CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL MONTHLY

Melanchthon the Theologian ROBERT D. PREUS

Luther and Melanchthon ERWIN L. LUEKER

Melanchthon the Churchman GILBERT A. THIELE

Galatians 2:1-10 and the Acts of the Apostles ROBERT G. HOERBER

Brief Studies

Theological Observer Homiletics Book Review

VOL. XXXI August 1960 No.8

I l BOOK REVIEW All books reviewed in this periodical may be procured from or through Concordia Pub­ lishing House, 3558 South Jefferson Avenue, St. Louis 18, Missouri.

GOD AND MAN IN WASHINGTON. By der the t~tle Jesu Tod und Auferstehung, they Paul Blanshard. Boston: Beacon Press, have been "revised and expanded" by the 1960. 251 pages. Cloth. $3.50. author, now a professor of theology at the Homework for all citizens, especially lead- University of Berlin and one of Christen­ ers in society and in the church! That's what dom's leaders in its confrontation with Com­ Blanshard has given us in his latest book. munism. The texts are all from Luke 22:39 In his six chapters he writes about church­ to 24: 53. There are 15 sermons. The his­ state relations in these United States, our na­ torian will be interested in the occasional tional religiosity and religious ideals, the flashes of the Kirchenkampf apparent to a actions of the Supreme Court affecting the congregation patrolled by Hitler's minions. churches, actions of Congress, the ramification But the preacher will be amazed at the sim­ of religious issues for the presidency, and ple Biblical method and the unswerving pluralism. He himself says (p. 4): "It is theocentricity and Christocentricity. For a book about the American people, their re­ Americans drowning in a sea of sermons on ligion and their government, with the focus the moral influence of the Cross this preach­ on Washington." Separation of church and ing of the Atonement is a special boon. The state is one of his major concerns. Where is Easter and Ascension sermons retain the same the wall located? Churches and politicians salutary emphases. have not always agreed on the location. The RICHARD R. CAEMMERER issues in 1960 have made many face the SYMBOLISM IN THE BIBLE AND THE question. Blanshard, as might be supposed, CHURCH. By Gilbert Cope. New York: does not minimize the Roman Catholic issue. Philosophical Library, 1959. Cloth. 287 It is doubtful in this reviewer's mind that he pages. $10.00. always deals with the underlying considera­ "The womb-symbolism of Toplady's hymn tions, especially in his six questions (p. 10). Nevertheless, the author has written a book Rock of ages, cleft for me, that demands a hearing because of its forth­ Let me hide myself in Thee right confrontation of basic religious-political is unmistakable, and this, indeed, probably questions of today. CARL S. MEYER accounts for its great popularity" (p.103). Cope, an Anglican priest and at the time of THE DYING AND LIVING LORD. By publication a tutor in the extramural studies Helmut Gollwitzer. Translated from the department of the University of Birmingham, fourth German edition by Olive Wyon. makes this statement in the midst of his dis­ Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press. 1960. cussion of archetypes of Creation. Possibly Paper, 123 pages. $1.25. a reviewer whose life has so long been un­ These sermons on Jesus' Passion were aware of this hymn's unmistakable symbolism, originally preached in Berlin during 1939 and who has never cared much for it in the and 1940, when the author was Martin Nie­ first place, should disqualify himself from moeller's successor in Dahlem. Published un- further comment. Taking a stand between 507 508 BOOK REVIEW a "resurgence of 'literalism' or 'fundamental­ voice of those who have "grown up in the ism' on the one hand and on the other a Protestant plain-glass and bare-walled tradi- development of post-critical neo-typology" tion." GEORGE W. HOYER and quoting Basil Willey to the effect that "it is hard to say which is the most mislead­ PRAYER-BOOK STUDIES: XlII. THE ing - the fundamentalist reading, which ORDER FOR THE BURIAL OF THE mistakes mythology for history, or the Alex­ DEAD. XIV. AN OFFICE OF INSTI­ andrian, which sees allegory where none was TUTION OF RECTORS INTO PAR­ intended" (p. 20), Cope discusses medieval ISHES. Edited by Massey H. Shepherd, Jr. imagery, Biblical types, psychological types, New York: The Church Pension Fund, and archetypes of creation, of male and 1959. vii + 52 pages. Paper. 60 cents. female, and of suffering in Christian Scrip­ The proposed revision of the burial office tures, art, and liturgy. is "designed for the comfort of the living He asserts (pp. 15, 16) that "in the Gos­ rather than for the benefit of the dead" pels we are reading much more than an (p. 4). One need not be a member of the objective record of events as seen by an im­ Protestant Episcopal Church to indorse the partial observer. The evangelists were not proposed rubrics that enjoin the minister Hansard-reporters or radio commentators­ "from time to time [to} advise the people they were creative writers drawing upon a that members of the Church are properly wealth of matenal, some of which was his­ buried from the Church, except for urgent torical and some of which had associations cause" and direct that "before the service in the realm of legend and myth. History begins the coffin be closed and covered with and interpretation are interwoven to disclose a pall or some other proper covering" the pattern of God's saving action at many (p. 10); the latter rubric is specifically "de­ levels of experience and in several categories signed to prevent the use of flowers or other of existence.... Did the gospel-writers de­ inappropriate covering" (p. 4). What seems liberately and consciously compose their to be an inconsistency is the proposed delib­ works? If you want to know, ask a poet." erate omission of a reference to the soul He asks the question, "How does the tra­ of the person being buried, to obviate the ditional Christian idea of God and salvation implication of "a division of the soul and through Christ, together with all its cus­ the body" (p. 5), coupled with retention of tomary symbolism, accord with the modern the "prayers on behalf of the soul" in the evolutionary view of nature?" (p.264) He collect that follows; the same collect is like­ is among those who "are extremely uneasy wise retained as the alternative collect for and aware that the traditional expression of a celebration of the Holy Communion as an the Church's world-view lies in fragments" optional part of the burial office. (p. 265). But he contends that we have in­ A valuable historical note describes the herited from our remote ancestors certain origin and development in feudalism of the patterns of unconscious thought coupled with custom of "instituting" (that is, in Lutheran corresponding emotional attitudes which can terminology, "installing" or "investing") be stirred by the apt symbolic and liturgic rectors into parishes; although the English pattern, and warns those who seek to revise development diverged considerably from the the services of the church "not to neglect the evolution that took place on the European non-rational responses which can be evoked continent, this account will remind the Lu­ from the psyche of most people" (p. 274) . theran reader that his church's parallel office Here the book serves as antidote to the is likewise the fruit of a historical process. BOOK REVIEW 509

Thoroughly commendable is the strong sug­ latter as not entirely good. After reading all gestion of the proposed rubrics that the pas­ of the surveys and analyses of modern sub­ tor ought to be installed in his parish at urban culture, Greeley remains an independ­ a celebration of the Holy Eucharist. ent thinker. At several points he attempts, ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN on the basis of his own experience with suburban people, to answer questions not WHAT)S LUTHERAN IN EDUCATION? adequately handled in the analyses of the By Allan Hart Jahsmann. St. Louis: Con­ Riesmans and Whites. While the earlier cordia Publishing House, 1960. xii + parts of the book cover ground which has 185 pages. Cloth. $3.50. been rather heavily discussed within the last Here is a long-needed book which sharply decade (although he does so in a fresh way) , spells out the essence and function of a Lu­ his unique contribution is made in the final theran philosophy of education. section, "the Suburban Apostolate.'" The True to his theme, Jahsmann places his struggle of popular culture and the liturgy, primary stress on what Lutheran educators social action, and a "spirituality for sub­ and pastors have said that Lutheran educa­ urbanites" are challenges faced by every tion is. There are references and quotations ecclesia-type church. While he, too, calls for from a broad area throughout the Lutheran thought and writing in these areas, the au­ Church. The material is clearly organized thor has pinpointed aspects of the problem and documented, and the vagaries often com­ and at least pointed to the spot where he mon to such a work are absent. thinks a solution may lie. What)s Lutheran in Education? is no DAVID S. SCHULLER pedestrian "how-to" treatise, but a thought­ GRIECHISCH-DEUTSCHES WORTER- ful, critical, and thorough study of the way BUCH ZU DEN SCHRIFTEN DES in which Lutherans have viewed their educa­ NEUEN TESTAMENTS UND DER tional task in the past, what they are saying UBRIGEN URCHRISTLICHEN LITE­ today, and where they are going. Jahsmann RATUR. By Walter Bauer. Berlin: Ver­ upholds the theme that is a sine qua non of lag Alfred Topelmann, 1958. xv and Christian education, namely, that "education 1779 pages. Cloth. DM 78.00. is theology." On permanent reserve in many universi­ This book represents the climax of a life­ ties' libraries is the classic A Catholic Phi­ work of such monumental proportions that losophy of Education by Redden and Ryan. no student of the Greek New Testament can Jahsmann's new work can confidently take afford to ignore it even if he possesses the its place alongside Redden and Ryan in com­ English text based on Bauer's fourth ed., petently stating the Lutheran point of view. edited by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur DONALD 1. DEFFNER Gingrich and published only a year earlier (Chicago and Cambridge, 1957). In addi­ THE CHURCH AND THE SUBURBS. By tion to many corrections, Bauer's fifth edition Andrew M. Greeley. New York: Sheed adds many bibliographic data not found in and Ward. 1959. 206 pages. Cloth. Arndt-Gingrich. Regrettably, however, the $3.50. publishers did not wait for the publication of A bright young Roman Catholic curate the English edition, and significant items surveys the two worlds of suburbia - that of found in Arndt-Gingrich are lacking in color TV and tranquillizers and that of Bauer. The serious student therefore must crowded churches and good intentions. The check both the German and the English vol­ first he paints as not entirely bad and the umes. 510 BOOK REVIEW

