Neighbour? ................................................................................... 154 “It’s different” encounters with figures in authority ........................................... 159 Becoming the Other, becoming British .......................................................................... 166 4 Chapter Seven: The 3rd Generation ...................................................................... 170 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 170 On identity ..................................................................................................................... 171 Encountering difference ................................................................................................ 178 ‘Racism’s touch: I can’t quite put my finger on it’. .......................................................... 185 Deracialisation .............................................................................................................. 192 Conclusion: adapting to “tick the box” ........................................................................... 202 Chapter Eight: On becoming (an)other. ................................................................. 204 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 204 Becoming British ..........................................................................................................
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