Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. (CYDFI Philippines) CYDF USA, (Inc): A Sister Foundation of CYDFI Philippines Calantas, Floridablanca, Pampanga, Philippines 2007 936 Vienna Street, San Francisco, CA 94112 Attn: Chrisanta A. Mangalindan, President/CEO (01163920) 880-6988 www.cydf821philippines.com * [email protected]

Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. is a non-profit organization registered in the Philippines for its main-based operation and later in the USA for the much-needed support primarily from the Filipino-American community and other supporters. The Handbook serves as the main document of the Foundation where its principles and procedures are set forth to eventually effect community growth and development in Bo. Calantas and Nabuclod Negrito (Aetas) Community through the establishment of a scholarship program. Qualified beneficiaries come from the 6th grade graduating first top five (5) honor students recognized each year from the Calantas Elementary School and the first top three (3) graduating honor students of Nabuclod School. CYDFI Scholarship Program will be guided by the principles of SWREM Theory and when applied to program design can have a predictable positive outcome and can become a self-sustaining program as it grows and develops into full maturity. SWREM is an acronym for “spiral with ripple effect motion.”

To the Children and Friends of Barrio Calantas and the Nabuclod Negrito Community and to those who believe in the Cause of the Foundation in the Philippines... If you share a common vision with us of having a desire to extend a helping hand to the poor but deserving youth of Calantas Elem. School and Nabuclod School through your time, expertise or even the much-needed material resources, especially to those 6th grade first honor students who after graduation can’t move on to pursue education because of the lack of financial and material resources, consider this an invitation for you.

A Call to Respond... The effort of wanting to do something for the good of one’s own community is in itself challenging and rewarding. However, the only reward that is rewarding enough is not to expect anything in return but to feel good about knowing that you, as a child and friend of Bo. Calantas and Nabuclod Negrito Community, are sharing something you believe could contribute to the growth and development of every young mind that touches your magnanimity. In today’s society, as we engulf ourselves with the fruits of success in life, a little something that you share to someone in need could translate into making that young person to see his future with a sense of hope and a faith to excel and thus one day, when the right moment comes, this same young person would himself become a magnanimous person by sharing something back to the community a part of his success. This is the dream that we hope to shape the future of our community in Calantas and that of the Nabuclod Negrito Community as we, who believe in the ideals and aspirations of the Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc., strive hard to help make this dream a reality. Let it not be said then that we didn’t do to respond to the call of those poor but talented young minds to help them to be at their very best self, for...

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Future Belongs To The Youth………………………………………………. 2 Preface…………………………………………………………………………… 4 A Bridge of Renewed Commitment……………………………………………... 6 Focus Group On Needs Assessment (9 August 2002) ………………………… 9 Introduction, Nabuclod Aeta Participants, Objective CYDFI Scholarship Program: Some Issues of Implementation…………………10 First Option (1st Assumption, 2nd Assumption) Second Option (Alternative) FOCUS GROUP SESSION…………………………………………………….. 12 Guide Questions on Focus Group Discussion Summary of Focus Group Discussion (Electrification, Water, School/Teachers) CYDFI Response: A Methodology……………………………………………... 17 Participants Signatures/Attendance……………………………………………...19

LOOKING BACK OF YESTERYEARS: NABUCLOD AETA COMMUNITY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Portrait of Nabuclod Negrito (Aeta) Community in the 70’s……………………21 The First Four Negrito Scholars (1976-1981)………………………………….. 24 Abelardo Palo and Benjamin Tolentino, Fernando Sibal and Romeo Sibal Community Organization and Development Among The Negritoes In Pampanga, Using a Down-To-Earth Experiential Pedagogy (DEEP Approach): An Abstract…………………………………………………27 Subject & Setting, Methodology, Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations Important Features of the Aeta Language Useful to Community Organization and Development………………………………………………….36 Glossary of Common Words Among the Aetas In Pampanga…………………...52 Glossary of Common Expressions Among the Aetas In Pampanga……………..54 Aeta Dialect Dictionary (Pampango-Aeta-Pilipino-English)……………………56 CYDFI Scholarship Program In Nabuclod……………………………………..140

Note: Baluga is a Pampango term for Aetas (a.k.a. Negritoes). It shall be noted that Aetas are offended when “Baluga term” is used especially when in direct contact with them. Aetas as a term to refer to “people” is more respectable and appropriate to use. Most educated Aetas resent being called “Baluga/s” by Pampanguenos because it has a negative connotation of being looked down as a second class citizen 003 The Journal chronicles the on-going process of “what and how” the Foundation attempts to address its mission of empowering indigent but deserving talented youth of Calantas and Nabuclod through its Scholarship Program Model. Interesting insights could be observed, generated from the Essay Contest conducted during the “historical formation” of the Foundation, wherein students from Calantas Elementary School participated in the development of a topic entitled: “Ang Pangarap Ko Sa Buhay”. This activity was initiated to trigger a glimpse of hope that their dream could come true, as they were being admonished by the Foundation to “believe in themselves and study hard to make their dream come true”. CYDFI is where dream meets reality! And to sustain this glimpse of hope, the Foundation has established an annual CASH Awards for those top three students in each class from grades 1-6, given during commencement exercises. Nabuclod Aeta Community is in the heart of Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. and the present effort of the Foundation is an articulated commitment of the Founder to continue working among the Aetas in Nabuclod which culminated in the writing of his doctoral dissertation in the 80’s on “Community Organization and Development Among the Aetas in Pampanga, Using A Down-to-Earth Experiential Pedagogy (DEEP Approach)”.. In addition to Scholarship Program for the Aeta youth, the Foundation initiated the formation of NNCEAC (Nabuclod Negrito Community Executive Advisory Committee) to provide support and guidance to the Foundation as they empower and enhance the self-esteem of the Aeta youth. It conducted a “Needs Assessment Focus Group” on August 9, 2003, among the Aetas and concluded with the following identified community needs: (1) water, (2) elevation of Primary School to Elementary School with additional teachers, and (3) electrification of the community. These identified needs will serve as a basis for the CYDFI to design community programs to impact directly community growth and development in Nabuclod. Water is the first project that CYDFI will have to address as a response to the needs articulated by the Aetas during the Focus Group. The NNCEAC is encouraged to formulate and execute a plan of action, as a response. The Founder has documented the Aeta dialect capturing it in a dictionary format which could help individuals/groups to facilitate communication with them. The Aeta dialect is given significance of attention here on the assumption that “in order to be effective as an agent of change in community work, one has to have a working knowledge of the language of the people he intends to work with”, thus, not only that the agent of change has now a language tool to communicate with the Aetas but this also serves to culturally preserve and protect the probable extinction of their dialect because of their “slowly-taking-place” of acculturation and assimilation into the mainstream society.

Antonio M. Mendoza, Ph.D. CYDF Founder 004

Some youth and parents of Nabuclod Aeta Community came down in Bo. Calantas to attend the Launching of CYDFI Scholarship Program Model on August 10, 2002, as a Bridge of Renewed Effort by the Founder is taking shape to reconnect himself again on Community Growth and Development among the indigenous people which he started in the mid-70’s.

006 Nini and Niko together with assistance from cousins, other relatives and the youth of Nabuclod Negrito Community planted 40 Mango Trees around the perimeter of Niniko Village on the 17th of August, 2002. CYDFI Compound is within this perimeter where its future main office building will be built. 007 These faces, “Teknik, Bagsik, Bangkok, Ojie and Makmak” who were hired as temporary Farm-A workers by the Management, rekindled the Founder’s dying ember of a “response-to-a-call” spirit; thus, found himself again engaged in continuing the work of empowerment and enhancement of the Nabuclod Negrito Youth’s Self-Esteem. These Nabuclod youth brought forth apparently the message to ”reconnect the past efforts of the Founder on community growth and development to the present thru the CYDFISP.” The Founder believes that “The future belongs to the youth and the youth holds the light of the future with ardent passion to make a difference and to effect change in his life for the better and those around him as he learns to become more socially responsible”. Photo taken on: 10 Aug. 02

NNCEAC OBJECTIVE: 1. To provide support and guidance in our efforts to empower and enhance the self-esteem of the Nabuclod Aeta Youth through the Scholarship Program Model of the Foundation as they learn to become socially responsible. The First Chapter of the “Nabuclod Negrito Community Executive Advisory Committee (NNCEAC)” was organized on 19 August 2002 with (L-R) Rey Galvan (Chair), Dhory Pineda-David (Secretary/Treasurer), Fe S. Quiambao (Vice-Chair/Principal of Chevalier Elem. School), Jim Joson (Member/former Principal of Chevalier High School), Bart Canlas and Jovy Lacson (not in pictures) as members. Membership is voluntary. The meaning of life is unfolded seamlessly as you share your best self in the growth and development of others, in particular among the Negrito youth; using your ability to recognize and understand them for “who they are that they have the potential to become the best of what they are capable of being.” This is rewarding and fulfilling in the sense that you would feel good about knowing that you share your best self with magnanimity, humbly inspired by your faith that “each person is worth stopping for.” This is crusade! This could be your crusade, a calling, living your life to the fullest for others.

008 Section 2: FOCUS GROUP ON NEEDS ASSESSMENT Nabuclod Negrito Community, Floridablanca, Pampanga

Introduction The Focus Group was facilitated by the Founder with the Members and Officers of the Nabuclod Negrito Community Executive Advisory Committee (NNCEAC), Chevalier School Chapter in Angeles City, on August 9, 2003 and was the highlight of the initial phase of involvement of the Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. Prior to the trip in the mountain, the group was given a brief in-service related to the dissertation materials conducted in the 70’s to give them a historical perspective of what was going on then in Nabuclod and hopefully, to be able to situate themselves into proper perspective; and this same perspective could probably trigger in them a quest for knowledge and a thirst to develop their own intellectual framework as to how they could effectively respond and work among the Aetas in Nabuclod. The Foundation has the responsibility to orient individuals/participants on some of the Aetas issues and concerns for which they could use to evaluate their own perceptions as they go through the process of experiencing their own exposure with the Aetas in Nabuclod. An abstract of the Founder’s research on Community Organization and Development among the Negritoes in Pampanga will be presented later at full length to provide more credence on the issues being discussed in this section and to reinforce the context for which CYDFI is involved in Nabuclod Negrito Community. Working among the Aetas is a challenging one for you need to understand for “who they are that they have the potential to become the best of what they are capable of being”. One has to have the virtue of patience and endearing attitude to be able to survive the test of time in working among them. One has to believe in the beauty of what you are doing and should be able to transcend the meaning of why you get yourself involved among them. One has to find a reason why you need to do what you are doing. There has to be a reason and why you believe in that reason. For one, the Founder believes that “each person is worth stopping for; that each person has a dignity as a human being; that each person is created in the Image and Likeness of God”. And each person is created with Intellect to be able to understand how much God has loved us that He sent His only begotten Son so that whoever believes in Him will have Eternal Life and that each person is created with Freewill to welcome His Love in our Hearts. It is for this reason that each person is blessed with the capacity to love and being loved, making his life loveable and able to transcend the meaning of his life, making use of his God-given talent to share it with those who need it most and in the service of others. Attempting to address Community Growth and Development among the Aetas in Nabuclod as a goal could be a tricky one especially if you tend to bring your own agenda without having first listened and addressed their own issues and concerns by assessing their needs. And one venue to assess their issues/concerns is through a Focus Group. The Focus Group conducted was an attempt to understand the pulse of unarticulated needs of the Aetas for this brought up some clarification and validation of what they see as theirs against those of what “we, as outsiders” perceive them to be. Their “feedback” should be the basis for developing a program design with a methodology sensitive 009 and responsive to the identified needs of the Aetas. Many in the past, including the group of yours truly in the 70’s produced a doubtful outcome because the methodology was more influenced “from without”, a dole-out type of development approach, rather than “from within”, that is: listening first to the issues and concerns of the Aetas through Needs Assessment in a Focus Group which can be the basis for developing project designs.

Nabuclod Aeta Participants There were 10 men and 22 women who came to participate in the Focus Group, including most of the Nabuclod Barangay Officers from among the 1,300 members of the community but also, registered voters. Their dialect is called Baluga by the Pampango lowlanders. Most of them speak the Pampango language, too. And some could also speak Pilipino, the National Language. Their main source of livelihood is kaingin farming but for some, with evidence of having acquired a lowland traditional farming. Nabuclod is now easily accessible by land transportation, the road being well-paved within its boundary.

Objective At the outset, the Aetas were made aware that Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. was primarily established to provide Scholarship Program to the poor but talented youth in Bo. Calantas and Nabuclod Negrito Community, especially to those who graduated from the 6th grade with honors. It was briefly explained to them that CFYFI Scholarship Program will eventually have implications not only to personal but community growth and development, as well. In addition to the CYDFI Scholarship Program, it was also made clear to them that the NNCEAC Group came to explore a feasibility to participate in the process of their community growth and development by assessing their needs through a Focus Group.

CYDFI Scholarship Program In Nabuclod: Some Issues of Implementation Since Nabuclod has only a Primary School (1st to 3rd Grade Level), the Foundation may have to explore some options in its methodology to be able to carry on its Mission of Scholarship Program among the Aeta youth. A. 1st Option is to keep track of those 6th grade pupils enrolled in other schools. But, this option may not be too practical and effective to implement on a longitudinal basis. Nabuclod School Children Having The Potential To Become The Best Of What They Are Capable Of Being

010 Per feedback from the Nabuclod School Head Teacher, Corazon Alviz-Manuel, when Nabuclod pupils finish their primary schooling in the community, they move on to continue their elementary education to nearby barrios with complete elementary school education. Apparently, there is no educational system to absorb the Aeta youth when they finish primary school education. “Let alone, Let Live and Die”, as the saying goes. It is just too pathetic that there is no educational support system for the Nabuclod Aeta youth to be able to continue their educational pursuit. Aeta parents complained during the Focus Group Session that their children have to wake up early and have to walk for at least an hour to catch up for their morning class sessions. And since barely they have enough food to eat, children have to bear the pain of sometimes going to school hungry, or eat some sweet potatoes for their breakfast and bring the same food item for their lunchtime. And some of them feeling embarrassed of what they eat for lunch (sweet potatos) in the presence of their lowland children classmates, they would rather not eat their lunch, afterwhich they go home in the afternoon by having to walk another hour, trailing the mountain road back to home, again. This is their typical daily school routine. Many of them hardly survive and quit schooling. Some parents, however, would be luckier to find a foster parent in the lowland and have their children work as domestic helpers and go to school at the same time. Few parents would be lucky if they could find this kind of arrangement and accommodation.

Assumptions First Assumption: On the assumption that some Nabuclod Aeta youth survive the test of time and able to finish their elementary education in whatever unstructured venue available to them with the help of other concerned citizens, the Foundation will find it hard to implement the CYDFI Scholarship Program in an effective and comprehensive manner EXCEPT to try to make it work with the following steps: 1. Coordinate with the Community in Nabuclod through its Barangay Officers 2. Inform all parents/children who are able to finish their elementary education to submit their final grades when they graduate from the 6th grade. 3. Those 6th grade pupils who graduated and whose final grades belong to the first top three from among those who graduated in the 6th grade will initially qualify for the CYDFI Scholarship Program. 4. All qualified applicants will have to follow to some extent, the Criteria for Maintaining Scholarship in the CYDFI Scholarship Program.

Second Assumption: On the assumption that the CYDFI Scholarship Program is made feasible, the Foundation has to find some willing benefactors to provide temporary shelters (i.e., food and accommodation) in the community where the Aeta youth is going to continue his high school education. Or, if the Foundation has financial resources that it will have to pay for the Aeta’s board and lodging, as well. Currently, the Foundation is hardly financially prepared BUT if magnanimous sponsors are found, this is feasible.

B. 2nd Option is to explore an alternative approach in the implementation of the CYDFI Scholarship Program in Nabuclod. An advocacy towards the elevation of the Nabuclod School to become a regular elementary school will, in all probability, be the solution on a longitudinal basis. Aeta school children can then finish their education 011 in the elementary without having to go through the same pain as they do now. Having a complete elementary school education in Nabuclod will prove to be beneficial to all the school children in the community and could be a big factor for hastening community growth and development. It can’t be contested that when a person becomes enlightened through education that it will inspire him to aspire to improve his life for the better. For the Foundation believes that “the future belongs to the youth and the youth holds the light of the future with ardent passion to make a difference and to effect change in his life for the better and those around him”. The school serves as a stimulus for the Aeta youth to intellectually become a better person and will empower him to become the best person he can become and what he is capable of being. This is his future and dream to become a better person. Just like any of us, this belongs to his search for meaning in life, a life filled with meaning with a sense of purpose and hope to excell and one day, he may be able to share his life experience among his people.

Focus Group Session The Focus Group was the initial official activity of the Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. to assess the NEEDS of the Aetas in Nabuclod and from which an integral approach in its methodology could be designed to effectively respond to their identified needs. This was also an opportunity for the Officers and Members of the CYDFI Nabuclod Negrito Executive Advisory Committee (NNCEAC) to have an initial exposure on the “down-to-earth” life situation of the Aetas. Per Foundation’s mandate and structure, NNCEAC under the guidance of the Founder is delegated with a responsibility “to provide support and guidance in the efforts of CYDFI to empower and enhance Focus Group Session

the self-esteem of the Nabuclod Negrito Youth thru the CYDFISP Model (CYDFI Scholarship Program) as they learn to become socially responsible”. The NNCEAC Officers and Members are made aware that their involvement is voluntary and that should they find their participation fulfilling and worth pursuing, they could design their own response as they appropriately see it reflective of the content and process of the Focus Group discussion. The mood during the Focus Group was serious with some doubts in the hearts of the Aetas but passionate in articulating their issues and concerns; something that our 012 Group in the 70’s hardly experienced due to the fact that we brought our own agenda agenda that produced a doubtful outcome because the Aetas saw us more as employers of the programs being introduced rather than they, as co-partners in community growth and development. There was no meeting of mind, so they say. At one point in the middle of the session, one of the Aetas verbalized her pain against those who were coming making promises to provide support but unable to deliver, that made her feel to hope against hope, despondent and a forgotten race! And posing a challenge to the NNCEAC Group that should we are unable to deliver, we better not start promising anything. Apparently, what has been verbalized is a typical example of those who are coming with their own agenda claiming to provide support but unable to deliver. This is exactly what the Founder would like to avoid from happening. It has to be articulated what the Foundation can do and able to do on the basis of what has been processed in the Focus Group. So, the CYDFI methodology on community growth and development should be sensitive and responsive to the identified needs of the Aetas in the Focus Group.

Focus Group Discussion Guide Questions: The following 8 guide questions were designed to help assess the NEEDS of the Aetas in Nabuclod from which a meaningful discussion and response could be generated from them for Plan of Action by the Foundation:

Q1: What do you think are your NEEDS in the community? • Day Care Center (with Food/Equipments), Water, Chapel (Catholic), Continuation of Irrigation Earthdam, Electricity and Housing, Additional teachers and grade levels (from Primary to Elementary Education), School Building Repairs, Medicines, Educational Payment of P250.00 in San Ramon, College Scholarship Program

Q2: If you rank their importance from first to three, how would you rank them? 1. Electricity 2. Water 3. Additional Teachers and Elevation of Primary to Elementary Education.

Q3: Why? (Reasons of why you consider them 1st, 2nd and 3rd?) 1. Electricity will help in producing water through generators and instead of buying LPG to cook, they can pay their electricity bill. 2. They can always fetch water from down the creek at the foot of the mountain. To the students in Day Care, it is for sanitation and personal hygiene. Water is important! 3. Students will have time to rest instead of walking 2 hours to and from the school.

Q4: How do you plan to provide solutions to these needs? 1. Electricity installation in the community is decided at the Corporate Office of Electric Company. Seek approval for the installation of electricity in the community. 2. There is an identified source of water “Spring” few miles away from the community that can be redirected by using PBC connected to the WATER TANK. The spring water flows all year round and can steadily provide the water needs of the community. 3. The Barangay Officers of the Nabuclod Community shall have to make a Resolution to have the Nabuclod Primary School elevated into Elementary School so that school children will have a chance to finish their elementary education right in the Nabuclod Negrito Community. 013 Q5: If resources are available, how are you going to use them to address your needs in the community? 1. Barangay Officer will decide what to do and will prepare a budget plan based on the cost of the project. The treasurer who holds the money will be instructed to release the money to spend the construction cost of the project. The community would also welcome materials in lieu of cash money to get a project done for the community. 2. The community would prefer materials and technical know-how assistants rather than cash money to get project done. 3. No response from the community as to how to go about using resources, if available.

Q6: What do you think are the resources you need to help you solve your needs in the community? 1. They need to appoint a coordinator to work with the Electric Company in getting electricity to the community. 2. They need materials and technical expertise to evaluate on how they can have the spring water redirected to the community. 3. Barangay Officers will have to pass a Barrio Resolution requesting to have the Nabuclod Primary School elevated to become an Elementary School and some additional teachers to teach for the Elementary School.

Q7: What kind of resources you have in the community to help you solve your needs in the community? (i.e. water, source of livelihood, etc.). 1. Gimiliare and mahogany trees for poles and manpower. 2. Community Manpower; Spring Water is few miles away from the community which can be tapped for potable water use when redirected to the community. 3. Parents can help teachers in educating their children by helping out in their homework at home.

Q8: How can these resources on item #7 be used to help address your needs in the community? • NOTE: Decided not to spend time in discussing this item because the weather was getting worse and the group still had to travel back to the City. The Focus Group was adjourned at about 3pm.

• Further: Some parents provided information that they have children already studying in high school and in need of support. • These are: (a) Name of Child = Princess Serrano, First Year High School in Paguiruan Barangay High School Name of Parents= Estela Serrano

(b) Name of Child = Jobert Serrano First Year High School Name of Mother= Rosie Serrano

014 Summary of Focus Group Discussion After four hours of vibrant interaction among the community members, they were able to identify the following through a consensus process as their top three identified needs and these same identified needs would be considered as the initial phase for Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. to formulate program design to enhance community growth and development, in addition to the envisioned CYDFI Scholarship Program for their children, the Aeta youth:

1. NABUCLOD COMMUNITY ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT. Initial response from the community ranked electricity as their top priority of needs in the community which apparently was influenced on the thought that the barrio next to Nabuclod is already enjoying the benefits of having electricity in the community. However, Rey Manlulu made them aware that as a process and him, as a Council Member of the Municipality of Floridablanca, had at one point a deliberation in the Town Hall to extend the electricity to Nabuclod. One major concern of the Electric Company in town is the ability of the Aetas to pay for their electric bill since their source of income is not as stable and most of them are dependent on what they could farm in the forest. While it is true that electricity is needed; but as far as the Nabuclod community is concerned, it may still at this point: a WANT and not a NEED. Meaning, the Aetas in Nabuclod can still do without electricity in their community. This is about economics! If electricity will be extended to Nabuclod, there has to be a responsible party to guarantee payment of their consumed electricity. Otherwise, the electric company will end up putting up the electric bill for the Aetas. And this is not in consonance with the principle of empowerment where the Aetas because of their inability to pay for their electric bill will be dependent on payment of their bill from the electric company that could only write this off as a loss from their business account. In this sense, Aetas will not learn to stand on their own but to be dependent on resources that would encourage them to become more dependent. If this situation will be tolerated,

Focus Group Discussion

the principle of empowerment will loose its significance and hardly had an impact on community growth and development in Nabuclod that the Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. espouses and advocates for. 2. WATER. In Nabuclod, potable water remains a problem especially to those lowlanders who are not used to having less in an environment where personal comfort and hygiene is very important. For the Aetas, this may not be the case! But as they become more exposed and educated, their sense of self-awareness on hygiene and sanitation is in 015 no doubt increasing. Although WATER was initially ranked as a 2nd priority of needs due to their “getting-used-to” to the situation where they are in, most of them acknowledged that POTABLE WATER really needs to be addressed first because of their increasing self- awareness on personal comfort and hygiene. The Aetas in Nabuclod usually get their water supply from the creek at the foot of the mountain where their community is located at. The water from the creek flows from the “spring” located few miles away from the community and if the flow of the water is redirected, it could benefit the residents of Nabuclod, The lack of potable water supply affects a lot of things in the day-to-day life activities of the residents and to those who work there as teachers, farmers, traders and visitors, to name a few. You don’t need to think any further about the adverse effects of the lack of potable water supply to one’s own hygiene and comfort. It is not surprising to notice then that to some extent, even the school teachers’ ability to teach, is nuisancely affected because they have to attend to their personal comfort. They have no choice but to bring, at some point, their own potable water supply to neutralize their personal discomfort. Noticeably, the Aeta school children’s personal hygiene is very much to be desired. A good supply of potable water could help them well to become neat, clean and hygienic at all times in their life. In this captured moment, the Founder together with some officers/members of the NNCEAC, Chrisanta deAusen-Mangalindan (CYDFI President/CEO) and Cherry Ann G. Estrada, the First Recipient of CYDFI Scholarship Program from Calantas Elementary School, gave some

pep-talk to Aeta school children about personal health and hygiene. “They look like little stars ready to shine in the middle of the night as they sprinkle the water of life in the heavenly sky”. These Aeta youth are the future of Nabuclod where the Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. is dedicated to explore some ways on how to effectively empower them to become the best of what they are capable of being and becoming. After all these years, sad to say, none of those coming to provide services hardly ever listened to the pulse of the Aetas’ unarticulated needs for potable water supply and 016 would have responded effectively by redirecting the “spring water” to the community. 3. ADDITIONAL TEACHERS AND ELEVATION OF NABUCLOD PRIMARY SCHOOL TO NABUCLOD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL This is the 3rd priority of needs that the Aetas identified during the Focus Group. Looking back at the discussion on “Some Issues of Implementation of the CYDFI Scholarship Program in Nabuclod”, pp. 76-78, this identified need by the community is well said and articulated for it is in consonance with the Foundation’s search to become sensitive and responsive to the needs of the Aetas. Only in being able to identify with utmost sensitivity the needs of the community that the Foundation could respond effectively and appropriately; and able to maximize its limited resources in the service of the Aetas in Nabuclod.

CYDFI RESPONSE (METHODOLOGY) As a response to the identified Needs of the Nabuclod Negrito Community during the Focus Group, the Foundation plans to execute the following Plan of Action: 1. Articulate the objective of the Foundation to the Aetas that CYDFI is primarily established to provide scholarship program to talented Aeta youth who graduated from the 6th grade. 2. That in addition to the CYDFI Scholarship Program, CYDFI through its NNCEAC body will prepare a RESPONSE through the facilitation of its Officers/Members led by Rey Galvan, Fe Quiambao and Dhory Pineda and other Chevalier School faculty members interested to get involved in the project. 3. That the needs articulated by the Aetas will be the prime basis for program design and project formulation. 4. That upon careful consideration on the results of the Focus Group, the Foundation plans to address/respond to the needs expressed in the following manner: a. Water Project should be given priority of attention by the Foundation. b. In so doing, the Founder has already started to seek the assistance of Rey Manlulu to facilitate a “pro-bono” service of an Engineer to go to Nabuclod and have an ocular survey of the source of potable water that the Aetas identified as a resource available in the community. c. The Engineer will have to determine whether the water source/spring water can be realistically redirected closer to the Nabuclod Community by using a “gravity- induced flow of water through PVC pipes”. d. If the water project is technically feasible and construction cost is affordable, then CYDFI can start initiating fundraising to finish the project. e. The Water Project can have “ripple effect” not only on personal but Community Growth and Development and enhance the agricultural activities of the Aetas by constructing rice paddies, vegetable gardens, improvement of local hygiene, health and sanitation and livestock livelihood program such as hog raising and biogas project, to name a few. f. Once the water system is addressed, teachers can do their job much better in educating the Aeta youth because they would not be worried about their own personal hygiene, health and comfort. 017 g. It is more realistic then to recommend to the appropriate authority for Nabuclod School be elevated into full elementary school, thus paving much easier way for the CYDFISP implementation. h. Should there be a problem in generating support to have Nabuclod School elevated into a regular elementary school, the Foundation will have to invoke the first assumption discussed on page 77 and will have to assume an implementation of the CYDFI Scholarship Program by carrying out the following steps: 1. Coordinate with the Community in Nabuclod through its Barangay Officers. 2. Inform all parents/children who are able to finish their elementary education to submit their final grades when they graduate from the 6th grade. 3. Those 6th grade pupils who graduated and whose final grades belong to the first top three from among those who graduated in the 6th grade will initially qualify for the CYDFI Scholarship Program. 4. All qualified applicants will have to follow, to some extent, the Criteria for Maintaining Scholarship in the CYDFI Scholrship Program. 5. The Foundation together with Aeta youth’s parents will have to find sponsors to serve as Foster Parents during the duration of the Scholarship Program of the youth. 6. The Foundation will seek financial resources to help at least pay for the Board and Lodging of the Aeta youth.

018 In this attendance sheet is demonstrated the literacy issue among adult members of the community in Nabuclod. Many of them could read and write. Some could sign their names but not to read. But most of them could neither even read nor write. This is one area of possible project that could be addressed tho’ most of them would be contented for where they are now and would give credence to school institution’s role in educating their children who could read and write for them, when needed. The following signatures without telephone numbers belong to some Aeta adult participants in the Focus Group.

019 020

Nabuclod is a reservation occupied by the Aetas ever since. It is located in the mountains of Floridablanca that borders the Zambales and Pampanga provinces. Some mountains are rocky which make crop planting impossible, but some mountains are arable and still fertile for seasonal vegetables, rice and corn. Nabuclod The place, being hilly, was once converted into a ranch by some rich men of Pampanga. It left Source of Map: Bureau of Forestry the Aetas very poor PNR: Proposed Negrito Reservation because the cattle, roaming around, ate all their plants like rice, corn, bananas and kamoteng kahoy (cassava). At another time, the place became a logging area, with the loggers promising payment and lumber with which they could build their houses, but the promises were never fulfilled. Thus, Nabuclod today is mountains without forests (hence, hot and dry) and with very little natural source of livelihood for the mountain people. Aetas in Nabuclod are illiterate since there was no school for them until 1973. Around sixty five children were enrolled from grade one to grade three but only three-fourth of them report for classes regularly. School discipline is not familiar to their cultural system. Although some Aetas have settled permanently, many have remained nomadic. Others live by the river on sunny days and during the rainy season, they would usually live with other Aetas in the village. Thus, during the rainy season, houses in Nabuclod, including the school building become overcrowded. And it is generally hot during most of the year except in the month of June, July and August, which are rainy season months. There were about one hundred fifty families considered settled residents in Nabuclod. They have built their huts, planted some vegetables around their houses, have minimal contact with the Pampango lowlanders for whom they work as house helpers or agricultural workers. They have been introduced to planting rice in paddies. As a tribe, they feel inferior to the lowlanders, like being second rate citizens especially when they are called Balugas, a term used by the Pampangueno lowlanders with a negative connotation. Instead of Baluga, they would prefer to be called Aeta/s, a term that raises the level of their dignity as a people. One has to literally do mountain hiking then to be able to reach Nabuclod. It is now, how- ever, noticeable that the road is well-paved with concrete and more accessible by vehicles; thus, has improved their ability to do trade and business with their lowland counterparts. Water is still one of the main concerns of the community with a current census of more than one thousand population and keeps growing… with less natural resources... 021

Lito was busy coaching the Negritoes from Sapang-Uwak, Porac, Pampanga, another Negrito Village our group’s involvement in Community Work. He was teaching them some songs to be used during their Sunday Worship. This was taken at the Montessori Compound in Sto. Entiero St., Angeles City, Philippines.

022 Photo by: Josie Garcia

Typical Nipa Hut that when it rains, Negritoes find it hard to live in it and so they find themselves overcrowding with those whose houses are safer and not leaking during the rainy season, keeping themselves together warm and around a bonfire.

023 Section 3: The First Four Negrito Scholars (1976-1981) Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City

The following are printed unexpurgated and without comments dramatizing to the effect on how the four (4) Baluga Students at AUF struggled to attain a better life through education, hence, enhancing their dignities as human beings and one of them, Romy Sibal, is now an Officer in the Philippine Air Force with a rank of Major. These were the first Negritoes facilitated by the Founder who were given scholarship grants at AUF.