Additional citations from ancient literature zugsgeschichte des Markusevangeliums," Zeit­ illustrating New Testament usage increase sehrift fUr die Neutestamentliche Wissen­ the value of this new edition. Nigel Turner's schaft L, Heft 1-2 [l959}, 82-91). references to 'VLlt'tnQ and .7tAl1QOqJOQsro, found Norbert Hugede, La Metaphore du Miroir in the Testament of Abraham ("The 'Testa­ dans les Bpitres de Saint Paul aux Corinthiens ment of Abraham': Problems in Biblical (Neuchatel and Paris, 1957) will perhaps Greek," New Testament Studies, I, 219-223) alter the traditional viewpoint on at'VLYJ.La are included, but the same scholar's reference (1 Cor. 13: 12) which interprets the apostle to WtExllslGoJ.LCtL is unaccountably omitted. as voicing a complaint about the clarity of None of these references is incorporated in his mirror. Hugede suggests that the apostle Arndt-Gingrich. W. C. van Unnik's article may be merely indicating that we see now, "The Teaching of Good Works in 1 Peter" not dimly or obscurely, but indirectly rather in New Testament Studies, I, 92-110, than firsthand. Nor will the observation on is noted under EQYO'V, but the reference to charismatic poverty, noted by Kurt Schubert, Diodorus Siculus (15,1,1), cited by the same The Dead Sea Community (New York, writer in "A Classical Parallel to 1 Peter 2: 14 1959), pp.85-88 and 137-139 fail to and 20," ibid., II, 3 (April 1956), 198 find some mention in future lexical discus­ to 202, is not included. sions of the word .7t'trolGOe; (Matt. 5: 3) . Inasmuch as Blass-Debrunner, Grammatik 1 Peter 2: 12 and possibly 3: 16 should des N eutestamentliehen Grieehiseh is the have been noted under 11 c, s. v. oe;. Whether standard German grammar, the practice fol­ Acts 22: 20 belongs under section 3 s. v. lowed by Arndt-Gingrich, as for example in J.LuQ'tUC; is subject to question. Some consid­ the discussion of (hL (p.593; see under 1, eration might have been given to the possible d, y) might well have been emulated. Bauer influence of Is. 51: 5 and similar passages on refers only to Radermacher's 2d edition; the use of IILxaWO'1J'Vl1 in Matt. 5 : 6 in the Arndt-Gingrich refers the reader to Blass­ sense of "salvation," with emphasis on the Debrunner also. eschatological rather than the legal factor. References to the Greek versions of the These random observations indicate that the Old Testament require careful scrutiny. lexicographer's task is never done and that his Under atQro, section 4, 1 Kings 15:25 and work must of necessity involve interpreta­ 25:28 are cited in illustration of 1 John 3:5. tions, the validity of which must be tested by But these passages speak of forgiveness each expositor in the light of the data which granted by human beings to other human the lexicographer himself presents and such beings. Aquila's rendering of Is. 53 : 12 is additional information as future studies will more apposite, and the passage has the added supply. advantage of Messianic associations. ( See The single asterisk is used by the editor at Peter Katz, "Ein Aquila-Index in Vorberei­ the end of certain articles to indicate that all tung: Prolegomena und Specimina I," Vetus references in the New Testament have been Testamentum, VIII, 3 [October 1958, 272}.) cited. Under .7tL(1'tOC;, Rev. 17:14 should be A future edition will not be able to ignore added in 1, a, a; under .7tLG'tLC; 2, d, Y add Gal. the challenge to Bauer's claim that .7tOOAOC; in 5: 22, and in section 3 of the same entry add Mark 11: 2, 4 f. means horse, made very re­ 1 Tim. 6: 10. These examples should suffice cently by Otto Michel, "Bine philologische to warn the reader that he cannot dispense Frage zur Einzugsgeschichte," New Testa­ with a concordance even when using a lexi­ ment Studies, VI, 81 f. (see also Heinz-W olf­ con drawn up with such care as this one by gang Kuhn, "Das Reitder Jesu in der Ein- Bauer. BOOK REVIEW 511

The magnitude of Bauer's contribution says that vv. 16-21 are comments by the evan­ cannot be overestimated. The work he has gelist. The words, "after the Lord had given done so capably and with such devotion will thanks" (6: 23) "may be a later addition to be carried forward without respite, but as the text made at a time when the eucharistic long as students pore over the pages of the element in the Johannine story was stressed." Greek New Testament and search out words The treatment of 13: 10 is especially satisfy­ in lexicons, they will be in debt, consciously ing. Martin leaves open the question of the or unconsciously, to this prince of lexicog- place of origin for the epistle to the Philip­ raphers. FREDERICK W. DANKER pians; his hypothesis to account for the start­ ling change in tone at 3:2 lacks confirmatory THE EPISTLE OF PAUL TO THE PHILIP­ data. FREDERICK W. DANKER PIANS: AN INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY. By R. P. Martin. Grand THE WORD WAS GOD: BOOK BY Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., BOOK THROUGH THE BOOK OF 1959. 186 pages. Cloth. $3.00. BOOKS. By Guenter Rutenborn. Trans­ lated from the German by Elmer E. Foel­ THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO SAINT ber. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, JOHN: AN INTRODUCTION AND 1959. 228 pages. Cloth. $5.00. COMMENTARY. By R. V. G. Tasker. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publish­ The only aim of this profitable book is to ing Co., 1960. 237 pages. Cloth. $3.00. urge people to read the Bible. In pursuing this aim the author keeps a variety of poten­ The Tyndale Bible Commentaries are de- tial readers in mind: members of the Church, signed for nonspecialists and aim to "promote skeptics, indiiferent people; in fact, every a truly biblical theology." These two volumes man. The book is a powerful challenge to illustrate, however, the weakness of an edi­ every person who is inclined to say, "These torial plan which allots approximately the things have I known from my youth on." same amount of space to a writer on four While the author speaks with special rele­ chapters of a Pauline epistle as to the com­ vance to the German situation, this very fact mentator on 21 Johannine chapters. This makes his book universally meaningful. circumstance is especially lamentable in view of the intricacies and theological depth of In tracing the "hand of man in the Bible," the Fourth Gospel, but Prof. Tasker shows Rutenborn says: "One will have to exert him­ great skill in getting an extraordinary amount self again and again in order to comprehend of exegetical mileage. All the volumes in this the divine message, since it employs the at­ series lean heavily in the direction of tradi­ tractive lightness of various literary art forms tional views on questions of authorship, in­ and modes of speech: the story, parable, alle­ tegrity, etc., but Tasker reflects less uneasiness gory, proverb, verse; for stories and allegories than Martin in critical discussions. The are forms of presentation in much of the first former, while stressing the importance of books of the Bible" (p. 29). The Bible, he connecting the son of Zebedee with the insists, deals with man's basic problems, for Fourth Gospel, does not hesitate to ascribe its the "truly human problems are not of a tech­ actual writing to an unknown disciple of the nical but a moral nature." (P.38) apostle. He does indeed insist that Jesus In the book's main part the author takes eleansed the temple twice in His ministry, but the reader on an admirable conducted tour is not averse to adopting higher critical con­ through all the books of the Bible. With ref­ elusions in other cases. He approves, for ex­ erence to Leviticus, for example, he observes: ample, the RSV's punctuation in John 3 and "The more you occupy yourself thoughtfully 512 BOOK REVIEW with [it}, the greater becomes your impres­ structure. Harry Orlinsky continues his fervid sion of the tremendous, nay, the deadly seri­ and challenging studies in the Septuagint ousness of the life there set apart and hal­ with chapter 3 of his analysis of translation lowed. The severity and the definiteness of techniques displayed in Job and vigorously the precepts find good cause in the desperate attacks the view sponsored by C. T. Fritsch, condition of the human heart" (p.69). Again, D. H. Gard, and others, that the Greek trans­ of the Fourth Gospel he says: "I would feel lator of Job displays theological bias by uneasy about readers becoming readers of allegedly eliminating or toning down an­ John's Gospel if I did not know that the thropomorphisms and anthropopathisms. Of fountain of life which freely flows in it would special interest to New Testament students is bring them under its spell." (P. 179) George Wesley Buchanan's article, "Mark 11: Rutenborn, a German Lutheran pastor who 15-19: Brigands in the Temple," in which participated in the Church's struggle against he contends for the view that AnO''t1]~ is not Hitler, has written two significant religious used metaphorically in Mark 11: 1 7, but re­ dramas. The present translation is ably done. fers to the zealots who made the temple their stronghold, A. D. 68-70. It is possible that ERWIN 1. LUEKER the word conveyed this overtone to later SHORTER ATLAS OF THE BIBLE. By readers of the passage, but whether such was Lucas H. Grollenberg. Translated by Mary Mark's intent is not convincingly demon­ F. Hedlund. New York: Thomas Nelson strated by Buchanan's reconstruction, since he and Sons, 1959. 196 pages. Cloth. $3.95. fails to take into account the total literary This book offers to the discriminating argument of 11: 15 -19, which determines to reader a remarkably concise Biblical history some extent the meaning which Mark him­ written in laymen's language, punctuated with self implied in the choice of words in v. 17. a liberal sprinkling of well-integrated archae­ The entire pericope, 11: 15-19, is designed to ological observations, and paced by an ex­ mark a contrast between religious claim and ceptionally well-chosen series of maps and default in obligation. Israel says but does not. illustrations. The price, which is low con­ How is this pointed out? By the citation of sidering the quality of the book, should Jer. 7: 11. But it should be noted that this attract a goodly number of purchasers. verse in Jeremiah follows a complaint made by Yahweh in vv.8-10: FREDERICK W. DANKER Behold, you trust in deceptive words to no HEBREW UNION COLLEGE ANNUAL. avail. Will you steal, murder, commit adul­ Volume XXX. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union tery, swear falsely, burn incense to Baal, and College and the Jewish Institute of Re­ go after other gods that you have not known, ligion, 1959. 285 pages. Cloth. Price not and then come and stand before Me in this house, which is called by My name, and say, given. "We are delivered!" - only to go on doing A publication sometimes overlooked by all these abf)minations? students of the New Testament is the Hebrew Union College Annual, which always offers Buchanan's emphasis on the meaning "zealot" a diversified bill of fare. In this particular obscures somewhat the significant relation of volume Julian Morgenstern concludes his Mark's "tag" from Jeremiah to the rest of his study of "The Message of Deutero-Isaiah in pericope. its Sequential Unfolding," subjecting the The publication includes an index to the Hebrew text of Is. 40-48 to careful scrutiny Hebrew Union College Annuals, Vols. I to and detailed analysis of the argumentative XXIX. FREDERICK W. DANKER BOOK REVIEW 513

