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The Politics of Loving Blackness in the UK By The Politics of Loving Blackness in the UK By Lisa Amanda Palmer A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of American and Canadian Studies The University of Birmingham March 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Can ‘loving blackness’ become a new discourse for anti-racism in the UK and the broader black diaspora? This thesis will critically assess the concept of ‘loving blackness as political resistance’ as outlined by the African American feminist bell hooks (1992). The thesis will show the ways in which blackness has been both negated and denigrated in western cultures and thus constructed in opposition to notions of love and humanness. Conversely, love and blackness are also rehabilitated in different ways by Black diasporic populations in Britain through the transnational space. The transnational space can provide opportunities for constructing, networks of care, love and anti racist strategies that affirm the value of blackness and Black life. However, the transnational space can also be fraught with risks, dangers and exclusions providing Black and migrant populations with uneven forms of citizenship and belonging to western neo-liberal states. Loving blackness within a transnational context can help to create a dynamic space to affirm blackness against racial exclusions and dominations whilst providing a lens to suggest alternative ways of being human. This thesis is dedicated to Cassandra and Wilfred Palmer Thank you for you gifts of love and intelligence. Rest in Peace. To mom, Elethia ‘Sweet’ Palmer For your unwavering love, beauty, kindness and humour To dad, Oswaldo Palmer For your political passion and intellect And To Amani My precious beautiful daughter Acknowledgements I would like to say a big thank you to my supervisor Professor Gargi Bhattacharyya for your unwavering commitment, illuminating and heartfelt conversations and continuing support and guidance, for which I will always be grateful. Towards the latter stages of this project my academic advisor Dr Anna Hartnell provided me with invaluable help and support for which I greatly appreciate. Thanks Anna. I would also like to say thank you to Dr Robert Beckford who was instrumental in helping to lay the building blocks of this project in its infancy - much respect. To my sisters and friends, Candice and Sarah, your love and support has been a great source of strength and I can’t thank you enough! Mom, I could not have done this project without your gift of love and your understanding of love and your willingness to live life in the spirit of love. Thank you for your vibrancy and commitment to living and thinking freely. Love you always. And to my Dad, I’d like to thank you for helping to nurture my passion for learning and reasoning - love and respect always. To Rance, without your wit, laughter, love and friendship life would be a lot less bright, so thanks ‘Trubs’. And to my beautiful girl, I love you and dedicate this thesis to you knowing you have so many beautiful gifts bare. Love you forever. Table of contents Introduction The Politics of Loving Blackness in the UK Background 1 Black feminist methodologies and personal narratives 3 The transnational space and personal narrative as a methodological reflection 6 Love and Black feminism 11 Love as a means for social change 16 Thesis outline 22 Chapter one Racism and the denigration of blackness Introduction 28 Loving dialogue and the affirmation of Black humanity 31 The politics of love and blackness 33 Is loving blackness possible in a white supremacist context? 35 Blackness as a discursive location 41 ‘Race,’ racism and pseudo science 44 Whiteness lost – the ‘origins’ of blackness in sixteenth century England 47 Plantocracy racism and slavery 52 Early black presence in England 54 Pathological configurations of blackness in the Western environment 55 Internalised narratives of racism 58 Blackness falling out of love with Britishness 62 Conclusion 65 Chapter two A love that binds the nation: race memory and the politics of Forgetting Introduction 67 Navigating race and blackness in Obama’s ‘post-racial’ America 70 Forgetting racial horrors and imperial terror 78 ‘The white, white West’ – white hegemony and social amnesia 80 ‘The forgetting machine’ 90 De-colonial fantasies within liberal democracies 92 Conclusion 98 Chapter three ‘We don’t want the hate mongers’: Multicultural love and anti-colonial politics in the making of Black Britain Introduction 99 Are we all British now? Love and the multicultural nation 102 ‘Tea drinking, hokey cokey’ and other projections of monocultural Britain 106 Multicultural blackness in Britain 108 Post-colonial paradigm of blackness in Britain 109 The dialogic paradigm of blackness in Britain 112 Symbols and memory in the making of ‘Black Britain’ 118 Windrush 119 Why Manchester 1945? 