1. The Story of Abelardo B. Palo, 3rd Year High School Student Ako po ay si Abelardo B. Palo na nakatira a Marcos Village, Mabalacat, Pampanga. Ako po ay isinilang noong December 9, 1962 at ang aking pong mga magulang ay sina Mauro at Dolores Baluyut. Walo po kaming magkakapatid, lima ang lalaki at tatlo ang babae. Ang aking mga kapatid ay hindi po gaanong nakapag-aral dahil sa wala po kaming perang pambayad sa paaralan hanggang sila’y nagsipag-asawa. Hindi ho pa rin maalis-alis mg aking isipan ang pagkabigo at nabuo po sa isipan ng aking ama na ako na lamang raw ang tangi ni- yang pag-asa. Pina-aral po niya ko hanggang sa makatapos ako ng elementrya. At ng malapit na ang pasukan, sinabi ko po sa aking ama na gusto kong magpatuloy sa aking pag-aaral at ginawa po niya ang lahat ng kanyang makakaya para ako’y itaguyod sa aking pag-aaral at nabuo sa isip ng aking ama na ipagbili ang asking kaisa-isang alagang hayop at ipinagbili po naming iyon pati na ang lahat ng mga gamit sa pagkakarpintero para masunod lamang ang gusto kong makapag-aral. At ako’y nag-aaral sa mataas na paaralan ng Mabalacat, Pampanga, at hanggang isang araw ay inaway ako ng isa kong kapatid na babe. At isinawalat lahat ang ginawang pagpapakasakit ng aking ama para lamang ako makapag-aral. Napag-isip-isip ko na tama ang Ate ko at bigla kong tinignan ang kaawa-awa kong ama na noo’y nangangayayat na ng sa kakaisip kung papaano pa niya ako maipagpatuloy sa aking pag- aaral. Bigla akong umiyak at niyakap ko ang aking ama at sinabi kong “hayaan mo Itay, simula ngayon, hindi na kayo maghihirap pa sa paghahanap ng pera dahil ho sa titigil na ako sa pag-aaral. Humanap po ako ng trabahp para sana maipagpapatuloy ko ang aking pag-aaral. Pero talaga hong malas, kaya nasiraan ako ng loob at binalak na hindi na ako mag-aaral. Pero, talaga ho yatang mabait ang Panginoon. Biglang dumating doon si Kuya Romy at ibinalita ang tungkol sa tulong na ibinibigay ni Dr. Emmanuel Y. Angeles, President ng Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, sa mga Baluga Cultural Minority sa kanilang pag-aaral. Bigla ho akong sumaya at heto nga ako ngayon. Ang dahilan ng pagpunta ko rito ay para muli akong makapag-aral at matuto. At kung natuto na po ako, gusto kong maipamahagi ang aking natutuhan sa aking ka-Tribu. Unang-una ho sa aking sarili at ikalawa, sa aking mga kapatid at mga pinsan at para rin ho isiwalat sa lahat na ang pag-aaral ay para sa lahat. 024 2. The Story of Benjamin S. Tolentino, RAC Student Ako po si Benjamin S. Tolentino, na nakatira sa Sapangbat, Angeles City at ako po ay ipinanganak noong Mayo 13, 1960 at nakatapos ako ng mababa at mataas na paaralan sa Angel Collge, Angeles City. Ang mga magulang ko ay sina Emilio at Maria Serrano. Dalawa lang po kaming magka[atid at ang pangalan niya ay Jessie. Ako po ang bunso. Ang layunin ko po sa buhay ay ang makapag-aral at matuto para makatulong ako sa aking mga magulang at kapatid lalung-lalo na sa aking mga ka-Tribu. Subalit ng sabihing kong gusti kong ipagpatuloy ang aking pag-aaral para makatulong sa kanila at sa aking mga ka-Tribu, and sabi nila, “anak, wala tayong pera upang makapag-aral ka, lalung-lalo na ngayon mahal ang tuition fee. Tutal nakapagtapos ka na ring sa mataas na paaralan, huminto ka na”. Pero ang sabi ko sa aking ama na hindi pa sapat ang aking pinag-aralan, lalo na ngayon mahirap ang walang pinag-aralan, wala kang kinabukasan. Subalit, sumagot pong muli ang aking ama at galit na galit, “sinabi ko ng wala tayong pera at hindi na lamang po ako kumibo”. Isang araw, ako ay nanalangin kung papaano ako makapag-aral muli. Nagkataon naman ng dumating ang pinsang kong Romy at ang sabi ko sa kanya “puede ba pakitu- lungan mo ako kung papaano tayo makakita ng sponsor sa ating pag-aaral”. Hayaan mo pinsan, ihanap kitang makakatulong sa iyo. Habang ako’y naghihintay sa iyo, ako’y tutu- long sa aking mga magulang sa pagtatanim ng kamoteng kahoy, kamote, gulay at marami pang iba. At tinulungan ko rin ang aking ka-Tribu sa pagtatanim. Napaluha ako sa aking nakikita, halos hindi sila kumakain sa maghapon. Kaya gusto kong ipagpatuloy ang aking pag-aaral ng sa gayon ay makamit ko ang aking hangarin sa buhay na makatulong sa aking mga magulang at ka-Tribu. Inihingi ko sa Poong Maykapal na pagpalain ako para magtagumpay sa aking adhikain sa buhay.

3. The Story of Fernando P. Sibal, ELECOMM Students Ako po ay si Fernando P. Sibal na isinilang noong Marso 22, 1955 sa Mabalacat, Pampanga. Ako po ay nakapag-aral sa mababang paaralan ng Dau Elementary School. Simula ng ako’y makatapos sa mababang paaralan, ako’y nagsumikap. Ako ay natigil sa pag-aaral sa dahilang kami’y mahirap. At kami’y maagang naulila sa Ina. Ako po ay pinaamapon ng aking ama sa isang sundalo upang tulungan ako sa pag-aaral. Gayon pa man, ako ay pumayag upang matupad ang aking pangarap na makatapos sa pag-aaral. Ako po ay nakapag-aral sa Maynila dahilan sa tulong ng iba at ng aking sariling pagsisikap. At nakatapos ako sa aking pag-aaral sa mataas na paaralan ng Roxas High School. Ako’y nagpapasalamat na may nagbuklod at nagtaguyod sa akin. Batid ng Dios na ako’y pinaunlakan sa aking pagsisikap sa pag-aaral. Ang dahilan po na nais kong ipagpatuloy ang aking pag-aaral ay para makatulong ako sa aking kapwa at ka-Tribu at ng maituro sa kanila ang edukasyon at kultura ng ating bansa. Ako’y nagpapasalamat sa mga tumutulong sa aming mga minorities sa itaguyod at ipagtanggol ang aming kalahi. 025 4. The Story of Romeo P. Sibal, AMT Student Ako po ay si Romeo P. Sibal na nakatira sa Sapangbato, Angeles City at ipinanga- nak noong ika-10 ng Septiembre, 1958, sa Macapagal Village, Mabalacat, Pampanga. Ang aking mga magulang ay sina Paciong at ang aking Ina ay namatay noong anim na taong gulang ako. Ako po ay pangatlong panganay sa aming magkakapatid. Ang aking mga kapatid ay sina: Rosita, Andy, Gloria, Mariette at Donato. Ako po ay nag-aral sa Dickenson Elementary School magmula sa ika-unang baiting hanggang ika-lima at sa Mabalacat Elementary School ko ipinagpatuloy ang aking ika-anim na baiting. Sa awa ng Poong Maykapal, ako ay nakatapos ng Elementary at pumasok sa nataas na paaralan ng Angeles University, subalit makalipas ang ilang buwan ako ay natigil sa pag-aaral. Ng matigil ako sa pag-aaral, ako ay namasukan ng tagakuha ng karton at iba pang basura ditto sa loob ng Clark Air Base, Angeles City, noong 1973 at pagkatapos ang mga basura ay ipinagbibili ko. Pagkalipas ng taong yaon ako po ay kinausap ng aking uncle upang turuan niyang gumawa ng mga pana at iba pang produkto ng mga Baluga at hindi naman nagtagal ako ay natuto kaagad sa mga ipinapagawa niya sa akin. At nang sumapit na ang tinatawag na “Kabataang Barangay”, ako ay nahirang na maging isang miembre upang maging leader sa kapwa Baluga ko. Bilang miembre ng Kabataang Barangay, ginawa ko po ang lahat ng aking makakaya sa ikaka-unlad ng aming nayon. At sa dalawang taon kong paglilingkod, ako ay kasabay na naghahanap ng trabaho at sa awa ng Dios, ako ay nakapAg-trabaho kaagad bilang Private Guard at makalipas mg isang taon ako ay namasukan bilang isang “yard boy”. Habang tumatagal ay napag-isipan kong muli na mag-aral. Tatlong taon akong natigil sa pag-aaral at ang buong akala ko ay hindi na ako makapag-aaral pang muli, subalit may awa ang Poong Maykapal mayroon kumupkop sa akin at sila ang nagtaguyod sa aking pag-aaral ditto sa AUF hanggang sa makatpos ako ng high school. AT makalipas ang ilang buwan, ako ay nakapag-enroll ng Aircraft Maintenance Technology (AMT), ngunit ang problema ko ngayon ay wala na yaong kumupkop sa akin. Bumalik na siya sa America. Nais ko po sanang nagpatuloy ng kolehiyo upang makatapos at kung loloobin ng Panginoon ay upang makatulong sa aking mga Tribu at iba pang nangangailangan ng tulong. Tulungan po ninyo ako.

Ang pananaw ng tao sa buhay ay nagsisilbing ilaw ng kanyang kinabukasan. Walang pinipili kung sino mang tao ang may hawak nito sapagkat ito ay nasa puso na ng bawat isa sa atin. Mangyari lamang na sindihan mo ito sa tamang panahon at ng makita mo ang liwanag na iyong hinahanap. Gaano man kadilim o hirap ng buhay, basta matutunan mong kilalanin na ito ay nasa puso mo, bibigyan ng liwanag ang iyong kaisipan at magiging maliwanag ang pananaw mo sa buhay. Sana matutunan mo ring ibahagi ito sa mga nangangailangan. *TonyMen*

026 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE NEGRITOES IN PAMPANGA USING A DOWN-TO-EARTH EXPERIENTIAL PEDAGOGY (DEEP)

ABSTRACT The study is a descriptive presentation on the actual and personal involvement (participant observation) of the researcher among the Aeta Cultural Minority since 1975 on community organization and development in the communities of Nabuclod and Sapang- Uwak, where a brainchild of “Down-to-Earth Experiential Pedagogy”, known for short as the “DEEP” approach, was born. The writer’s involvement among the Aetas disclosed the fact that a working knowledge of the important features of the Aeta (Baluga) language, no matter how meager, is a great asset in the enhancement of the commitment “to help the Baluga (Aetas) help themselves through community organization and development in dynamic DEEP approach”. A document, an Aeta (Baluga) Dictionary, has been developed to strengthen the context and principle of the DEEP approach . To achieve this, a translation of the Pampango-Tagalog-English Dictionary compiled by Julio F. Silverio was used as a point of reference and that which the writer could avail of at the time of study. Specifically, the study would like to seek answers on the following core problems. 1. What community organization and development programs have been promoted among the Negritoes in Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak? 2. What is the DEEP Approach used in community organization and development among the Negritoes in Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak? 3. What important features of the Baluga language proved useful for community organiza- tion and development efforts done by Pampanguenos among the Negritoes in the two communities covered by the study? 4. How can the response of the Negritoes of the study be described?

THE SUBJECTS AND SETTING The writer in his desire to carry out his apostolic spirit went to the two Baluga (Aeta) Settlements, namely: Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak, from where his data were gathered. NABUCLOD is occupied by the Balugas ever since and is located among the mountain ranges between Pampanga and Zambales. Some parts are rocky and untillable while some are arable where seasonal vegetables, rice and corn are grown. The Nabuclod area, being hilly, has been converted into ranch by some wealthy people of Pampanga. Roaming cattle feast on the plants of the Balugas leaving them starved. Ranchers were not the only menace the Balugas have to face. There were also loggers who preyed on the timber with the promise of paying the Balugas and providing them with lumber to build their houses. The promise though was left unfulfilled. Nabuclod now is mountains but without trees and in need of reforestation with little natural source of livelihood left for the mountain people. The Balugas dwelling in Nabuclod are illiterate until the establishment of a school in 1973. Very few pupils report to class because school discipline is something unpopular in their cultural system. Some of the Balugas have settled permanently in the village but many have not abandoned their nomadic lifestyle. On runny days, they stay by the river and during 027 rainy days, they live with those in the village leaving the houses including the school building, over-crowded. There are about 150 Baluga families considered settled residents in Nabuclod. They built their own huts, plant vegetables around their houses, with limited contact with the Pampango lowlanders with whom they work as house of agricultural helpers. In addition to ranchers and loggers, there is a certain layman who in doing “his style of mission” and that of the “de Colores” took advantage of the Balugas’ unlearnedness to gratify his selfish desire. SAPANG-UWAK, on the other hand, is located on the west side of the town of Porac, Pampanga, bordering the mountains of Zambales. It consists of 65 families. Some are still nomadic. Both the Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak Negritoes are peace-loving, meek and who readily extend help to one another. They meet around bonfires, sing, dance and work in the fields in bayanihan style. They do believe in the Divine Providence but are superstitious. They indulge in kaingin system of farming which is defective and the harvest is usually insufficient.

THE METHODOLOGY The data presented in this study were accumulated as a consequence of the writer’s commitment “to help the Baluga helps himself” through the DEEP approach. He has stayed and lived with the Negritoes of Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak for sometime during the summer and holiday seasons, from 1975 to 1980. He learned a little of how to speak their dialect to facilitate communication. Being able to understand and speak a little of their dialect, rapport was established between him and the villagers. When friendly relaltionship became evident, the writer not only saw what the Balugas need but also came to know what could not be seen but could be conveyed by words. On the basis of the participant observation of the writer among the Baluga Cultural Minority of Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak in community organization and development through the DEEP approach as a means of educating them, the following methodology and treatment of data guided the whole sequence of the study, thus: 1. Determine what community organization and development programs had been promoted among the Negritoes through the DEEP approach. 2. Determine what important features of the Baluga dialect proved useful for community organization and development efforts done by Pampaguenos and non-Pampanguenos among the Negritoes in the two communities covered by the study. Important features would include the identification of the terms and their nuances. 3. Determine on how the response of the Negritoes in the study to community organization and development can be described. There are three criteria for evaluation of the response of the Negritoes. They are the following: a. Their cooperation and indifference towards the different programs being promoted in community organization and development. b. Their capacity to translate into their lives whatever assistance is extended to them. c. Their capacity for involvement and their ability to tap available resources to become self-reliant. 4. Determine a feasibility for the creation of a Foundation for Baluga Cultural Minority 028 which could assume the implementation of the DEEP approach as a methodology and explore all agencies of SOCIAL CHANGE for possible source of assistance in the enhance- ment of the dignity of the Nagrtioes as a “people”.

THE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS On the basis of the limited data presented in the study, the following findings are, to with, formulated: 1. That the different programs promoted for community organization and development among the Negritoes in Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak are as follows:

In Nabuclod: 1.1. On Economic Development a. The point of entry made towards community organization and development is the community projects like the construction of a 4-foot earthdam to irrigate rice paddies. b. Communal property is applied because no one can afford to buy all the necessary farming equipments for himself. 1.2. On Education a. Literacy programs had been carried out together with lectures on health and moral values. Seminars on agriculture, marketing, budgeting and pricing are held. 1.3. On Socio-Communal Education a. The slide battery operated film procured was used for recreational, educational and social functions. 1.4. On Religious Activity a. Recollection and Bible Services were officiated among them in coordination with the Parish Priest in town.

In Sapang-Uwak 1.5. On Adult Education a. Literacy programs making use of the “multiple-sense-appeal” approach has been held. 1.6. On Cultural Arts a. There was an enhancement of their songs, dances, dramatics, crafts, folklores, musical instruments and their language through documentation. 1.7. On Spiritual Growth a. Reflection and creative sharing of beliefs and ideas were encouraged. b. Simple but meaningful catechism was conducted especially among children. c. Creative liturgy like personal expression of one’s faith in God was enhanced. 1.8. On Support Core Group a. There was a formation of the Core Group responsible for planning the welfare of the community through project development. b. The non-Baluga Supporting Core Group has been partly organizaed to continue supporting the DEEP approach and make it alive among them. 029 1.9. On Settlement of Land Reform a. There was an updating of the community census; pictures were taken’ and, a research on status and historical background of the community was initiated. 1.10. On Health and Medical Assistance a. Help was solicited from civic and government agencies for medical assistance and a move has been made to study local herbal medicines. 1.11. On Home Industry and Trade a. Cooperative marketing is being undertaken. 1.12. On Agriculture a. There was a development of spring for water supply; river and creeks were utilized for irrigation purposes; and, there were formation of more rice paddies.

2. That the DEEP Approach used in community organization and development among the Negritoes in Nabuclod and Sapang-Uwak gves emphasis on the “experiential” level, one that follows the psychomotor-affective-cognitive (PAC) sequence of learning which is contradictory to the traditional method of learning applied in schools which follows the cognitive-affective-psychomotor (CAP) sequence. The PAC approach is an appropriate measure for the Negritoes who have not reached yet the level of awareness stressing the cognitive aspect of learning. In simple terms, DEEP Approach is “doing what you teach and teaching what you do” method.

3. That some of the important features of the Baluga dialect that proved useful for commu- nity organization and development efforts done by Pamapaguenos among the Negritoes in the two communities are presented from two point of views as follows: (a) those that are synonymous with the Pampango words, and (b) those that do not show any similarity.

a. Some Pampango and Baluga Words Synonymous In Meaning kueba batu gabuk maganaka apu sibul kuya indu Sapa pulis gamat gubiernu Ubing-basul patingapun ilug tegawan pamangan dayat mangadi pugu bule pana pawas sulu asin makatimpu conseal eskuwela uran aula panulu surgamat bulu sarul dapug kasakitan kulut Baluga gayuma kapitan painawa gugu tanaman lubun matamad paranum tukil patag pulung Mag-aral paugtuan palang obra pugad animal pala pangaku anak simba patibung

030 b. Some Baluga Words Not Synonymous In Meaning With Pampango Words kalamu damuag haha kuruan kaugnayan Agkatun/ihagyat talnun Babu-bakil Puhung-haha kahabihan Labay-kata pamilalamu magpakahampat lubay Bulung-haha kaka Naumut-umut allu Agad-mu-daigiin Imas/tinakaptakap lawi mangalindag Mihay-tribu namuwangan bapa pakangiriin Mayabang/mayatu hikata Anpag-aralan Awahan/ninanum Puyu/manok

4. That the Negritoes of Nabuclod are observed to be initially enthusiastic but later are found to be lacking in determination to pursue the different programs for community organiza- tion and development and hence, causing failures to meet the goal of helping them help themselves. Whereas, the Negrtioes of Sapang-Uwak sre not only enthusiastic but proved themselves determined in pursuing the different programs being promoted and henceforth, causing some success in meeting the goal of helping them thelp themselves. They are, thus, found to be responsive and more responsible.

5. That as a consequence of the documentation of the Baluga dialect necessitated by the DEEP approach, the creation of a “Foundation for Baluga Cultural Minority” as a venue to continue the DEEP Approach Methodology and the exploration of all agencies of social change for possible assistance of much-needed resources in all its forms for the enhance- ment of the worth and dignity of the Negritoes as a “people” are feasible and possible.

CONCLUSION On the basis of the limited data presented in the study and the findings, the following are concluded: 1. The projects intended for community organization and development in Nabuclod Negrito Settlement failed. The failure would necessitate one to conclude on the following: 1.1. The Nabuclod Negritoes in general are not ready to comprehend yet the communal projects intended for community organization and development to uplift their standard of living and henceforth, their worth and dignity as a “people”. The failure is traced back to a lack of proper communication which prompted the researcher to have an established organized documentation of their dialect which will hopefully bridge the gap between the Aetas and the agents of social change. The changes are conceivable but the means of reaching out to the Aetas pose a bigger obstacle, i.e. the Balugas did not understand them (agents of social change) because they have a different mode of communication. There was no meeting of the mind. 1.2. They have not fully reached the level of awareness wherein they could translate into reality the concept of community organization and development. They have to be conscientisized in time into that which their experience had failed to reach. 031 1.3. As a participant observer, a working knowlede of the Baluga (Aeta) dialect could serve as a prerequisite for those who intend to become agents of social change so that concepts of community organization and development as a means of educating the Nabuclod Negritoes could be better communicated. And therefore, the different techniques and skills necessary for effective community organiza- tion and development so that the community itself shall one day become its own agent of change and shall indeed become self-reliant in dynamic “Down-to-Earth Experiential Pedagogy” could be most utilized and maximized. 1.4. The religious ignorance of the Nabuclod Negritoes is a hindrance towards their growth as a “people”. Their religiosity, being archaic in nature, makes them superstitious and their being so is reflected in their daily activities. Their concept of the Providential God in a way poses an obstacle in their “growth” as a people. They have the tendency to put into God’s mercy all the outcome of their toil like having a good harvest is left into the hands of God without considering factors such as the type of soil, climate and insect infestation. This is an evidence of their having a weak religious foundation and Christianity will not have a strong resis- tance since they have no system of doctrines and teachings.

2. The Sapang-Uwak Negritoes are more an awakened group in comparison with the Negritoes of Nabculod. The fact that they formed a Baluga Core Group is an indication that they are more responsive and at the same time, responsible. Responsive because they realized the need to change and responsible because they see to it that what they have changed must be carried not only to their immediate family groups but extensively, reaching out the whole village. Though they are found to be responsive and responsible, follow-ups are necessary to ensure the continuity of community organization and develop- ment among them. It could be inferred that the Negritoes of Sapang-Uwak could assume the following attitudes: “To learn is to change. To learn is to listen and to respond. To learn is to explore, to discover, to appropriate personally and to assume responsibility. When a person has learned, he is a changed person”.

3. The fact that Negritoes are engaged in lowly jobs together with a different physical appearance coupled with the abusive acts committed by wealthy individuals have low self- esteem and tend to shy away from the majority. As such, they live in the wilderness and do not profit from man’s advancement in technology and other human aspects. Face to face with this situation, the DEEP approach is envisioned to shed light to these unfortunate Filipinos. To carry out the DEEP approach, community organization and development serve as venues so that Negritoes will get out of their buffered shells and confront the world. The DEEP approach incorporates ways and means so that the Negritoes will learn how to learn and will be helped to help themselves in a manner they would not detest.

RECOMMENDATIONS 032 In light of the findings of this study, a number of recommendations may justifiably be made to the following: 1. To Agents of Change/Missionaries 1.1. Learning the Baluga dialect should be a requisite to better communicate the concepts of community organization and development among the Balugas of Pampanga. 1.2. A missionary/agent of change should assume for himself the task of inoculating the person of Nabuclod with the germ of discontent so that he would crave for things which his own life could not provide, and then teach him the means whereby he could get those things for himself. 1.3. On the basis of the need to continue and to perpetuate the concept of the DEEP approach for the enhancement of the worth and dignity of the Balugas as a people, it is suggested that a Foundation for the Balugas shall be established and named as proposed “The Baluga Cultural Minority Foundation” with its proposed Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws.

2. To Appropriate Socio-Civic-Religious and Government Agencies 2.1. The government agencies concerned, religious groups and others should extend their cooperation in putting up a well-rounded Negrito Settlement or reservation for them to cultivate, schools for their education, health clinic with free medicines and teachers (if possible, of the same ethnic group who would be understood by their own people). 2.2. The compulsory education system should be strictly enforced by the government especially on the elementary school level with a curriculum truly suited to the needs and capacities of the Negritoes, one that evolves a positive attitude towards schooling, and adopted especially for them. Adult education should be made an integral part of this modified curriculum.

3. Suggested Solutions on the Problems Encountered in Nabuclod Identification of the problems in Nabuclod led the community with the help of the facilitators to come up with a “Plan of Action” to hasten community organization and development. The suggested solutions are embodied in the following plan of activities: 3.1. Economic. The villagers requested for an earthdam irrigation. In response, a 4- foot earthdam has been built which could provide water to some 60 hectares of rice paddies. They were introduced to planting rice all year round. The earthdam is temporary until it could be cemented with an estimated amount of P5,000.00. While the irrigation is in progress, the people are given informal lecture on the concept of organization and development. More are introduced to permanent farming. In as much as permanent farming requires the use of carabaos and tools, the ownership of these materials is by community since no single family can buy them all. An estimated amount of P10,000.00 is necessary for 5 carabaos and accompanying farm equipments. In addition to farming, pottery is viewed as potential source of income, since red clay is available. An initial capital of P10,000.00 will be required for the purchase of pottery instruments and to set-up a pottery incinerator. 033 3.2. Education. Farming instruments by themselves will not be meaningful to the Negritoes. They have to be educated regarding the progress they are getting into. So, included in the program are seminars on agriculture, marketing, budgeting and pricing. Education concerning literacy, health and morals has to be held. Seminars could be done in Nabuclod or join groups in other places. Education expenses is assessed at P5,000.00. 3.3. Socio-Communal Education. This is for both educational and communal recrea- tion. The program would include the procurement of slide film viewing and one battery-slide projector. These have an estimated cost of P3,000.00. 3.4. Religious. A chapel and multi-purpose center where communal activities will be held have to be constructed. Both buildings will be made of materials coming from the mountains except for cement, nails and galvanized iron sheets and will cost about P15,000.00.

4. For Further Studies The researcher came across some topics in the course of the study that could be con- sidered for further studies, thus: 4.1. Some basic books for elementary graders should be translated in Baluga dialect to better effect the “learning process” among the Baluga children. 4.2. A Syntax Book should be translated in Baluga dialect to better acquaint oneself in the study of the said dialect. 4.3. Similar study should be conducted among other Baluga communities in-and- around Pampanga concerning the effect of the DEEP approach into the life of the Balugas. The following are the Baluga communities hat can be good sites for the suggested study: a. Little Baguio Negrito Village in Sapangbato, Angeles City b. Marcos Negrito Village in Mabalacat, Pampanga c. Kapitan Banaba and Mt. Catuno in Sitio Sapang-Uwak, Porac, Pamp. d. Inarraro Negrito Village in Angeles City e. Pasbul and Camias Negrito Village in Porac, Pampanga f. Camachilles, Floridablanca, Pampanga g. Batiawan, Floridablanca, Pampanga h. Patling, Capas, Tarlac i. Pau Cro Valley, Capas, Tarlac j. Flora Patling, Capas, Tarlac 4.4. The documentation of the dialects of the different cultural minorities shall hope fully be done to better appreciate their culture and ways of life.

034

Earthdam Construction Photo by: Sr. Pompei Morales, RVM Back in the 70’s, this earthdam was constructed and became “too close yet so far” to reach the community because the Aetas then didn’t see it as a model of self-reliant project. Almost 3 decades had gone by, some old timers in the Focus Group on 9Aug03 identified it as one of the community’s needs but still, not seen as a priority! Focus Group Session Photo by: Rey Galvan

035 Section 5: An Excerpt Discussion from the Founder’s Dissertation Research COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE NEGRITOES IN PAMPANGA USING A DOWN- TO-EARTH EXPERIENTIAL PEDAGOGY (DEEP Approach)

Important Features Of The Baluga Language That Proved Useful In Community Organization And Development

Any outsider immersing himself in the culture of a target community for organization and development must among other things equip himself with proper understanding of important features and terms of the language. In the present case, it is necessary that an “agent of change” knows some of these features and terms of the Baluga language. A list of few important terms are presented and their features include positive and negative nuances of the terms. The positive are needed to carry on effective communication with the target population while the negative should be learned to warn the “agent of change” against damaging uses - damaging on the part of the former in terms of hurts it may cause them and on the latter in view of violent and harmful reactions from the former. The same damage may apply to the stifling of any progress in community organization and development. Hence, to carry on effective community organization and development among the Negritoes in Pampanga such as those in Nabuclod, the following important features of the Baluga language that proved useful are presented and in particular: (a) the similarity between the Baluga and Pampango terms with respect to their denotation and connotation.

