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Fenoles En Castanea Sativa Mill.: Desde El Monte a La Industria”

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Fenoles En Castanea Sativa Mill.: Desde El Monte a La Industria” Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Programa de Doctorado: Biogeociencias “Fenoles en Castanea sativa Mill.: desde el monte a la industria” “Phenols in Castanea sativa Mill.: from forest to industry” TESIS DOCTORAL José Francisco Fuente Maqueda Oviedo 2018 Fuente-Maqueda, F. (2018). Fenoles en Castanea sativa Mill.: desde el monte a la industria. Tesis Doctoral. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo (España). RESUMEN DEL CONTENIDO DE TESIS DOCTORAL 1.- Título de la Tesis Español/Otro Idioma: Inglés: Fenoles en Castanea sativa Mill.: desde el Phenols in Castanea sativa Mill.: from forest monte a la industria to industry 2.- Autor Nombre: DNI/Pasaporte/NIE: JOSÉ FRANCISCO FUENTE MAQUEDA Programa de Doctorado: BIOGEOCIENCIAS Órgano responsable: CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE POSTGRADO RESUMEN (en español) Los fenoles constituyen una parte importante del llamado metabolismo secundario de las plantas. Sus funciones son muy variadas, formando parte de compuestos estructurales como la lignina, hormonales como el ácido salicílico y, sobre todo, en la interacción del vegetal con su 2 entorno, actuando como fitoalexinas, sustancias alelopáticas o disuasorios nutritivos. Sin - embargo, el interés analítico en estas especies químicas se promovió por el papel que BIS - desempeñan en alimentación, farmacología y en numerosos procesos industriales como el curtido del cuero, envejecimiento del vino y otras bebidas o en la durabilidad de la madera. 010 - Castanea sativa Miller es una especie con notable importancia económica y ambiental en el Principado de Asturias, la presencia de estos compuestos le confiere un valor añadido en los VOA - productos derivados, como la madera, la castaña o los subproductos destinados a la obtención de biomoléculas de interés, además de representar una potencial herramienta para la MAT - permanencia de la especie en un entorno de cambio climático. A pesar del gran interés potencial del castaño y de los fenoles, se dispone de poca información FOR en ambos campos y menos aun considerándolos conjuntamente. Por esto, con el ánimo de fomentar la especie y el uso de los productos derivados de ella, los objetivos planteados en esta tesis son: optimizar la metodología del análisis fenólico para distintos tejidos y órganos del castaño, valorar la importancia del perfil fenólico en la interacción ecosistema x árbol y determinar la influencia de la gestión forestal en el contenido fenólico como acción preventiva en las defensas de C. sativa. El procedimiento analítico optimizado permitió obtener el perfil fenólico de todos los tejidos y órganos de interés de la especie. Para la determinación de las interacciones entorno/planta se valoraron dos zonas contrastantes desde el punto de vista productivo, distinta Calidad de Estación (CE), dentro de la Comunidad Autónoma, que se comprobó modifican el perfil fenólico de los órganos y tejidos de esta especie de forma diferencial. Los órganos con mayor interacción con el entorno, como pueden ser las hojas o las cortezas, muestran un incremento general de estos metabolitos en la zona más desfavorable para la especie, concejo de Caso, y por el contrario los órganos menos expuestos, como puede ser la madera, muestran mayor acúmulo en la zona más favorable, concejo de Allande. En base a estos resultados se constata que el principal producto derivado de esta especie, la madera, se verá favorecida por una buena CE, no sólo en la cantidad producida sino también en la calidad, al aportarle estos compuestos una mayor durabilidad en su uso en construcción y un mayor potencial para tonelería. Por el contrario, la mayor concentración de metabolitos secundarios en los órganos externos de los árboles de Caso, que coinciden con los caducos o con los que se desprenden del árbol por diferentes causas, modificaran el entorno potenciando aspectos desfavorables como la menor disponibilidad de nutrientes, al actuar negativamente sobre la microbiota. Las actuaciones que se realizan en el monte, como podas y claras, tienen un efecto beneficioso sobre la incidencia de la principal enfermedad del castaño en Asturias, el chancro producido por Cryphonectria parasitica. Sin embargo, este efecto parece deberse a una menor presencia del hongo debido a la mejora de las condiciones ambientales, como mayor insolación y aireación, ya que no parece existir relación directa con la modificación observada en el perfil fenólico. Si bien, el papel de los fenoles en las defensas del árbol se puede presumir a partir de la mayor concentración detectada en el mes de julio, periodo en el que, según la bibliografía, la reacción frente a la