DIE HElDENMISSlON IN DER ZU­ the historical value of the gospels regarding KUNFTSSCHAU JESU. By David Bosch. the life of Jesus, he is no less skeptical about Zurich: Zwingli Verlag, 1959. 210 pages. Acts as a source of reliable knowledge con­ Paper. Sw. Fr. 19.-. cerning Paul. The true Paul emerges only in In this 36th volume of the Abhandlungen his authentic letters (the Pastorals must be zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testa­ excluded, possibly also 2 Thessalonians, Co­ ments, put out by W. Eichrodt and Oscar lossians, and Ephesians). On this basis he Cullmann, Bosch contends that the "particu­ tries to analyze the religious genius of Paul, larism" of Jesus in His mission to Israel is "the recreator of Christianity," whom the rest understandable only in the light of the "uni­ of the New Testament is in large measure versalism" of His purpose to bring salvation devoted to "paring down" directly or indi­ to all the world. The latter is carried out as rectly (d. pp. 115, 120-208). Sandmel God's eschatological action by God's mission­ writes clearly and vividly; but to one "bap­ ary, the Holy Spirit through the medium of tized into Christ" his book must appear as the church, which lives in and through mis­ a tragic failure and a roadblock to the au­ sions. The walls of history in this time be­ thentic message of Paul and the other writers tween the times are held apart by missions. of the New Testament, the Gospel of Him who was sent by the Father to save all, both One raises an eyebrow at statements like Jews and Greeks, by His sacri.ficial death and this: "Nur if> act1i, in der Mitteilung des victorious resurrection. Evangeliums an die bkumene, besteht die VICTOR BARTLING Kirche" (p. 198). The body of Christ has members as well as functions, it would seem PHOTIUS: BlBLIOTHEQUE. Vol. 1. Trans­ to this reviewer. But Bosch's emphasis on the lated by Rene Henry. Paris: Societe d'edi­ mission as God's eschatological action rather tion "Les Belles Lettres," 1959. lii, 202 than man's doing is wholesome. Here one is double pages. Paper. Price not given. reminded of Georg Vicedom's Missio Dei. This edition of Photius' Bibliotheca is a Bosch rightly criticizes the failure of Chris­ landmark in both classical and ecclesiastical tian missions to see themselves as eschatologi­ studies. This is only the third edition since cal factors. For the most part, missions have printing was discovered. If the last two vol­ either given up eschatology and sought to umes are published, it will be the first edi­ build for themselves a continuing city in this tion to give a trustworthy version in a mod­ world, or they have proudly assumed that ern tongue. The Greek text is the first based human agents had the power to hasten the on a careful study of the text tradition and end. W. ]. DANKER an independent collation of the oldest wit­ THE GENIUS OF PAUL. By Samuel Sand­ ness in each family. When complete, Henry's mel. New York: Farrar, Straus and edition will certainly replace Bekker's Berlin Cudahy, 1958. 239 pages. Cloth. $4.00. edition of 1824-25 (and its inferior reprint The author is a Reformed Jew, a specialist in Migne, PC 103-104). in the literature produced by Jews in the The first volume gives text and version of Greek language in the time of Jesus and Paul. codices 1-83 (not 84, as title page says) He is regarded as one of the foremost Jewish of the 280 works Photius summarized and experts on the New Testament, which he has excerpted before A. D. 858 (the year of his closely studied, largely, however, under the elevation to the patriarchate). Uneven, ill­ guidance and presuppositions of liberal and arranged, and compiled before its author was radical Protestant criticism. Skeptical as to 40 years of age, it is a remarkable tour de 514 BOOK REVIEW