A. BALUGA AND PAMPANGO TERMS AS SYNONYMOUS The following are Baluga terms which are considered and classified as Pampango words and therefore, are synonymous. 1. Kueba. It is translated as cave in English language. Among Pampanguenos, it refers to a rocky structure usually found along mountainous regions. It could serve as a resting area for those who go hiking or hunting. The cave has no deeper significance among them since they could get nothing from it aside from those who are involved in research, archeology or other aspects of similar in nature. Generally, it would only be an outcome of rocks whose some portions have been eroded or decomposed by rain water. On the other hand, the Negritoes see the cave as something else. It is a home, a haven, a secluded structure which could provide a peaceful and quiet dwelling place. The sight of a cave gives them a relieved feeling from nature’s adversities. It is an important home, a protection from bad weather conditions and at times, a protection or hiding area from intruders who would take advantage of their ignorance. For some, specially those who are still nomadic in nature, a cave is a temporary sanctuary. 2. Kuya. This is a term placed preceding the names of the male members of the family, elder 036 brothers in particular, as a sign of respect. At times, it is also used to address other male persons whom they are not familiar with in order to show courtesy. It also used to show regard for male friends or acquaintances who are chronologically older. This is, thus, the value of the term “kuya” to a Pampangueno. The Balugas, on the other hand, consider this term as an insult especially when addressed directly to them. The mere mentioning of the word could send them to rage with an- ger. Contrary to the Pampangueno use, kuya is not used to show respect or courtesy to the older male members of the community. Instead, they prefer the use of the word brother which when translated in Pampango is “kapatad” or in Baluga word, “patil.” Simply hearing the word would lead them to think that they are looked down, ridiculed, mocked and feel their dignity is stripped off. 3. Dapug. It means bonfire. For the lowland people, bonfires will be essentially for social gathering especially during the cold season. For the Negritoes, a bonfire is built in order to drive away mosquitoes and other insects at night time since there is no electricity in the mountains and they do not have mosquito nets. A bonfire could attract other members of the community and bring them into a caucus. At times, bonfires are intended to gather community members for a dance, singing activities and at night for some elder members to discuss pertinent aspects, in particular, the problems they are faced with. In forest areas, the flame and smoke from the bonfires can drive away harmful organisms like snakes and so could be used for protection against hazards. Bonfires for Negritoes are not necessarily built to keep them warm during cold days and nights but are symbols of unity and strength. They tighten the bond existing in the community and enhance their individual aspirations which when put together could promote fellowship, understanding and solidarity among them. 4. Baluga. This is the term used by the Pampangueno when they refer to the Negritoes, the dark- skinned, kinky-haired, flat-nosed and short inhabitants of the Philippines found living in the mountains bordering the Pampango-Zambales-Tarlac mountains. For some, the term Baluga means demeaning them as an individual and as a people and would prepfer to be called Aetas, instead. Baluga may also refer to the mountain people in Pampanga and Tarlac who are unscheduled and who could be employed as domestic helpers and agricultural laborers by the lowlanders at a lower wage than others. For an exposed Baluga, one who is aware of the present happenings, can go to the lowlands and transact business and can read and write a little, the word is taken not too seriously. But to an ordinary one, the word Baluga would imply an oral offense directed towards him. To him, the word Baluga refers to a minority group and does not fall under the Filipino citizenship since they see other Filipinos (non-Balugas) as racial superiors and not as brothers. To establish a rapport with the Negritoes, the use of the terms like Baluga should be avoided especially when you get in-touch with them. 5. Tegawan. This is the term for godfather or godmother. Some would term them as sponsors. God- parents or sponsors are a reflection of the padrino system in the Philippine society which 037 could be sacramental or social in nature. Nowadays, some have the inclination to get as many godparents during the baptism of their children not because of the sacramental responsibility that goes with it but simply to widen one’s scope of social contacts or comradeships. The godparents see godchildren as additional individuals who have to be given gifts during Christmas season and their birthdays. For Negritoes, the term still carries with it the traditional value that children are entrusted to their godparents accompanied with all the responsibilities because they see them as second parents, as partners in rearing their children. The children, in turn, respect their god- parents as such as they do to their parents. 6. Tukil. This is a material cut from a piece of bamboo with one of the nodes remaining intact and serving as base and with one end being opened. This could be a decorative material among Pampanguenos without a basic economic importance. Negritoes use this material as an improvised drinking glasses and bigger one is used as container of drinking water which is taken from a spring distant from their lodging place. Instead of jars, they make use of this material to store their drinking water. The bamboos are also taken from fhe mountains. This implies that Negritoes have an inclination to be self- sufficient but the rate by which they achieve the status is slow. 7. Ubing-basul. This is a wild root crop which by now is unknown ro most lowlanders, even the Pampanguenos. It is similar to “gabi” but it is larger and has a coarser texture when eaten. They are not readily available in the market because of its “not-so-desirable” characteristics. On the other hand, Negritoes roam the mountain to gather this wild root crop and is considered as a staple food for them. Though with a characteristic taste, the presence of “ubing-basul” in their diet indicates as “complete” one in their standard which is not compara- ble to “lowland’s balance diet.” Though the root crop could be planted, rarely do they plant it. Instead, they simply look for it in the mountain. They have a preference for hunting and searching for food rather than planting it, see it grow and harvest it when mature. This must have been a reflection of their nomadic nature. 8. Lubun. This is a “hand-made pack-basket” carried at the back. This is a less popular material among the lowlanders including the Pampanguenos. Instead of carrying a basket at the back, they prefer to use baskets carried by the hand or plastic bags which are more readily available. Negritoes gather materials for basket-making in the mountains and make the baskets themselves. They carry the pack-basket at their backs with whatever loads they want to transport from one place to another. 9. Pana. This is a “bow and arrow” used for hunting and possibly as a weapon against intruders. But the chief purpose of Negritoes in making “pana” is to provide them with a means with which to gather food rather than doing it with their bare hands, though they can. 10. Obra. Obra is job/work among Pampanguenos and would imply varied activities from agri cultural to industrial or clerical. Going to work would indicate a concrete number ofp. working 85 038 hours and most of the times a fix amount is given as compensation. In going to work, most of them are in uniform or are dressed up in a manner called for by the nature of their jobs. Work for Negritoes almost always means doing “kaingin” in their areas, where they plant crops and leave at the mercy of nature without employing preventive measures espe- cially for fungi infected plants. In the work they are engaged in, rarely do they get an amount compensated to the work or services they have rendered. Their “kaingin” farming may not bring them an adequate amount because they are not aware of the modern farming techniques that can bring an increase in their yield. 11. Mangadi. “Mangadi” is translated as “praying.” Among Pampanguenos, the word indicates the desire to communicate with God through community prayers recited together or individually. Negritoes do pray especially at the beginning of a meeting. They first make the Sign of the Cross and ask God’s guidance in the activities they engage in. The spontaneity is always there. They may not have the opportunity to know the basic community prayers of the Catholics due to inability to read but their oral prayers bring certain messages asking guidance in activities they plan to do and ask pardon for the shortcomings they have had. One can easily capture their attention and bring them to prayer and communicate with the Supreme Being. In praying, the evidence for support of the Catholic religion is strong. This must be brought about by the contact with lay Catholic missionaries who had come to extend them with a helping hand. But there are other religious organizations that are reaching out for them now and are being influenced by these religious sects. 12. Simba/Pisamban. Pampanguenos are religious people and would carry out their religious obligations faithfully in a manner they best understand. The words “simba and pisamban” mean worship and church, respectively. They are elegantly dressed for the Church especially on Sundays. The Negritoes must have been infuenced by the different religious denominations. They would not have the churches that are found in the lowlands but deep in them, a faith in God exists. This is evidenced by their going to Church, too. 13. Mag-aral. The word “mag-aral” is interpreted as “studying’. To study among Pampanguenos generally implies getting a formal education and acquiring such form of learning is a basic need. They could even have a choice from schools owned and operated by the government or from those managed by private groups or religious sectors. For the Negritoes, going to the lowland to acquire formal education is a dream. To a very few lucky ones, the dream is realized but seldom, if ever, could they reach the stream of higher education. They have a strong desire to learn or study but there is no school then in their community, and only until 1973. In Nabuclod, a school has been established for the Negritoes but school discipline is unknown to them. At the start, there are a number of students but gradually these students drop out from school. The main reasons are that children are needed at home to do the household chores and some have to gather food and others are employed as workers in the lowlands for additional income. They value going to school so much but they could not get their desired educationp. 86 039 because of certain priorities and acquisition of food tops the list. As of now, they would rather engage in activities that would yield a satisfied stomach than those that would satisfy the intellect. Probably, by the time they are equipped with an armed stomach could they manage to take measures that will quench their thirst for knowledge. 14. Eskuwela. Among Pampanguenos, the term would mean the school, a structure where students get the formal education. In this structure, activities are not relevant to gathering food alone. They are engaged in activities that would enrich the mind. Rarely if ever, do they undertake measures or steps that can lead them to generate income while in school because the parents have this as their responsibility. Students are freed from the burden of searching for food while in school and after school hours, they devote their time making assignments and preparing themselves for school activities the following day. The sight of a school among Negritoes is a fulfillment of their desire to learn. In Sapang-Uwak, another Negrito Community where this desire was achieved when one of their houses was convered into a one-room school-house. Children are sent to school but when classes are through, they are occupied with activities that will help their parents in gathering food. Schools in the lowlands are inaccessible to them because of the distance and the roads are terrible. One has to literally climb up the mountain and go down before reaching the place of study. In this case, more time is spent in traveling to and from the school than attending to school activities. In some cases, the schoolhouse is built but rarely is a mentor found, provided one has the willingness to stay there during the weekdays and go home only on week-ends. 15. Asin. Asin is salt. Pampanguenos see this material as a very important seasoning and must accompany all forms of viand in order to be palatable. This is readily available in the market and is really not costly. Salt, among Negritoes, is a luxury. Those who have it are only those who have the opportunity to go to the lowlands and take the risk of being ridiculed by some people. Those who are employed in the lowlands have the chance to bring the material home to the mountains and those who could not get it have to satisfy themselves with food without salt. In the light of their condition, it is not surprising to know that other Negritoes are used to taking “tasteless” food, while on the other hand, some members of society can avail of themselves with as such salt as they need and some may even go to waste. 16. Pala. Pala is interpreted as shovel. Shovels are commonly used by the Pampanguenos for digging and rarely for agricultural purposes. Among the Negritoes, shovels are also used for digging but the primary function is for agriculture. Since Negritoes plant their crops not on plain areas but on mountain slopes, shovels are deemed necessary to carry out their soil tilling activities. 17. Surgamat. Surgamat is equivalent to the garden hoe. Being an agricultural tool, Pampanguenos 040 use it for soiling the plants. Since these people are prone to planting on the plain, the hoe is not as important as the plow. On the other hand, Negritoes have no choice but to cultivate the mountain slopes. Because of the irregularities and roughness of the area, a hoe is very important in performing agricultural activities. In some cases, it takes the function of the plow in farming, not that the latter is less popular but that it is called for by the nature of the land to be cultivated. 18. Sarul. This term is interpreted as plow. It is a farming tool that turns up the soil, it brings to the open the soil that is found beneath the first layer. This is of importance to agriculture because it facilitates the utilization of the substances found underneath. Pampango farmers plow their farm lots because they realize the value of doing so, that is to maximize the use of nutrients necessary and which are available, while exposing the hidden soil components. Negritoes may not use the plow as often as Pampango farmers do. Not that they have not discovered the value of plowing, but that their land areas to be cultivated are along mountain slopes or the mountain itself, in which case the use of the garden hoe to turn up the soil is more convenient and appropriate. 19. Sibul. This is equivalent to the spring. Among Pampanguenos, in particular those who are bred in the City, the sight of a spring is a relief from pollution. The beauty of the spring is admired but rarely is the water tapped for home use since there are complex water system and artesian well which supply their daily water requirements. In the complex water system, treated water is pumped through conduits and reaches the homes with the least effort on the part of the people while artesian wells could be easily put up at convenient places. If lowlanders see the spring mainly for its beauty, the Negritoes have a different outlook. To them, the spring is indicative of survival because it contains the much-needed material, water. Negritoes make it a point to settle in areas where there is water and in mountains, springs are the main sources of water, in the absence of artesian wells. They do not put up emphasis on purifying water provided drinking water and water for domestic purposes are available, life takes its natural course. 20. Panulu. Panulu refer to medicine. The significance of medicine in a growing community reaches a wider scope as new researches are undertaken and discoveries are revealed. An enducated Pampangueno could by himself distinguish medicines that could be taken without the prescription of a licensed physician. To him medicines could come in the form of pills or tablets, syrup or suspension or in ampules. Rarely is he aware of those that come directly from wild or some garden plants. It ever he is aware, he does not patronize them because taking the medicine in pill, syrup or ampule form is more convenient for him. A contrasting viewpoint is manifested by the Negritoes. They have seen and taken 041 medicines in forms known to lowlanders but since these are not readily available to them, they provide themselves with what could be obtained from their surroundings. Sometimes boiling different portions of the plants and taking the filtrate could cure them of their ailment. At times they simply place pestled or pounded leaves of certain plants on the affected areas. However, it is sad to note that there are still some Negritoes who believe that diseases and illnesses are due to the doings of the anitos (spirit). In spite of the efforts of both the religious and civic groups, there are still those who shield themselves from new discoveries and scientific achievement. 21. Gabuk. This is equivalent to the cornmeal distributed by the CRS. Pampango lowlanders could not really appreciate the value of this food substance because they do not have to look for it. This is generally given to those who really have to be helped. Lowland recipients in a way are grateful because this could add to their food supply since it is given free. This material could in a way help the Negritoes in their search for food. Though they take it when given, they do not approve of the idea. Being given of this food substance, an atmosphere of self-pity becomes evident. They have no alternative but to take it since it is substantial to their daily food requirement. The mere giving of material things to them enhances their being dependent. 22. Kapitan. This refers to the barrio captain, the head of a group or community as a political unit. This head is looked up to as one who can govern and explain laws and regulations of the government to the people. A barrio captain among the Negritoes commands a strong respect for authority. He is looked up to as a head, whose word is binding and is lawful. He is authorized to settle disputes among the members of his community and those that involve his members and those that of other communities. He also has the authority to speak in behalf of his community members. 23. Gubiernu. This refers to the government and among Pampanguenos, this would mean the whole set-up that governs the land. The government has regional offices to implement programs and projects and to evaluate them. Pampanguenos, being aware and educated have the nerve to ask questions and not simply nod their way to agreement with all the programs. They are rightfully inquisitive and can show it. Negritoes, being less fortunate and less educated least understand the programs and projects of the government though they look up to the government as the source of authority. They obey the laws of the government without hesitation, an indication that they are law-abiding citizens. Because of their being obedient, some people who disguise themselves as government representatives could prey on them and threaten them until they ransack the Negritoes of their own property.

042 24. Kulut, The word kulut denotes curly hair. Curly or straight hair among Pampanguenos is not a problem. They can have their hair straightened or stretched when tire of having curly hair and vice versa. The Negritoes do not have curly hair but kinky hair. Kinky hair in the Baluga language is kulut. When they are described as kulut, they become furious because to them the word has a degrading implication. Since they consider themselves inferior than their majority counterpart, hearing the word kulut adds to their inferiority complex. Not that they could not accept their having kinky hair but since most of their learned brothers have either straight or curly hair, that physical difference is considered by them as a liability instead of as an asset and which they are ashamed of. 25. Sapa and Ilug. These words refer to creek and river, respectively. These are small bodies of water where fishes, crustaceans, some mollusks and water-dwelling plants are found. These are usually gathered by the people nearby for food. Pampanguenos do not only make use of the o r g a n i s m s found in the creeks or rivers but also find ways to divert the flow of water in order to reach the rice- fields specifi- cally during the summer months. R i v e r s and creeks are also source of l i v e l i h o o d among the Neg- ritoes. During the summer sea- son, they are usually found THE CREEK AS THE ONLY SOURCE OF WATER n e a r t h e s e bodies of water TO IRRIGATE THE FARM OF gathering organ- THE NABUCLOD NEGRITO COMMUNITY, isms for food. Floridablanca, Pampanga, Philippines Similarly, they use the water of Photo taken in 1976 by Sr. Pompei Morales, RVM, together rivers and creeks to water their with Bhong Tanhueco, Lito Villanueva, Josie Garcia, Fr. Ted p l a n t s b y creating a ditch Gonzales, S.J. and TonyMen on Community Organization and through which Development Using “A Down-to-Earth Experiential Pedagogy”. water can flow. It could then serve as an irrigation system. They prefer to stay near small bodies of water to at least relieve them of their water problem. So, the rivers and creeks are sources of water for domestic consumption and of livelihood. 26. Paranum. This means earthdam. Pampanguenos use the earthdam to irrigate rice paddies. It is a structure whereby a water source could be a river is made to flow through a ditch or canal until it reaches the rice fields. In this way, farmers could have a source of water for their plants without having to wait for the rainy season. The Balugas also crave for an earthdam which they believe could be of value in their farming system. Though they may perceive the necessity, they do not have an 043 equal initiative to put one. So, until now, most of them rely on the rain to water their plants. The photos below were part of the documentation recorded in 1976 about the efforts to construct an earthdam in Nabuclod Negrito Community.

Learning is a process and one has to patiently wait for the appropriate response to take place. Just continue to provide challenging and creative stimuli. After all, non-formal education thru community organization and development provides a learning experience for which the Negritoes can become more aware of their “dignity as human beings that they are worth stopping for”.

This earthdam irrigation project was initiated in response to the request of the Nabuclod Negrito residents but became “too close yet so far” because in the end, they perceived the group as employers and not as community organizers and developers. Photo taken by Sr. Pompei, RVM

044 27. Dayat. This term refers to rice paddies. Among lowlanders, their rice paddies are properly and aesthetically structured in order to maximize space and have it thoroughly planted. They are almost always fulfilled with their water when necessary. The rice paddies of the Negritoes are situated on mountain slopes. They may not appear as structured as their lowland’s counterparts but there is an indication of space utilization for added productivity. Water for irrigation in these areas is a problem but somehow Negritoes manage in order to survive. They make use of mountain slopes because they have been driven away by wealthy lowlanders who claim ownership of lands which otherwise are more productive. 28. Tanaman. This means plant or any vegetable organism. Plants may range from herbs, shrubs to tree. Most Pampanguenos prefer to have plants for decoration, shade and for the edible fruits. For the Negritoes, some plants serve as sources of housing materials, some for food, for ornamental purposes and even for making household utensils. There are also those with medicinal value which are tapped when needed medicines are not available, but the main focus on plants is to generate food and additional income. 29. Bule. Bule refers to the fruits of edible plants belonging to the bean family. Among Pampanguenos, this refers only to the climbing bean plants. They are used as food, in particular, a good substitute for proteins. Sometimes both the fruit and the seeds are eaten but most of the times, only seeds are preferred. Negritoes have learned how to plant beans and some could be gathered within the community. Since beans are climbing plants, Negritoes do not provide them with trellises, instead they have them grown in other plants. When harvest time comes, even the plants that act as trellises are cut down. They utilize bean seeds for food and some are brought to the market for trading. 30. Palang. Palang is equivalent to the bolo or large knife. Pampanguenos have bolos in their household but are not used everyday. It is reserved for activities like cutting down trees which is actually not a day to day occurrence. Bolos among Negritoes could be equated to as a basic tool. There are some who carry along a big knife with them. It is a basic equipment in their job. Carrying a bolo in the mountains could be an advantageous measure since they have to gather firewood, hunt for food and remove or uproot unnecessary grasses or weeds in their farm lots. It could also be a weapon against intruders whose intention is to fool them. 31. Sulu. Sulu refers to light or luminosity. Lowlanders value not only the natural sources of light but as well as the artificial sources. It is with the use of artificial light that they are able to continue their work at night time. In a way, they are able to make use of their time since they have equipped themselves with the means to provide illumination when darkness has set in. 045 For Negritoes, artificial sources of light are not as sophisticated as those in the lowlands. There is no electricity in their areas and this poses as a major set-back in their development. For their artificial light sources, they usually have gas or oil lamps and flashlights, enough to illuminate only a small portion of the house. The common source of light at night time is bonfire. 32. Pulis. Pulis refers to policeman. In the lowlands, policemen are uniformed, found in traffic-congested areas and carry with them a gun on one side and a truncheon on the other. Policemen among Negritoes arre not uniformed, they have neither guns nor truncheon. They are ordinary citizens who probably are entitled to settle disputes among their community members. They, however, are not meddling in traffic situations since there is not a number of vehicles in their domain. 33. Pulung. Pulung is equated to a meeting, a conference, a caucus or an assembly. An ordinary lowland individual may consider a conference as one that pertains to members of political, school or religious organizations. This may not have a direct bearing on his life. For Negritoes, a call for a meeting is almost always appreciated. To them, this could be an indication of new ideas and techniques or a possible problem they have to face. This is their means of direct ommunication with one another, in particular, when important informations have to be disseminated. It is through a meeting when they voice out their problems and share or ask for possible solutions. When they are called for in a meeting, everyone is enthusiastic and will leave behind whatever they are doing. Their oneness is very evident in a conference where they patiently listen and some would bother to ask pertinent questions or may ask for clarification. 34. Conseal. Conseal means councilor. Councilors are members of a political unit and have a responsibility in their respective domains. Among lowlanders, they hold office in the municipal hall where they are consulted by the citizens or submit reports of evaluation of certain areas to their superiors. The Negrito Councilors do not hold office in municipal hall but are like other Negritoes who are more privileged to intervene in case of quarrels among members of their community. They are more aware of existing conditions than an ordinary Negrito fellow. This responsibility is for them something to be proud of but not something to take advantage of. 35. Anak. Anak means child or children. Both the Pampanguenos and Balugas value having children, so they make it a point to give the best to them. However, there is a difference in the environment so Baluga children may not be as developed as their Pampangueno brothers. Children also strengthen family ties. 36. Aula. Aula is cage. Pampanguenos place some of their pets like birds in cages to restrict 046 their movements. There is no direct economic significance among them. For the Negritoes, cage may not only serve as houses for domestic animals but also used to carry live birds that could be sold to other people. Their cages are usually temporary dwelling places for their catch. 37. Animal. Animal is synonymous to the English word animal but the difference lies in the accented syllable. These are mobile organisms, both wild and domesticated. Both the Pampanguenos and Balugas consider the animals as sources of food and as pets. Some Pampanguenos use the term as a way of expressing anger or madness toward some people, in particular, the rude ones. 38. Bulu. Bulu refers to the Japanese bamboo. This is a decorative plant among the lowlanders and is not directly utilized to serve an economic purpose. Among Negritoes, the bulu is a house material. It is taken from the mountain with which they build the walls and floors. Though not durable, it could shelter them from the rain and piercing heat of the sun. 39. Apu. Apu mean grandparents or grandchildren depending on which syllable is accented. If the last syllable is accented, the word means grandparents. For both the Pampanguenos and Balugas, the term is a sign to show respect among the elderly, whether they be members of the family or simply acquaintance. 40. Kasakitan. Kasakitan means suffering. This implies all forms of difficulties that may arise from economic, political, socio-psychological or mental activities. Comparatively, the Balugas have experienced suffering to a very high degree that their majority contemporaries would equate their mode of living as suffering itself. 41. Batu. Batu is stone. This would range from pebbles to the boulders or rocks. Pampangue- nos see stones as a component of the soil and a valuable building material. Negritoes see stones as obstacles along the roads. These structures create a feeling of isolation because they actually hinder progress from reaching their places. Stones found on land trails contribute to the Balugas’ having deformed feet. 42. Gayuma. Gayuma is charm or talisman. Pampanguenos have stories that depict the use of the talisman but they do not believe in its power of bringing them good luck. On the other hand, Negritoes still adhere to the belief that the charm or talisman could make them attractive and win the love of a lady or could do them other favors. This must have been due to a primitive bearing and a lack of scientific knowledge. But the Negritoes of today are slowly being weaned from this ancestral attitude and are being awakened to the reality of new horizons, which is more conceivable and based on recent scientific findings. 43. Gamat. Gamat means hands. The upper extremeties enabling man to do manual work which could allow him to generate income to support his needs. Pampanguenos use their 047 hands to do their work but an equal amount of care is applied so that the hands could maintain their lovely contours. Most of them would shy away from activities involving too much use of the hands. They prefer to see hands that are smooth and free from some scars or blemishes caused by hard labor. Smooth hands with polished fingernails is their symbol of having achieved a higher economic status. Negritoes see their hands as means to find a living. They use them for cultivating the soil and engage in activities that could bring them their daily subsistence. Just like the lowlanders, they would want to have smooth hands but their situation calls for the utilization of their hands to the fullest leaving no time at all to care for their blemished hands, In addition, they do not have the means with which to achieve and maintain the natural beauty of their hands. 44. Gugu. Gugu is a native shampoo that is obtained from the barks of trees. From time to time, Pampanguenos prefer to use the gugu in lieu of the commercial shampoos because it is free from chemicals, which could damage the hair. This is available in the market but is not as popular as the commercial brands. Since Negritoes could not have access to the use of commercial shampoos, they use the gugu to clean their wooly, kinky hair. The rest are brought to the market for trading. They, themselves, gather the barks, pound and make them available for use as shampoos. 45. Indu. Indu refers to mother. Pampanguenos still use the term but most are inclined to use the equivalent term introduced by the foreigners like “mommy and mama or the more common one such as ina or inang”. Most of the times, the term indu is used to show respect to older women of the society, be if their relative or not. Probably due to less exposure to different types of people, Balugas were not so influenced by foreign terms as their Pampango brothers. To them, the term “indu” may not only refer to mother but is also used to show respect to elderly women of the community. 46. Matamad. Matamad means lazy or idle. Pampanguenos use this term to describe individuals who prefer to stay at home doing nothing or those who simply mingle with others when there is something else to be done. Among Negritoes, the term refers to those who would not want to leave home and gather food, those who refuse to cultivate the soil and those who have no goals or aspiration in life. Negritoes are described as lazy by lowlanders but they are not aware that these individuals with kinky hair are actuallt spending more time in gathering food than staying at home. 47. Painawa. Painawa is rest. This word could mean a lot of things among Pampanguenos. It could be a pause from the day’s activities, a nap, a vacation at times, a recess, a relaxation, Sabbath or the Lord’s day. “Rest” among Negritoes would indicate a respite from food gathering activities. This 048 usually takes place when they have enough food for the succeeding days or are tired in searching for food even if what they have is not sufficient. 48. Pamangan. Pamangan refers to food. Pampanguenos are aware of the balanced diet and its importance to the body. They also know the difference between meal and snacks and what each is made up of. They have the access to have balanced diet most of the times. Food among the Negritoes is what nature can provide them. Those who are fortunate and realize the value of planting and mingling with other people could avail themselves of other food substances that are required for the body. There are Negritoes who are not conscious of the type of food they eat, whether or not they provide the nutrients needed by the body. Most of the times, their food is mostly composed of carbohydrates which is obtained from root crops. Their meal time is not synonymous to what lowlanders conceive of. 49. Patag. Patag is plain. A plain is a level ground where most people prefer to build their dwelling places. Plains are also sites of big factories, industries, school buildings, airports, highways, agricultural lands and the like. This is how a Pampangueno perceives of a plain. Negritoes perceive the plain as a Pampangueno does but rarely is his perception realized. They see the plains as progressive regions but they are not benefited. Instead, they are slowly being pushed from plain regions to mountainous ones. They would like to live on plains but circumstances would not allow them. The plains they see are owned by either people and they simply have to contend themselves with what is left and these are the mountains which are not being claimed, so far. 50. Patingapun. Patingapun means whole day. To a Pampangueno, a whole day would include complete meals, counted working hours for those who are employed, a hectic school day for students and a busy market day for vendors. For Negritoes, whole day is from sun rise to sun down and would correspond to varied activities, most of which are involved in searching for food and bartering crops in the market. Specifically, the womenfolk care for their kids and do household chores for the non-nomadic type while the men go hunting, fishing or foraging. Sun down is a sign for resting from the day’s work. 51. Paugtuan. Paugtuan means lunch. For a common Pampangueno, lunch is during mid-day and is usually composed of rice, fish or meat and vegetable. Fresh fruits or sweets are served as dessert. Soup is also a lunch constituent. For the Negritoes, lunch is made up of root crops, in particular, the ubing-basul, bananas and salt if they have. For a few, they may have rice, probably a little fish and salt. Some Negritoes even miss lunch because of inavailability of food. 52. Pawas. Pawas is translated as perspiration. The sight of perspiration could be indicative of labor, tension or a job well-done. Some Pampanguenos would not want to engage in activities like those that make them perspire a lot. To them, it is something unsightly. Negritoes, on the other hand, do not mind perspiration. To them, it is a symbol of hard p work and perseverance. Unlike most lowlanders, Negritoes have nothing to shield 049 themselves from the heat of the sun and so perspire more. Perspiration coming out from their skin is also a sign of their sturdiness though small in stature and intellectually starved. 53. Pugad. Pugad refers to nest. Among Pampanguenos, nests are signs that birds are carrying on the process of perpetuating their species. Some children would climb trees and get the eggs. Nowadays, lowlanders, including Pampanguenos know for a fact that these organisms should not be disturbed in their nests because they are agents that bring about balance of nature. Though there are still some who would gather birds’ eggs from their nests just for fun. Negritoes may not be aware of birds being agents that are responsible for the balance of nature or probably, they are so unfortunate that they could not supply themselves with enough food that they really make it a point to get the eggs when they see nests. The eggs taken from nests could supplement the lack of protein content in their diet. The sight of nests is a relief from their usual diet since eggs could be added. 54. Pugu. Pugu is quail. Quails belong to the family of birds and are raised by lowlanders including the Pampanguenos. They are valued for their eggs and the meat is made into delicacies. Negritoes do not raise quails. They usually hunt for them and get the meat and eggs, and the presence of these in their diet is again a beg leap. Since they could not avail of these birds at all times, most of the times, their diet is made up of root crops. Those who often go to the lowlands may have heard of quail-raising but have not applied it in their areas. 55. Pangaku. Pangaku means promise. A promise is an assurance of doing or not doing something. Being an assurance, it is almost always expected. The impact of promises regarding business activities is still significant among lowlanders, including Pampanguenos. It is through the fulfillment of promises among others that one gains prestige and self-esteem. For the Negritoes, a promise means a lot. It is indicative of dignity and integrity. If they are promised something, they expect for it and if they made promises they try their very best and at the expense of their resources to accomplish them. Promises, among them, have a greater impact. Generally, they hold on to their promises since are men of honor, though, economically and socially deprived. 56. Uran. Uran is rain. Rain is a form of precipitation by which water that evaporated goes back to the earth. Since Pampanguenos are more exposed and learned see rain as natural happening. Rain would increase the water levels in dams which is used to generate electricity. It is also a means by which plants are watered, though, they have devised ways and mechanisms to enable water to reach the farms and t depending entirely on rain. Rain brings flood especially in areas where there are denuded mountains or where the drainage is clogged. Rain among the Negritoes is almost always a blessing. It will serve to water their farm plants since they are now involved in kaingin farming. Rain would bring them additional food like frogs which they would catch in their ricefields. But too much rain poses a danger. Since their roads are not concrete, rain water from the mountain tops reaching the slopes could 050 damage or erode their “roads” and for a time could cut their contact with lowlandersp. 87. 57. Patibung. Patibung means trap. Pampanguenos would envision a trap as a material that can catch an animal or in personal relationship, it could be a trick or a swindle. Negritoes see trap as an ordinary object but more often than not it is an animal trap where a bait is placed to attract sizable animals to be used for food. Animal traps are scattered in areas where prospective prey may come across. Their catch would be feasted on and serve as food for a few days, during which they stop temporarily hunting for food. 58. Makatimpu, This is a form of sitting position when chairs or benches are not available. Individuals concerned have their feet flat on the ground, knees bent with the legs and thighs meeting together while the lower portion of the buttocks almost touch the ground. Among Pampangue- nos, this could be indicative of idleness. On the other hand, this manner of sitting down is for the Negritoes a form of relaxation and not necessarily a sign of lazyness. It is in this position that they are found around a bonfire discussing points they have to be aware of and possible dangers they have to face. If only they could avail themselves of chairs and benches, they could get rid of sitting in this “unsightly” manner. But for them, this is culturally acceptable. 59. Maganaka. Maganaka means kind. Pampanguenos see kind people as those who are concerned and selfless. Since they are more educated than the Negritoes, they could easily detect people who are kind from those who are not. Negritoes would always want to be with those who are kind but there are times when they are deceived by unconscientious ones, disguised to be kind. Their inability to detect right away those who could not be trusted would be attributed to their being less exposed to the different types of people.

051 Members of Family Baluga Words Baluga Words grandfather Apung lalaki fingers tariri grandmother Apung babai Toes, feet bitsi uncle Bapa, ama body lawini mother Indu, inang arms takayay father tatang legs paa Elder brother Kabayang lalaki knees tud Elder sister Kabayang babai Chin, jaws baba Boy, unmarried son baintao House Materials Girl, unmarried daughter Dalaga-ut bain Pack-basket lubun Man, woman nauhay Clay pot bangi companion kalamu Bow and arrow pana grandchildren apu bolo kiiya Eatables sack haku Wild pig Babuy lali mattress dahay Wild chicken Manuk lali pillow ulunan Any kind of bird popuyu blanket uwit Wilde bees kuhaka Other Items gabi luku A drunk person nalahing cassava Kamutsing kayu afraid angkalimuan jackfruit angka Very near di banana haha throw inbamuag

Parts of the Body middle libutad hair habut white naputsi head ulu reddish Nauri-urit ears tiik black Nauyang, naumbung neck lily plant tanaman nose balungu fruit purtah shoulders pagaw horn hungay hands gamut Now, at present amuhun 052 Baluga Words Baluga Words Very long makarang morning mahambak Very big malhay evening yabi Very far Marayu, mahayu afternoon kaawat Small in quantity Aamu, pupurad cook inlutu hungry matsikyan come kamudi none ain Very hot naumut dead natsi Very cold nakubul alive nabayay showering Lintik-lintik name ngalan work obra climb munik farm gahak tree Punung kayu Numbers Sleepy, asleep kabuluw one Mi-a yes aw two luwa No, not ahu three kiklit Take a bath Naliu, nagpalyu four Apat, ipat children uymuk five hima morning mahambak six anum evening yabi seven pitu afternoon kaawat eight walu cook inlutu nine Siyam come kamudi ten mapu Very hot naumut Very cold nakubul showering Lintik-lintik work obra farm gahak

053 COMMON EXPRESSIONS BALUGA TRANSLATIONS What is your name? Anyay ngalan mo? Where do you live? Hayri kainin ampaydyi? Where are you going? Hayri kainin maglaku? Antuy lakun mu? Did you eat already? Nanubu kayna? Nangiham kayna? Not yet. Ahu. Agut. Come, let’s eat. Kamina, manubu. I’m hungry. Nablay yakina. Oh, it’s raining. Ampanguran naud. You climb the tree. Munikin muy puun. You cook the rice. Manlutuy ka nay nahi. After eating, you sleep. Maibat kaning manubu, matuluy kayna. Come, let’s take a bath. Kamina, malyu katamina. Come, let’s fetch water. Kamina, mangahuy katmina. Come, let’s get some firewoods. Kamina, mangayu katamina. What is the name of your father? Hinuy ngalan nin Ama mu? What is the name of your mother? Hinuy ngalan nin Indu mu? How many children do you have? Ingnuynuy uymuk mu? Good morning. Mahampat nin mahambak kumuyu. Good afternoon. Mahampat nin kaawat kumuyu. Good evening. Mahampat nin yabi kumuyu. How old are you? Mag-ingnu kayna? I will work. Mag-obra ku. I will go to the farm. Maku kina nin ala.

054 COMMON EXPRESSIONS BALUGA TRANSLATIONS You sing. Magkanta ka. You dance. Tumalik ka. You sit down. Miknu ka. Come, we shall talk. kamina, mihabi kata. She is beautiful. Mahampat bain. He is handsome. Mahampat bin lalaki. She is bright. Kamuangan bain. Don’t be shy. Alua kanin marung-uy. It’s very hot. Naumut It’s raining. Ampanguran. It’s showering. Ambun-ambun. Lintik-lintik. Don’t go because it’s showering. Alua kanin mita ta ampaglintik-lintik. It’s strong wind. Masikan angina. Who is your companion? Hinuy lamumu? You cry. Manangi ka. That’s enough. Tinggi nana. You stand up. Mirin ka. You lie down. Miran ka. I love you. Labay kata. I don’t love you. Agka tanin labay.