121 Before ‘Black Britain’ 130 Conclusion 131 Chapter four Diminishing Blackness: Transnational Blackness Beyond the ‘Black British’ paradigm Introduction 133 Mixed futures/mixed histories 135 ‘Absorbing’ blackness 139 Invasion and the Black presence in Britain 139 The ‘mongrel nation’ 145 Keeping racism in the mix 148 Disappearing blackness 149 Blanqueamianto – ‘ The gradual whitening of blackness’ 150 Troubling terms of race 154 Reframing Black Liverpool and that moment of optimism 156 Transnational blackness and Liverpool 158 Conclusion 163 Chapter five Slipping and Shifting: The changing parameters of Blackness in Britain Introduction 167 ‘It’s Grimey’ – Black Popular Culture in Britain 169 Black Boys and Eski Beats 171 New migration and new racisms 178 No more saris, no more steel bands, no more samosas 179 ‘The deportation machine’ 187 ‘Ethnic’ hierarchies and the new blackness in Britain 189 Racial excesses of white privilege 194 Constant Contestation 202 Conclusion - Loving blackness within a transnational context 203 Chapter six The Cultural Politics of Loving Blackness Introduction 207 ‘Loving Justice’ - Malcolm and Martin 209 Cornel West and the nihilistic threat to Black America 216 Neoliberal nihilism, Katrina and the (in)visible Black American underclass 227 Nihilism and the Katrina catastrophe 228 hooks and ‘loving blackness’ 236 Loving Native Indianess 242 Love and philosophy 243 Spirituality and politics 247 Caribbean transnational bonds of kinship and loving blackness 253 Conclusion 261 Chapter seven ‘Ladies a you’re time now’ Erotic Politics, Lovers’ rock And Resistance in Britain Introduction 263 Black sexuality and erotic corruptions 267 Historical legacies 272 Lovers’ rock and its transnational emergence in Britain 275 A femminised sanctuary 283 Blocking Jah vibes 291 Conscious lovers’ 294 Love as a discourse for liberation 296 Conclusion 298 Conclusion Conclusion 301 Future research – ‘Black Europe’ 306 Bibliography 311 Introduction The Politics of Loving Blackness in the UK An Introduction Background This thesis explores the ways in which concepts of blackness and love are often divorced from each other within the social context of white privilege and white supremacy. It will show how blackness has been denigrated, within the context of contemporary Western culture and constructed in opposition to notions of ‘love’ as an idea that measures the value of our humanity and human worth. In turn, this thesis is equally interested in the ways in which love and blackness become rehabilitated by Black 1 diasporic populations in Britain through the transnational space. The transnational space has historical, social, political and cultural significance for Black working class populations in the UK who remain largely excluded in different and uneven ways from how the neoliberal nation imagines and narrates itself, specifically through concepts of race and national forms of belonging and citizenship. The transnational space thus provides and sustains lineages of kinship and political bonds, whilst creating new opportunities and new risks for new and old migrant communities. In this sense, throughout this thesis I will also be scrutinising the notion of ‘Black Britain’ in relation to the transnational to consider its meaning and significance for changing migrant populations in the UK. The theoretical heart of this thesis stems from my engagement with the transnational space in the context of the UK in relation to bell hooks’s essay, ‘Loving Blackness as Political 1 I am using the terms ‘Black’ or ‘blackness’ to mean primarily people of African Caribbean and more generally people of African descent within the global Black diaspora. I also recognise that in the UK, these terms have incorporated a non-white, non Western definition of blackness as a broad symbolic and political location against forms of racism, imperialism and racialised subjugation by groups who may not define themselves as being of African descent but who wish to establish political positions of solidarity with other racially subjugated groups. This thesis welcomes an open and fluid
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