force. About 56 per cent of the works are of Johnson is ultimately Tillich's man (even Christian origin. Many no longer survive the though he acknowledges the contributions of fortunes of time, war, calamity, and Western other theologians, such as Barth), although Christian crusaders (e. g., the Acta of the he seems curiously detached from the ulti­ Synod of the Oak against John Chrysostom). mate concern for the Christian message. Per­ For that reason Photius' Bibliotheca is cer­ haps his preoccupation with the logical-posi­ tainly "eine der wichtigsten Quellen fur tivist threat has focused this book too nar­ unsere Kenntnis der altchristlichen und friih­ rowly upon what may be only a crucial task byzantinischen Literatur." (H. G. Beck, of theology. Nevertheless the volume is a Kirche und theologische Literatur im Byzan­ significant addition to the list of modern tinischen Reich, p.526) books on the nature and function of theology. The great variety of material included in The bibliography is a useful abridgement of the Bibliotheca precluded Henry's writing of this lengthening list. a commentary (d. p. XLV; in that respect HENRY W. REIMANN the work is as demanding on its editor as PHYSICS OF THE STOICS. By S. Sam­ Diogenes Laertius). The same difficulty prob­ bursky. New York: The Macmillan Co., ably caused the omission of almost all con­ 1959. xi and 153 pages. Cloth. $3.00. jectures from the apparatus. Henry has pro­ There is no other work to rival this in vided useful historical and geographical note~ English. The author is at home both in the on proper names, bibliographical references history of philosophy and in modern science. to modern editions of surviving literature, This combination results in an arresting treat­ and minimal references to Photian literature. ment of Stoic thought. Operating from a This edition is well printed. It fills a seri­ "continuum theory" of the universe, Stoicism ous lacuna in scholarly editions. It will long developed ideas similar to the field of force be a standard. EDGAR KRENTZ concept of modern physics, wave motion, and time as made up of continua, none of which THE CRUCIAL TASK OF THEOLOGY. is entirely present. Light is shed on Stoic By E. Ashby Johnson. Richmond, Va.: logic, ethics, and theology. A difficult but John Knox Press, c. 1958. 222 pages. rewarding book, illuminating the scientific Cloth. $5.00. outlook of the New Testament world. This study by the Presbyterian chaplain at EDGAR KRENTZ Austin College in Sherman, Tex., demon­ strates the impact of Paul Tillich and other THE TRAGIC VISION AND THE CHRIS­ theologians in their quest for a legitimate and TIAN FAITH. Edited by Nathan A. Scott, relevant prolegomena even in bodies like Jr. New York: Association Press, c. 1957. the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. John­ 346 pages. Cloth. $4.50. son spent a year of study at Yale University This thrilling book ought to get high pri­ in preparation for writing this book. After ority among the many that have appeared in a brilliant opening chapter on the contem­ the past five years on the correlation between porary challenge to theology from both the Christian theology and literature. If Tillich's antitheological bias within the church and the conclusion that the history of culture is also logical-empiricist challenge from without, the a source for systematic theology is correct, author settles down to his main theme: veri­ and if we need a theology of culture, here is fication in the method of theology, the dis­ the essay type of material produced by gifted tinctiveness of which is its comprehensive teachers of literature and theology which field. must necessarily prepare the way for the BOOK REVIEW 515 fuller appropriation of this vast and complex Hence he opposes the isolation of the Old field by systematic theologians. Testament or its relegation to a secondary This is not to say that the contributors to position. The Old speaks directly to con­ this symposium on "Tragedy" argue any temporary men and not merely via New Tes­ straight line movement from the tragic heroes tament. Gen. 3 speaks of a catastrophe which of Goethe, Nietzsche, Kafka, and Faulkner is already remedied in Christ and will be back to the Gospel. Actually in the case of completely redressed in the coming Judgment the first and the last, Richard Kroner in and victory. In creation is given the fact that "Goethe's Faust: The Tragedy of Titanism" man does not live without God. "God has and Hyatt H. Waggoner in "William Faulk­ made me and all creatures ...." This Creator ner's Passion Week of the Heart" emphasize God is the "my Lord" of the second and third the contrast between these literary tragedies articles. The work of creation is continual and authentic Christian insights. In addition, and individual (p.36) and hence the Old Prof. Edmond Cherbonnier's opening essay, Testament speaks continuously to men. "Biblical Faith and the Idea of Tragedy," is Furthermore, all men are created in God's sharply critical, in rather neo-orthodox fash­ image (Gen. 1 :26, 27), and that image is ion, of any real correlation. Christ, Col. 1:15 (p.45). Adam's fall is paralleled by Christ's redemption. The symposium also includes contributions on Shakespeare by Roy Battenhouse, on Do­ lvfan lives as a creature of God. Death in stoevski by the editor, and on Hawthorne and its broadest significance includes all disrup­ Melville by Randall Stewart that do accent tions of God's creative, life-giving activity the way in which tragedy in these particular (p. 60). Sin is usurpation of power again;t literary figures corresponds closely to Chris­ the Creator (61) and results in the disturb­ tianity. For this reviewer these three essays­ ances of relationship between men (Gen. 4), aside from the essay by Cherbonnier already Unfaithfulness to God and mercilessness mentioned and the brilliant sketch by Albert toward men are the same sin seen from two C. Outler, "Freud and the Domestication of points of view. A third view is given in wor­ Tragedy" - were the heart of the book. The ship of idols. The rebellion and idolatry of essays on Milton, Pascal, and Kierkegaard man is inexcusable, for he is constantly aware seemed less significant. of an "anonymous Power" which creates and sustains. Not only student pastors but also theologi­ Without natural law, Old Testament Law cal students and pastors who are in the slight­ offers an insoluble problem. Law is universal. est degree concerned about the correlation It is God's demanding, commanding, restrain­ between Christ and culture will be helped by ing will in creation. Israel's Law is a con­ this book. The bibliography, sectioned accord­ crete form of this will. Both Law and Gospel ing to each of the 12 essays, heightens the (p. 142) aim at realizing "God's image" in usefulness of the volume. creation. HENRY W. REIMANN Government is closely related to continu­ SKAPELSEN OCR LA GEN. By Gustaf ous creation and preservation. Even abused Wingren. Lund: Gleerups Forlag, 1958. power (p.157) exists through mercy of God 224 pages. Paper. 15 Swedish kronor. and His interest in creatures. The author emphasizes that in the Apos- The first use of the law is exercised in tolic and N icene creeds creation is treated government, family, school, science, and first. This reflects the position creation occu­ wherever works are aimed at. It continuously pied in the thought of the primitive church. deals with the neighbor and through constant 516 BOOK REVIEW suppression of egocentricity makes possible divines. MacGregor devotes a chapter to ongoing creation in human activity. "The Eucharist in the Reformed Church" and The first and second use of law are simul­ another one to "The Episcopate in the Re­ taneous. For when law compels toward ac­ formed Tradition." Both the continuity and tion in community it reveals egocentricity the essential unity of the church of Christ (p. 196). The second use is that of a are of paramount importance in the Re­ JtaLl)UYOlYO<; to Christ, for it contrasts that formed doctrine of the church; "the Head­ which should be, the image of God, with Body relation, inseparable from the idea of fallen man. It reaches its climax when the Church as corpus Christi" he regards as through the preaching of the Gospel the central in this tradition. MacGregor's schol­ depth of sin is viewed from the vantage arly study deserves a great deal of attention point of faith. within the Reformed churches and from those who would reach a clear understanding These are some of the thoughts in Skapel­ of Reformed teachings. CARL S. MEYER sen och Lagen. The book ends with a discus­ sion of preaching and law. It seeks to bridge LESSING'S THEOLOGICAL WRITINGS. the chasm between church and world and to Translated by Henry Chadwick. Stanford, eliminate the concept of "secular" areas be­ Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957. yond divine influence. A complementary 110 pages. Cloth. $1.95. study on The Gospel and the Church is to In this book Chadwick offers a splendid give special attention to Baptism and the introduction to the theological views of Less­ Lord's Supper as continuously current events ing. And we need to be introduced to Lessing in man by which he realizes God's image. even today. For even though he belonged to Through these sacraments men participate in the second generation of the Enlightenment Christ's death and resurrection. and was not very original, he articulated with E.L.LUEKER devastating forcefulness many then seminal CORPUS CHRISTI: THE NATURE OF ideas which still seem to threaten orthodox THE CHURCH ACCORDING TO THE Christianity. Lessing was a precursor of the REFORMED TRADITION. By Geddes higher criticism of the Bible; he was prom­ MacGregor. Philadelphia: The Westmin­ inent in working out a new theory of pro­ ster Press, 1958. v and 302 pages. Cloth. gressive revelation. He contributed much to $5.00. the modern myth that the fundamental prin­ Questions about the doctrine of the church ciple of Luther and the Reformation was the are, according to MacGregor, "for Christians, right of unrestricted private judgment. His the modern question par excellence," for to mistrust of all historical knowledge underlies him the theological disputes of today are at much of the historical skepticism and existen­ heart ecclesiological. However, ecclesiology tialism of Bultrnann's theology. There can be and Christology are closely related. He, there­ little doubt that even Barth has been greatly fore, examines not only the term EXXA.'Y}crLU, influenced in his doctrine of revelation by but also the term 'to crWf.tU 't01) 'XQLCf't01). Of Lessing's insistence that he could not believe Calvin's teachings he says: "There is no doubt on the basis of miracles which have only been that Calvin was methodologically in error recorded by others and cannot be demon­ when he so closely tied his doctrine of the strated today. If we bear all this in mind and Church to his predestinarian doctrines" then recall that Lessing was a tongue-in-cheek (p. 48). Calvin placed a high value on the indifferentist and cynic who in battling Eucharist, as did the 17th-century Scottish against orthodoxy would not even condescend BOOK REVIEW 517 to express his own opinions (if he had any), Flacius Illyricus. With a fleeting backward we begin to understand better the genesis of glance at scholasticism and a brief tribute to much modern theological thought. philosophy, the author turns to his real con­ Chadwick's introductory remarks are as cern, an alleged difference between Luther's pertinent as they are lucid. His selections theology and that of his followers, particu­ from Lessing's theological writings are well larly those of the age of Lutheran Orthodoxy. made but unfortunately scant. But whether a real difference exists remains ROBERT D. PREUS to be demonstrated. Furthermore, the author's description of Luther's doctrine of justifica­ THE HAMMER OF GOD. By Bo Harald tion calls for a critical analysis to determine Giertz. Translated from the Swedish by whether the great Reformer's emphasis on Clifford Ansgar Nelson. Rock Island: Au­ sola gratia and sola fide will support the gustana Press, 1960. 335 pages. Cloth. author's point of view. If it does not, the $3.75. author's distinction between Luther's doctrine The colorful and capable Bishop of Gote­ and that of his orthodox followers will dis­ borg is probably as well known in Sweden appear or be reduced to insignificance. for his prose fiction as for his uncompromis­ L.W. SPITZ ing churchmanship, his social concerns, and his formal theological writings. Some of his SHORT DICTIONARY OF CATHOLI­ novels have been translated into German, but CISM. By Charles Henry Bowden. New this volume contains the first of his fictional York: Philosophical Library, 1958. 158 works to be done into English. The book pages. Cloth. $2.75. actually consists of three short, unabashedly The roughly 1500 entries of this relatively didactic novels. The period of the first is expensive book provide an introduction to around 1800, of the second 60 years later, of the technical denominational jargon of Ro­ the third the 30s of our own century. The man Catholicism. The theology reflected by scene of all three is the same Swedish rural the definitions of the Oratorian compiler is deanery. The chief figure in each case is a of the rigid type. young cleric who discovers belatedly the fun­ ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN damental necessity of forgiveness through OTTOMAN IMPERIALISM AND GER­ faith for his own life and for his ministry. MAN PROTESTANTISM 1521-1555. The stories are engrossingly told; in addition By Stephen A. Fischer-Galati. Cambridge: they are likely to give the reader a deeper Harvard University Press, 1959. 142 insight into the factors that have created the pages. Cloth. $4.00. current situation of the Church of Sweden than volumes of formal church history. The "The consolidation, expansion, and legiti­ translation is adequate. mizing of Lutheranism in Germany by 1555 ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN should be attributed to Ottoman imperialism more than to any other single factor" STUDIEN ZU LUTHER UND ZUM LU­ (p. 117), says Wayne State University'S THERTUM. By Lauri Haikola. Uppsala: Fischer-Galati at the end of his inquiry. In Lundequistska Bokhandeln (Wiesbaden: its bald form the assertion is an exaggeration, Otto Harrassowitz), 1958. 158 pages. of course, but the important role of the Turk Paper. Sw. Kr. 15.00. in the month-by-month politics of the gen­ This study discusses more fully the prob­ eration between the Diet of Worms and the lems which the author treated in his disserta­ Religious Peace of Augsburg has long needed tion Gesetz und Evangelium bei Matthias the kind of precise underlining that it re- 518 BOOK REVIEW