055 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Aba, n. Kakarangan, makarang Kahabaan, haba Longitude, length Ababatiawan, adj. Mahiliik, mangkakitan Nakikita, natatanaw, visible namamasdan Abak, n. Maranun, hanib umaga morning Abaka, n. abaka abaka abaca Abagat, n. Bagatanlay-iip habagat South wind Abagatan, n. Bagatan, kagmang Timog, timug Sur, south Abala, n. Abala, nakahabat Abala, antala, pigil, Detention, delay, tigagal, ligalig disturbance Abala, adj. Naabala, abala May ginagawa, abala, Busy, occupied, ukupado preoccupied Abakan, pagtuan, n. paugtuan tanghalian lunch Abbwal, n. Naulut, nibuwang Pagkalabnot, bunot, ganot Plucking out violently Abe, n. Lamu, kalamu, Abay, konsorte, katambal escort inlamuan Abilia, n. bacul hebilya buckle Abit, n. guluyun Paghila, batak, hatak, pull higit Abril, n. Buwan tulung Abril April Abu. N. abu Abo, abok, gabok Ashes, ash Abugadu, n. abugadu Abogado, manananggol Lawyer, attorney-at-law Abut, adj. Idwang, ingawang abot Within, reach Abwang, n. intaboy bulabog Disturbance, perturbance Abyas, n. buyah bigas Hulled grains of cereal rice Abyay, ibie, mamie, n. indin bigay Giving, act of giving Akakit, n. Hahiliik, nakit Kinikita, bisyon Seen, imagined Akbe, adj. Miambaya, inambayan Ikbay, alakbay With an arm over a companion’s shoulder Akbung, n. inluntu Putok, sabog Explosion, burst, blast Ake, adj. Tambayin, talnun akay Led by the hand Akitan, v. magpakahampat Akitin, halinahin, To charm, to attract bighaniin Akmulan, n. Halu, biug lalamunan throat Aksik, n. Uwul, uul Ulalo, uod Potato bug 056 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Aku, n. hiku Ako, piyansa, sagot Guarantee, bond, bail Adua, adwa, dobli, adj. luwa Dalawa, doble Two, double Adta, n. yatiik Dagta, resina Gummy sap of trees, resin Aga, adj. pamatag Payapa, panatag, tiwasay Peaceful, tranquil Agad, n. kamatin Hagad, habol, paghagad Pursuit, chase Agad-agad, adj. Agad mu daigiin, Kapagdaka, kapagkaraka, Instantly, immediately, at galingin Agad, agad-agad once, promptly Agape, adv. Inagpayan, limpian, Agapay, kasabay abreast danian, dinanian Agkat, n. Ihagyat, agkatan Anyaya, kumbida, Invitation Agiaman, conj. agian Kahimat, bagaman Although, though Aginging, n. Manwiingwing, Hanginging, sagutsot Whizzing sound manbiilbiil Agipu, baya, n. Baya, aypu Agipo, baga, dupong Firebrand of glowing wood Agit, n. Narimut, Hagayhay, simoy, Sound of soft breeze yabak nin hangin hihip ng hangin Agli, n. Magaliik, umpangaliik Paglilihi, lihi Conception (esp. women conceiving or in state of pregnancy). Agnan, adj. Mihunuul, nihunul Sabay, magkasabay, In unison, magkasaliw at the same time Agod, n. Aplunun, pihiiliing Paghagod, haplos, himas Massaging, rubbing Agta, n. yatiik dagta sap Agtal, adj. putsin Piñatas, pitas Plucked, picked off Aguiang, aguiamang, Aguiamang, Kahit na, kahimat, Although, even if conjunction. umbayroman bagaman Aguila, n, Bulilak, mangwi, agila agila eagle Agpang, king, prep/adv. Banakan anti Alinsunod, ayon sa, In conformity with, ayo kay According to Aguman, n. pamilalamu Kapisanan, samahan, Association, society, asosasyon club, union Agus, n. Sukusuk, aguu Agos, daloy Flow, current of water Aguu, n. aguhu aguho Pine-like tree Agut, n. ginulyut Paghagot, hagot Process of abaca or palm fibers Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 057

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Agyu, adj. Habiik, magtan Kaya, magagawa, Can do, able, mabubuhat can be carried Ahenti, n. pinakalawini Ahente, kinatawan Agent, representative Ain, n. Inabiit, ingien Bigay, regalo Gift, offer, offering Ala, pron. Ain, ahnana wala None, nothing Alang ninu man, pron. Ain kanayiin, Wala ni sino, nobodynak ain hinuhinu wala isa man Alab, n. naalub Alab, init, lagablab Ardor, fervor Alakkak, sagakgak, n. Nangganakak, Hagalhal, alikik, halakhak Loud, laughter mangganakgak Alakdan, n. tuwad alakdan scorpion Alaga, n. ungnu Balor, halaga, presyo Importance, worth, value, price, cost, charge Alal, n., itukdu Halal, boto vote Alala, n. pakianti Alalay, suhay, albay Support, stay, prop Alambri, n. kawad alambre wire Alang-lasa, adj. Ain lahap Walang latoy, walang-lasa Uninteresting, tasteless Alarma, n. Katigag, nakatigag alarma alarm Alas, n. hala alas ace Alata, adj. Imahiid, namuwangan Halata, kita, pansinin Noticeable, perceptible, obvious Alauli, n. aliwiik Uliuli, alimpuyo whirpool Albang, n. kiilan Labing, agbang, bangin Ravine, gorge Albino, n. Makwal, malawang hilbana Loose, stitching Albug, n. Hugnu, itata Pagtutubog, tubog Immersing in some treated liquid to cool, soak to color Albugan, n. albungan kanluran West, occident Aldo, n. allu araw Day, daytime, sun Aldo-aldo, adj. Allu-allu Araw-araw Daily, everyday Aldut, n. Hiip-hiipiin Hagutgot, supsop, sipsip Sucking, sipping Ali, adv. Aku, ahu, hini Dili, hindi, di No, not Ali! , intermediate. agku huwag Do not Ali kapilan man, adv. ahinamauman Hindi kalian man never Alikabuk, alupugpug, n. tuwapuk Gabok, alabok, alikabok dust 058 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Aligi, asias, n.ling-ing, n. tariik Haligi, poste, pilar Post, pillar Alimbawa, n. alimbawa halimbawa Example, model, pattern Alimpuyu, n. pinanampuyu Nunal, taling Mole ib skin Alindug, n. angkalabayan Alindog, dilag, karilagan Charm, attraction Aling-ing, n. Angpag-aling-ing nalinghing Neigh or bray of horses Alingongo, n. angpagbungku Alingangaw, alunignig Echo, echoing, sound Alipan, n. ipuh Alipin, busabus Slave, serf Alipatpat, n. kalitiiptiip alitaptap firefly Alistu, adj. Magaling, makhaw Listo, maliksi, alisto Alert, lively, active Alisuas, n. Naumut-umut Alasuas, alumpihit Suffocating heat (of weather) Alisus, n. Alimpuyupu, alisus Ipu-ipo cyclone Aliwa, pron., adj. Kaatag, kanayun Iba, isa pa Other, another, different, another one Almusal, almusalan, n. almuhal almusal breakfast Alput, n. Bingatian-imawa Paggitaw, litaw, sikat Appearance, emergence, coming into view Alti, n. kimat lintik lightning Alu, n. piagiimiin Halo, lahok, timpla Mixture, stirring to mix, pestle, mortar Aluk, n. hatsi Alok, alay, handog offer Aluke, n. Mangali, Paghahalukay, halukay Act of digging, angpangunbulun turning over and back Alugan, n. Nanum-ah-labak alog Pool of standing water in a lowland Aluggug, n. Tsikapiin, tapulun Paghahalughog, halungkat Minute examination or search Alun, n. tandulun alon wave Along, alu, pialung, n. Mangapal, mangalindag laro Play, game Alus, adv. indap halos Almost, about Amas, adj. Naaypa, ginamalgamal Kinamas, lamas, minasa Mashed with the hands Amanu, n. habi wika dialect Ambag, n. Mam-iru, manggawang Abuloy, adya, gibik Subsidy, aid Ambug, adj. Mayabang, mayatu Hambog, palalo Proud, boastful, vain, arrogant Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 059 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Ambula, n.g Mangambula, ambulaon Bahog, samot Thin broth or liquid to which a little rice is added Ambulansiya, n. ambulansiya ambulansiya ambulance Ambun, n. diiyan ambon drizzle Amerikana, n. Mahalayadulu, kaputsi, amerikana coat kaputi Amlat, n. alamat alamat legend Ampunan, santungan, n. Ampunan, baling- Ampunan, asylum ampunan bahay-ampunan Ampun, n. ampun ampon Adopted child Ampong, conj. buhi at and Amug, ambung, ambun, n. amug hamog dew Amun, n. anamumun Paghamon, hamon, challenge panghahamon Amuyam, n. Pinangakaihan, Pinagkayuran, yamuyam, Scrappings, fillings Dimiik-dimiik pinakayasan Amuyut, n. Inamlug, inagkat nayan Panggaganyak, Inducement, stimulation. pagganyak encouragement Amyus, n. Labay-kata Paggiliw, pagmamahal, Fondness, affection, love Pagliyag, pag-ibig Anak, n. Anak, uymuk Bata, sanggol child Andam, v. dinam Hiramin, manghiram To borrow Anduse, makakasat, adj. Natuloy, nabuluw Handusay, nakahandusay Lying prostrate, fallen flat on the face. Ane, n. anag anay Termite, white ant Angad, n. labaynin Hangad, hangarin, adhika, Aim, objective, purpose layon, layunin Angel, n. angel anghel angel Angga banua, banal, adj. Angga ha langit Hanggang langit, banal Celestial, divine Angganan, n. Angganan, hanga-hanga Hangganan dulo Boundary, terminal, point, farthest limit Angina, n. Lay-iip hangin wind Angu, n. ialih Paghahango, hango Removal of something cooking from the fire or stove Angus, n. manginawanin Hagik,hinga-hingasing hsgok Sound of breathing Angus-angus, n. Man-ingah Pagkahapo, hapo Fainting due to extreme fatigue 060 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Anibersariu, n. anibersariu anibersaryo anniversary Animal, ayup, n. animal hayop animal Aninu, n. aninu anino shadow Anti murin, adj. Yataiit, yaiit, gayundin likewise anti-paranhati Antik, n. antik hantik Big red poisonous ant Anting-anting, n. Nagurahiun, agimat Anting-anting, birtud, Amulet, talisman agimat Antini, adj. immundi Ganiri, ganito, gayari Like this Antung, n. Tungiin, lakwun Hantong, hahantungan, destination pupuntahan, patutunguhan Apa, n. tatap Ipa, tulyapis Shaff of rice grains Apag, n. Iapag, iain Ahin, hain Setting the table for meal Apalya, n. apalya ampalaya Bitter gourd, balsam apple Apan, n. Apan, manlawan Pain, dikoy, pangati Bait, decoy Apanas, panas, n. Pana, salusad kuwitib Red ant Apansin, adj. nagilaman Alintana, pansin, puna Noticed in passing Aparatu, n. aparatu Aparato, kagamitan apparatus Apasang, apsang, n. kulmog hanip Chicken flea Apat, adj/n. apat apat four Api, n. apuy Apog, apoy Lime, fire Apis, n. apuapiin Paghimas, paghaplos, Rubbing, massaging hilot, hagod Aplaya, n. agid Pampang, aplaya, shore pampangin Apo, n. Apu lakay, apu bakkit Apo, matanda sa nayon, Patriarch, venerable man puno Apostol, n. Taga-ulul Apostol, disipulo, apostle tagasunod Aptas, n. Puthiin, takipiin Basta, pakete Bale, package, packing, Apu, n. apu apo grandchild Apunan, n. apunan hapunan Supper, dinner Apus, n. tubhiin Gagad, gaya, panggagaya, Mimicry, imitation tulad Apus, adj. nakatigag Unsyami, bansot, puril Stunted, arrested in growth Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 061 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Arana, n. mamataliik harana serenade Arang, n. Ain kandanan Alabat, sangga, harang railing Arap, n. arap Bungad, harap, harapan, Threshold, front bukana Arkitektu, n. arkitektu arkitekto architect Arku, n. balikutkut Arko, balantok arch Are, n. aray dayami Hay, straw Ari, n. Matag-ay hari king Arimunan, adj. Pibabatan-kung daigiin arimunan Something worthtaking although not much needed at the momet Arti, n. maghipat Sining, arte art Artikulu, n. layi Artikulo, tuntunin article Artista, n. artista artista Artist, actor or artist Aru, n. amungmungiin Alo, aliw Cheer, amusement Arung, n. balungu ilong nose Asang, n. ahang hasang gills Asan, n. kiina isda fish Asasian, kasayaan, n. pagdawagan pagdiriwang Celebration, feasting Asbuk, n. buboy Bibig, bunganga mouth Asdan, n. katigag gulat Amazement, shock Asik, n. manwigwig Paghahasik, hasik sowing Asikasuan, n. adambin atupag Task busily attended to Asin, n. ahin asin salt Asio, asiu, n. Manangaw, Pag-irit, irit, palahaw, tili Shriek, scream mang-angaw Asiwas, n. iwuhwuh Halibas, wagayway Brandishing of weapons Asiag, n. nahawang Alinagnag, nagniningning Flame, glow sa liwanang Aslagan, n. panawahan silangan east Aslam, n. nangihu suka vinegar Asnuk, n. Naunut-a-ulo Sumpong, init ng ulo Lapse of distemper Aspak, n. napaka Gahi, lamat, lahang, Mark of breakage putok, paltok 062 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Asu, n. Asu, ahu aso dog Asue, n. asue Kalaykay, suyod harrow Asung, n. lau almires Stone mortar At, conj. Buhi, istung at and Atad, n. iatul Hatid, paghahatid Conduction, escorting, accompanying Atap, n. atiip atip Roofing material, roof Atbu, n. tubu tubo Sugar cane Atdu, n. aplu apdo Gall, bile Ate, n. agtay atay liver Atian, atyan, n. bituka Tiyan, sikmura Abdomen, stomach Atin, v. main Magkaroon, mayroon have Atisa, n. panulat tisa chalk Atiyu karian, adv. atsidu Naroroon, naroon, naron There yonder, it is there yonder Atiyu ken, adv. Atsi buhon Naririyan, diyan, There, it is there. nandidiyan Atiyu keni, adv. Atsia di Naririto, nandirito Here, it is here. Atlu, n./adj. atlu tatlo three Atni, n. matnoy Tunog, ingay Sound, resonance Atsa, n. itapon Itsa, hagis, pukol, balibag Throw, cast, hurl Atsi, n./adj. kaka ate Older sister Atsing, n. malanghi bahin Sneezing, sneeze Atul, n. araliin Pahatol, kahatulan, hatol, Sentence, decision, payo, sentensiya advice, counsel Aukut, akut, n. iakut Paghahakot, hakot, dala, Transportation, leading or lulan, karga carrying away in quantity Aula, kulungan, n. Aula, ilulung Hawla, kulungan cage Aun, n. mangslilubiing Hukat, libingan Burial, excavation, grave Autu, awtu, n. Auto, hakayan awto car Awa, n. makaalit Pagkahawa, hawa contagious Awaken, n. awak Baywang, bewang Waist, waistline Awang, n. durungawan Bintana, durungawan, window bentanilya Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 063 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Awe, n. lawi Uway, ratan yantok rattan Awig, n. miawigya Pagka-hawig, kahawigan Similarity, likeness, semblance Ayat, adj inungbiing Payat, butu’t balat, yayat Skinny, thin Ayun, n. layun lindol earthquake Ayun, n. Makiparehu ka kanaku Pag-ayon, ayo, kampi Act of taking sides, aiding, condoning Ayus, n. pakangiriin kumpuni repair Ayup, n. Manok, puyu ibon bird Baag, pinang, n. lubay bahag G-string Baba, n. baba baba chin Baba, kababaan, n. kaaypan Baba, kababaan lowness Babalulan, pabaluan, adj. Angkatalastasan, Alam, batid, talos, talastas Known, informed about, nataluhan Conscious of, aware Babae, babayi, n. babayi Babae, dalaga woman Babalwan, n. intindiin Budhi, unawa Discernment, understanding Babasan, n. bahan babasahin Reading matter Babi, n. babouy baboy Swine, hog, pig, sow, boar Babo, n. Tag-ay Kababawan, babaw, Shallowness, upper crust, ibabaw, pangibabaw upper surface Baka, n. baka Mga baka cattle Bakit, n. inta bakit why Baklas, adj. piyat Puknat, napuknat, bakbak Un-glued, detached Baknal, biktul, n. Pagkahirin, hirinl Nabaknal, baknal choking Baku, n. Bal-ak Bakung-bakung Deep guts on road, rut Baga, n. baga baga lung Bage, n. gamit bagay Thing, matter Bagiu, n. bagiu bagyo Storm, typhoon Bagse, n. magana Gaod, sagwan Paddle, oar Bagsik, bangis, n. Mabagsik, bagsik balasik ferocity Baguk, n. baguuk bagoong Wet salted tiny shrimps or fish Bague, adj. kabagay Angkop, bagay Becoming, fitting 064 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Bagut, n. napuput Paggabot, gabot Sudden pull or uprooting Bagya, adv. pupurad Bahagya, kaunti Hard;y, scarcely Bagya-bagya, adv. Nanawa, teupupurad Atay-atay, baha-bahagya, Slowly, little by little unti-unti Baintau, n. Bainyun, anak, kapitubo binata Bachelor, young man Bala, n. ambalan banta threat Balikat, n. paypay, payumpong Pagaw Scapula, shoulder blade Balabal, n. Balabal-ut Balabal shawl Balad, n. naagtaan Bahid, lahid, mantsa Stain, mottle Balag, n. Balag-ut Balag, pagapangan Arbor, trellis Balamu, n. indapmu Sa malas apparently Balan, n. Anbalan-balan Paghaya, amba, yamba Threatening, angry gesture Baling, pon. Balangtang-hinu Bawa’t every Baling metung, adj. Baling mia Bawa’t isa each Balanga, emikaintindi, n. pamikuntra Basangal, paglalaban, Conflict, dispute hidwaan Balantuk, n. bakuku Balantok, arko arch Balas, n. balah Buhangin, punglo, bala Sand, bullet Balatung, n. balatung munggo Mungo beans, mongo Balbal, n. Nap-ah Basag, lamat crack Balbas, n. balbah balbas beard Baldug, n. bundag Pagkahulog, laglag, Falling, fall, fallen bagsak Bale, n. Bali, hawoong bahay house Balen, n. Mahawang, balayan Bayan, munisipyo Municipality, town Bale-sanglaan, n. Baling-sanglaan Kasa, bahay-sanglaan pawnshop Balibid, n. inbalibid Bilibid, ikid, kidkid Twine or cord tied several times around Balikubak, n. balakubak balakubak dandruff Balid, n. ungul Garil, utal, angang Defective in pronunciation Balikat, n. pagaw balagat Clavicle, collar bone, shoulder blade Balintawag, makatuag, adj Intuag-a-ulo balintuwad Bottom up, udside down, feet up, head down Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 065 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Balintuno, n. Puhtuog-ya-bali balintunay Paradox, irony Balisbisan, n. dapah balisbisan Caves, awning Balitaktakan, adj. Masikan ya patak ning Lirit, malakas na patak ng Heavy downpour uran ulan Balitang, n. pagtukluwan baitang Steps of stairs or ladder Balsi, n. balsi balse waltz Balu, n. Bal-uh, muwang Bao, balo, dunong Widow, widower, knowldge Balubad, n. balubad Kasoy, balubad cashew Balungbung, n. Inras, tinakaptakap Habong, bilik shed Balungus, n. balungu balungos Snout of fish Balut, n. Ipungu, ibalot balot Wrapping, wrap Balyat, n. kulungan Banlat, kural pigpen Bandi, n. Kala, kana Kayamanan, yaman Riches, wealth Bandu, n. singyal Alarma, babala Alarm, warning Banga, n. banga banga Low, earthen jar Bangal, adj. Ayin, napha Baak, biak, biyak Halved, split Bangbang, n. Awahan nin-nanum Bambang, kanal, Drain, gutter, canal, ditch imburnal, paagusan Bangka, n. bangka bangka Boat, canoe Bangke, n. bankay bangkay Corpse, cadaver Bangketi, n. ampamaynun bangkete banquet Bangkitu, n. bangku bangkito Small bench, stool Bangku, n. iknuan bangko Bench, stool Bangkulung, n. lawan bangkulong Cage, trap Bangga, n. Banaha, kangtugan Bangga, banggaan, Collision, impact bunggo, untog Bangin, n. bungaw Bangin, labing Cliff, ravine, gorge Banglu, n. bawwu Amoy, bango, samyo Good odor, aroma, fragrance Bange, n. langaw Bangaw, langaw botfly Bangungut, n. angkabangungut Bangungot, masamang nightnare panaginip Baniu, n. pagpalinan Banyo, silid paliguan bathroom 066 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Bansa, n.. bansa bansa Nation, country Bante, bake, n. Taung bali, guardia Bantay, abang, harang watcher Bantug, adj. muang Balita, kilala, bantog Famous, prominent, renowned Bantut, n. Bang-ut Bantot, amoy, baho, angi Bad odor, stench Banua-banua, banwahan, adj. Taun-taun Taun-taon, taunan Annual, yearly Banwa, n. halangit Kalangitan, taon, langit Sky, heaven, year Bapa, n. bapa Tiyo, amain uncle Barak, n. barak bayawak Monitor, lizard, iguana Baraku, n. baraku barako Manly man, he-man Baru, n, baruh Baro, damit, pananamit Dress, wearing apparel Basagulu, n. magulu Basagulo, babagan, Quarrel, altercation babag, awayan Basan, nasan, v. bahan Basahin, bumasa To read Basi, n. basi basi Claret-type wine from sugar cane Basibas, n. inghahamuag Balabag, balibag, haggis, Throw, cast, hurl itsa, balibang Bastus, adj. bastus Bastos, walang galang Discourteous, disrespect- ful, lewd, indecent Basyu, adj. Ayin, ana-na nabasyu Basio, basiyo empty Bata, n. panbibabatan Pagtitiis, pagbabata Suffering, endurance of hardship Batal, n. Luay, luoy liig neck Batanglawa, babagwa, n. babagwa Anlalawa, gagamba spider Bataris, misaupan, n. Kaugnayan, bayani Bayani, bayanihan, Cooperative, endeavor, tulungan mutual aid Batibat, balibad, adj. pinakaitali Nalilingkis, bilibid Bound tightly, tie coiled around Batibut, n. masiksik Batibot, lusog, busiksik massiveness Batikus, n. batikwus Batikos, hampas,hambales Hitting, beating, attacking Batikwas, n. inbatikwa Buwag, tangtang Sudden jerking up Batis, sapa, n. hapa Batis, sapa Creek, brook, rivulet Batu, n. batu bato Stone, rock Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 067

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Batubalani, n. batubalani Batubalani, magnet Magnet, leadstone Batubatu, n. batubatu batubatu Wild pigeon Batun, n. Batuta, kumpas Batuta, pangkumpas Music conductor’s wand, baton Batuta, n. Batutay, sirisu batutay Sausage, pork sausage Batya, n. batya batya Wash tub Bau, n. Nabatay kili-kili Amoy, singaw, baho Bad odor, smell Baug, n. layu baog Sterile, unproductive Baul, kaban, n. Dibdib, baul kaban chest Bawal, adj. Bawal-die bawal Prohibited, taboo, banned Bawang, n. bawang bawang garlic Baya, n. aypo Baga, agipo Live coal, glowing charcoal Bayad, n. Butaw, bayad bayad Fees, dues in society/club Bayag, n. paltak bayag testicles Baying, adj. kaanakan kabataan In the prime of life Bayat, n. biat Bigat, timbang Heaviness, weight Bayo, n. bayaw bayaw Brother-in-law Bayu, n. Bay-un Pagbayo, dikdik Pounding, crushing by pounding Bayu, adj. amuhon Bago, sariwa New, fresh Bayube, n. Bulong hauuhay Paghayuhay, hayuhay Drooping and swaying of leaves Bayung, n. bandala bayong Bag made of buri leaves Bayung banua, n. Bayung mahawang Bagong Taon New Year Baywan, n. Nabaywan, babayu-die baguhan apprentice Bebe, n. pani Baybay, tabi tabihan Edge, border, rim Beluan, n. Namuwangan, Kaalaman, karunungan Knowledge, wisdom muang nag-na Benat, n. nabinat Binat, baynat relapse Bengi, n. yabi gabi evening Bersu, n. bersukulo berso verse Biabas, n. bayabah bayabas guava Biag, makasukul, n. ingkulung Bihag, bilanggo Captive, prisoner 068 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Biblia, n. Biblia Bibliya Bible Bibu, adj. maulup Bibo, listo Alert, active Bikan, n. Bikan buku bao Coconut shell Bikas, n. Daptay ihiya Hugis, pigura Form, figure, shape Bikti, n. imbitay Bigti, bitay Strangling, hanging Bie, n. biyay buhay life Biga, n. Alap-ap Alap, lapulap, alapaap Fog, mist, cloud Bigani, n. matipunu Bighani, halina, akit Allurement, fascination Bigka, adj./adv. nabigla Bigla, agad, dagli Sudden, unexpected, abrupt Bigla, adv. Nakadiegag, nakatigag Dagli, agad At once, instantaneously, immediately Bigu, adj. nabigo Bigo, sawi Frustrated, disappointed Bilasa, adj. Nabang-iit bilasa Foul smelling from decom- posed organic matter Bilig, n. Bilig-ha-mata bilig Cataract in the eye, embryo Bilis, n. mabilis Kabilisan, pagkamabilis Speediness, swiftness Bilug, adj./n. mabilog bilog Circle, roundness, round Biluy, delyawat, n. delyawat biloy dimples Bina, adj./adv. angkalubha Malubha, lala, labis, higit Excessively very much, grabe too much Binabai, n./adj. binabai Bakla, binabae Womanish man, Hermaphrodite, homosexual Bingang, suspetsa, n. ansuspetsahan Paghahaka, sapantaha, suspicion hinala Binhit, binit, n. Binatak, pakaabit binit Drawing of an arrow from its bow Bini, n. bini binhi seed Bintal, n. Tanda, kinihintal Kintal, tatak, limbag Seal, mark, impression Bintang, n. pambintangan Bintang, suspetsa, hinala, Charge, accusation sakdal, usig Bintul, dala, n. dala bintol Crab net Binye-dalan, n. Indin-naidan Bigay-daan, pagkakataon Opportunity, given chance, allowed Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 069

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Birtud, n. biltug Anting-anting, agimat, Amulet, charm against birtud evil, talisman Biru, n. mungaw Biro, tukso, siste Joke, jest Bias, n. pakimuang Ibig, gusto Like, want, desire Biskis, tali, n. Tag-uh, intali, impunggo bigkis Girdle, abdominal band Biscuit, n. Ibon, biskuit biskuit biscuit Bisikleta, n. Bisiklita. bisikleta bicycle Bisitas, kapilya, n. kapilya Bisita, kapilya chapel Bisyu, n. Mabisiu, mahilia bisyo vice Bistaman, conj. maskihinu Bagaman, kahit na Although, even Bisul, adj. iurong bisol Turned around, twisted Bitis, n. bitis Paanan, paa foot Bitse, adj. Naag-ag Ag-ag, liglig, binistay, Sieved, sifted sinala Biuda, biudu, n. Balu, layu Biyuda, biyudo, balo Widow, widower Biung, n. hagiiphiip Haging, higing, agang Buzzing sound Biye, bie, n. biyay buhay Existence, life Biyuk, biuk, n. piat Peklat, pilat scar Blusa, n. blusa blusa blouse Bomba, n. bumbaa bomba bomb Bombilla, n. Bombilla bombilya bulb Bosis, n. busis Boses, tinig voice Bosnan, bawasnan, n. bawasan Paghulaw, pagtila Diminution, cessation Botas, n. botas bota boot Buak, bwak, n. habut buhok hair Buat, n. inangat Alsa, angat, taas Lifting, raising Bubukal, adj Ampangaligkig, Nagngangalit, kumukulo ebullient anhumbu Bukas, adv. nabuka bukas tomorrow Bukayu, n. bukayu bukayu Sweetened coconut Bukbuk, n. bukbuk Bukbok, sirang ngipin Wood-dust, tooth decay Buklod, n. Balaat, baat buklod Mental reinforcement around round objects.

070 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Buksi, n. balumbalunan Butse, balumbalunan Crop of fowls Buksingeru, n. boksingiro boksingero boxer Buku, n. buko buko bud Bukud, adv. Kaatag, aparti Bukod na, tangi sa Aside, apart Bukung-bukong, n. Bukul-bukul Bukung-bukong ankle Budbud, bubud, n. binuburan pagbubudbod Sprinkling of powdered substances Bugasuk, adj/adv. bastus Bugasok, mapusok Abruptly, hasty, tempestuous Bugkos, n. intakip atado Tied or packaged bundle Bugnut, n. Busit, masungit bugnot Choleric, act of bored or annoyed Buguk, n. bugok bugok Rotten (as egg) Bula, n. Bula, anpagbula bula Bubble, foam Bulak, n. bulak bulak cotton Bulad, n. makimungaw Pag-imik, kibo, salita Breaking of silence Bulag, adj. buag bulag blind Bulalako, n. bulalakaw bulalakaw Shooting star, meteor Bulan, n. Buan, langit buwan Moon, month Bulau.s, n. natapug bulaos Footpath of animals on the way to some watering Bulawe, n. balaway Lawin, awak hawk Bulbul, n. Guyum, habut balahibo Fine body hair Buldit, n. buli puwit anus Bule, n. angpagalaw Kabuayan, buay, huna Instability, unsteadiness Bulebule, n Anpag-aralan Bulaybulay, muni-muni Reflection, meditation Bulilit, n. nanawa bubuwit Newly born mouse Bulu, n. bulu bulo Calf of cattle, Japanese bamboo Bulu, bigak, n. biyiik Kulig, biik Sucking pig Bulugu, galigu, n. galigu kulugo wart Bulung, n. Bulung-bulungan bulong whisper Bulus, n. abagat baha flood Bulutung, n. bulutung bulutong smallpox Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 071 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Bulyu, n. Binulyawan, inangawan Bulyaw, taboy Angry and sudden shout to drive away animals Bumbun, n. Bumbun Banlat, baklad Fish corrals Bunga, n. bunga bunga effect Bungsu, n/adj. bungsu bunso Youngest or last child Bungsuran, n. katganan Dalahikan, dahikan Grounding of vessel Bunu, n. ampibatbatan Buno, resling wrestling Buratseru, lasinggeru, n. kalasing Buratsero, lasenggo drunkard Buratsu, lasing, adj. nalahing Boratso, lasing, lango Drunk, drunken Buri, n. labay Gusto, ibig Desire, wants, like Busa, n. bua ampaw Puffed rice Busalsal, adj. bulagsak bulagsak Careless or disorderly in Character and manner Busni, busnian, v. ibuklat buksan To open Butakal, n. butakal halimaw ape Butaktak, adj. mahiba Bantad, sawa, busog, Fully satisfied, satiated bundat Butika, n. butika botika drugstore Butikala, interj. butikala bulaga Boo! To startle, Especially children Butit, bitis, n. Paa, ahiil binti Leg, calf of leg Butnul, buknul, n. Lat-nabuknul, Banil, buhol Swollen surfaces, veins nibuknul-a-tali or arteries know Butul, n. But-uh buto bone Bunglo, n. Buknuun, inakal paghalubol Wringing the neck of fish Butiti, n. butiti butete tadpole Butunis, n. butunis butones button Buyuk, tambuyuk, n. tambuyuk Trumpeta, tambuli Bugle, horn Kaaleale, ale, n. kalaslawan Halay, kahalayan, Obscenity, indecency kalaswaan Kaalili, n. kahagili Kahalili, kapalit Substitute, successor Kabaldugan, n. Kabaldugan, Kasaysayan, kahulugan, Value, meaning, utility, labay-habin Kabuluhan, halaga importance Kaba, n. karan haba length Kabalen, n. kabayan kababayan Fellow countryman, townmate 072 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kabalsan, n. Lupang mutah Ilang, lupang buhanginan desert Kabaluan, n. kamuang Kaalaman, dunong, talino, Knowledge, Katalusan, alam, kabuluhan wisdom Kabanayaran, adj. Ayin, mayabak Kalma, tahimik, calm mahinahon Kabang, adv. kabang habang while Kabat, n. habat Sabat, sagka, trankilya latch Kabaung, n. kabaong Kabaong, ataul Bier, casket Kabayu, n. kabayu kabayo horse Kabiayan, n. pagbibigay kabuhayan livelihood Kabikung, adj. inbaligtad Saliwa, baligtad, salisi Interchanged, inverted Kabid, n. panhakupun Kabig, sakop Follower, vassal, subject Kabihasnan, kabiasnan, n katalinuhan Karunungan, kaalaman, knowledge katalusan Kabilugan, n. kabilugan kabilugan circumference Kabli, kabligram, n. kaybol Kable, kablegrama Cable, cablegram Kabug, n. kalabog Bagok, kalabog thud Kabugasukan, n. kasaklawan Karahasan, kadagasan, Intrepidity, daringness, kapangahasan audacity Kabulanan, n. kabulatawan Bula, kabulanan Untruth, falsehood, a trivial matter Kabulasan, n. maluhog kalusugan health Kabus, adj. natalusan Lampas, labis, sobra Excessive, overdone, overshot Kakaluluan, n. Makalulu, makalunus Karukhaan, kasalatan, Poverty, destitute, kadahupan indigent Kakampi, kapanig, n. Kasangga, kalamu Kakampi, kapanig Ally, associate, auxilliary Kakewan, n. lalue Kakahuyan, gubat Forest, woodland Kakiluban, n. kakiluban Looban, loob interior Kakiyayong, kakialung, n kakapal kalaro playmate Kaku, poss. pron.. kanku akin My, mine Kadena, n. tanikala Kadena, tanikala chain Kadeti, n. kadeti kadet cadet Kagiwan, n. talino Kakayahan, talino Ability, talent, competence Kago, n. Kagaw, nagati kagaw Itch-causing mite Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 073 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kaibat, panga-ibat, prep. pagkayari Pagkatapos, pagkaraan, After, afterward Makaraan, makatapos Kaibut, n. kukote Kuyukot, kukote End of vertebral column, Coccyx (anat,) Kaili, adj. Kailung, gamut kaliwa Lefthand side Kaimutan, n. maimut Kasakiman, damot, selfishness kaimbutan Kailingan, kayadwanan, n. Pinakikwanan, Kahilingan, samo, Supplication, petition pinakidwangan panikluhod Kaisipan, n. Pangingihip, kaihipan Kaisipan, pag-iisip wit Kayaldawan, n. kaaluwan Kaarawan, anibersaryo Birthday, anniversary Kalaban, n. kapadie Kalaban, katunggali, Adversary, opponent, kaaway enemy Kalakab, n. maapoy dagalak Crackling noise produce bt flames Kalabus, presu, n. nasukul Kalabos, bilanggo, bihag Prisoner, captive Kalabusu, n. sukulan Kalaboso, piitan, Prison, jail Bilangguan, presuhan Kalakaga, bula, n. angpagbula bula Effervescence, bubble, foam Kalaksing, n. kalaksing kalansing Clink or jingle of metals or coins Kaladua, n. kailwa Kaluluwa, espiritu Spirit, soul Kalagyu, n. kalagyu kapangalan namesake Kalait, n. pangalawit Kalawit, kawit hook Kalamangan, n. Mana, naunan Kahigitan, kalamangan, Advantage, benefit kapakinabangan Kalame, n. kalamay kalamay A kind of pudding made from either cornmeal or rice Kalang, lukban, n. Malhay, parusparus kabibi clam Kalanse, n. But-uh, kalansay kalansay skeleton Kalapanti, n. Napha, mugmug Pamantingin, bibinga Broken pieces of china- ware or glass Kalasipan. N. mailiip Lupit, bagsik, dahas Ruthlessness, ferocity, cruelty, violence Kalatung, n. kalantung kalatong Muffled sound of the drumbeat Kalayan, kanawan, n.. Kanawan, kalayaan Kalayaan, kasarinlan, libertad liberty, freedom, independence 074 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kalbag, n. binutang kabag Gas pain, gases generated in the stomach Kalbu, n/adj Duhugan, ain habut, Upaw, kalbo, panot Bald, bald-headed yang-yangan Kalkal, n. Kalkal, kinatikut Pagkalkal, kalkal Scratching or scraping off with fingernails Kaldero, n. kuruan Kaldero, lutuan cauldron Kaleke, piruya, n. pangalaykay kalaykay rake Kalibudtan, n. kalibutad Kalagitnaan, gitna Center, middle Kaligayan, kunsuelo, n. kaligayan Kaligayahan, kasiyahan Delight, pleasure Kalinga, n. ingatan Aruga, kandili care Kalige, n. susu kaligay A species of snail Kaliu, n. Kaliu kalyu Callousness, corn Kaluban, n. kaluban Bayna, kaluban scabbard Kaluku, n. apoy Liyab, alab, lab, ningas Flame, blaze Kalug, kusug, adj. kulug Kalog, alog, uga Wobbly, shaky Kalugkug, n. kalugkug kalugkog Roaring noise, distant roll of thunder Kalugud-lugud, Kalabay-labay Kaaya-aya, karapat-dapat Decorous, decent, karapat-dapat, adj. befitting Kaluguran, n. Kalabay-labay Kaibigan, amigo, amiga friend Kalupa, kawangis, adj.. kaparehu Kapara, kamukha, Similar, of similar Kawangis, kagaya Appearance Kaluskos, n. kaluskus kalatis Soft grating sound Kama, katri, n. katri Kama, katre bed Kamakama, n. mikamakama Pagkamangha, balaghan, Surprise, amazement, pagmamangha Astonishment, stupefaction, stuper Kamalan, n. kamalan Hadlika, kahadikaan, Nobility, nobleness of kaharlikaan birth Kamangyan, n. kamangyan sitaw A variety of string beans Kamau, kamawu, n. Bukut, gamut kamao Back of hand Kambing, n. kambing kambing goat Kamisun, n. kamisun kamison chemise Kampania, n. kumpania Kampanya, kilusan campaign Kampo, n. kumpas Kampay, kapay, kiya Gesture of hands, swing of arms and legs in motion