enfermedad es mayor, y de su efecto inhibidor en el crecimiento in vitro de C. parasitica y hongos de pudrición de la madera. RESUMEN (en Inglés) Phenols form an important part of the so-called secondary metabolism of plants, having a variety of functions: they are involved in structural compounds such as lignins, in hormonal compounds such as salicylic acid, and, especially, in the interaction between a plant and its environment, where they act as phytoalexins, allelopathic substances and feeding deterrents. However, analytical interest in these chemical species is driven by the role they play in foodstuffs, pharmacology and in numerous industrial processes such as leather tanning, the ageing of wine and other drinks and in the durability of wood. Castanea sativa Miller is a species of significant economic and environmental importance in the Principality of Asturias, the phenols confer added value to the products derived from it, such as wood and chestnuts, as well as sub-products used to obtain biomolecules of interest, in addition to providing a potential tool for the endurance of the species under a climate change scenario. Despite the great potential interest in and value of the chestnut, and of phenols, little information is available in relation to either, and still less which considers the two together. Therefore, and with the aim of promoting the species and the use of products derived from it, the objectives of this thesis are: to optimise the methodology for phenolic analysis of the various tissues and organs of the sweet chestnut; to evaluate the importance of the phenolic profile of sweet chestnut in terms of the interaction between tree and environment; and determine the influence of forest management on phenolic content as a preventative measure to protect C. sativa. The optimised analytic procedure enabled the phenolic profile of all the tissues and organs of interest of the species to be established. To determine environment/plant interactions, two geographic zones within the Autonomous Community were evaluated which contrasted in terms of productivity, different site quality (SQ), and the results demonstrated that the phenolic profiles of the organs and tissues were differentially modified depending on location. The organs with the greatest interaction with the environment, such as leaves and bark, showed a general increase in phenols in the area where conditions were least favourable for this species, the municipality of Caso, and in contrast, the organs less exposed to the environment, such as wood, showed the greatest accumulation of phenols in the more favourable municipality of Allande. Based on these results, the principal product derived from this species, wood, will benefit from a good SQ, not only with respect to the quantity produced, but also in terms of quality, since these compounds confer increased durability in the use of this material in construction, as well as increasing its potential for cooperage. In contrast, the higher concentration of secondary metabolites in the external organs of the trees in Caso, in effect those which fall to the ground (naturally or otherwise), cause modifications in the environment which drive unfavourable conditions, such as reducing nutrient availability, through their negative impact on the microbiota. Forestry interventions such as pruning and thinning have a beneficial effect on the incidence of the principal disease affecting the sweet chestnut in Asturias, the canker caused by Cryphonectria parasitica. However, this effect would appear to be due to the lower presence of mould because of the improvement in environmental conditions, such as increased light and ventilation in as much as there appears to be no relationship with the modification observed in the phenolic profile. The role of phenols in the defence mechanisms of the tree can, however, be assumed from the greater concentrations detected in July, the period when, according to the literature, the tree has the greatest reaction to the disease, as well as the in vitro inhibitory effect of phenols on C. parasitica and wood rotting fungi. Esta tesis ha sido realizada en: - Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA). Departamento de Investigación. Área de Cultivos Hortofrutícolas y Forestales. Programa Forestal (PIF). Finca Experimental de la Mata, Grado, Principado de Asturias (España). - Centro Tecnológico y Forestal de la Madera (CETEMAS). Pumarabule, Carbayín, Siero, Principado de Asturias (España). - Universidad de Oviedo. Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Oviedo, Principado de Asturias (España). Financiación de la investigación: - Proyecto “Perfiles fenólicos en Castanea sativa Mill. y su interés desde el monte a la industria” (RTA2011-00135-00-00), subvencionado a través del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
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