ceives in this extensively documented study. come channels through which about 12,500 In doing justice to both elements in his title, persons became Unitarians (roughly a third Fischer-Galati has of necessity written a of the denomination's total membership boldly limned and highly serviceable political growth during the period). Mrs. Bartlett, history of the crucial period of the Lutheran wife of the dean of the Starr King School for Reformation. ARmUR CARL PIEPKORN the Ministry, puts her background as college teacher of sociology to excellent use in de­ A THEOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION TO scribing this new phenomenon in Unitarian­ THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES OF ism and appraising its significance. Her very THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. By E. J. readable study, written with sustained enthu­ Bicknell; third edition by H. ]. Carpenter. siasm, is of interest to sociologists of religion London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1955. and, more practically, to those who come into xvii and 463 pages. 21/-. professional contact with the fellowships. It is not difficult to understand why this ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN book has for four decades been a standard commentary on the Thirty-Nine Articles. CITY LIFE IN JAPAN. By R. P. Dore. Comprehensive, conservative, and scholarly, it Berkeley: University of California Press, analyzes the theological significance of each 1958. 472 pages. Cloth. $6.75. article succinctly, clearly, and justly. Carpen­ Another striking example of the fact that ter's revision takes cognizance of new theo­ the social sciences are receiving global appli­ logical trends and liietature. It is to be re­ cation is seen in this carefully detailed, com­ gretted that errors in the reference to the teaching of the Lutheran community were prehensive study of what it is like to be a not simultaneously corrected. Thus a single Japanese living in Shitayama-cho, a lower page (p. 206) leaves the impression that Lu­ middle class neighborhood of some 300 therans "argue that man is saved by 'faith households not far from the center of Tokyo, only' in the sense that good works are not now the world's largest city. What the Lynds' only unnecessary but positively harmful"; Middletown did before World War II for hold that it is a denial of the truth "to look a medium-sized American city and Embree's for any fruit in a changed life"; think "that Suye Mura for a prewar Japanese village, this we are justified 'propter fidem' "; and assert R. P. Dore has done for an urban section in that "a bare intellectual belief" is sufficient postwar Tokyo. It is regrettable that this for justification. study carried on in 1951 was not published ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN until 1958. Necessarily, there have been cer­ tain changes since the end of the Occupation BRIGHT GALAXY: TEN YEARS OF and the new high level of material prosperity. UNITARIAN FELLOWSHIPS. By Laile E. Bartlett. Boston: Beacon Press, c. 1960. A solid 100 pages of this exhaustive study xv and 255 pages. Cloth. $3.50. deals with "Religion and Morality." In May 1948 the American Unitarian As­ Students of urban sociology in the West sociation launched its Lay Fellowship Plan. will get new perspectives on their own city In 10 years 315 "fellowships" -largely lay­ lore through this Eastern study. For mission­ led, organized groups of less than "church" aries to Japan as well as Japanese pastors and size, with a minimum membership of 10 church workers, and all who have direct social resident adult "religious liberals" - were concerns, this volume is a must. founded (of which 249 survived), to be- W.].DANKER BOOK REVIEW 519

BAKER'S DICTIONARY OF THEOLOGY. a dictionary of Biblical theology nor a his­ Edited by E. F. Harrison, G. W. Eromily, torical dictionary of Christian theology but and Carl F. Henry. Grand Rapids, Mich.: a somewhat amorphous mixture of the two. Baker Book House, 1960. 566 pages. Balancing the good against the bad, we Cloth. $7.95. find that a Lutheran theologian will find This new dictionary has much good in it. much good in the book, provided he regards I t is a forthright attempt to restate, in brief none of its statements as final without a check articles, the doctrines of Christianity from against the confessions of his church. the standpoint of an informed, faithful atti­ EDGAR KRENTZ tude of obedience to the Scriptures. More­ ESSENTIAL BOOKS FOR A PASTOR'S LI­ over, the editors have gathered a good repre­ BRARY: BASIC AND RECOMMENDED sentation of Evangelical scholarship. Included WORKS. Third Edition. Richmond, Va.: among the contributors are four Lutherans, Union Theological Seminary, 1960. 71 colleagues or former colleagues of the re­ pages. Paper. $1.00. viewer at Concordia Seminary, F. W. Danker, J. T. Mueller, A. M. Rehwinkel, and H. C. This third edition merits the same praise \'Vaetjen, who together contribute 28 articles. given to the second in the November 1955 In addition, the bibliographies appended to issue of this journal. While the bibliography most of the articles, though brief, are usually has an understandable Presbyterian and Cal­ good. All this is to the credit of the work. vinistic emphasis, the faculty of Union Sem­ However, the Lutheran reader will still inary of Virginia is sufficiently ecumenical to have some reservations about this volume make this a good guide to theological litera­ that will make him read it less than enthu­ ture for students of all denominations. It is siastically. First of all, the title ought to read heartily recommended. EDGAR KRENTZ Baker's Dictionary of Christian Theology LE PROPHETE JEREMIE: COMMEN­ from a Reformed-Arminian Standpoint. The TAIRE. By A. Aesclllmann. Neuchatel: work simply does not cover all theology. Delachaux et Niestle, 1959. 245 pages. Very few articles on the theology of non­ Paper. Sw Fr. 9.50. Christian religions are to be found. There are no entries under Mithra or Buddhism, let LA SAGESSlJ DE DIEU: EXPLICATION alone Zen. Most articles do not present some DE LA ire EPITRE AUX CORIN­ of the strong Lutheran emphases that we THIENS. By Gaston Deluz. Neuchatel: would like to hear. The article "Lord's Sup­ Delachaux et Niestle, 1959. 294 pages. per," for example, hardly reveals a trace of Paper. Sw. Fr. 10.-. the real presence and makes little mention These commentaries are designed for pas­ of such terms as Eucharist and Mass, both tors and laymen who want to absorb the used in the Lutheran Symbols (the former broader vision and thrust of these writings infrequently, to be sure). You will find an without hacking their way through the usual article under "Rapture" (a technical term in exegetical underbrush. Both volumes follow current millennialist literature), but noth­ the reproductive method employed in this ing under "Communication of Attributes." series, but the volume on Jeremiah includes While "Covenanters" get an entry, "Crypto­ in smaller type brief notes on special textual Calvinism" gets not even a nod. Finally, the and philological problems. Good commen­ editors' decision not to make any entries taries on the Corinthian correspondence are under the names of men appears to be extremely rare, but Deluz skillfully handles a faulty one. The book ends up neither the problem passages and is expert in reflect- 520 BOOK REVIEW ing the contemporary significance of the docu­ This volume will be referred to for many, ment. Aeschimann's rich pastoral experience many years - and deservedly so. is of immense advantage to him in expressing The editors have divided the contributions the significance of Jeremiah's own profound into nine areas: general papers on the Four "pastoral" concerns. Gospels, the Synoptic Gospels, the Fourth FREDERICK W. DANKER Gospel, Specific Texts and Subjects, the Gos­ pels and Judaism, Qumran, Liturgy, Patristic A HISTORY OF THE BIBLE: AN INTRO­ Exegesis, and Textual Criticism. In each sec­ DUCTION TO THE HISTORICAL tion there are jewels for the New Testament METHOD. By Fred Gladstone Bratton. scholar. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1959. xii + The outstanding paper, for this reviewer, 382 pages. Cloth. $4.95. was Harald Riesenfeld's "The Gospel Tradi­ "We must take it [the Bible} for what it tion and its Beginnings." It has implications says and not for what we would like it to for the whole complex of theories about say. The translator has no right to inject into synoptic origins and relationships that have the text the slightest hint of his own point grown up in the last century or more. It will of view or that of any school of thought" be as fruitful in arousing discussion as Cull­ (p. 13). These words are fairly representa­ mann's essay of 1945 on "The Plurality of tive of the tenor of this work, which details the Gospels" has been in recent years. in popular terms the history of the origin of In general the papers reveal a significant the Biblical writings. Parallels to Biblical concern for the theological meaning of the stories from ancient cultures, questions of Gospels. Scholars are interested in source canon, extracanonical literature, and a con­ analysis, but not as an end in itself. The cise history of the Biblical text and versions, major interest is an illumination of the text together with a historical sketch of the rise of the particular Gospel under consideration. of historical criticism and a brief discussion This is a volume to treasure and pore over of the contemporary hermeneutical problem, in one's study. It will require many hours of help equip the Bible student for a better ap­ careful and painstaking work with aNew preciation of current Biblical discussions. Testament and Septuagint to follow the ar­ FREDERICK W. DANKER gument of the various papers. The labor will be worth the effort. While every reader will STUDIA EVANGELlCA: PAPERS PRE­ object to some conclusions reached (and SENTED TO THE INTERNATIONAL probably also to the premises on which they CONGRESS ON "THE FOUR GOSPELS were based), no one will fail to be much IN 1957" HELD AT CHRIST CHURCH, the richer for working through these essays. OXFORD, 1957. Edited by Kurt Aland, The volume is a worthy successor to the F. 1. Cross, Jean DanieIou, Harald Riesen­ Oxford Studies of Sanday's day. feld, and W. C. van Unnik. Berlin: Aka­ demie-Verlag, 1959. xi + 813 pages. EDGAR KRENTZ Paper. DM 88.-. THE CHURCH IN THE THOUGHT OF Sixty-nine different papers from the 1957 JESUS. By Joseph B. Clower, Jr. Rich­ Congress on the Four Gospels are collected mond, Va.: John Knox Press, 1960. 160 in this volume. It is impossible here even to pages. Cloth. $3.50. list the names of all the contributors. The The author of this stimulating volume index of authors reads like a Who's Who focuses his reader's attention on the cultural, of contemporary New Testament scholarship. political, and religious framework in which BOOK REVIEW 521 the New Testament proclamation of the king­ other father approached modern interpreters dom of God is to be understood. He dis­ in his understanding of John, for example, cusses the uniqueness of Jesus' message and in his comments on a.A.~1t£l(;( (pp. 68-71) concludes with a discussion of the contem­ and therefore deserves close study. Indeed the porary church's role as God's covenant com­ whole book is a vindication of Westcott's munity. The discerning pastor will find much method of disregarding most modern com­ here to enrich his Biblical understanding, to mentators for the combing of the ancient. refresh his grasp of the grand sweep of God's This is a must book for all students of John's redemptive purposes, and to sharpen the ac­ Gospel. EDGAR KRENTZ cents of his pulpit proclamation. Begin with THE CHRISTOLOGY OF THE NEW TES­ it and you will not lay it down. T AMENT (Die Christologie des Neuen FREDERICK W. DANKER Testaments). By Oscar Cullmann. Trar:ts­ THE SPIRITUAL GOSPEL: THE INTER­ lated by Shirley C. Guthrie, Junior, and Charles A. M. Hall. Philadelphia: The PRETATION OF THE FOURTH GOS­ PEL IN THE EARLY CHURCH. By Westminster Press, 1959. xv + 342 Maurice F. Wiles. New York: Cambridge pages. Cloth. $6.50. University Press, 1960. x + 180 pages. The German original of this work has al­ Cloth. $4.75. ready been reviewed in this journal (Vol. XXIX, No. 11 [November 1958], p.S51). W/iles' study in the history of the .inter­ This careful translation, which Guthrie and pretation of John's Gospel is an outstanding Hall prepared in consultation with Cullmann contribution. He bases his work primarily on the commentaries of Origen of Alexan­ in Basel and which the latter has approved in its final form, makes this standard work dria, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Cyril of available to a host of readers to whom Ger­ Jerusalem. However, he also takes notice of man is unfamiliar. Cullmann himself warns John Chrysostom and all of the heretical the reader not to use the book as a work of groups that were opposed by the orthodox reference, however, until the whole has been catholic church. While the work is not a read through. ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN commentary itself, it will place many illu­ minating paragraphs before the modern com­ NOMINA SACRA IN THE GREEK PA­ mentator. PYRI OF THE FIRST FIVE CENTURIES Wiles considers the ancients' views on the A. D.: THE SOURCES AND SOME DE­ isagogical material, on the historicity of John, DUCTIONS. By A. H. R. E. Paap. Lei­ miracles, and the basic theological concepts den: E. J. Brill, 1959. 127 pages. Paper. of the book. Perhaps the most interesting 40.- Dutch guilders. feature of the work is the detailed documen­ In 1907 Ludwig Traube published a care­ tation of how the opponents of a particular ful study of the abbreviation of sacral words father tend to color his exegetical insight. in Greek papyri, regarding the abbreviations Origen was faced with Gnosticism and there­ as a development by Hellenistic Jews of the fore rightly emphasized the humanity of Hebrew method of writing divine names. In Christ. Two centuries later, after Arius has the years 1910-14 G. Rudberg and E. Nach­ used Origen to defend his heretical Christol­ manson challenged this view, insisting that ogy, the later fathers use a "two-nature exe­ such abbreviations came into the papyri from gesis" in order to emphasize the deity of the contractions and suspensions of Greek Christ. epigraphic style. The conflict was not re­ Wiles feels that Origen more than any solved in that generation. 522 BOOK REVIEW