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-Englsih Dicrionary 075 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kampo, pipagpaynawan, n. panbiyanan Kampo, pahingahan camp Kandila, n. kandila kandila Candle, taper Kantuan, v. mamalba Ahitin, mag-ahit To shave Kapabaluan, n. panipatanda paunawa notice Kapilan man, adv. Maski makanuut Kailan man ever Kapun, kampung, n. ansakupun Kampon, sakop, alagad, Subject, vassal, follower kabig Kamumulan, n. Ibatan-na Pinagmulan, Origin, source pinanggalingan Kamut1, n. kamutie kamote Sweet potato, camote Kamuting-dutung, n. Kamutieng-kayu Kamotengkahoy, kasaba cassava Kanawan, n. diag Alwan, gaan, dali Case (of doing) Kandidatu, n. kandidato kandidato candidate Kandung, adj. Ibakay, hakbibiin Kalong, kandong Held on one’s lap Kanela, n. kanela kanela Cinnamon, a tree that is brown, yellowish, red-yellow in hue Kang, prep. kalamuya kay Towards to, belonging to Kankung, n. kangkung kangkong A species of edible plants Kaninu, pron. Hinu magantsi Kanino, nino Who, whose Kanita, adv. inhato noon At that time, then Kanu, idiomatic particle. kanu Kuno, daw It is said, so they say Kanuan, n. kanuan noo forehead Kapa, adj. kinapkap Makapa, kinakapa, Groping to feel one’s inaapuhap way Kapabalwan, kapabaluan, n. kapamuangan Patalastas, pahatid, Communiqué, message, Pabatid, abiso, babala notice Kapag, adj. Agpang-ha Agpang, kaayon, hiyan Harmonious, free from discord Kapadurutan, n. kalaylayan Kapaligiran, paligid Environment, surroundings Kapagnasan, n. kalabayan Nasa, hangarin, layunin, Desire, wish adhika Kapahamakan, impakabili Sakuna, kamatayan Calamity, death, casualty, Kamatayan, n. Coming by chance, unexpected Kapalagayan lub, n. Ipagpalagay-ya loob Kapalagayang-loob Chum, intimate 076 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kapalaran, n. kinabukahan kapalaran Destiny, fate Kapalsinta, n. Kabaan, kasintawan Bata, nobya, kasintahan Sweetheart, girlfriend Kapalyarian, n. Dinapat, kapanyarihan kapangyarihan Might, force, power Kapamayanyan, n. kayabangan Balunlugod, siging, yabang Self-pride, pride, vain glory Kapamintuan, n. kahunulan Pagsunod, pag-alinsunod Obedience, following, orders or requirements Kapanupayan, n. paulayan Paumanhin, paubaya, Toleration, allowance or paraya excuse for a fault apologized Kapanibalan, n. katinala Bigay-bahala, pabahala Charge, commission, Responsibility given or assigned Kapasian, kapagpasiahan, n Desisyon, hatul Kapasiahan, hahatulan, Decision, judgement hatol Kapat, n. binarhan Bara, pasak Bar, obstruction Kapatad, n. patil Kapatid, utol, manong Sister, brother Kapatawaran, patawaran Kapatawaran, amnestiya, Amnesty, pardon, Pamiipatawad, n. pagpapatawad forgiveness Kapate, n. kapatsi Kaaway, kalaban, enemy kadigma Kapayawan, . angkalakak Halak, hagok Raspy or raucus sound of voice Kapilan, adv. Maski, makanu kailan when Kapilan man, adv. makanuman Kailan man whenever Kapilubluban, n. kanakumnakum Kalooban, buluntad Volition, will Kapirasu, n. kapirasu kapirasu Small, piece, bit Kapis, n. Kapis Kapis sash Kapitan, n. kapitan kapitan captain Kapitna, adj. kapikna kalahati One-half, half Kapitangan-bengi, n. Libutad-yabi hatinggabi midnight Kapitolyo, kabisera, n. kapitolyo kabisera Capital, capital city Kapritsu, n. pakakalakal kapritsu caprice Kapul, n. mantsa Kapol, mantsa, bahid Smear, stain Kapulungan, n. Kapulungan, Kapulungan, pagtitipon Assembly, gathering pamihahabian Kapun, adj. patuli Kapon, kastro Castrated, emasculate Karakal, n. Kal-at, malat dami quantity Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 077 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Karamelo, n. karmilyo karamelyo caramel Karamian, n. hari Kadakilaan, kataasan, Greatness, highness kamahalan Kararasan, n. matapang Bias, tapang, balor, Effect, force kabaliduhan Karayu, marayu, adv/adj Malawut, maruyu-ut malayo Away, far Karayum, n. karayum karayom Needle Karbon, n. Uling, auhing karbon coal Karkula, n. kinarkula Taya, tantiya, kalkula Calculation, estimate Cardinal, n. kardilya kardinal cardinal Karela, pron. Kala, kanla Kanila, nila Their, theirs Karera, n. karera karera Career, profession, calling Kari, prp. kuni kina In or at the place belonging to or occupied by the person mentioned Karin, adv. do doon there Karitun, gareta, n. kariton Kalesa, kariton Two-wheeled cart; light open wagon Karni, n. karne Karne, laman Meat, flesh Karuahi, n. karuahi karuahe Chariot, cariage Karukan, n. karawakan Kasamaan, sama, Badness, evilness di-mabuti Karulun, n. kadanie Kanugnog, kadanay, Suburban, suburd Karatig-pook Kasabyan, n. kahabihan Kasabihan, wikain, Proverb, household salawikain saying Kasabi, kapagsalita, n. kahabi Kausap, kasalitaan Person with whom one is conversing or has concluded an agreement Kasakitan, n. kasakitan Paghihirap, pagdurusa, Misery, suffering pagtitiis Kasakmal, n. kahakmal Kamal, dakot Large handful Kasalesayan, n. kasaysayan kasaysayan Story, tale Kasalpantayanan, n. kasalpantayanan Akala, pananalig, Belief, faith pananampalataya Kasangkut, kaalam, n nakakalamu Kasangkot, kasabwat Accomplice, associate 078 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kasangilan, n. karumukan kalupitan Cruelty, brutality Kasanyan, kasabian, n.. kahabihan Kawikaan, kasabihan Maxim, adage, provers Kasarilinan, katimawan, n. Kalayaan, makaharili Kasarinlan, pagsasarili, Independence, freedom, kalayaan liberty Kasasagkulan, n. kasagkulan Kapansanan, sakuna Delaying obstacle or accident Kasaup, n. kahaup Bataan, alila, katulong, Servant, assistant, pangalawa Associate, helper Kasilbyan, katutulunan, n kasilbiyan Kapararakan, silbi, utilidad Utility, worthiness Kaslam, n. maslam Asim, kaasiman Sourness, having acid or Tart taste like vinegar Kastilyu, n. kastilyu kastilyo castle Kasubu, n. inhubu subo A portion of food enough for a mouth feed Kasukalan, n. kalaluan kasukalan bush Kasulatan, n. Kahulatan, katunayan Kasulatan, dokumento, Document, affidavit apidabit Kasumangid, n. kapaka Kabila, kabilangtabi Other side, reverse, invert Kasunduan, n. kasunduan Kasunduan, pakikipagayon Agreement, accord, Contract, covenant Kata, pron. hikata Kita, kata, tayong-dalawa You and I, two of us Katahimikan, n. mayabak Kapayapaan, katahimikan peace, tranquility Katalinawan, kabiasnan kakamuangan Katalinuhan, talino Intelligence, intellect Katamtaman, adj. katamtaman Regular, katamtaman Temperature, regular Katandaanan, n. Ankatandanan, Alaala, memorya Memory, recollection ankamuangan Katanusan, katuliran, n. karapatan Balor, karapatan Privilege, right Katas, ketasan, n. Luay, dagul, karagulan Taas, kataasan, katayugan Altitude, height, eleva- tion Katat, n. Putu-putuhan Katay, hiwag lapa Butchering, cutting into pieces Katawan, n. lawini katawan body Kate, wawa, n. laway laway saliva Katedral, n. katedralyo katedral cathedral Katikdyan, kabintyan, n. kagilasan Gara, gingal, garbo, gilas Pomposity, stateliness Katimawan, n. Laya, Malaya, kalayaan kalayaan Liberty, freedom Katoliku romano, n. Katoliko romano katoliko Roman Catholic

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 079 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Katsumba, n. Layab, tanaman Kasubha, kasumba Wild saffron herb Katok, n. nangalantag kalatog Knocking sound Katuk, n. katukun Pagkatok, katok Knocking, rapping, a quick smart blow Katunggali, kapate, n. Kapatsi, kalaban Katunggali, kalaban, Opponent, adversary kaaway Katungkulan, n. katungkulan tungkulin Duty, obligation Katutuan, n. kaptugan katotohanan truth Katutubu, n. natural Katutubo, natural, likas Natural, inborn, native Kau, n. mau uhaw thirst Kaul, n. takuh Yakap, yapos, akap embrace Kaulagan, n. Mahalaga, kahalagahan Kapararakan, kahalagahan, Worth, value saysay Kaulangan, n. aputug Biso, mali, bisala Fault, error, hitch Kaustusan, adj. Husto, histo Kainman, husto, kasapatan Sufficient, enough Kaut, ,. sanduk Kawot, sandok Ladle, large spoon made of wood or coconut shell Kawale, n. Kawale kawali Large frying pan, flat kettle Kawe, n. Kawag, kampay pamangaway Movement of hands and or feet, esp. in swimming Kaya, prop. Hiya, kana Niya, kaniya His, her, hers, its Kayabe, kayabeyabe, n. Kalamu, kakalamu samahan Associate, companion, fellow, mate Kayapan, kasantingan, n. Kahampatan, kabutihan goodness kamasalasayan Kayu, n. Pamianan-baru Kayo, tela, habi Fabric, cloth, textile Kayumanggi, n. Kayumanggi Kayumanggi, moreno Brown, especially in complexion Kayupan, n. kaharian Balor, poder, autoridad, Authority, capacity, kapangyarihan power Kekami, pron. Kanaun, kantamu, amin Ours, our kitamu Kekata, pron. Kamu-bay-kangku, Kanita, atin, ata, nata Our, ours, yours, and for mina the two of us Kekatamu, pron. kitamungan Atin, naming, amin Our, ours, inclusive of the person addressed Ken, kiyan, adv. Do, die Diyan, riyan There (near person spoken) 080 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kendi, n. kendi kendi candy Keng babo, keng matas. n Atag-ay Ibabaw, punta, taluktok, Tip, top, apex tuktok, itaas Keni, keti, adv. Kamina, kamudie Dine, dini, ditto, rine here Kerakian, keraklan, n. kalattan dami Great number, quantity Kesa, conj. Histong hinu Kaysa, kaysa than Kesu, n. kesu kesu cheese Ketung, n. ketung ketong leprosy Kiaw, n. kiaw kilyawan A species of golden oriele Kibkib, kisan, n. Mangalatuk (yay pangan Sabsab, laklak Noisy manner of eating by mu pamamangan) gobbling up in large chunks Kikuan, kukuan, n. nakikuan Pagkalaglag, agas Abortion, miscarriage Kiglasan, adj. Biat, bayat Sangkal, puno, tigas, bigat Hardened, tense for being full Kilabut, n. kilabut Halukag, kilabot Roughness of the skin caused by cold as fear, goose pimples Kilag, ningning, n. Puti, poy naputsi Kinang, linanglinang, Brilliance, luster, luningning shininess Kildap, n. kidlat kidlat lightning Kile, n. kuilay kilay eyebrow Kilikili, n. kilikili kilikili armpit Kiliti, kilingit, n. kiliti Kiliti, kiti Ticklish feeling Kilu, n. balabag balabag crossbeam Kilub, n. luub Loob, interyor Interior, internal, part, inside Kilus, kimut, n. Galaw, kilub Aksiyon, kimot Motion, action Kimi, adj. Marung-uy mahiyain Shy, timid, bashful Kimika, n. kimika kimika chemistry Kimiko, n. kimiko kemiko chemist Kinahin, giginaking, n. duyan Kuyakoy, kiyakoy Dangling and swinging of Legs from seat Kinaili, adj. Kinailing gamut kaliwete Left-handed Kinbabalak, trebalak, n. kinbabalak bangkalang A species of salamander Kinde, n. kinde Kinday, giri, kiya Strut of cocks gait King makapadurut, adv. nakapadurut Sa paikot, sa paligid around

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 081 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kaput, n. makipot Kipot, sikip narrowness Kiriling, n. kililing kililing Small bell or the sound it makes Kirut, kirot, n. kirot Antak-kirot, sakit Pain, ache Kisap, n. Nagkurapan, Kisap, kindat, kurap Blink, wink angpangurap Kiskis, kidkuran, adj. Kak-kaun Kaskas, kalis, kayod Rasped off, scraped off Kise, n. tinugaw Pagsikay, kisay Convulsive spasm Kiso, n. kiso Kisaw, alimbakay Ruffling of water surface Due to some movement below Klasi, ari, n. klasi Klase, uri Class, kind, quality Kliente, n. kliyinte kliyente client Klinika, n. klinika klinika clinic Kolehiyu, n. kolehiyu kolehiyo College, institution pf learning Kolonya, n. anghakupun kolonya colony Komiku, n. komika Payaso, bubo, komiko Clown, buffer in a play Korista, n. Nakakalamu-nakantaan korista choir Korona, n. korona korona Crown, wreath Koronel, n. kornel Koronel colonel Koya, n. kaka Kuya, kuyang, kaka Appellation for an older brother Kristiano, n. kristiyano kristiyano Christian Kristo, n. Kristo Kristo Christ Kua, kwa, n. duong Kuwa, tuta puppy Kuayan, kawayan, n. kawayan kawayan bamboo Kubuk, n. damara kubol Shelter, shed Kuku, n. kuku Kuko, ubo Hoof, claw, fingernail, toenail, cough Kutda, n. kinatha Katha, sinulat, akda Literary, composition Kueba, n. Kueba, tanil kuweba cave Kuelyo, n. kuwelyo kuwelyo collar Kuluba, n. Maputsi-yay-mata, bilig, kuluba White film of the eye binlig Kulubasa, kulabasa, n. kalubaha kalabasa squash 082 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kulambu, n. kulambu kulambo Mosquito net Kulangot, n. kulangut kulangot Dried mucus on the nose Kulapad, n. buwatsi Ulyabid, solitarya tapeworm Kulapu, n. amug Amag, dapulag Mold, tiny fungus, mildew Kulapu, adj. nikulaput kulapol Smeared with something sticky Kulate, waka, n. baging baging vine Kulayu, n. Kamana, kuwaput Kuwago, bahaw A species of owl Kuldas, n. Munayi, tumabuy Pagbaba, paglunsad Descent, downward stop, decline Kule, n. kulur kulay color Kuli, n. Pan-umurung Pagkukuli, kuli Retraction, revocation Kulig, n. biik biik farrow Kuliglig, n. kuliglig kuliglig cicada Kulisak, kulasyo, n. angaw bulahaw Loud noise that disturbs the peace, deafening uproar Kulubung,o, bungbung, n, Talukbong, tinalukbong Kulubong, talukbong Mantle, head covering Kulubut, n. Kulubut, nakulubut Kulubot wrinkle Kulunyayan, n. kulunyayan kulani Swelling of a lymphatic gland Kulut, adj. Kulot, habot Kulot Curly, wavy, hair Kuluung, adj. Nakatakap, tinakpan Kuluong, kuluoy Kept in vacuum covered airtight Kulyo, kulisak, n. Inhaway, yabak Hiyaw, sigaw, palahaw, Victory yell, shriek, bulyaw shout, cheer Kumad, n. kutu kuyumad Young of common hair louse Kumbira, n. inagkat Kayag, anyaya, yakag Inducement, invitation Kumpal, n. pipiraso Kimpal, piraso Clog, big piece, lump Kumpana, n. kumpana Kampana, batingaw bell Kumpanadiu, n. kampanaryo kampanaryo belfry Kumpe, n. kinumpay Kumpay, sakate Feeder grass Kumpul, n. mihaytakip Kumpol, pumpon Cluster, bunch Kumun, n. Panak-an kasilyas Latrine, comfort room, men’s/women’s room Kundul, n. kundul kundol White gourd melon, wax gourd Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 083 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Kunehu, n. kuniho kuneho rabbit Kunyari, adj. magsasangkan kunwari Artificial, pretending Kupit, adj. Kulu-kulubot Kiwit, kulu-kulubot Corrugated, wrinkled Kurakura, n. Hina-hina Barong-barong Make-shift, shack Kurap, n. mangurap kurap Blink, wink, glimpse Kurienti, adj. kuryinti Dagitab, koryente Electric, current Kurubata, n. kurubata kurbata necktie Kurukutuk, n. kurukutuk kurukutok Cooing of doves Kurut, kandut, n. gintue pagkurot pinch Kusut, n. pinaglagarian Kusot, pinaglagarian sawdust Kutang, n. Maikutang, ikutang Tanong, kuwestyon Question, interrogation Kutkut, n. Ilbung, ikukut Pagbabaon, libing interment Kuto, n. Mabagal, Kagigian, hinay, bagal Slow motion, dawdling nagutay-utayan due to over-attention to unnecessary details Kutsarita, n. kutsarita kutsarita teaspoon Kutu, n. kutu kuto lice Kutub, n. manyaga Kutob, kaba, galimgim Pulsation, palpitation, premonition Kuul, n. Uhung dagul kuhol A species of snail with roundish shell Kuwa, n. manguwa Pagkuha, kuha Act of getting, obtaining or taking Kuwalta, n. pira Pera, salapi money Kuyug, n. mauyang kuyos Crowd, swarm, the company one keeps Daba, n. kawa Katingan, palayok Large cooking pot Debug, n. pagtampu Pagdabog, padyak, tarang Stamping of feet, an irritation or vexation Dabulbul, n. tumulo Daloy, gitata, tubo Oozing, ooze Dakal a bunga, adj. Malhat-atuguy Hitik sa bunga, mabunga Heavy with fruits, plenty of fruits Dakap, n. narakup Pagdakip, dakip, paghuli Act of catching, holding onto, arrest Dake, n. Dakay, nakwa Bahagi, parte, piraso, Division, part, share, Dibisyon, persisyon, section, portion pangkat, sama, sosyo 084 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Dakit, n. Pananalangin ha natai dapit Religious ceremony for the dead Daklut, n. Dinaklut, kinumkum Dakot, daklot, dakma Grasping by handfuls Dakurak, n. tinurak Pagyapak, pisag, pisot, Trampling underfoot yurak Dadara, dara, n. daraan Paggiik, giik-giik Palay threshing Dager, n. daygir punyal dagger Dagis, n. daga daga Mouse, rat Dagisdagisan, n. Dagi-dagihan Daga-dagaan Large muscle of upper arm, biceps Dagli-dagli, n. Agad-agad Kagyat, agad Forthwith, insanity, promptly Daglus, adv. pabiglabigla Dagli, agad, bigla At once, instantaneously Dagta, katas, n. gata Katas, gata, yago Sap, juice, extract Dagul, n. Kalhay, malhay Laki, kalakhan bigness Dagus, n. daladalusong Dagos, daluhong Sudden hurried move- ment towards something Dagusdus, n. Nitagusgus, nitaguhguh Dagusdos, dausdos, dagos Downward, slide, sliding or dragging sound Dailag, dahilan, n. sankan Dahilan, sanhi, motibo Motive, cause, alibi Dala, adj kadalayay Dalana, nagkaliksiyon, Scared by previous unfor- Natutuo na tunate experience, careful Dala-dala, n. Panggigtan, gintan Bagahe, abasto, kargada Baggage, luggage, trunk, bag Dalaga, babayi, n. dalaga Dalaga, babae Dame, maiden, damsel, madam, lady Dalan, n. Dan, butlay Kalsada, daan, kalye, Street, road, highway lansangan Dalan, n. dinalan Sandaan, isang daan Unit of hundred Dalanghita, n. dalanghita dalanghita A kind o citrus Dalas0-dalas, adj. Dalas, dalas Dagasa, padalus-dalus Recklessly or violently hasty Dalayap, n. dalayap dayap Lime, fruit, lemon Daldak, n. dinaldak Dikdik, dinikdik Pulverization by pounding Dalede, n. Anpan-umagu Dalayday, anod Sliding or slipping motion of water or liquid. Dalise, adj. puro Dalisay, puro, busilak, Pure, chaste, immaculate lantay

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 085

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Dalit, n. kanta awit Chant, song Dalita, n. Kahakitan, pinagdusaan Dalita, dusa, pagbabata Great suffering, torment, torture Dalo, n. bihita Dalaw, bisita Guest, visitor, call, visit Dalpak, n. tinurakan Pagtapak, yapak Tread, footsteps, walking on Dalukduk, adj. Matsing lunu, layang Gutom na gutom, dayok- Extremely hungry, dok, pasal, hayok starved, famished Dalugdug, dabungbung, n Tambul Dalugdog, kalabong Beating of drums, sound of drumbeats Dalum, n. Habla, hinablanan Habla, demanda, sakdal, Accusation, charge, usig Complaint filed in court Dalung, n. pakiabi Daing, pakiusap, Supplication, request paninikluhod, pamanhik Daluyung, n.. alun Daluyong, alon Wave, surge or swell of the ocean Dambuala, n. balyena Dambuhala, balyena Monster, whale, sea monster Dambung, n. tinakaw Dambong, pagnanakaw, Loot, plumber, looting, nakaw robbing Dampi, n. talnan Dampi, hipo, saling touch Dampul, n. tina Dampol, tina, pantina dye Damput, n. kingwah Dampot, pulot Picking up with the hands Dane, n. sadya Band, dako, gawi Way, direction Dangka, n. kabanata kabanata chapter Dano, n. uluwun Danaw, lawa, laguna Lagoon, pond, lake Dante, n. dantay Dantay, pagdantay Placing legs over something Danum, n. karanun Aga, kaagahan earliness Danup, n. layang Gutom, kagutuman Hunger, starvation Danupan, adj. Matsing lunu, layang gutom hungry Dapot, conj. Lumbay roman Datapwat, ngunit, subalit, But, except pero Dapug, n. Pinagparugan Dapog, dapugan, siga Open fire, bonfire Dapyu, n. Nandalagitdi, hangin Dapyo, dampi Soft touch of healthful breeze Dara, n. Dara, indukaluwa Daga, ale, tiya, tiyahin Aunt, stepmother Daralan, n. angistan Karga, dala, lulan Load, burden, cargo, freight 086 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Daramdaman, adj. angkagilaman Nadarama, damdam Sensed, felt, perceived Dasal, n. manalangin Dalangin, panalangin prayer Dasay, dase, n. dasay banig mat Dasug, n. duhog Dasog, dagison, ipod, isod Moving closer together Dasungli, mataranta, n. angkataranta Taranta, pasulingsuling Confused, bewildered, restless Daun, bulung, n. bulong dahon leaves Daung, n. Malhay-ya-banka Daong, malaking bangka, Big boat, barge kasko Daup, adj. Kunumkum-ya gamut daop With clasped hands Daya, n. daya dugo blood Dayas, n. ampagdaragi Dagis, daragis, iri Physical effort exerted in ejecting from the body Dayat, n. dagat dagat Sea, ocean Dayu, dayuan, n. Marayuan, dayuhan Dayo, dayuhan, banyaga, Stronger, alien, foreigner Taga-ibang bansa Dayu, aguag, karayu, n Marayo, mamarayo Layo, kalayuan Distance, space, between Dayupe, adj. inumbung Dayupay, yayat, payat Emaciated, extremely thin Dayus, n. hinarol Tudling, sinudsod Furrow, ridge, turn by the plow Daywan, n. Kaatag-lugar Dayuhan, taga-ibang Alien, foreigner, stranger bansa, estranghero Demokrasia, n. demokrasia demokrasya democracy Denas, n. dinah maya sparrow Depositu, n. Dipusitu, indipusitu deposito deposit Deta, conj. hato yaon those Di, article hina sina Collective plural of “is” Diamante, n. diyamon diamante diamond Dikit, n. ipakat Dikit, digkit, pagkit, Sticking, adhering, paste dagkit Diktdik, n. dinikdik Tiris, pagtitiris Crushing, flattening, or Pressing by means of thumbnails Dikut, n. lamon damo Herb, grass, weeds Digalu, n. ingien Bigay, regalo, handog, Gift, remembrance ala-ala Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 087

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Digpa, v. Dinumpa, indumpa Dumapo, bumaba, alight lumansad Dila, n. dila dila tongue Dilat, n. himod Himod, paghimod Licking with the tongue Dildak, adj. napha Dukdok, pipi, pitpit, pisa Crushed flat Dilo, adj. yillaw dilaw Yellow (color) Dilu, pandilu, n. pagpalyo Ligo, paligo, paliligo Bath, bathing Dimit, adj. maimpis Impis, pikpik, kumpis Shrunken, pressed, compressed Dimla, n. nakubul Ginaw, lamig Coldness, freezing temperature Dimul, dimut, n. maimut Damot, karamutan Stinginess, selfishness, greediness Dinalan, adj./n. dinalan sandaan hundred Dinamita, n. bumba dinamita dynamite Dinat, n. Dinat, dimuk Dumi, amos, amol, dungis dirt Dingding, n. dingding dingding wall Dirit, n. Pagdurut-durut Pag-ikot, ikot, ligif, libot Revolving, rotating, Turning around in an inward direction Dirya, n. Mainggit, angkainggit Inggit, kainggitan, Envy, enviness panaghili Disente, adj. marangal Marangal, malinis, disente Decent, elegant Disiembri, n. Disiembri Disyembre December Disinteria, n. Disinteria iti disenterya dysentery Disiplina, n. disiplina disiplina discipline Distrito, n. distrito distrito district Ditak, n. pupurad Kaunti, liit, linggit Smallness, littleness, few Ditak-ditak, adv. Purad-purad Utay-utay, unti-unti, Little by little, slowly banayad Ditak mu, pron. Purad-purad bungat Ilan, iilan, kaunti Few, only a few Dobli, adj. Doble-doble doble double Dormitoryu, n. dormitoryu dormitoryo dormitory Duag, mataloti, n. malimuan duwag Coward, destitute of courage Duka, kalulu, adj. Kalulu bungat Pobre, mahirap, maralita Destitute, poor, devoid of means

088 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Dukal, n. manhuka Duak, dwak Start of vomitting Dukle, n. Angkaabut-yay-hanga Duklay, dulay Drooping branch of tree within reach of hand Dukul, n. panhumlay Hilab, paghilab Distention, expanding, inflation Dukut, n. dinakut Pagdukot, dukot, bunot Drawing out from pocket or bag Dukut, adj. nagdukuan Paukud-ukud, uko, yukod Moving around with bowed head Dugang, n. parugang gulong wheel Dugtong, n. Sublung-sublung Pandugtong, gugtong, Addition, continuation karugtong Duldul, n. kulog kulog thunder Dulsik, n. Nan-unggu dunggil Blow or a stroke on lip or nose with a finger Dumalasan, adj. nikahagili Lihis, salisi, saliwa Askew, in opposite direction, turn to one side Dumug, n. Pakauluwun-yay-giyag Dumog, lulong, lubog Absorbed in one’s work on duties Dungdungan, n. maasikasu tunghayan To look or read carefully and attentively Dungu, n. ampanungaw Dungaw, pagdungaw Looking of the window Dungu, adj angkaranguyan Dungo, torpe, mahiyain Timid, shy, bashful, stupid Dupilas, n. pamunik Daplas, sampa, akyat clambering Dupuk, n. naiplik Dupok, karupukan, Weakness of structure, marupok, rupok, kahinaan fraility, fragility Duru, n. labu Ubad, dote dowry Durun, n. durun Baling, tipaklong Locust, grasshopper Dutung,, n. kayu Kahoy, tabla wood Dutungtuling, n. Kayung nauyang Bantulihaw, kahoy na itim ebony Duwendy, n. nunu duwende dwarf Duwi, n. duwi Mismis, pispis Bared fish bones during meal Duyan, n. indayun duyan cradle Duyi, dui, n. nauy Bikig, bunlok Foreign matter as fish grate stuck in the throat Ebage, ena agiu, adj. anamaagyu Di-bagay, di-kaya unfit Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 089