Today much more material exists for the and submits detailed proof to establish a Feast scholar to base his conclusions on. Traube of Tabernacles as the historical point of had less than 40 Greek papyri with such ab­ origin for the account. The central thought breviations at his disposal. Paap lists 421- is that Jesus rejects the temptation to be and undoubtely more will turn up in the near a political Messiah. It is in His obedience future. The author has assembled all the evi­ to the Father's purpose, even to the extent of dence in detail, tabulated it carefully, and suffering and death, that He fulfills His Mes­ drawn tentative conclusions. Neither Traube's sianic mission. The preacher who reads this nor Rudberg-Nachmanson's theories account work critically will find much here to edify adequately for the data of the papyri. The both himself and his congregation. Certainly growth of the use of contractions was a grad­ no student of the New Testament will wish ual one, 1l'E6c:;, %UQLOC:;, JtVEUf,tU, Jtu-rYJQ, (f;y1l'Qw­ to deprive himself of the rich theological ex­ Jtoc:;, 'IaQuYJi., and 'I11aouc:; (but not XQLa-r6c:;) perience awaiting him here. being contracted after the first half of the FREDERICK W. DANKER second century. The origin is not Jewish in the sense that Traube meant it, as the evi­ DIE DOGMATIK DER EVANGELlSCR­ dence of Jewish papyri makes clear. Nor are REFORMIERTEN KIRCRE, DARGE­ the contractions derived from the common STELLT UND AUS DEN QUELLEN Greek of ostraka and inscriptions. It is sug­ BELEGT. By Heinrich Heppe. Edited by gested by Paap (pp.123-127) that it was Ernst Bizer. Second edition. Neukirchen, "Graecized Jews" who applied the principle Kreis Moers: Neukirchner Verlag, 1958. of consonantal writing of Hebrew (not out 584 pages. Paper, DM 26.70; cloth, DM of fear of the divine name). The place of 30.-. origin was likely Alexandria. For exactly a century "Heppe" has been to Paap's conclusion is properly tentative and Reformed dogmatics what Heinrich Schmid's modest but nevertheless important for the Doctrinal Theology has been to Lutheran light it sheds on a small area of early Chris­ dogmatics, a handy systematic compend of tian thought. All students of New Testament Reformed orthodox theology illustrated with textual criticism and early Christian papyri copious quotations from the theologians who ought to familiarize themselves with this created and preserved the tradition. This work. The publisher's opulent format and homogenization has undeniable advantages; careful printing of the work will make this the disadvantage is that it gives Reformed task a pleasant one. EDGAR KRENTZ orthodoxy an appearance of a uniformity that it possessed as little as Lutheran orthodoxy DIE VERKLA"RUNG JESU: RISTORI­ possessed it. Heppe's conscientious intention, SCRES EREIGNIS UND SYNOPTISCRE it must also be observed, did not always pre­ BERICRTE. By Heinrich Baltensweiler. serve him from onesidedness; and a number Zurich: Zwingli-Verlag, 1959. 150 pages. of very distinguished representatives of Re­ Paper. Sw. Fr. 18.-. formed orthodoxy are never cited. In spite This monograph offers the most stimulat­ of all this, Heppe's work has permanent ing and enlightening discussion of the Trans­ value. Revised with meticulous care 25 years figuration since Harald Riesenfeld's Jesus ago by Bizer and sent out into the world transfigure (Copenhagen, 1947). In contrast with the warm endorsement of Karl Barth, with frequent attempts to interpret the story it now appears in a second edition with an as a designed echo of Exodus 24 the author admirable 80-page theologian-by-theologian focuses his attention on the Markan record historical survey of Reformed orthodoxy from BOOK REVIEW 523