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH E kayabe, e cayanib, n. ayagiri Tagalabas, di-kasapi Outsider, not a member E mayap, adj. marawak masama bad E lutu, adj. anautu Hilaw, di-luto, sariwa Raw, green, uncooked, unripe E pilmi, adj. Ain pilmi Walang katiyakan, di-tiyak uncertain Ebun, n. puga itlog egg Elu, yelu, n. yilu yelo ice Ema, n. talangka Talangka, katang, alimango A species of crabs Eme abawal, adj. Agmo-ninmabawalan Di-masawata unruly Entabladu, n. intablado Dulaan, entablado stage Eran, n. iran hagdan Stairs, ladder Eskrimador, n. iskrimador eskrimador fencer Estibidor, n. istibidor estibidor etevedor Gabak, v. Nganga, nagabakyay, Buka, nganga To open the mouth wide buboy Gabuk, n. Alkabuk, gabuk habok Dust, ash, dust particles Gabun, n. nutah lupa ground Gadgad, n. nagalu Hadhad, pagkahadhad, Flaying, stripping off the gasgas, dasdas skin Gaindu, n. Indung animal inahin Hen, female animal Gala, n. Palibot, mapantumaka Gala, libot, laboy, lakwatsa Roving, idling, wandering, roaming around Galgal, n. Pinugpugan, ampugpugan Pagkamatigtig, kalog, titig Jerkiness, shakiness Galal, n. Inkaloob, inggawang Gawad, kaloob, bigay Award, bestowal, grant Galame, n. gamut Galamay, kapaanan appendages Galmang, abutan, n. panabutan Pagduhapang, duhapang Stretching forward of body and hand in reaching for something Galo, n. Panggalaw, inggalaw Galwa, likot, kilos Movement, motion, activity, stir, handling or touching unnecessarily Galudgud, n. Bukut galudgod Galudgod, tayudtod Backbone, spinal column Galunggung, n. nangiligki Ginaw, kaligkig chill Galus, n. galuh Galmos, kalmos, galos, Scratch, bruise gurlis Gamat, n. gamut kamay hand 090 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Gamat, adj. gamat Gamay, sanay Accustomed in handling tool with case Gamus, n. ginigat Pagkamot, kamot Scratching with the nails Ganaka, n. mahampat Bait, buti, ganda ng Kindness, goodness kalooban Ganaka, n. Angkaganaka, Gunita, ala-ala, haraya Memory, recollection, angkatantaan reminiscence Gandus, gabi, n. Luku, gabi gabi A variety of root crop, taro plant Gansal, adj. Kulang, ganhal gansal Odd number Gansiliu, n. ginansilyo gansilyo crachet Ganso, n. bingwit Gantso, kawit, kalawit Hook, hook-end Gapang, n. ginapang gapang Crawl, creep Gapuk, n. angkahira Gapo, gipo, sira, wasak Decayed, rotten, destroyed Garilit, n. Balat, nagasgas Halas, galos, gurlis Skin, scratch Gasgas, n. Landas, ginasgas Bagnos, landas, daan Trail, pathway Garukgok, galukgok, n. Matsing lunu Kalam, gutom, pasal Beginning of the feeling of hunger Gastarul, adj. mamihammuag Alibugha, mapagtapon, prodigal Mapag-aksaya Gastus, n. gastu Gastos, gugol expense Gasulgasul, adj yagudyagud Dalas-dalas, bigla-bigla, Impetous, violently, nasty gahasa Gatal, n. nagati kati Itch, lust, urge Gato, n. naglutangan Boya, palutang nuoy Gatpanapun, n. Kaawat, magkaawat hapon afternoon Gatu, adj. nalapuk Gato, dupok Rotten or weakened Gaul, adj. Ayin ha panahon Gahol, kulang sa panahon Pressed for time Gawe, n. naggawaygaway Gaway, pangkagaway Bewitchment, spoell of witchcraft Gawi, n. ugali Gawi, ugali, kinahi- Custom, habit ratinan Gayuman, n. Guna, gayuman Alindog, ganda, karilagan Personal charm, gorgeousness Gayut, n. kinayat Gayot, kagayutan Toughness in biting Gili, n. Katayin, putuputuhun Katay, hiwa, lapa Butchering, cutting into Small pieces Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 091

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Gilit, n. laylay Gilid, baybay, tabihan Edge, border, margin, rim Gimbal, n. Mayabak, maangaw Gimbal, ingay, lagapak, Resounding noise dagubang Gintu, n. gintu Ginto, oro gold Ginu, n./adj. mapagkalalaki ginoo Mister, sir, gentleman Giram, kilitik, n. Kilitsihin, kilitikin Kalamkam, kiliti, Tickling, sensation galamgam Gire, n. Pahamuag-amuag, Paggiray, giray, suray Staggering, reeling, pakalatkalat tottering Giripu, gripu, n. gripu gripo faucet Gisan, adj. Naubo, ayin nana Naubos, inubos, nasaid, Eaten, consumed or used wala na up Gisi-gisi, adj Gihi-gihi, nagihi, gisigisi Gutay-gutay, gisigisi, Torn or rent into pieces Pilaspilas, gutgot or fragments Gugu, n. gugu gugo Bark of tree used as shampoo Gugul, n. nagastas Gugol, gastos Expense, expenditure Guguling, n. Ubuhon minangan gusi A large china pottery or vase Gule, n. gulay gulay vegetable Gulis, n. Guli, gulis Linya, guhit line Gulisak, asiu, n. Ampagulisak, Irit, pag-irit, palahaw, tili, Scream or shriek, shout- naglamung limu pagtili ing in fear Gulu, n. Angkagulu, aburido, Gulo, liglaig, kaguluhan Confusion, tumult, anamaintindian Disorder, anxiety Gulud, gulut, n. bukut likod Back, spinal column Gumuk, n. Paggumon-gumon Paggumon, gumon, lublob wallowing Guna, n. nagunayan Pagkagumon, pagkalubog, addiction paggumin Gunam, n. gunamgunaman Gunamgunam, hilaynilay Meditation, reflection Gunggung, adj. Sira, kinabolang, Gunggong, tanga, Ignorant, stupid gunggong ugak hangal Guno, n. nagunaw Gunaw, pagkagunaw, Deluge, flood, inundation dilubyo Gupu, n, Nahira, ibagsak Pagkagupo, gupo, giba, Shattering, demolition lugso, bagsak Guryon, burarul, n. burarul Guryon, bulador A small kite Gusgus, adj. Napata, gihigihi ya baro, gulot Gulanit, limahid, gulot rags or in tatters 092 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Gustu, buri, n. inlabay Kagustuhan, gusto, ibig, Liking, preference, nais fondness Gusut, adj, Lukut-lukot Gusot, lukot, kusot Crumpled, entabgled, confused Gutad, n. Kapatagan, patag Parang, kapatagan Meadow, prairie Gute, adj. Nahira, gihigihi Gutay, sira, gisi, Torn into fragments or punit-punit small pieces, tattered Gutut, n. bulilit Bansot, unsyami Stunted in growth, arrested in development Guyod, n. Pangatikut, pagkalad- Pagkaladkad, kaladkad Act of dragging along kad, magati Guyun, lubid, n. lubid Guyon, lubid Cord, rope Kalukan, uman, n. Aruun, agkutun Halikan, hagkan To kiss Hinggil king, prop. Tungkul ha, banaha, Hinggil sa, tungkol sa With regard to, regarding kanaha to, concerning Hukbo, tropa, n. Hukbu, panilaw hukbo army Huramentado, n. Armentado, angkaluku huramentado amuck Hurnal, n. urnalan Hulog, hurnal Installment payment Huse, n. Panipatupad, tukituki husay Order, orderliness Huwales, n. Lubut, butunis ohales buttonhole Huwes, n. Paghatulan, hukum, Hukom, huwes judge uwis Ibang, adj. namurit Hibang, nahihibang, Delirious, crazy, mad, haling, loko demented Ibye, n. ingien Bigay, pagbibigay giving Ika, pron. Hika, kanu ikaw you Ikami, pron. Hikay kanu, kinatamu kami we Ikat, n. Rolyo, kidkid Ikid, kidkid, rolyo, tirintas Film roll, ribbon, braids Ikayu, pron. hikaw kayo you Iki, n. ukuy buntot tail Ikum, adj. nakaikom Ikom, nakaikom, tikom closed Igat, n. Igat, iantsi Igat, palos eel Igit, n. angkasobrahan Higit, kahigitan Excess, going beyond limits Iglip, n. nakaidlip Idlip, pag-idlip, paghipig Light nap, doze Igpit, igut, n. Maigit, maigut Higpit, kahigpitan, hapit Tightness, firmness Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 093 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Igu, n. Binitsay Bilao, bitsay Round shallow winnowing basket-tray made of bamboo split Iguk, n. pagkaigik Igik, pag-igik Grunt of pigs, groan Ila, pron. Hila, hila kanu sila they Iladlad, n. Ilaktang, iladlad Kadkad, bukadkad, latag Spread out unfolded, unfurled Ilag, n. Ilagun, iwasan Iwas, pag-iwas avoidance Ilang, n. inkawani Nakaligpit, iniligpit, ilang, Secluded, separated from nakahiwalay, hiwalay others Ilap, irap, n. uluwtubag Irap, tinging pagalit Sullen glance, angry look Ilera, n. layin Hilera, hanay, linya, pila Alignment, row, line Ilig, n. Ilig, labay Hilig, lunggati Ambition, desire, wish Iling, n. Hiling pamanhik Hiling, kahilingan, Request, petition, desire pakiusap, pamanhik, panikluhod Ilu, n. angpananggilu Iwang, pag-iiwang Cleaning of anal parts after excretion Ilud, interj. Wamina, sigi tuloy Come in! Go ahead. Ilug, n. Hapa, sapa ilog river Ilup, igup, n. inuyun Higop, paghigop, supsop, Sipping, sucking sipsip, Ilut, n. inulut Hilot, paghilot massage Ima, inda, indu, n. Indu, inang, imang Ina, nanay, inang mother Imagsik, n. Angkapagrebolusyion, Himagsik, paghihimagsik, Rebellion, revolution, himagsik pag-aalsa uprising Imala, ma, n. Milagru, impusibli Himala, milagro, hiwaga Miracle, mystery Imate, n. Angkamatsi Himatay, pagkawalang Fainting, swooming malay-tao Imbing, n. kalantungan Himbing, kahimbingan deep slumber Imi, ii, n. duray ihi urine Imut, n. maimut Damot, kasamiman, kaim- selfishness butan Imut, n. animutan Paghihirap, kahirapan, Misery, suffering pagtitiis Ina, n. mainalawini Kahinaan, hina, tamlay Weakness of the body Inang, n. Indu, inang, imang Nanay, inay Mother, ma 094 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Inang, n. hinangan Hinang, welding, solder Solder, welding Inaun, n. maghinahon Hinahon, kahinahunan, Calmness, serenity tining Inayang, n. Paulayan Hinayang, panhihinayang Feeling of regret or loss for not attaining the thing desired Indang, n. ginang Ginang, misis madam Ingalo, n. angpaghingalo Hingalo, paghihingalo Death agony, moribund or dying state, death throe Ingkung, n. apo Ingkong, lolo grandfather Indredus, adj. maindredus Madaldal, satsat Gossip-monger, talkative Inge, n. yabak Ingay, kaingayan, kalatog noise Ini, pron. Katsi, ati, hani Iri, ire, ari, ito, yari, iyan This, this one Inia pin, adj. Ulin dieha Kaya nga, dahil dito wherefore Inin, n. Mapinu, kapinuhan Hinhin, kahinhinan, Demureness, modesty Kapinuhan Ining, n. nini Ineng, nene Appellation for a young girl Inilunan, n. Baun-anak Inunan, bahay-bata placenta Ipag, n. bayaw hipag Sister-in-law Ipan, n. gugut ngipin teeth Ipe, n. ipay tigdas measles Iral, n. panbianan Iral, pag-iral, pananatili prevalence Iri, n. ininsulto Pag-iring, aglahi, uyam Disdainful treatment, insult Irug, n. Labay, hinta Irog, mahal, giliw, liyag Beloved, darling, sweetheart Isa, metung, adj. mia isa one Isanu, insanu, pron. Hinudie, hinurie alin Which, which one Isanu man, adj. hinuman Alin man Any, anything, any one Iskinita, n. iskinita Iskinita, pasilyo passageway Iskirol, n. linihan eskirol scab Isdang, n. ampaumisding ungol Groan, grumble Isla, n. laluh Isla, pulo island Ismid, n. inisdingan ismid Sneering, expression Isnawa, n. Isnawan, apandumaing, am- Paghihimutok. Paghihi- Outcry of disappointment, pangukut, ampangisnawan nagpis, daing distress or deep sorow Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 095 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Iso, n. iso isaw Blind intestine Isunu, n. Ituru, isunu tuyain To taunt Ita, n. ita hita thigh Itamu, pron. Hikatamu, kitamu Tayo, kami, kata we Itu, n. itu hito catfish Iwa, n. Gili, iniwa Hiwa, gilit Incision, cut Iwaga, n. himala Hiwaga, kahiwagaan mystery Iya, pron. hiya siya He, she, it Iyan, pron., n. Hani, hanya iyan that Iyas, n. iyas hiyas jewelry Iyi, I, n. duray ihi urine Labe, n. Labay, tali Labay, mano tali Skein of considerable length, leafiness Labi, n. labi Labi, nguso lip, the upper lip Labis-labis, adj/adv. Labis-labis, halus-halus Lampas, higit, lubha, sobra Beyond, excessive, overdone, too much Lablab, n. Lablab-yay-apoy Lagablab, ningas, lab, Burst of flame, blaze dagabdab Labno, n. malaput Kalabnawan, lubnaw Thinness of liquid Labsa, adj. Anin-makahipantalnan Labso, habso, hugso Not tight, slack, difficult to hold because of looseness Labug, n. nalabug Labo, kalabuan, Dimness, obscurity of pagkamalabo, labulabo meaning Labulabu, adj/adv. labulabu labulabo Brawl, riot, affray Labung, n. labung boo, malabung Labay, yabong, lamba, Leafiness, bamboo shoot lago, labong Labut, n. Bitukang labot Labot, pansa, trepilya Maw, belly of ruminant animals (stomach) Labuyu, n. labuyu labuyo Wild chicken, jungle fowl Labwad, n. Labwad, mabilog yay Lupalop, kontinente continent mundo Lakap, n. kalamu Kalakip, kasama Thing or matter attached or enclosed Lakas lub, n. Sikanan nakum Lakas-loob, tapang, giting Valor, courage Lakbang, n. inlakbang Hakbang, lakbang, lakbaw Stride, pace in walking Lakbe, n. maglakbay Lakbay, biyahe, paglalakbay Travel, trip, voyage 096 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Laklak, n. manubu Paglamon, laklak, habhab Gormandizing, the act of eating veraciously or greedily Lakto, sala, n. Puulaywan, laktawan Liban, ligta, laktaw Omission, skipping over Laku, n. laku lako Things peddled Lagari, n. lagari lagare saw Lage, n. kalagayan Lagay, kalagayan, estado Position, situation, place, Circumstance, status Lagnat, n. Inumut, kahampatan Karilagan, ganda, rikit, Beauty, splendor, kagandahan gorgeousness Lagusu, lagusgus, n. lagaslas Lagasaw, lagaslas Ripple, loud sound of water shallow places Lagutuk, n. Lagutuk, nalagutuk Agat-at, lagutok, laganat Sharp, short noise made when striking a solid body Lagwa, n. saguli Kadalian, gaan, alwan, promptness liksi, agap Lagyu, n. ngalan Ngalan, pangalan name Lalage, n. magmulto multo Apparition, ghost Lalam, n. malaluh Ilalim, ponde, lalim Basement, bottom, depth Lalam bale, n. Malaluh bali, aypang bodega Cellar, warehouse bali Lalangut, langutan, v. nguyain nguyain To masticate, chew Lalapo, adj/n. Sapapaw, umaapaw overflowing ampanilumapaw Laman-asbuk, n. Pabuboy habi Bukang bibig, sabihin, Favorite expression, com- wikain mon saying Lambal, n. Hinulad Nibla, sinulid Thread, fiber, yarn Lambing, lamius, n. lambingan Lambing, paggiliw Affection, caress Lambung, n. nakapaldas Lambong, manta, sapot Mourning, mantle Lamesa, n/ Lamisa, lamiha Hapag, mesa table Lampung, n. malampung Lampong, paglalampong Wild, noisy courtship among cats Lamu, balsa, n. balha Lamo, balsa, bangkilas raft Lamug, lamud, lumun, adj nabugbug Lamog, bugbog, bulbog Softened by round Handling, bruised, injured Lamyus, n. Malambing-a-habi Lamya, pagkalamya, lamyos Caressive manner of talking, caressing voice Lanam, n. Malangha, malanam Kalansahan, lansa Fishness, odor or taste of fish or of shed of blood Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 097

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Lanat, adj. Malanta, ankalanta Lanta, luoy, layot Withered, faded, wilted, decayed Lande, n. baag Sahig, kalandayan, landay Floor, shallowness of convexity or concavity Langke, n. milalamu Langkay, piling, kumpol Cluster, bunch, group Lango, n. langaw Langaw, bangaw Fly (insect) Langu, malasing, adj Kalasing, malahing Lango, lasing Tipsy, drunk Langusngus, n. naglangutan Ngalutngut, langutngut Sound produced when chewing hard on brittle objects Lantang, n. Inlatag, in-a-wah Paglalahad, buklat, latag Unrolling, unfolding, spreading out Lanto, n. Inlantay, puro Lantay, dalisay, bulisak, Pure, unalloyed, positive puro (degree of comparison) Lanya, n. Inilut-nin-laru Panghihimo, himas, ng Anointing with oil langis Lapak, n. nilapak Lapa, paglalapa Butchering, quartering, cutting Lapnus, adj. Nalap-it, nalapnit Nalapnos, lapnit Flayed (excoriated) wear off Lapo, n. ampaglumapaw Awas, labis Overflow of liquid from a container Lapu, adj. Nagkamali, hiya, diagna Lawas, sala, di-tama Missing, hitting above and beyond the target point Laput, n. Malaput, nalaput Lapot, kalaputan, Viscosity, thickness pagkamalapot (of liquid) Lara, n. lara Sile, sili pepper Larin, n. ikumpuni kumpuni repair Laru, lanya, n. laru langis oil Lasi, adj. Nalasak, nahira Lansag, giba, wasak Dismantled, broken into parts, destroyed Lasun, n.. lasun lason poison Lata, n. lata lata can Late, n. Naglatay lawini latay A heavy blow (welt) on skin Lati, n. nagatii Ligata, butlig, pantal Itchy blotch whelk on skin Lati, n. nanawa Kaliitan, liit, linggit Smallness, littleness, dimunitiveness Latiku, n. latiku latigo whip Laun, lambat, n. Mabuyut, antigo Laon, tagal Long time Laun, adj. Mabuyut, katuwantuwanan Laon, matanda, antigo Old, antiquated, antique, used 098 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Laus, adj. Mabuyut, daan, nana, Laos, layot Antiquated, outdated, obso- antigo lete, soured or fermented for having become overripe Laut, n. karagatan Laot, karagatan Bay, midsea, high seas, far out sea Lawi, adj. nayanguy Layot, nalayot Dried-out before maturity Lawu, n. pagkabating Paglalaho, laho, Disappearance, act of pagkawala vanishing Laya, n. luya luya ginger Layi, n. tulis tulis Point, tapering end Laypan, n. laypan Alupihan, ulapihan sentipede Layug, n. Katag-ayan, mamatag-ay Kalayugan, layog, taas, Height, elevation, tayog altitude, exaltation Layun, n. hinuyhadya Layunin, layon, nais Object, purpose, intention, aim Lelut, n. lilut Lugaw, nilugaw, linugaw Rice porridge Lesawanan, adj. inkauluw Kanaw, tunaw, lusaw Powdered substance put in suspension in a liquid Letra, n. hulat letra letter Lia, n. Gitnan prutas Giha, liha Division of a fruit Liabi, n. liyabe liyabe wrench Libi, n. Kagatuan, kauyutan Libog, kalibugan, iyag Lust, lasciviousness Libru, n. libru Aklat, libru book Libu, n. libolibo libo thousand Libutad, kalibutan, n/prep kalibutaran Gitna, kalagitnaan, sentro Amid, among, center Libutlibut, n. Ampagtaka-palibut Alikot, pag-alikot Idling around, feeling, roaming, wandering Liked, adj. angpanginanat liyad Bent backward with stomach protruding Liku, adj. korba Liko, kilo Curved, bent Ligligan, n. ligligan Timpalak, paligsahan Contest, tilt, tournament Lili, adj. nabatsing Naligaw, nawala Strayed, lost in the way Lilibangan, n. Sabsaban kabayo, babi Labangan, sabsaban Through for feeding hogs, horses Lilu, n. bulataw Kanulo, pagkakanulo, Betrayal, traitorous act pagtaksil Liluk, n. pangatikot Lilok, paglililok Sculpturing, engraving, carving

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 099

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Limaid, adj. nanagmaruhing Limahid, manlilimahid Untidily dressed Limatak, n. linta Limatik, linta Leech, blood suckers Limbag, n. inlinbang Kalibangan, libang, Distraction, amusement, linlang cheat, trick Limpat, lumipat, n. Pag-ali, in-ali Paglipat, alis, bago Transfer, moving from one place to another Limtug, adj. inlumbag Lumintog, naglintos Swollen, inflated, blistered Limus, n. Palimuh, nagpalimuh Limos, abuloy alms Limyan, v. Ihipiin-mungmalahi Limiin, bulaybulayin To attend to, think deeply or reflectively Linku, n. linkaw Kalawit, karit, linkaw Scythe, sickle Lindayug, n. Mahambing-a-tunuy Indayog, ritmo, himig, Melody, tune, rhythm of melodia, tono music Lingad, n. ilingad tatwa denial Lingapngap, n. ankakiliti Ligawgaw, gilawgaw, Ticklish feeling kiliti, kalamkam Linggatung, n. bakla Kabaklahan, bakla, Perplexity, foreboding ligamgam Lingus, n. Mapanguluw, nagli- Paglinga, linga, lingon Looking sideways or in tapan-ya mata both directions Lino, n. malinaw Linaw, kalinawan clearness Linta, n. Limatik, linta linta leech Linupog, adj. Agrabyado, ayin suwerti Amis, api, agrabyado, Oppressed, unfortunate kulangpalad Linyu, n. angkalinyu Pangingilo, ngilo Setting of teeth on the edge as on eating something sour or hearing a rasping sound Lipaktung, n. lipaktung Tipaklong, balang Species of grasshoppers Liping, n. natsinatsihan Himatay, desmaya Fainting, swooning Lipit, adj. Gipit, ampaghirap Gipit, hirap, dahop, salat, In straits or difficulties in hikahos, ipit want Lipun, pamitipun, n. pamilalamu Lipon, libumbon Crowd, gathering, assembly Litak, n. naglamat Bitak, lahang, lamat Sign of break between wood fibers, crack Litid, n. litid litid tendon Litu, lingasngas, adj. ankalingasngas Lito, nalilito Confused, dazed, perplexed Liwas, kaliwas, n. kalibay Palit, kapalit Alternate, substitute, successor 100 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Liyas, n. Lii-u, pugang, kutu lisa Egg of a louse Liyu, n. Nawu, angkawu Hilo, lula, liyo, pagkahilo Dizziness, vertigo Liyuliyu, n. nagbakasyon Pagliliwaliw, Taking a pleasure trip, pagbabakasyon vacationing Loka, loku, adj. Luku-luku, sira-sira, Loka, loko, lunatika, Insane, mad, crazy, hira-hira haling demented Lolo, adj. nakapatawik Nakalawlaw, lawlaw, Dangling, hanging, laylay loosely Lona, n. patiirna lona canvas Lua, n. lua luha tears Lubas, adj. nakalabu Hubo’t hubad nude Lublub, n. paglublub Paglublob, lublob Wallowing, dipping Lubus, adj/adv. panpaglukwan Lubos, puspos Complete, completely, Absolute, absolutely Lukas, adj. iali hubad Naked, undresses from the waist up Lukib, n. Tanil, kuweba yungib Cave, dungeon Luksu, n. Lundag, angpaglukhu Lukso, talon, lundag, Jump, leap igpaw Luktun, n. durun Lukton, balang locust Lukub, n. nilukub Halimhim, paghalimhim, Hatching eggs, brooding or limhim incubation to hatch eggs Lukung, n. lukong lukong concavity Lukut, adj. nalukut Lukot, gusot, kulubot Rumpled, creased Lugma, n. angkalimuan Lagim, pangamba Onset of dread or fear Lugmon, n. kalapati lapati turtledove Lugmuk, lagmak, lagmak Lagmak, lughandusay Prostrate, exhausted lugpuk, adj. Lugu, lugus, laglag, adj. Nalugu, nalugus Lugot, lanta, layot Wilted and withered, faded Lugud, n. Labay, paglawlaw Pag-ibig, pagsinta, pagli- Love, fondness, affection, yag, pagkasi, pagtatangi admiration Lusug, kabulasan, n. Mahapat-yay lawini Lusog, kalusugan Health, healthiness Lugus, adj. Nalaguh, pigtal Nalagas, lagas, pigtal, Fallen off, plucked tanggal Lulam, n. ulap Dalumoy, alapaap Gray or dark clouds Lulanan, pabilianan, n. panbyanan Lalagyan, sisidlan container Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 101

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Lulud, n. Lulud bitsi lulod Shin, shin bone Lulun, rolyu, n. rolyu Lulon, rolyo roll Lumala, n. Ang-ikalikat manghahabi weaver Luluyun, adj. pulubi Palaboy, hapaslupa Vagrant, vagabond Lumbe, lugma, lungkut, n Ankalungkut, malungkut Lumbay, lungkot, pighati, Loneliness, downcast, galimgim, kalimgim, feeling sorrow, affliction kalumbayan, hapis, tamlay Lumene, n. mahinahon Lumanay, hinahon Mildness, gentleness, modesty Lumpu, adj. lumpo Lumpo, paralisado paralyzed Lunus, n. Lunus, ankalunus Awa, habag Companion, pity Lupi, n. Kupin balat, angpaglupi Paghuhunos, hunos, Skin peelings, molt pagluluno Lupisak, n. Lupisak, lupihak butiki lizard Luwalas, n. kaliwalas Kaluwagan, habso, Looseness, laxity talihabso Lunud, n. nalunud Pagkalunod, lunod drowning Luslus, n. inbitin Luslos, siklan, erniya, Hernia, rupture, hanging nakabitin down Lusub, n. Inhulub, lusubun Lusob, paglusob Attack, invasion, assault Lusut, lalsut, adj. Batan lumput Lusot, nakalusot, lampas, Penetrating, piercing Tagos, lagos Luwal, n. Awanan, luwal Labas, labas-bahay Out of doors, outdoors Luwalas, adj. maginhawa Aliwalas, mahangin, Clear, spacious, airy, maginhawa ventilated Luwalas, n. maginhawa Lawak, kalawakan, laki Expense, extension Layun, limbun, n. maglilimayon Limayon, paglilimayon Gallivanting around Luyus, n. luyuh bunga Betel nut Mabandi, adj. Makwalta, mayaman mayaman Wealthy, rich Mabayat, adj. Mabayat, malubha Malala, malubha Grave, serious, aggravated Mabie, adj. ankabyay Buhay, masigla, maybuhay Alive, lively Makabato, makagato, adj inlumutang Lutang, lumulutang Afloat, buoyant Makabiye, n. Makabuhay, makabiyay makabuhay A species of vine Makabulos, adj. nakabuhan Ligaw, alpas, laya Wild, strayed, uncontrolled, free Makabusni, adj. nakabuklat Bukas, bukaskas, nakabukas open 102 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Makakera, adj. nakakatuloy Nakahiga, pahiga Lying down, horizontal Makaket, adj. Ankakayat, ankaytun Kagat, ngatngat Gnawed, carried, between the teeth Makadwa, adv. makalwa samakalawa Day after tomorrow Makainip, adj. angkainip Nakakainip, nakakabagot Tedious, boring Makalalak, adj. inlalak Hiniklat, hilat, hiklat Stretched, pulled, sepa- rated with force. Makalolo, adj. Nakalawlaw nakaluyloy Hanging or dangling loosely Makalto, adj. Naka-awa Nakalitaw, litaw Visible. obvious Makaluge, adj. ankahalbag lugay Hanging loosely or freely down as long hair Makalugmuk, adj. luymok Lugmok, handusay, lupasay Helplessly prostrate, exhausted Makalungenge, adj. Natag-ay yay ulo lungayngay Head inclined backward with mouth open Makalupse, makatimpu, adj. makatimpu Lupasay, lupagi In a squatting position fallen or sitting flat on one’s haunches Makananu, adv. aymun Paano, papaano How, in what manner Makapadurut, adj. nakapadurut Piit, pikot, ipit Surrounded, cornered Makapugal, makasoga, adj. Nakagayak, maksadya Nakagayak, nakahanda, Ready, prepared preparado Makasalikut, adj. nakahinup Nakatago, tago Hidden, kept, guarded Makatua, matua, adj. Tua, lakay, mas matua Magulang, may edad, matanda Mature, of age, old Makatuklip, adj. Makatuklip, kinupi, inkupi Kupi, tupi, yupi Folded, doubled, flattened, distorted Makatwas, adj. nakatikwas Tikwas, nakatikwas, Tilted back, with one end tingadngad turned up Makaungle, adj. inbaba Lagaylay Hanging, drooping Makayunat, adj. In-unat Unat, banat Stretched, pulled Makina, n. makina makina Machine, engine Makiwa, usa, n. uyha usa Deer, stag, doe Maktul, n. mabusangot Pagmamaktol, mungot, Peevishness, grunt inggit Makakulung, adj makakulong nakakulong Caged, jailed Madalumdum, adj. naruglum madilim dark Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 103

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Maganaka, adj. maganaka Mabait, mapagbigay, Amiable, kind maunawain Makaakbe, adj. Ampitakuh, ampiakbay Magkaakbay, magkatabi, Sitting or lying down magkasiping close together Magkapamisan, adv/adj kaganawan Magkapisan, magkasama Together in a place, Living or staying Magdurukut, n. magdurukut Mandurukot, magnanakaw pickpocket Maginu, n. maginoo Maginoo, Don, Senyor Gentleman, nobleman Maglusob, manikil, n. ampagsalakay Manlusob, mananalakay Aggressor, invader Maglutu, v. ampaglutu Magluto, magsalang To cook Magsasarili, adj. Magsasarili, angpagsarili Nag-iisa, nagsasarili, Alone, solo nagsosolo Maguliyan, adj. Mag-ulian, Nahuhuli, ulianin, Senile, forgetful (as a mapangalingwan malimali Result of senility) Maimpis, adj. Maimpi Impis, kupise, kupiso, Shrunken, deflated, di- kumpis minished, flatten Maina, n. Maina, mangalambut kahinaan weakness Mais, n. mai mais corn Maitsura, adj. narawak Pangit, masamang itsura, ugly di-maganda Mal, adj. labay Mahal, minamahal, Beloved, held highly in tinatangi great esteem Mala, adj. Haya-ngu, namala Panaiga, naiga, tuyo Evaporated, dried by evaporation Malabit, adj. mayakaw Malabiga, masalita, Glib of tongue, gossipy, Mabunganga, mabibig talkative Malabug, adj. Malabug, aya malinaw malabo blurred Malagu, adj. Mahampat Maganda, marikit Beautiful, attractive Malagu, adj. malagu Mura, musmos, paslit Immature, undeveloped, unripe, innocent, toddling Malagua, v. Galling, parahun Magmadali, madali To hurry Malalam, adj. malaluh malalim deep Malamarine, n. Ankarung-uyan makahiya Bashful as the mimosa plant Malamarine, adj. Maramarung-uy Nauumid, umid Timid, shy, speechless, due to shyness, embarrashment, shame Malangi, adj. namala tuyo dry 104 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Malangi, adj. nalanta Luoy, lanta, layos Withered, faded Malapit, adv. die malapit near Malapno, adj. marinat Lapunaw, lamira Viscous, dirty, thick and sticky Malaram, n. Bulataw, bungkuk Sinungaling, bulaan liar Malastud, adj. magatil Haliparot, kiri Uninhibited, licentious, flirtation, vulgar, coarse Malati, malinis, Nanawa, malinis, Maliit, malinis, kaayaaya dainty kalugudlugud, adj. kalugudlugud Malda, pron. laganas madla All, everyone, the people Maliap, adj. mailap Mailap, salbahe, mabagsik Wild, savage, naughty, undomesticated Malyari, maliari, v. Malyari, maari maari Can, can be Malingmingan, n. malingmingan Pilipisan, sintido Temple (of head) Malisya, n. mamalisya Malisya, laswa, Indecency, lewdness kalaswaan, kahalayan Maliw, n. Marunong, kamuang Dunong, alam, talino, Knowledge, wisdom talisik Maluka, adj. kaulu Aba, mahirap, maralita, Poor, destitute pobre Malulupig, adj. angkahambut Duhagi, api, nalulupig, Oppressed, miserable dusta Malulut, adj. nautu hinog ripe Malunggo, n. kalamunggay malunggay Horse raddish tree Malutu, n/adj naurit pula Red, red color Malutulo, n. inakay Kiti, inakay Brood, young of birds Maman, n. mamah Nganga, hitso Betel chew Mamana, n. ampamana namamana archer Mamau, n. Nabang-ut Halimuymoy, amoy Pleasant odor, fragrance, redolence Mamaus, adj. mausang Pagak, namamaos Disagreeably harsh (voice) Mamu, adj. Maganaka, mahinhin maamo tamed Mamulang, adj. Ankamurit, ankasiraan, Hibang, nahihibang Crazy, delirious, insane ankaloko Mamun, interj. Hali murang, hali mita- Adyon, paalam goodbye kaina Man, adv. Putug, uuh Rin, din Also, too Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 105