John Calvin to Heinrich Wilhelm Bernsau THE BELIEF OF CHRISTENDOM: A COM­ ( 1717-63) . Although an unauthorized MENTARY ON THE NICENE CREED. English translation of the 1934-35 edition By John Burnaby. London: SPCK, 1959. by G. T. Thomson came out in 1950, the 224 pages. Cloth. 17/6. German edition still recommends itself to Burnaby, regius professor emeritus of di­ those who can handle the language, if for no vinity at Cambridge, says that the title of his other reason than that the Latin documenta­ book was suggested by a phrase of J. N. D. tion is cited in the original. Kelly's about the Nicene Creed, "one of the ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN few threads by which the tattered fragments of the divided robe of Christendom are held THE WESTMINSTER CONFESSION FOR together." Actually, Burnaby goes beyond TODAY: A CONTEMPORARY INTER­ the limits of what the Nicene Creed explicitly PRETATION OF THE CONFESSION refers to, with excursus and chapters on the OF FAITH. By George S. Hendry. Rich­ nature of man, Christ's descent into the mond, Va.: John Knox Press, 1960. 253 netherworld, justification, the "communion pages. Paper. $2.00. of saints," the Holy Eucharist, and the doc­ Hendry, professor of systematic theology trine of the Trinity. His work is best de­ at Princeton Theological Seminary, furnishes scribed as a creed-patterned contemporary a positive, soberly written 20th-century com­ Biblical theology with a mild Church of mentary on Presbyterianism's 17th-century England orientation. Although designed for confession as the American branches of his the instruction of English schoolteachers, The denomination have modified it. He "accepts" Belief of ChriJtendom is a scholarly, devout, the Westminster Confession, while taking provocative, and stimulating study which "exception to some of its statements," an ap­ a parish pastor could use profitably, provided proach wholly within the spirit of the Re­ that he did so critically, as part of his own formed community's historic attitude toward preparation for a series of instructions in the its confessions. Understandably, his misgiv­ Creed in adult catechumen and Bible classes. ings become most prominent on the chapters ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN on God's eternal decrees, the passages which treat the soul as immortal, the section on SI< ABELSE OG GENLOSNING. By Regin original sin, the notion of a "covenant of Prenter. K¢benhavn: G. E. C. Gads For­ works," the Anselmian theory of the Atone­ lag, 1955. 634 pages. Cloth. ment which the confession teaches, and the In the prolegomena the author discusses very detailed eschatological stipulations of the purpose of dogmatics. It is the presen­ the last two chapters. Whether there has tation of the Scripturally given and confes­ been a tendency in the Lutheran Church "to sionally formulated insight into God's way lean too heavily on the doctrine of justifica­ of salvation for lost mankind. The necessity tion" (p. 141) is a matter of judgment; it is for dogmatic work is occasioned by the an error of fact to assert that consubstantia­ schisms in the church (p. 14). Hence he tion (p. 232) is "the Lutheran variant of" proceeds from the ecumenical Nicene Creed transubstantiation. Hendry's commentary is (p. 37). He refuses to found dogmatics in likely to exercise considerable influence for philosophy of religion, because the form a number of decades. Lutheran clergymen thereby assumed is not indifferent (p. 31) interested in comparative symbolics will do and such an approach leads to dogmatic well to be familiar with it. agnosticism (p.32). ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN God's revelation occurred in the ordinary 524 BOOK REVIEW course of history and is found only in the All confession and proclamation of Christ prophetic and apostolic Word (p.54). Only deals with facts in Israel's history and Christ's faith which is not offended at revelation's life (p. 317). Jesus' death reveals God's external lowliness recognizes God's hidden wrath and love in their culmination (p. 417 ) . history of revelation (pp. 56-58). The Reconciliation is God's redemptive mighty judgment (p. 62) of the prophet is a nec­ act by which He conquers all enemies of His essary prelude to the apostolic witness of creative work (p. 463 ) . salvation (pp. 76,80). The Law is the de­ The Holy Spirit causes man to participate mand of the commandment of love in its in Christ's death and resurrection (p. 482). ethical detail (first use) and authoritative Proclamation of the Gospel is the Spirit's accusation (second use). procession from Father and Son; faith is the Confessions are the uninterrupted trans­ Spirit's return to Father and Son (p. 483). mission of the message of the apostles by the Baptism establishes the individual's con­ congregation in its worship (p. 117). Lu­ nection with Jesus' death and resurrection theran confessions are norms of doctrine (p. 505). The idea of sacrifice is stressed in which show how the liturgical confessions the Lord's Supper because in the Lord's Sup­ are understood (p. 141). Pledges to the per Christ's sacrifice becomes our sacrifice confessions are not juridical but before God (p. 529). The book concludes with a dis­ (p. 144). Opposition to confessions is basi­ cussion of the Last Things. It contains nu­ cally an agnostic approach. Insistence on merous appendixes (Scandinavian attempts detail runs the danger of intellectualism. to present dogmatics in religious-philosoph­ "Schools" of dogmatic research do not nec­ ical form, the Biblical account of the Fall, essarily imply breach of fellowship (pp.145 imago Dei, offering in the Mass, real pres- to 150). Church fellowship implies mutual ence, etc.). E. 1. L UEKER recognition of each other's proclamation of the Gospel and administration of the sacra­ VIEWPOINTS: SOME ASPECTS OF AN­ ment (p. 179). Dogmatics is a science in­ GLICAN THINKING. Edited by John B. asmuch as it requires objective, thorough, and Coburn and W. Norman Pittenger. Green­ free investigation of the church's message wich, Conn.: The Seabury Press, 1959. from exegesis to preaching (pp. 188-196). xii + 267 pages. Cloth. $5.00. The second part of the book presents dog­ The Protestant Episcopal Church in the matics in the order of the Augsburg Con­ U. S. A. is, like almost every other denomina­ fession and under two heads (creation and tion, in a period of transition. The 19 essays redemption). Redemption, the new creation, in this volume indicate the course that the is the fulfillment of earth's and Israel's his­ denomination is likely to take in the process. tory (p. 204). Rebellion against law is re­ Fifteen of the contributors are professors, bellion against creation (pp. 210-213). 13 of them at theological seminaries of the Faith is death and resurrection with Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, so that the book (pp.217-218). offers a fair cross section of what Protestant God's image is the unity of hidden maj­ Episcopal seminarians are being taught. esty ( holiness) and eternal power (mercy), Three chapters are devoted to Biblical studies, instead of a collection of attributes "which one to systematic theology, one to church his­ man can abstract from the sensual world's tory, the rest to "practical" concerns -litur­ relativities" (p. 225). Cognitio legalis Dei gics, pastoral theology, the ministry today, the separated from theologia crucis leads to an laity today (the only chapter by a woman), idol (p. 228). the life of devotion, apologetics, ethics, Chris- BOOK REVIEW 525 tian education, preaching, missions, reunion. tional and international politics, war and The authors deliberately concern themselves peace, economics, and race. No substitute for with underlying principles rather than with a large-scale reading of Niebuhr himself, The activities. Considering the divergent back­ Thought of Reinhold Niebuhr will serve as grounds from which the contributors come, an invaluable index to the sprawling complex the consensus that emerges is particularly in­ of Niebuhr's books and articles on which the teresting. Because of Lutheran differences present volume is based. from, and parallels with, the Protestant Epis­ ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN copal Church, this survey will make interest­ THE TRUTH ABOUT SEVENTH-DAY ing reading for a Lutheran clergyman, whom ADVENTISM. By Walter R. Martin. it is bound to provoke to sober reflection on Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing the state and the course of his own denom- House, 1960. 252 pages. Cloth. $3.50. ination. ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN Martin is a Conservative Baptist minister THE THOUGHT OF REINHOLD NIE­ and a contributing editor of Eternity maga­ BUHR. By Gordon Harland. New York: zine. The book chronicles his shift of opinion Oxford University Press, 1960. xvii + during the past decade from the opinion that 298 pages. Cloth. $6.00. Seventh-day Adventists "were a cult of Chris­ tian extraction but with enough heretical The stature of Reinhold Niebuhr in con­ error to exclude them from the Body of temporary Protestantism continues to be Christ" (p. 9) to the conclusion thar while measurable in terms of the books that are he "in no sense endorses the 'special truths' written about him. Canadian-born church of the Adventist message," the facts "clearly historian Harland of Drew University has set reveal Seventh-day Adventists to be sincere himself the ambitious aim and purpose of ex­ Christians" (p. 236). In his first four chap­ pounding and interpreting Niebuhr's thought ters he summarizes contemporary Seventh-day as a whole to date, but within the particular Adventism; this section includes a 40-page focus of the relation of love and justice. He summary of "the heart of Adventist theol­ has done so accurately, meticulously, clearly, ogy," which a prefixed statement by H. W. and comprehensively. Thoroughly sympa­ Lowe, chairman of the Biblical Study and thetic to Niebuhr's theological position, Har­ Research Group of the General Conference land is concerned in part in rescuing his of Seventh-day Adventists, declares to be "ac­ subject from what he regards as common curate and comprehensive" (p. 15 ). He next misunderstandings. Thus he hopes that his proceeds to analyze the issues on which inquiry "will do something to dispel the still Seventh-day Adventist theology has been held widespread impression that Niebuhr is ob­ to depart most widely from traditional Chris­ sessed with sin and consequently unduly pes­ tianity. A final chapter discusses the problem simistic in his social analysis and outlook"; of fellowship. While Lutherans will not actually, Harland holds, Niebuhr's central share many of Martin's presuppositions and concern is "illuminating what is involved in conclusions, and while the book is not with­ relating Christian insight creatively to the out errors in detail (such as the ascription of social task" (p. ix). Part I - three fifths of the Augsburg Confession, cited with an in­ the book - outlines the structure of Nie­ correct paragraph reference, to Martin Luther buhr's theological ethics in terms of love, on p. 115), anyone who has to do with justice, the self, history, and society. Part II Seventh-day Adventism will find this pa­ concerns itself with specific applications to tiently-researched study of great value. the concrete situations of contemporary na- ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN 526 BOOK REVIEW