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Mananu, mamuge, n. mamugay Bati, pugay, saludo Greetings, salute Mandilu, n. Malyu, magpalyu paliligo Bath, bathing Mangkuk, sillo, n. mangkuk Mangkok, tasan Big bowl, big saucer Mangungut, v. Angpaggigut, manubu, magkukot Eat slowly grain by grain pakakanawaha-kaun Mangitata, adj. Baha-buy-linat, kaatag gitata, nanggigitata Wet and sticky, dirt Maniabi, msalita, v. Mapag-salita, madaldal, Magsabi, mangusap, To talk, to speak, to tell mayakaw, matsismis magsalita Manibat, magumpisa, n. Ampag-umpisa, naibat Simula, pasimula Start, beginning Mansa, n. dumuk mantsa Stain, taint Mansanas, n. Mansanas, mansanah mansanas apple Mantala, n. pamaniwala Pamahiin, superstisyon Superstition, belief Manuba, n. Mamulang, balasubas Manunuba, balasubas, swindler manggagantso Manuk, n. manuk manol chicken Manuru, n. Mandangkal, dankalun, Tumuro, dangkal Hand breath, palm breath sukaran Manuyang, n. manuyang manugang Son-in-law or daughter-in-law Mapagal, adj. napaguil pagod Weary, tired Mapagbalatkayu, adj. Bulataw, bungkuk, Talipandas, ipokrita Fickles, not constant, balatkayu changeable, imprudent, hypocrite Mapanako, n. Manliumud, mapanakaw Magnanakaw, manananso Thief, swindler, robber Mapangangas, n/adj Mapangangas, ambug Pangahas, marahas Daring, bold, intrepid, aggressive Mapia, adj. Pinakadakila, matag-ay Mahal, dakila, Noble, highly born mataas na tao Mapilan, pron. Mga-hinu ilan Some, few Maragul, adj. Maliwalas, malhay, Malaki, malawak Big, large, vast marugul Marangle, n. A-la, natabun Linang, bukid, bukirin Farm, field, under cultivation Maranun, adj/adv Mahambak, maranun maaga early Marayu, adj. Marayu, bapandayu malayo afar Marka, n. Marka, minarkahan marka Mark, trade mark Mariposa, n. Paruparu, mariposa paruparo butterfly 106 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Marikut, adj. malamun Madamo, mayagit weedy Marirya, n. Mainggit, ankarirya Panaghili, pagka-inggit, Envy, envsiousness pagkapanaghili Marok, adj. Marawak, alwan dapat Masama, di-mabuti Bad, not good Masanting, mayap, adj. mahampat Magaling, mabuti Well, good Masikan, adj. Masikan, makhaw malakas Loud, strong Masikap, masinup, adj. Masikup, mahinup, Ligpit, nakaligpit, iniligpit Arranged or kept in order mapagligpit Masid, n. Ampunabun, mapagpuna, Bati, puna, pintas Remark, criticism, mangliip attention called to a fault Maslam-aslam, adj. Nagihu, maslam Kulasim, maasim, asim Somewhat sour Matamad, adj. Patawad, batugan Tamad, batugan Lazy, indolent, slothful Matenakan, adj. kamuangan matalino witty Matilus, adj. Matilus, tulis Datdat, tilos, matilos Sharp-pointed Matrimonio, n. Banghal, kahal Matromonio, kasalan Matrimony, wedding Matsin, n. bakulaw Matsing, unggoy, tsonggo A species of monkey Matsura, n. Marawak, narawak pangit ugly Matua, adj. Tua, daan dua matanda Elder, old Matulid, adj. Daretsu, matulid Tuwid, matuwid straight Matuling, adj. Nauyang, ubug maitim Black, ebony Mau, n. kainum Pagkauhaw, uhaw, thirst kauhawan Maula, adj. Masmahampat putiig Sukdulan ang ganda magnificent Mauli, paralaya, n. baitan Hilaga, norte north Mayakayan, pikabaluan, n Pakitandaan, Litaw, tanyag, balita Notable, prominent, pakimuangan known, popular Mayulaga, adj. Mahalaga Mahalaga, importante Valuable, important Mebasa, adj. nabaha basa wet Mekad, adv. Indadku, siguru Baka, marahil, kaypala, Perhaps, maybe sakali Mekeni, avar. Dya-ti, kamu-rie Halika, halika rito Come here Melalang, adv. Nadyag, dinyag Nilikha, linikha created Melungkut, adj. Nginuya, ginatgat Ngalot, nginuya Crushed by chewing Melukid, metibag, adj. Natibag, natsibag, nalasak Nalugso, lugso, giba Caved in, fallen Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 107 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Melugu, adj. Subrang pita, masyarung Nilabog,malabog, Overboiled pita, bapan pita malabsak, malambot Melumun, adj. Hinuy dahilan lunot Soft by reason of ripeness, mellow Melupig, adj. Pinabuku, sinupil, Lupig, supil, pinasuko Vanquished, subjugated, nasungal defeated Mengagisi, adj. Nagihi, nangagisi Munglay, namunglay, Mutilated, torn, shattered gutay, luray Menila, n. Maynila Maynila Manila Mepakli, adj Napakli, nahira Baklas, bakli, bungi Broken off, partly broken Mepitpit, adj. napitpit Dukdok, pipi, pispis Crushed flat Meputal, mepunti, adj. Napuntsi, naputu, na-ali nabali Detached or rent by force Meramdam, adj. Nagilaman, namuangan, Dinig, napakinggan, Can be heard audible natandaan ulinig Mestru, mestra, n. Tagaturu, mistra Guro, maestro, instructor Teacher, instructor, mentor Mete, adj. mia Isa, uno, una one Metoyatu, n. Kalangitan, kamunduan Sandaigdigan, sansinukuban the universe Metupad, meyari, adj. Natupad, nayari Ganap, natupad, nagawa, Fulfilled, accomplished, Natapos, nayari Completed, achieved Mianak-anak, n, pamilya Mag-anak, pamilya family Miasawa, n. miahawa Mag-asawa Husband and wife, Married couple Mibulus, adj. nabuhan Namulos, natapon spilled Miglalang, n. Nanyag Lumikha, Maykapal Almighty, Creator Miilig, adj. nailig Killing, paling, hilig Inclined, bent, tilted to one side Milikas, adj. inlikas Himpak, humpak Deflated, hollow, sunken, depressed Milugami, makalugami, adj Makabusit, makainis Lugami, lugmok Sunk in, fallen into prostra- tion with grief, exhausted Milulupa, siyayawig, adj Mipaparihu, milu- Magkamukha, Alike, the same, palupa, daptay yabay magkahawig, magkaparis similar in appearance, Minasmas, n. Alinpungatan, kaimata Himasmas, alimpungat Full consciousness upon waking from sleep, rude awakening Mintu, n. Mintupun, humunul, Talima, pagtalima, Obedience, compliance panhumulan pagsunod 108 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Minum, n. Minum, ninum Pag-inom, tungga, barik Act of drinking, Gulping down a drink Mipaamak, n. Nipahamak, nipakarawak Kapahamakan, sakuna, accident aksidente Mipaka, adv. Masyado, putug, kaptugan napaka very Mipakde, adj. Nakaimata, nakagising, Pukaw, gising Aroused, awake, vigilant Alistu, magilas Mipasoso, mipasubu, v. Nipahubu, nipasubu Napalulong, mapasubo, To be launched irrevocably mapabuyo or unwillingly Mipnu, adj. Napnu, naaptan Lipos, puno Full, covered with Misalba, miligtas, adj. Nakatakas, naligta Nakaligtas, ligtas Saved free Misan, adv. minghan Minsan, isang beses Once, one time Misangkut, v. Nipalamu, naakaynaya Mapasangkot, mapasama To be dragged into, to be im- plicated in an affair or trouble Misasanib, adj. Milalamu, hikatamungan, magkasanib United, joined together maglalamu Mitauli, adj. Natawli, nabalag Huli, nahuhuli Tardy, late Mitds, adj. Napha, nabalbal Napisa, pisa Crushed, pressed, compressed Mu, adv. Lang, hikaw Lamang, lang, tangi Only, only one, solely Muangit, n. matubag Pagngangalit, matinding fury galit Mukyat, n. Munik, ampamunik Ahon, sampa Climbing or going up, up- ward way Muhi, adj. narumuk Namumuhi, muhi Hating, beginning a feeling of hate Mula, n. Inhatu, hatupun Mula, pasimula, simula Beginning, start Mulagat, adj. umulagat Dilat, mulat With opened eyes Mulala, n. Pangulun, paghanga Paghanga, pagpuri, admiration pagtingin Multu, lalage, n. Kuwaput, kamana Multo, impakto Ghost, specter Mumul, mulmul, n. mumog Mumog, pagmumog gargling Mumurung, adj. umurung Hipak, humpak, himpak Shrunken, hollow, sunken, depressed, moving backward Muna, adj. Una, ampamuna Una, nauuna, primero First, earliest, in the front, In the lead Munag-sumala, n. Bayun buka, naruruglum Bukangliwayway, dawn madaling-araw, pagsilang Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 109

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Munggu, balatung, n. balatung Balatong, munggo Mungo bean, monggo Murit, n. Murit, sira Baliw, hibang, ulol, loko Demented person, crazy Murung, adj. inmurung Bawa, bawas, hina Reduced in intensity Musal, n. barasus Pamimitig, ngimay Numbness, prickling, pain in muscles Musal, n. barasus biik Muscular bulge of calf of leg or upper arm Musing, n. maruhing Lanit, bakat, hawa Smear, blotsh, contagion Musmus, adj. inusenti Musmos, inosente Innocent, toddling Mutya, n. Mutya, nakabukudhiya Mutya, tangi, bukud-tangi, The only one pearl, galling, anting-anting talisman, charm, amulet Muwa, n. Tubag, lihkiit mapahang Galit, yamot, muhi, poot Anger, rancor, indignation, resentment Nako, n. mapanliimiid Balanya, umit, dukot, nakaw Robbery, theft, pilferage Nako, adj. inliimiid Ninakaw, nakaw Stolen, pilfered, robbed Nakulub, adj. Nakulub, nahuklub Naluos, luom, kulob Covered, airtight Nana, n. Naknak, pukpuk Nana, naknak pus Nanaknak, adj Main-nana Nagnanaknak, may nana abscessed Nanu, pron. Hinu, hi ano what Nasa, n. Labay, inhabi, hinalita Ibig, gusto, nais, nasa Like, want, desire Nawa, n. panurayan Alwan, ginhawa comfort Nayun, n. barriu Nayon, baryo Barrio, village Niaung, n. Niaung, tangis puha ngiyaw Mewing of cat or kittens Nimu, imu, n. Nanimu, nangulamu hilamos Act of washing the face Ningnang, n. Ingaw, inihaw, inlitsun Pag-iihaw, tapa, litson Roasting, grilling, baking, broiling, on live coal Nini, adj. Hatsi, hati Niri, niyari, nito Of this Ninu, pron. hinuy Nino, kanino, Whose, who Ninu man, pron. Hinu man, hinu Sino man, kahit sino Anybody, anyone Nita, adj. hatsa Niyon, niyaon Of that Nita, adv. inhatu noon At that time, then Nitso, n. pamilubungan Nitso, libingan Graveyard, niche Nukarin, nunte, adv. Hayru, hayri Nasaan, saan naroon Where at, which place

110 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Nunu, pipunpunan, n. Apu-apuan, Ninuno, apo, pinag-apuan Ancestor, forefathers, pinaka-apuapuan grandparents Niyaman, n. Nalahap, natawayan, Lasap, sarap, linamnam Fine taste, natakman wholesomeness Ng, prep. ha ng of Ngale, n. ankabanili Pagkangalay, ngalay Muscular fatigue, numbness Ngan, pron. Hila-ut, hilangan, Lahat, tanan All, everything kaganawan Ngikngik, n. Langitngit, ngitngitan Ingit, alatiit, langitngit Cracking or grating sound produced by friction, grunt Ngulangus, n. Matangi, nagtangihan Pagngunguyngoy, ngakngak Continuous, sulky crying, loud cry of a child Ngulngul, n. nagngulngul pagngulngul Grumbling, sulkiness Ngusu, n. Labi, buboy nguso lip Obispu, n. ubispu obispo bishop Obra, n. Obra, dyag gawain Work, job Obrang gamat, adj. Dyag-gamut Gawaing kamay manual O’kaya, prep. Hatsi kaya, hati kaya O’kaya, dili kaya otherwise Oktubri, n. Uktubri Oktubre October Orador, n. manunulumpati Mananalumpati, orador orator Oras, n. uras oras Hour, time Orasion, n. urasyun orasyon angelus Ornu, n. pugon Pugon, hurno even Ospital, n. huspital Ospital, pagamutan hospital Otel, n. hutil otel hotel Oyan, interj. Hanya, hatya hayan There, there it is Oyni! Interj. Die, hatsa Heto! Here it is! Paatad, n. Iatul, pahabi Pahatid, mensahe, pasabi Message, communiqué, correspondence Pabalu, n. Abisu, ipamuang, babala Abias, paunawa, babala Notice, notification, Announcement, warning Paburen, v. paulayan Pabayaan, bayaan To allow, to tolerate Pakalagu, n. pakahampat Pampaganda, mek-ap Make-up Pakalulu, n. malunu Paghibig, samo, pamanhik Pleading, supplication, entreaty, request Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 111 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pakamal, pakamalan, n. pangkaluguran Pagkasi, pag-ibig, Love, affection pag-irog, paggiliw Pakat, n. Pamakat, bagkat, ipakat Dikit, dagkit, lagkit Adhering, sticking Pake, n. misyun Misyon, pakay mission Pakiawan, n. kaganawan Pakyawan wholesale Pakibat, n. Hinabi, hinalita Ganti, tugon, sagot Answer, response, reply Pakipat, insultu, n. insultu dalasa, asalto, atake Assault, attack, insult Pakiramdaman, v. Ankagilaman, nalungumu pakinggan hear Pakirut, n. Nakatsigag, nakapalimu Kagitlahan, gilalas, gulat, Awe, fright, shock, mangha Surprise, scare Pakit, n. Impakit, impaltaw, Muwestra, pakita, Show, sample, on exhibit impalabas palabas, panoorin, sampol Pakitluoy, Nagpalunu, nagpalunus Pagluhog, luhog, supplication magmakalunus, n. pagkamakaawa Pakli, adj. Napakli, sinupak Bakli, bali, piyo, sapak Bent but broken at the corner of the bend Pakpak, n. pakpak Pakpak wing Paksa, n. pakha paksa topic Paku, n. paku Pamatok, saklay, paod, pako Yoke, nail Pakutang, adj/n. pangutang Pananong, bantas na Interrogation, mark, pananong, interogatibo question Pakyud, n. Pilay, napilay, pilingkod Kantod, pilantod, pilay Limping or shambling walk Pagal, n. Paghinga, pangisnawa Paghingal, hagok, hingasing Gasping, panting Paganaka, n. paalala Untag, pagunita, paalala reminder Pagepe, n. wagayway Pagaypay, wagayway Flapping of wings Paglako, n. pamita Pag-alis, lakad, yao, layas Departure, leaving Paglalawe, panimanman, n Pamanguluw, pangakit Paningin, bista Sense of sight, seeing Paglayunan, n. pangatuluyan Panuluyan, punduhan Lodging, house, hotel Paglub, n. Panhumun, hinmun Pagpasok, pagtuloy sa loob Entry, thrust inside Pagmasusian, pasalamat, n Magpasalamat, Pagdaraos, diwang, Holding or celebrating an pasasalamat selebrasyon affair Pagmayumu, n. pagmayumu Dulse, matamis, minatamis Conserved sweets, dessert Pago, n. pagaw balikat shoulder Pagsalbat, n. hinupantanamunmu Kapighatian, pighati, Anguish, afflication, dusa, panimdim sorrow

112 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pagsamantala, adj. panhamantala pansamantala temporary Pake, n. balak Layon, hangad Purpose, objective Paid, pulis, n. Hinipu, inhipu Pahid, paghapid, pawi, payi Wiping off Painawa, n. painawa Pahinga, pahingalay Rest, relaxation Paintulot, n. Makikuang, patanda, Pahintulot, kanpahintulutan Permit, permission, pass mgpatanda Paintungulan, n. Asahan, mamuangan Pag-asa, pag-asam hope Palak, n. Palak, huyuk Tining, latak Sediment, lees, residue, Dregs (of liquid) Palakingkingan, n. Libutad gamut hinlalato Middle finger Palage, n. Indap, tinapul Hagap, hinagap, haka, Notion, idea, opinion, akala surmise Palalu, n. Gadgad, mayabang, Palalo, maybang, Arrogant, naughty, proud maabul balunlugod Palamutyan, adj. ankasanbahan Batbat, napapanalamutihan, Fully adorned with nahihiyasan Palanakan, n. Pilunan-anak Bahay-bata uterus Palang, panabud, n. kuiya Itak, kampit, gulok bolo Palanggana, n. palanggana palanggana basin Palayo, n. palayaw palayaw nickname Paldeut, n. paldeut Puil, tulatod, kokote Croup, coccyx, terminal part of rectum Pale, n. Buya, pali palay Rice plant, unhusked rice Pali, n. Naumut, kalyado Init, alab, lagablab, kainitan Ardor, fervor, heat, warmth Paligi, n. paligi kanal canal Palilu, n. Pag-idlip Pag-idlip, hipig, gupiling Nap, snooze Paisimi, n. naruglum Kalagiman, lagim Sorrow, melancholy, sadness Paltus, n. pinaltug Paltos, lintos, lintog blister Palu, n. Binubog, kinumpa Palo, bugbog Stroke, whip, lash Palung, n. palung palong cockscomb Palungpung, n. palumpung palumpong Bushes, shrubs Palus, n. palus palos eel Pamakat, n. pamakat Pasta, kola, pandikit Adhesive, glue, paste Pamakipagsapalaran, n. pamagsapalaran Pakikipagsapalaran, adventure Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 113 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pamakipagkulania, n. Pangangalunya makilakhip Pakikiapid, pakikiagulo adultery Pamagat, n. pamagat Pamagat, titulo title Pamagdilidili, n. Pamimiha, malungkut Galimgim, lumbay Loneliness, sadness Pamaglage, n. Impaltaw, impakit Paglitaw, paglabas appearance Pamaglalawe, Pamiuluw-uluw Paningin, pananaw, View, viewpoint, opinion pamanimanman, n. opinion Pamaglayag, n. paglakbay paglalayag voyage Pamaglub, n. pamahun Panlolob, panunulisan Brigandage, sacking, banditry Pamagmananu, ginalamanu Bati, kongratulasyon congratulations galamanu, n. Pamagmulala, pangasdan, n Nabigla, nakatsikag Pagtataka, pagkagulat Astonishment, amazement Pamagpabaya, n. Pamanlay, pinalayan pagpapabaya Neglect, negligence Pamagpuyat, n. nagpuyat pagpupuyat Keeping night vigil Pamagtamasa, n. kinalabayan pagtatamasa enjoyment Pamalak, n. Haka, akala, bulay-bulayin Pagkukuro, kurukuro, Opinion, reflection, hinala, haka, hinagap supposition, notion Pamalaman, n. palaman Paniksik, palaman stuffing Pamalmura, n. Bastus, mapanagkas Lait, mura, alimura, Villification, insult, slander, pandurusta scolding, reproach Pamalsa, n. pamalha Paratang, kalumya Imputation, calumny, false accusation Pamalsinta, n. pampaglawlawan Pag-ibig, pagsinta, Love, affection pagtatangi Pamalu, pamukpuk, n. pamukpuk Pamalo, panghampas Club, cudgel, bludgeon Pamaniagkas, n. Pamag-habi pagbigkas pronunciation Pamanalig, n. manalig Pananalig, tiwala Confidence, trust Pamanambitan, Pamananangi, Pananangis, pananaghoy Wailing, crying Panagulele, n. hagtangihan Pamangalalu, n. Inggit, mainggit Panibugho, selos Jealousy, envy Pamangalinguan, n. makalinguan pagkalimot Amnesia, forgetfulness Pamangan, n. Pamangan, kanun Pagkain, komida Food, nourishment Pamanganak, n. Maypaanak, magpaanak panganganak Giving birth, delivering a baby Pamangatuliran, n. mangatuliran Pangangatwiran, Manner or method of pagmamatuwid reasoning

114 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pamangayos, n. kayuhun Kayas, pagkayas Whittling, spokeshaving, scarping off by a sharp intstrument Pamanggamit, n. gamit kagamitan Material, usage, anything used or usable Pamanyuka, manhuka Lunsad, paglulunsad, suka Vomitting or spilling of pamaglunsad, n. milk or food by babies Pamanhuwaki, n. Ukuy-ahu Payipoy, payupoy Wagging (of tails) as among dods Pamangilag, n. Nanginlag, manliip Pag-ilag Dodging, avoiding to be hit Pamanguko, n. panguku Hinguko, paghihinguko Cutting off fingernails or toenails Pamanguli, n. umurung Pagkukuli, kuli Revocation, retraction Pamanguto, n. pankutuan Hinguto, paghihinguto Picking lice from hair Pamangutya, n. panantu Daway, blaspemya blasphemy Pamanos, n. uyahan Paghihinaw, paghuhugas Dipping or washing of ng kamay hands or feet in water Pamanyabi, n. talumpati Pangungusap, deklarasyon Statement, declaration Pamanyamba, n. Pagsimba, simba Pagsamba, pintuho Adoration, worsip Pamanyampa, n. pamamamunik Pagsama, akyat, alapaw Act of climbing over, going up Pamanyandal, n. inhandal Pagsandal, sandal Reclining, leaning Pamanyapnung-baba, n. nakaitikun pangangalumbaba Resting the chin on one or both hands, done usually by sitting down Pamau, n. Pamag-bau Pangamoy, pang-amoy Sense of smell Pamayani, n. Pagmamatag, tanyag Bansag, paghahambog, Claim, boast, broadcast pagmamalaki around Pamayap, n. patunayan Patibay, aprobasyon approval Pamepe, n. pamaypay Abaniko, pamaypay, paypay Folding fan Pamibalakbalak, n. Pamangihipihip, Paghuhunusdili, hunusdili Control, prudent, ampibalak reconsideration Pamibalangasan, pamagdibati pagtatalo Argument, debate pamitaltalan, n. pamikakatawan Pamimilawini, Pangangatawan, Physique, health kahampatan lawini kalusugan Pamikasundo, n. Kasunduan, kalabayan Pagkakasundo, Amicable, settlement, pagkakaunawaan agreement Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 115

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pamikatagun, n. pamilamu Pagkakataon, oportunidad Coincidence, chance, opportunity Pamikunut-kunut Pamibagal-bagal Pag-aatubili hesitation Pamihag, n. Pan-ialbay, pamipaltaw Panghalina, pang-akit, Fascination, intriguing, balani attraction Pamilungkut, n. narimba Paghihinagpis, hinagpis Sigh, plaint, sorrow, anguish, lamentation Pamingua, n. Magmalasakit, itaguyod Malasakit, tangkilik, Physical suffering, self- Taguyod sacrificing, solicitude, protective, cincern Pamipatibe, pamagnayun, n kaptugan Pagpapatibay, approval pagsang-ayon Pamipamuk, n. gamutan Paghahamok, panalasa, Hand-to-hand fighting pagbabaka Pamira, n. liyabe Birador, liyabe wrench Pamisalit, n. Liwasliwas, libaylibay Salit, pagsasalit Alternation, interspersion Pamisip, n. Pamangihip, pangisi[ Hinagap, paghihinagap Idea, suspicion, thought Wishful thinking Pamisisip, n. Ampang-ihip, mimisip Isip, pag-iisip, muni, nilay Thought, mind Pamitipuntipun, n. Pamilalamu, laguma Pagtitipon, kapulungan Assembly, gathering Pamitwa, n. Dibati, pamihabian Pagtatalo, diskusyuon Dispute, debate, Argument, controversy Pamun, n. mitakayna Pahimakas, pamamaalam, Last farewell, goodbly Huling paalam Pamuntuk, n. Pinuno, hari Pangulo, presidente President, head, leader Pamuri, n. Ampanhanga-ako Paghanga, panghihibo Wonder, admiration, flattering, adulation Pamusbus, n. panlubut Pamutas, pambutas Perforator, hole, borer Pamusit, n. pamusit pamiga citrons Panabilin, n. Ipatanda, pamuangan, Bilin, patupad, habilin, Request, instruction, advice, ipanabilin paingat something left in another’s charge Panakita, panakitan, n. upa Gana, kita, suweldo, Earnings, salary, pay, sahod, upa wages Pamagtampu, n. nangkiit Hinampo, pahihinampo Displeasure, disgust, resentment Panalala, n. Kagalangan, galang, Alang-alang, pitagan, Consideration, regard, alang-alang galang esteem, respect 116 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Panalita, n. panalita Talumpati, diskurso speech Panamuyut, n. inamuyut Halina, panghalina glamour Panaru, n. panamunmungun Pang-aliw, panlibang, Consolary matter or event pang-alo Panas, n. panas Guyam, langgam A species of ants Panasap, n. aparatu Panluop, panuob Apparatus or substance for fumigation Panaun, n. pananun Panahon, pagkakataon Time, chance Panaya! interj. inganan hintay Wait! Pandayan, n. pandayan pandayan anvil Pandayu, n. pinalayan Paglisan, pagpapabaya Abandonment, desertion Pande, n, pandayan panday blacksmith Pandilu, n. pagpalyo Pagligo, paliligo Bath, bathing Pando, n. inspectu Pandaw, inspektor Inspector (of traps, corrals, lairs) Pandung, n. talukbong Kubong, talukbong, Head-covering pandong Pane, adj. Halus, panay Panay, pulos, taganas Of one kind, unmixed, pure Pangabait, n. kaibatan pagsilang Birth, being born Pangabala, n. Pag-abala Gambala, gulo Disturbance, obstacle, trouble Pangaku, n. pangaku Pangako, sangla promise Pangadwa, adj. pangalwa Pangalawa, sigunda, second ikalawa Pangane, n. panganay panganay First-born child Panganib, n. panganib panganib danger Pangakesnuk, n. maulut Pagkainis, pagkayamot, inis Disgust, exasperation Pangasi, pangadi, n. panalangin dasal prayer Pangalako, n. Pag-aliw, putuhun Pag-alis, bawas, tanggal, removal putol, pungos Pangaluslus, n. maluslus Paglutos, pagkalutos, lugso Falling due to weakness of structures, itariness, loneliness Pangapalyari, n. malyari pangyayari Event, occurence Pangapili, n. Pagtalaga, paninud Paghirang, pagtatalaga Appointment, selection, choice Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 117

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pang-inang, n. Pang-inang Sulda, panghinang Solder, welding material Pangisnawa, n. panginhawa hininga breath Panglo, n. malungkut Panglaw, lungkot, lumbay Melancholiness, solitariness, loneliness Pangpang, n. pilapil Pasigan, pasig, Shore, sandy banks of dalampasigan rivers Pangunakan, nukan, n. ankiin pamangkin Niece, nephew Pangusap, n. pihabi pangungusap sentence Panibatan, n. panibatan Pamuhatan, pinanggalingan, Source, origin, start, pinagmulan beginning Panibayu, adj. panidayo panibago Renewed, rfesurgent Paniki, n. paniki paniki bat Panigapu, n. pakihabi Pamanhik, pakiusap Entreaty, supplication, request Panimalan, n. panimalan Pananamit, karamatan, Habiliment, dress suot Paninap, n. Panaynipm natayniip Pangarap, panaginip dream Panintun, n. Pantapulun, tsikapun hanap Quest, object of search Paniu, n. panyu Panyo, panyolito handkerchief Pansing, puna, n. ampanguna Pansin, puna Comment, remark Pantalan, n. Pantalan (pipagpaiwan pantalan harbor barko) Pantalon, n. hangwal pantalon pants Pante, adj. parehu Pantay, magkapantay, Of the same length, equal parehu level, even Pantiun, n. libungan Sementeryo, libingan Cemetery, graveyard Pantuk, buno, n. batian buno wrestling Panukad, panyukad, n. Hukdan, panukad panukat Measuring tool or gadget Panugtug, n. panilig pagdidilig Sprinkling or watering (of plants) Panulu, n. panulu Gamut, medisina Medicine, drug Panuru, n. ituru Panuro, panturo pointer Panusig, n. pansing Paunlak, nairog Giving in, following another’s wish Panyungkit, n. mansahan Sunkit, panungkit Hook and polo used for picking fruits 118 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Papalasan, papalwan, n. kumpahan pigi Hips, buttock Papalto, n. ampanyag Gumagawa, tagagawa manufacturer Papil, n. papil papel paper Paralaga, n. gantimpala gantimpala Award, prize, reward, compensation Paraiso, n. paraiso paraiso paradise Paralampu, n. pamakihabi Bilin, pakiusap, pamanhik Request, supplication, pleading Paralan, n. paraan paraan Method, procedure Paralaya, n. Baitan, mauli hilaga north Paras, n. naparas Hanghang, anghang, Pungency, pepperiness kahanghangan Parati, adv. panay Lagi, palagi, parati Always, ever Paraya, padaya, n. parayain Pagdawil, pagpisa Forcing out blood from wound by pressing around Paritan, n. sulumbutii Tinghoy, ilaw, lasigi Oil-fed wick lamp Paro, n. paraw hipon shrimp Parulang, n. parugan gulong wheel Parumingu, n. Mihay dumingo Linggo, isang linggo One week Pasakitan, adj. kahakitan Ginigiyagis, sakbihi, giyabis Bothered, afflicted, tortured by, racked by Oasbul, n. pasbul Pinto, puwerta Door, gate Pasi, n. pasi turumpo Toy top Pasibayu, adv. manguman Pamuli, muli Again, once more Pasinaya, n. panipan Pasinaya, inagurasyon Inauguration, installation Pasingon, adj. pasingawan Umpis, kupis Deflated, reduced in bulk, flat, depressed Pasingpasing, adj. Pasuray-suray, Hagubay, suray, giray Staggering or swaying padulay-dulay movement in walking or standing Pasiu, n. Bala, paslu palaso Arrow, dart Pasla, n. Kinumkum, indat-i Pagpisil, pisil Squeezing with the hand compressing Pasu, n. naiyaw Paso, sunog Burns, scalding Pat, n. Pat, tsisil pait chisel Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 119