THE HUMANITY OF GOD. By Karl LUTHER DEUTSCH: DIE WERKE MAR­ Barth. Translated by T. Wieser and J. N. TIN LUTHERS IN NEUER AUSWAHL Thomas. Richmond, Va.: John Knox FUR DIE GEGENWART. Vol. X: DIE Press, 1960. 96 pages. Cloth. $2.50. BRlEFE. Edited by Kurt Aland. Stuttgart: This volume offers three recent essays by Ehrenfried Klotz Verlag, 1959. 440 pages. Karl Barth: "Evangelical Theology in the Cloth. DM 19.20. 19th Century" (Evangelische Theologie im Kurt Aland, the renowned scholar and 19. Iahrhundert), "The Humanity of God" compiler of the Lutherlexikon, is editing (Die Menschlichkeit Gottes), and "The Gift a selection of the works of Martin Luther of Freedom" (Das Geschenk der Freiheit). for the 20th century in 10 volumes, plus an In these essays, all delivered within the past index volume, plus three supplementary vol­ seven years, Barth rehearses some of the umes. Luther's letters are of great importance themes touched upon in his Church Dog­ for an understanding of the course of the matics. The essays offer little that is new, Reformation. Aland has carefully selected but serve to show us that Barth has not 350 of them, put them into very readable changed his opinion much in the last years. contemporary German, and has annotated A newcomer to Barth can perhaps use this them skillfully. The result is a volume which little volume to advantage as a brief and in­ the scholar and average reader alike will use teresting introductiorl to Barth's theology and and enjoy. Subscriptions to the set ~oy still versatility. In this reviewer's opinion the first be made at about a 25 per cent reduction. essay is especially good, illustrating as it does CARL S. MEYER Barth's deep understanding of 19th century theology. This one essay, with its penetrating CHURCH AND PEOPLE, 1789-1889: analysis, makes the book worth purchasing. A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND FROM WILLIAM WILBER­ ROBERT D. PREUS FORCE TO "LUX MUNDI." By C. S. ESCAPE TO UTOPIA: THE COMMUNAL Carpenter. London: SPCK, 1959. Paper. MOVEMENT IN AMERICA. By Everett v + 581 pages. 15/-. Weber. New York: Hastings House Pub­ "The record of 100 years of English lishers, 1959. xv + 444 pages. Cloth. church life contains much that is disappoint­ $5.50. ing, but it also contains much faith, much hope, much charity" (p. 569). This noble Religious and secular communes flourished conclusion summarizes the rich, learned, mov­ in America in the 1830s and 1840s; some of ing, human, even at times personal account them continued for a long time. They were by the former Dean of Exeter of those 100 led by men - and in a few instances by years. He calls the story of the Church of women, e. g., Mother Ann Lee and Frances England from 1789 to 1889 the story "of Wright - who had SOIDe offbeat economic, a part of Catholic Christendom, which is social, or religious view. In some instances rich in good life" (p. 565). Although he the religious views were sheer blasphemy. All ascribes too much of what happened in of them, it seems, had sex problems. If de­ England after 1845 to the Oxford Movement viations from the norm make for interest, the and underestimates the influence of the Evan­ reader cannot complain of a lack of interest­ gelicals, he has a broad grasp of the century. ing material in Weber's account of one phase Priest and parish, bishop and diocese, scholar of our country's social history. and university, church and nation, theologians CARL S. MEYER and people, statesmen and churchmen, fill his BOOK REVIEW 527 pages. These pages are prime examples of examination of Augustine Renaudet's con­ lucid writing. His last chapter, for instance, tention that Erasmus belongs to the "Mod­ on Lux Mundi, is an extremely helpful anal­ ernists." Bouyer correctly points out that the ysis. The work was first published in 1935, term is an anachronism when applied to the reprinted in 1937, and is now offered in an 16th century and an incorrect approach to inexpensive paperback edition. Here is a Erasmus' principles of Biblical interpretation. fascinating account of modern English church The new dimension is added by the emphasis history. CARL S. MEYER on the theology of Erasmus, within the tra­ dition of humanist theology of Nicholas of THE ENGLISH RELIGIOUS HER ITAGE. Cusa and Vittorino da Feltre and Pico della By Conrad Pepler. St. Louis: B. Herder Mirandola and Thomas More and Balthasar Book Co., 1958. vii 444 pages. Cloth. + Castiglione (sometimes the dimension be­ Price not given. comes too broad). The discussion of the Pepler makes a study of the English mystics Ratio verae theologiae by Erasmus is one of in the 14th and the 15th century. He calls the outstanding features of Bouyer's presen­ his book an introduction to "the growth of tation. Usually the Colloquies are not mined the spiritual life according to an English for evidences of Erasmus as a theologian. idiom." He reasons that mysticism is the con­ The work in this English edition is marred verse side of the Christian life of asceticism; by several errors. The book is without bib­ his study is, therefore, a study of ascetic­ liography and without index. The Council mystical theology. The threefold division­ or Ferrara convened on April 4, 1438, not the purgative, the illuminative, the unitive­ 1428 (p.69). Cusanus' retreat to Andraz is the framework for his book. For the first came in 1457 (p.75). Aldus Manurius is the Ancren Riwle serves as the guide, only, meant on p. 87. The Enchiridion appeared in however, after Langland shows the way of 1503 (p.112). The Peasants' War cannot conversion. Richard Rolle is chosen to ex­ be written off simply as a reaction to the pound the second. The Cl01Jd of Unknowing Lutheran Reformation (p.120). The expla­ and Mother Julian's writings are used to nation of the rise of the Renaissance in terms make evident the third. Pepler's exposition of a "gradual release from a chain of catas­ is clear. He cites the writings of the mystics trophes" is true only when it applies to without bringing in the opinions of others a rising secularism in Western Europe. Al­ about these mystics. His theology is Tho­ though Erasmus was interested primarily in mistic. Although the work lacks an index ethics, as Bouyer points out, he nevertheless and a bibliography, it is a useful and author­ does not discuss Erasmus' ethics. itative work in a significant phase of English religious life. The title, of course, is too Bouyer's book, however, is recommended pretentious. CARL S. MEYER for careful study by humanists and theolo- gians. CARL S. MEYER ERASMUS AND HIS TIMES. By Louis Bouyer. Translated by Francis X. Murphy. STOICS AND SKEPTICS. By Edwyn Bevan. Westminster, Md.: The Newman Press, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1959. 152 1960. 220 pages. Cloth. $3.75. pages. Cloth. Price not given. Erasmus' place in the 16th century is se- Bevan's lectures on Stoicism and skepti­ cure, and the literature about him is volum­ cism combine the grace of the spoken word inous. Bouyer has added to that literature with the accuracy of scholarly writing. Long with a study that brings a corrective and adds out of print, the book was eagerly snatched a new dimension. The corrective is in the off the used book market by historians and 528 BOOK REVIEW philosophers alike. The reprint without LABOR IN A FREE SOCIETY. Edited by changes should be welcome to many. The Michael Harrington and Paul Jacobs. last chapter is almost the only thing on Greek Berkeley: University of California Press, skepticism in English - and far and away the 1959. 186 pages. Cloth. $3.00. most interesting treatment of the handful we One cannot discuss man, labor, and free­ have. The publisher is to be thanked for dom and still remain on the surface of man­ making available again a book that has aged agement and labor controversies. Immediately little in the passage of the years. he finds himself getting down to the bedrock EDGAR KRENTZ questions of the philosophic meaning of ex­ istence and work, and finally to the level of HISTORICAL ATLAS AND GAZETTEER asking about ethics and God. Two years ago (A Study of History, Volmne XI). By a symposium on Labor and a Free Society was Arnold J. Toynbee and Edward D. Myers. sponsored by the Fund for the Republic. These New York (London): Oxford University are the seven papers which were presented. Press, 1959. xi + 257 pages. Cloth. For churchmen interest will be highest in the $12.50. paper by Erich Fromm, "Freedom in the An exhaustive list of place names in the Work Situation." One finds himself applying 10 volumes of A Study of History, an atlas his concepts of freedom, bureaucracy, and which covers the subject matter of those consumption to broader questions. Sumner volumes, and an index of the place names in Slichter documents the changing role of the atlas make up this reference work. It is unions today and concludes with the chal­ an indispensable tool for anyone who is lenge of a new unionism. Writing from his making a project out of studying Toynbee's background as law professor, Archibald Cox opus magnum. The maps are clear; the describes the role of law in preserving union gazetteer will help the student clear up ob­ democracy. As a labor lawyer, Arthur Gold­ scurities and ambiguities of place names. berg sympathetically writes from the trade­ CARL S. MEYER union point of view. Added perspective is given in the final two papers by Hugh Clegg PROTESTANT CHRISTIANITY INTER­ PRETED THROUGH ITS DEVELOP­ and J. R. McClelland, who compare the MENT. By John Dillenberger and Claude American position of labor with that of their Welch. New York: Charles Scribner's own countries of England and Australia. Sons, 1958. xii + 340 pages. Paper. DAVID S. SCHULLER $1.45. KLEINE LEUTE 1M GROSSEN INDIEN. Originally published in 1954 (see CONCOR­ By Gertrud Lehmann. Berlin: Evange­ DIA THEOLOGICAL MONTHLY, XXVII, 2 lische Verlagsanstalt, 1957. 122 pages. [February 1956), 150-151) in response Paper. Price not given. to a felt need for a single book on Protestant­ ism - broadly understood to cover Western It is pleasant though not unexpected to Christianity outside the Roman Catholic discover that the well-known missiologist Church - for use in college and university Arno Lehmann also has a talented wife. She courses in religion, this must volume has has written a delightful collection of chil­ sufficiently demonstrated its practical value dren's missionary stories. In East Germany to warrant an unaltered reissue as a low-price today, she must often think back nostalgically paperback. to their life as missionaries in India. ARTHUR CARL PIEPKORN WILLIAM J. DANKER