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pata, n. manhid Pamimitig, manhid numbness Patad, putut, adj. Naputu, pinutu Lagot, nalagot, putol, Snapped off, cut off patid Patag, adj. patag Patag, pantay Flat, level Pataram, n. matarum Patalim, pamutol, panggapas Sharp cutting instrument Patas, adj. Istu, tag-ay, sigurado Tahag, tiyak, tuwid Clear and direct, definite Pate, n. mipatsi Away, laban, habag, Quarrel, loud disputation, basag-ulo Fight, affray Pati, n. pati salop ganta Patianak, n. nunu tiyanak goblin Patibung, n. patibung Patibong, silo, umang Trap, snare, cage Patinga, n. Pauna, paupa Pauna, patinga Advance payment Patingapun, n/adv. Patingapun, kaawat maghapon Whole day long Patipati, n. patipati kalapati Dove, pigeon Patnube, n. kalamu Patnubay, abay, kasama Guide, escort, companion Patune, n. Kaptugan, patunayan Patibay, patotoo, prueba Proof, evidence Patungkul, n. Ingawang, inkaloob Handog, alay, patungkol, Offer, dedication, lako commemoration Patutu, n. patunayan Pagpapatibay, patotoo testimony Patwagtwag, n. iliek Kitikiti, larba Mosquito larva, wriggler Pau, n. pagong Pagong, pawikan turtle Paud, n. panaklay Paod, pamatok, panaklay Yoke of carabao or fox Paugtan, n. paugtuan tanghalian lunch Pawas, n. pawas pawis Sweat, perspiration Paywan, buran, v. alihin Pawiin, paramin, burahin To erase Payanti, adj. pakiapus Pahambing, patulad Comparative, metaphorical Payu, payul, n. Utul, tagapayao Payo, hatol, aral Advice, counsel Paying, n. payung payong umbrella Paying-payungan, n. Paying-payungan kabute mushroom Payus, adj. Payus, paos Paos, agas, malat Slightly raspy, hoarse, raucus Pekakatawan, n. pekalawini Kinatawan, diputado Assemblyman, representative, delegate Pekapun, n. Hari, hepi Puno, amo, tagapangasiwa Boss, chief, administrator, head 120 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pengari, n. Matua lalaki, matua babai Magulang, ama’t ina Parent, parents Petsa, n. petsa Petsa date Pialungan, n. dagawan laruan toy Piansa, n. Piansa, piniyansa piyansa Bail, bond, guaranty Pibandyan, n. Ari-arian, kasangkapan Ari, propyedad Asset, property, estate Pibitayan, n. pinagsakalah bitayan gallows Piblas, n. nagbaru damit garb Piblasan, n. piblasan kasuotan Wear, clothes, apparel Pikut, n. dinukut Pagdurukot, kidnap, kidnapping kulimbat Piga, n. pinigangungut Gata ng niyog Coconut milk Piikan, adj. Piikan, piniliin, mapamili Pihikan, mapili, pilian Choosy, fastidious Pila, n. Linya, pila Danay, hanay, hilera Row, file, line Pilan, interj. ingnu ilan How many? Pilapil, n. pilapil Pilapil, hapila, tambak Breakwater, small dike, usally around wet ricefields Pilatan, n. Pilatan, hatganan Pagitan, agwat, layo Space between interval, distance Pilatan, prep. pilatan Sa pagitan between Pildis, n. magpildis Pag-ipod, ipod Moving over a little, budging Pile, n. Pilay, napilay Pilay, bali Sprain, fractured or dislocated bone Pile, pilantod, adj. Pilay-pilay Pilay, pilantod Crippled, lame Piling, n. Pagtanggi, aking mabay Pag-iiling, ayaw, tanggi Shaking of the head Piliu, adj. luko pilyo naughty Pin, adv. Kaptugan, malaman nga Really, truly, certainly Pinupu, adj. pupung Pupo, pupong Chopped off, mutilated Pipamulkeruan, n. Pipamulkeruan, Katayan ng mga hayop Abattoir, slaughter house pinamatsian Pipanuluan, n. pagpauluan Pagamutan, ospital hospital Pipe, adj/n. Pipi, akahabi Pipi, apaw, utall, umid Dumb, mute Pipi, n. pinipi paglalaba Laundering, washing of clothes Pipulsuan, n. Pipulsuan, pipulhan pulsuhan wrist Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 121 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pirakayan, v. pidakayan Dibidihin, hatiin, partihin To divide, to apportion Pirait, n. pinirait Daya, pandaraya Cheat, guile Pirasu, n. kapirasu Piraso, kapiraso piece Pirulunan, n. hangganan Patuto, hangganan, dulo Boundary line between land properties, border, edge Pisamban, n. simbahan Simbahan, iglesya church Pisan, n. pinhan pinsan cousin Pisara, n. pisara pisara blackboard Pising, n. pising Pagpiksi, igtad, piksi Flouncing, flounce Piso, palatao, n. pisaw pisaw hatchet Pitaka, n. pitaka pitaka wallet Plaisdan, n. palaisdaan Palaisdaan, pangisdaan Fishpond, fishing ground, fishery Popon, n. hapaw Hapaw, halagap Light removing of the out- side layer of a pile or heap Posas, n. Posas, pohas posas handcuff Poso, n. bomba Poso, artesyano Artesian well Pota, adv/adj paunggan mamaya Later on, by and by, after a while Pota sakaling, adv. Siguru, baka Marahil, baka, sakali Perhaps, maybe Potang baguia, adv. papaunggan mayamaya By and by, later Premyu, n. gantimpala Premyo, gantimpala Award, reward Presu, n. Prisu, nasukul, nahukul Bilanggo, bihag, preso Prisoner, captive Pukdul, n. angkumirut Paghilab, hilab Swelling of stomach caused by the movement of the fetus Pudpud, adj. Mapurul, purud Mapurol, pulpol Blunt, dull Pugad, sale, n. pugad pugad nest Pugit, n. Pugit, tawli Kulelat, kulalat, The last in the turn, last of kahulihulihan all Pugu, n. pugu pugo Quail bird Pugung, n. pugung Pugong, pamungkos A piece of cloth for head covering Pugus, n. Pinipi, pipi Pugos, pagpugos Washing of the dirt or stain of cloth Pulseras, n. pulsiras pulseras bracelet Pulsu, n. Pulsu, pulhu Pulso, tibok, pitik Pulso, palpitation

122 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pulu, n. lalu Pulo, isla Island, isle, islet Pulubi, n. Kalulu, mahirap pulubi Beggard, pauper Puluk, n. puluk Pagpulok, pulok Bristles, bristling neck feathers Pulung, n. pamihabian Pulong, pagpupulong Conversation, caucus, meeting Pulus, purus, adj/adv. laganas Pulos, puro, lahat All of the same kind, completely, fully Pulut, n. pinulut Pulot, pagdulot Picking up Pulut, n. pulut pulot molasses Pulutung, n. pamilalamu Pulutong, grupo group Pamanalan, tatalnan, n. talnun Pagpigil, hawak, tangan, Holding in hand taban Pun, n. puno Puno, hepe, tsip Chief, head of a group Pun-a-dutung, n. Pu-ung kayu Puno, punongkahoy Tree, trunk of tree Pungkul, adj. Pungkul, dingamut Pungko, putol Maimed in the arm, armless Pungo, n. mapungay Kapungayan, pungay Languidness of the eyes Pungut, n. aymuk Sanggol, bata, bebi Infant, baby Punsu, n. punghu punso Ant-hill Puntas, n. puntas puntas lace Puntu, n. diin Punto, diin accent Puntik, adj. puntukan sunong Carried on the head Puntiria, n. puntirya puntirya target Punu, n. Pinag-umpisahan Puno, mula, pinagmulan Beginning, source, start Pupud, adj. Nahira, hapupud Napugnaw, pugnaw, Razed, destroyed, tugnaw, tupok completely worn out Pupulsuan, n. pupulhuan Pupulsuhan, galanggalang wrist Purgada, n. purgada pulgada inch Purul, n. napurul Hangis, purol, pangal Dullness cutting, utensils Pusa, n. puha pusa cat Pusad, n. puhol pusod Navel, unbilicus Pusan, adj. Tinambagan-hapagaw pasan Carried on shoulders Pusitara, n. nagpusitara Tanan, pagtatanan Escape, elopement Pusu, n. pusu puso heart Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 123 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Pusuk, kapusukan, n. Mapusuk, kapusukan Pusok, kapusukan, alab, Aggressiveness, ardor, silakbo Impetuosity, excessive spiritedness Putiadj/n. naputsi puti white Putung, n. kuruna Putong, korona Crown, laurel, wreath Putut, adj. putut Punggi, punggok, walang Taillness, bob-tailed buntot Pututan, v. putuhun putulan To cut Putyukan, n. Pulut panilan Pukyutan, anilan Honey-bee Rayu, n. marayu Kalayuan, layo, Farness distance pagka-i malayo Relos, n. Oras, rilo orasan Clock, watch Repoliu, n. ripulyo repolyo cabbage Rundakan, sagka, n. iawat Dalunap, dalunat, apula, prevention sawata Saa, tsa, n. tsa tsa tea Sabagal, n. Sagabal, nakahadlang, Hadlang, haling, harang Hindrance, obstruction, nakaharang bar, obstacles Sabat, n. nakahabat Abat, harang, abang, Way-laying tambang Sabian, v. Habiin, tutulun sabihin To tell Sabla, adv. kaganawan lahat all Sable, n. isimpay Sampay, sinampay Clothes on the clothesline Sabung, n. ampihabung sabong cockfight Sabungan, n. Pan-ihabung Sasabungin, tandang na Fighting cock panabong Sabungke, sapula, adj. Uklayan, paaypa sabukay Combed backward Saka, adv. Putang antsi saka Afterwards, and then Sakbali, sakble, n. hakbat sakbat Band across the shoulder Sake, n. humakay Pagsakay, sakay Ride, riding Saken, n. sakayan sasakyan vehicle Sakirap, sakidlap, n. Saglit, ayin na Iglap, sandali, saglit A very brief moment, in- stant movement Sakit, n. Nahakit, masakit, Hirap, bigat ng gawain, Hardship, difficulty, mabayat ya dyag sakit, kirot ache, pain

124 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Saklu, n. Manga-uy Pag-ibig, igib A trip of water-carrying from well Sakung, n. sakung sakong Heel, heelbone Sakup, n. Disipulu, taganunul Basalyo, alagad, tauhan Vassal, subordinate, un- derling, subject, follower Sakyud, n. Sakyug, hakyud Pgsakyod, sakyod Waving or swinging act with a hand net as when catching butterflies, not for catching birds, insects, etc/ Sadia-sadia, adv. Daan-daan Dati-dati usually Sadsad, n. sadsad Duungan, daungan Port, berthing place for boats, wharf Sadya, adj. Hatu-ut Dati, una, noong una Former, previous Sagakgak, n. sagakgak Hagakgak, talak Coarseness or grittiness of voice in laughter sagas an, v. Paralisan, paralisin Sagasain, sumagasa, To tramp, tread, to salungahin through determinedly Sagin, n. Na-a, saging saging banana Sagipin, v. iligtas sagipin To save or rescue from drowning or some danger Sagisag, n. Sagisag, simbolo Sagisag, simbolo, kalasag Emblem, insignia, symbol Sagiwa, adj. hariwa sariwa fresh Sagu, n. sagu sago Sage plam Sagud, n. nihapungan Sagi, pagsagi Light touch or collision of things in the path Saguli, n/adv Kapun, saguli Saglit, sandali, iglap An instant, a moment, awhile Saingsing, n. pamakipaghabi Hinaing, luha, samo Supplication, pleading, entreaty, request Sala, n. sala Sala, liwanag Fault, guilt, light Salak, n. Salak, ihalak Pagsasala, pagpipiltro Shifting, sieving, straining, filtering Salakut, n. Salakut, tibubung salakot A native wide-brimmed hat Salagintu, n. halagintu salaginto goldbug Salalakan, n. hingit Ngingi, singit Space or angle between fingers or toes Salele, n. kahaw salalay Support, underlayer, flat holder or supporter Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 125

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Salambo, n. Halambaw, hinalambaw salambaw Fishing-net in a crane-like contraption with bamboo cross pieces mounted on a raft Salapsap, n. salapsap Laplap, paglaplap, talop, Excoriation, cutting away panit meat from bones Salas, n. Halan-han Sagunson, salansan Heap, pile Salawag, n. Labay-labay, labay salawag Bamboo crosspiece for roofing support, truss Salawayan, adj. salawayan Salawahan, alingaling Fickle, inconstant, changeable Saldak, n. inhaldak Pagkasadlak, pagkasawi Ignonimous, fall Sale, n. salay Salay, pugad, nido nest Saleku, n. tsaliku tsaleku vest Salese, n. Habuun, ustu Kahusayan, husay, ayos Order, orderliness Salindru, n. halindru silindro harmonica Salol, n. hangual Salawal, pantalon Teousers, pants, drawers Salon, n. Irya, balintalikan Bahay sayawan Cabaret, saloon Salpad, adj. salpad Sarat, dapa Flat, snub (noses) Salu, n. halu dibdib Chest, breast, bosom Salubasib, n. hiphipan Bansi, sipsipan Sipping tube Salubung, n. hinalubung Salubong, pagsalubong Meeting, encounter Sakud, n. salud Sahod, sahuran, salo Receptacle used as underlayer Salungkit, n. Sungkit, nalungkit Panungkit, lawis, pamitas Sickle-like cutter for picking coconuts Salupsupan, n. Banta, bintang Banta, sapantaha, bintang Suspicion, surmise, presumption Salulu, saglulu, n. Impakabilis, harurot Hagibis, harurot, haginit Velocity, switness, fastness, Turbulent sound fo rapid passing vehicles Salut, n. salut Salot, epidemya, peste Pestilence, epidemic, plague, pest Samat, n. hamat Ikmo, buyo Betel leaf, pepper Sambitan, n. Banggit, daing Sambit, banggit, sabi, Mention, reference (in daing, panambitan speech), entreaty, supplication Sambitan, n. lambitin Paglalambitin, lambitin, Clambering by holding kunyapit on 126 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Sampanga, n. hampaga bulaklak Flower, blossom Sampaluk, n. hampaluk sampalok tamarind Samu, n. pamakihabi Pagsamo, pakiusap, Supplication, pleading, pamanhik request Sane, n. angpagsanay Pagsasanay, praktis, Practice, exercise, ehersisyo rehearsals Sangap, sanap, n. halanghap Langhap, sanghap, Inhalation, aspiration, paglanghap breathing in Sangid, adj. Tabi, narani, natsi Daig, tabi, piling, abay Close to, near to Sanip, n. Nabul-ukan Pagkasamid, samid Choking with food or water obstruction at the windpipe Sanggul, n. Hanggul, uymik pusod hairknot Santungan, n. Hantungan Hantungan, adhikain Destination, goal Sanyu, n. Halimuyak, bapang-bangu Dapyo, samyo, halimuyak Fragrance, odor, sweet scent Sapat, n. Dumuk, kibal Banil, libag Dirt adhering on neck, ac- cumulated dust on the body Sapikpik, n. haginit Haginit, laginit, saplit, Crackling or swishing labtik sound of whip or lash Saping, bayiki, n. bayiki Biki, bayki, bayiki mumps Saplid, n. Laginit, kumpa Hagkis, laginit, haginit Stroke, lash Sapuk, n. sinapuk Sapok, sumbi, buntal Uppercut, strike with the fist Sapungan, n. hapungan banggaan collision Saput, n. Pagburul baru Sapot, damit pamburol Black shroud or death mantle Sargamat, sarul-gamat, n. Harul-gamut Asada, asarol hoe Sasakluluwan, adj. kalong Pangko, kalong-kargo Carried on the lap Sasakupan, n. Panghakupan, pansakupan Sakop, taongsakop, tauhan Subject, vassal, follower Sastri, n. Manayi, hastri sastre tailor Saul, adj. nahambut Talo, nahigtan, supil Surprised, excelled Saup, n. Ihaup, itaguyud Tangkilik, taguyod, katig, Patronage, support, protec- abuloy, tulong tive help, aid, succor, help Sebu, n. sebu sebo Fat tallow Sepu, dungit, n. Hangganan, hipu Dulo, duyo, hangganan End, terminal, extremity, edge Serya, adj. Hinadya, hinarya Sinadya, sadya intentional

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 127

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Sesay, kalaguyo, n. magbabai kalunya Partner in adultery, concubine, mistress Siam, n. siyam siyam nine Sibi, n. hibi Hibi, ngiwi, hikbi, ngisbi Pursing of lips when sobbing Sibukan, n. nahubukan karanasan experience Sibul, n. sibul Sibol, tubo, suloy Growth, sprout, germina- tion, budding forth Sikamas, n. hingkamas singkamas turnips Sikan, sikanan, n. hikanan Lakas, sigla Vigor, strength Sikluban, n. yatu Daigdig, mundo World, earth, universe Siklod, n. hiklahud Pagluhod, luhod Act of kneeling Siku, n. hiku siko elbow Sikut, n. sikut sinok Hiccough (hiccup) Sigalut, n. kagalitan Sigalot, hidwaan, kagalitan Disagreement, break in relations, quarrel Sige, n. sigay sigay Cowrie (cowry), shells Sige, n. angaw Sigaw, hiyaw, palahaw Shout, call, outcry, squeal, shrill, sharp cry Siguk, n. ipaghikbi Paghikbi, hikbi, iyak Sob, sigh, weep Sila, pron. hila sila they Silab, n. naulam sunog Confagration, fire Silbidor, n. silbidora Lingcod, serbidor servitor Silung, sulip, n. Hilung, aypa Lupa, ilalim ng bahay, ibaba Ground floor, basement, Downstairs of the house Simulmul, n. simulmul Himulmol, nisnis, hilatsa Small thread on the frayed end of a piece of cloth Simut, adj. naubo Simot, said, ubon Consumed, picked up, everything taken Sinala, v. liban Liban, ausente, palya absent Sinambut, n/adj nanambut Panalo, nanalo, Victor, victorious, winner nagtagumpay Singo, n. hinumingaw Pagkaiga, singaw Evaporation, vapor, steam Sinup, n. inhinup Pag-limis, ligpit, ayos Tidying up, arranging or keeping things in an orderly manner Sipa, n. anpagsipa sapak Clacking sound produced when eating 128 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipin o-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Siping, n. Midani, karani, lalay Piling, tabi Side position, close by, beside someone Sipingbale, n. Karanin bali kapitbahay neighbor Siran, v. hirain sirain To tear Sisi, n. hiwhiw Kiti, sisiw, inakay Chicks, young of fowls Sisimbahan, adj. baba baba Carried piggy-back Siwalan, suala, n. boses Tinig, boses voice Siwang, busbus, n. lubut Puwang, butas Crevice, hole, space Songgu, tsonggu, n. bakulaw Unggoy, tsonggo monkey Suba, n. nanlumud Suba, panunuba, daya, swindling panananso Subebe, n. hubaybayan Subaybay, pagsubaybay Continuous observation or following Subsub, adj. Subsub, hubhub subsob Weighted or made heavier in front Sukad, n. hukad Sukat, takal luwang, haba Measurement, dimensions Sukal-lub, n. Hakiit nakum Panimdim, sama ng loob, Profound grief or sorrow, galit rancor, grudge, ill-feeling Sukle, n. huklay suklay comb Suklub, n. Huklub, takap Saklaob, panaklob Concave, top cover for pots Suksuk, n. Suksuk, hukhuk Dawag, tinik ng uway, tinik Spine of rattan, thorn

Union, juxtaposition of Sudlung, suglung, n. Dugtung Sudlong, hugpong, dugtong

two ends

Sudsud, sarul, n. sudsud Saludsod, sudsod Ploughshare, tool for uproot- ing grasses, herbs weeds Suerti, n. Suwerti, kapalaran Suerte, kapalaran Luck, fate Sugal, n. Hugal Sugal, huwego Gambling, gamble Sugapa, n. mahiba Sugapa, dalamat addict Sugat, n. nuka sugat wound Sugpu, n. Paro malhay sugpo lobster Sugu, n. hugu sugo Delegate, ambassador, messenger, envoy Sulapo, n. hibad Pag-imbulog, sibad Upward flight, soar Suldut, n. Suldut, huldut surot bedbug

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 129

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Suliranan, n. huliranin Suliranin, problema Problem, trouble Sulapak, n. sulpak sumpak Popgun made of bamboo reed, blowgun Sulapo, n. hilipad Lipad, paglipad Flight, flying Sulat, n. hulat sulat letter Sulat, mulala, adj. Mangmang, tanga, Hunghang, tanga, Stupid, foolish, ignoramus, ain-muang mangmang, torpe timid Sulpit, n. sulpit Sumpit, sumpak Blowgun, popgun, sudden jerk upward Sulsul, n. Hulhul Panunulsok, sulsol Goading, instigationg, incitement Sulu, sulugi, n. hulu Ilaw, liwanag, tanglaw, sulo Light, lamp, torch Suluk, n. suluk sulok Corner, nook Sulul, n. angpagpaltawan Tambok, paltok Sprout, budge, convexity, protruberance Sulung, n. Pagsulong, pamihulong Pagsulong, progress Push, pushing, progress, advancement Sulut, n. susi Susi, liyabe key Sulwak, n. Sulwak, inluwak, isalak Sagwak, sagalwak, salwak Sudden gush of a big volune of water Sulyap, n. hulyap sulyap glance Sumangid, n. Humangid, kaatag lugar Kaibayuhan, ibayo, kabila The opposite side Sumbung, n. Habla, humbung Sumbong, habla Accusation, complaint, charge Sumpa, n. Inhumpa, humpa, pangaku Sumpa, pangako Oath, curse, promise Sumun, alun, n. alun Laki at liit ng tubig tide Sunga, n. Paghingal, manhinga Hagak, paghagak, hingal Gasping, utterance, panting, gasp Sungal, bungal, adj. Ain-guyut Ngubngob, bungal, bungi Without teeth, completely toothless Sunge, sagu, n. hungay sungay horn Sungul, n. Bianan-pera suhol bribe Sustentu, n. sustentu sustento Maintenance, support Susug, n. pagbayu Susog, pagbabago amendment Susun, n. hapin Suson, sapin Underlayer, backing, lining, second layer 130 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Suwa, n. huwa suha A species of large orange Suwi, n. suwi suhi Cross birth, born in an abnormal position Suyu, n. Suyu, pagsuyu Panunuyo, suyo Working for another’s favor, ingratiation Taba, n. taba mantika lard Tabalu, n. tawan Ewan, di-alam Do not know Tabi, interj. Ipag-ubayamu Habi! Get out of the way! Excuse me! Tabtab, n. tinabtab Tibtib, taad Sugar cane point or tip used for planting Tabu, n. Latang tabo tabo Water scopper Takap, takub, n. takap Takip, taklob, saklob Cover, covering Takda, n. tibabal Takba, tampipi Clothes’ chest trunk made of palm leaves Takla, n. Taka, takya Dumi, ipot, tae Excreta, droppings Takman, v. tawayin tikman To taste Tako, n. Mihiba, matakaw Takaw, siba Greediness, veraciousness, covetousness, gluttony Takut, tatakut, n. Malimuan, angkalimuan Takot, pangamba, sindak Fear, fright Takyad, n. tukud takayad stilts Taga, n. tinabtab Taga, hiwa Incision, a strike with cutting instrument Tagal, n. tagalun Paghabol, habol, tugis, Hurry in overtaking hagad somebody Tagan, n. intagan Taan, laan, reserba, tira, Provision, reservation, natira preservation, left-over, remnant Tagapag-obra, n. Ampag-obra manggagawa Laborer, worker, servant, associate Tage, n. tagay Tagay, barik Toast of wine, drinking of wine Taglus, n. Latugun, inlatung Pagturok, turok Injection, piercing as with needle Taglus, adj. Inlumpas, nanungayung Lagos, tagos, lampas Penetrating, passing through, piercing and reaching to the opposite side in a continuous motion Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-Englis h Dictionary 131

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Taglusan, n. Tagluhan, taglusan Lagusan, daang, tuluyan Pass, a narrow passage, through passageway Tagpi, n. Tagpi, tinagpihan tagpi Patch, patchwork, piece of cloth used as patch Tagpu, n. pagtagpu Tagpo, pagkikita, eksena Encounter, scene, meeting Taguktuk, n. taguktuk taguktok Knocking sound, thud Tagulele, n. Mananging masikan Panaghoy, taghoy Lamentation, loud weeping Taguling, n. kanal kanal ditch Tagumpe, n. tagumpay tagumpay Victory, success Tagun, n. nagtagun Pagdalo, asisti Attendance, presence Tagyang, n. tagyang Tadyang, kustado, kustilyas Rib, ribs Tairan, v. Akayin, talnun Akayin, ituro Guide, point Tal, adj. katutubo Taal, katutubo, natibo Native, aboriginal, indigenous Talaga, n. talaga balon well Talagawa, n. tagapagdiag Tagagawa, tagalikha Maker, creator Talan, adj. talnun Tangan, hawak In possession held by the hand Talandikin, n. intalindikin tagiliran Sides of the body Talanga, adj. anpantumingala Tingala, nakatingala With the face looking upward Tagapagsilbi, n. tagapaghilbi Tagapagsilbi, tagapag-alaga Attendant, waiter Talapayu, n. tagapagpayu tagapayo advisor Talasulat, n. tagahulat manunulat writer Talatuki, n. Alagad, tagaunul Alagad, tauhan, tagasunod Follower, vassal, subject Taldawa, n. palayan Dalatan, palayan Highland for cultivation, ricefield on a plateau Talikala, tanikala, n. kadina Tanikala, kadena chain Talip, v. Talipan, talipun Talupan, talop To peel off Taliri, n. daliri daliri finger Talitabtab, n. Kabag, kaging Paniki, kabag A species of bat Talpak, n. Talpak, tinalpak-bitsi Tapak, pagtapak Tread, footstep

Talakub-mata, n. Kurup mata Talukap, talukap mata eyelids Taluktuk, n. taluktuk Taluktuk, karurukan Summit, top, pinnacle 132 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Taludtud, n. taludtud Taludtod, hanay Line (as in verse) writing or printed matter Talulut, n. talulut Talulot, petal petal Talun, n. Lundag, lukhu Pagtalon, talon Jump, jumping, leap Talung, balasenas, n. balasinas talong eggplant Talungku, timpu, adj. nakatungku nakatingkayad Seated on the heel, squatting Taluras, n. naduling Kadulasan, dulas slipperiness Talusad, n. masmaduling Pagkamadulas, madulas, Slipperiness, slip, dupilas, dapilas, pagkadupilas skidding, stumbling Tambubung, n. bangii Baysa, bangan Granary, barn Tambuk, n. Inlumbag, paghilab Paghilab, laki, pamamaga Swelling, expansion of volume Tamle, n. Natamlay, ayin gana Tamlay, katamlayan Languor, lassitude, debility Tampi, n. tinampa Tapik, bantil Tap, light filling Tampu, n. Nagtampu, ampagtampu Tampo, pagtatampo Sulking, displeasure, disgust, resentment Tampuk, n. ayamabay Pagtatampok, pagtatangi, Special treatment, eleva- langkay tion, stem of fruits, stalk of flowers Tamu, pron. natu Ta, nata, kanita, ata Of or for the two of us, our, ours Tanan, n. balangkas tahilan Beam of the house, rafter Tangab, n. panguhung Gatong, panggatong fuel Tangke, n. tangkay tangkay Stem, stalk, handle Tanggul, n. Indepensa, pinagtanggul Pagtatanggol, tanggol, Defense, protection depensa Tangis, n. Tangi, ampanangi Hibik, paghibid, daing, Lament, sob, loud taghoy weeping, groan, crying Tangsu, n. tanghu Tanso, tumbaga Brass, bronze, copper Taning, n. taning Taning, takda Termination, due Tapis, tapis-tapi, n. tapi Tapi, tapis Apron, piece of cloth worn by women over the skirt Tapun, n. takap Pasak, takip, pasal, tapon Stopper, plug, cork Tarantan, v. nagliawan Lituhin, tarantahin To confuse, harass Tatang, n. ama Ama, tatay, itay, papa Father, dad, daddy

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 133

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Tatap, n. itatap tahip Winnowing, shaking grain to remove chaffs Tatyo, n. tandang katyaw Cock, rooster Tau, tawu, n. nauhay tao Man, human being, person Tauli, mitauli, adj. Nitauli, naambala Nahuhuli, atrasado, huli, Late, tardy gahol Taus, adj. taus Taos, mataos, taimtim, Penetrating, deepfelt tapat Tau-tau, n. Naputsi-gilid amata Busilig, buliga Eyeball, white of the eye Tautawan, n. Nauyang-a mata Alikmata, balintataw Pupil of the eye Taute, n. Paniutik-utik Pagtitingi, tingi Retail business transaction Taya, n. intaya Taya, pusta Bet, wager, stake in gambling Tayi, n. tayi Tahi, pananahi sewing Tayung, n. tingiin Tayong, tigil, muna Temporary suspension of work Tegawan, n. tegawan Ninang, madrina Lady sponsor in baptism, confirmation or wedding Taklakaba, n. pakarang tagihaba elongated Tenakan, n. Kabihasnan, kamuang Talento, talino talent Tibe, n. Matibay, matatag Tibay, pagkamatibay Strength of material, solidarity Tibe, adj. Matibay, matatag Batibot, matibay, matatag Lasting, enduring Tibi, n. laylay Tabi, gilid Edge, border, side Tibuk, n. tibuk Tibok, hibok Throb, pulsation Tikum, n. Angkayanguy luka Paghihilom, bahaw Cicatrization, closing of the wound Tikum, adj. tinukum Tikom, ikom Closed, shut as a mouth Tiemplo, n. himbahan templo temple Tigab, n. ampanikab Dighal, dighay Cructation, balching (through mouth) Tigsa, n. Tigha, tigsa pigsa boil Tilak, n. Manhuka, nagtilak Duak, duwak Arrested start of vomiting act Tilauk, tulauk, n. tulauk Talaok, tilaok Cock’s crow

Tilis, n. Dinat, dumuk Ipot, dumi, tae Droppings of fowls and small animals 134 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Tilunas, n. bungaw Bangin, tangwa Abyss, ravine, gorge Timbu, n. boo tambo A species of grass reed Timid, n. Indat-uh, intat-uh Diin, prisyong tuon Downward pressure Tinape, n. putu tinapay bread Tindaragul, n. Tindaragul gamut, hinlalaki Thumb, big toe tindaragul bitsi Tinga, n. natinga Ngima, tinga Particle of food left bet- ween the teeth after eating Tingga, n. tingga Hikaw, aretas earrings Tinu, n. Nagpakatinu, timinu Katinuan, pagkamatino Sensibleness, seriousness, integrity Tiok, ti-lok, adj. Nagbitay, nabigti Bigti, bitay Strangled with rope, banging or hung with rope Tipun, n. Pagtitipun, pulungpulung Pag-ipon, tipon Collected, matter, gathering milalamu assembly Tiru, v. inturu tinuruan taught Titika, adj. Tilikwad, napilay, pilay Hingkod, pilantod, pilay Limping, lame Tiup, n. Tiup ning hangin Hihip, bulos, simoy Breeze, blowing, puffing, or motion of air or wind Tiupan, n. tiupan Hihip, ihip Blowpipe Tiwas, adj. Magpanatag, panatag Tiwasay, panatag Tranquil, calm, composed, secure Tokang, n. ukuy Tukong, punggok, punggi Tailless, bobtailed, stocky Troniliu, n. turnilyu turnilyo Bolt, screw Trebalak, n. taribalak Bangkalang, himbubuli A species of salamander Tribu, n. tribu Tribe, lipi tribe Tua, n. idag Edad, gulang age Tual-tual, adj. aparihu ungi Tilted, unbalanced Tubu, n. Katutubu, tubu Tubo, tinubo Native, profit Tubud, n. Mantan hulat sugo messenger Tuki, n. Taga-hunul Pagsunod, sunod Following, go after Tuklip, n. intuklip Tupi, tiklop, lupi Fold, plait, folding

Tukla, n. nagpalpak Pagtungtong, apak A stepping on, tread Tuknang, n. tunggun Tahan, pagtahan, hinto, Ceasing, stopping, stop- tigi, paghihimpil ping to stay, or rest Tuknangan, n. pambiyanan tirahan habitation

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 135 PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Tuknangan, v. pagparadahan Lubayan, tigilan, hintuan To reduce intensity or to stop altogether Tuksuan, v. Busitin, ampamusit tuksuhin To tease Tuktuk, n. tinuktuk Tuklaw, tuka Snake bite, beak, bill of fowls Tuku, n. tuku tuko gecko Tukud, n. tukud Tukod, tudlang, braket, Prop, support, bracket suhay Tud, n. tuul tuhod knee Tugak, n. tugak palaka frog Tula, n. Angkagalak Lugod, pagkalugod, tuwa Delight, pleasure Tulang, n. tulang tutubi Dragon fly Tulari, n. tularit Pulandit, tilandoy Squirt of liquid Tuldik, n. tuldik tuldok period Tuldu, n. takda Takda, taning, palugit Limitation, limit, time allotment Tuling, n. Kauyangan, nauyang Kaitiman, itim Black, blackness Tulu, n. Tiumulu, tinuluan Tagas, tulo, kayat Leak, leakage, trip, ooze Tuluk, n. tuluk Luga, tulok pus in the ear, stench from the ear Tulug, n. intulug Pag-inog, ligid, libot Rotation, gyration Tumayla, n. umaaloy Alo, alloy, uyayi Lullaby, cradle song Tumanlik, n. tingiin Kahidwaan, hidwa anomalous Tumun, n. naglutu Pagsasaing, saing Boiling or steaming of fire Tundu, n. Katuluy, kabuluw Pag-santok, paghihikat Sleepiness, drowsiness Tundun, n. tundun Batok, likod ng ulo Nape of thr neck Tungi, u. unuh hapin String helding twine in necklace tuntunan batayan Alintuntunin, tuntunin Regulation, rule Tuparan v. gampanan, daygunm Gampanan, tuparin, To fulfill, to work, to dyagun tupdin accomplish, dull Toru, n. Turu, toro bull

Tusu, adj. Mapanuksu, Magulang, madaya, Tricky, astute, deceitful mapaglinglang mapanlinglang Tutu, adj. putug totoo true Tutup, n. tagpi Tutop, tagpi patch

136 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Tuturu, n. Tuturu-gamut hintuturo Index finger Ubas, n. ubah ubas grape Ubi, n. ubi ubi A species of yam Ubingan, n. utan Ahas, kulebra Snake, serpent Ukbu, n. hukbo Hukbo, armi Army, armada Ukum, n. hukum Hukom, huwes Judge, justice of the peace Ugali, n. ugali ugali character Ugit, n. Anhunulunyay-ugali Paghuto, hubog, akay Controlling action or con- duct by guidance Ugse, n/adj. Ampitapun, antapun, Aksaya, tapon Waste, wasted, wasteful ankasayang Ugtu, n. ugtu tanghali Noon, forenoon Ugus, n. ugus Paghuhugos, hugos Letting down of rope, cable Ugun, n. ugun uga vibration Ugut, n. ugutun Hugot, paghugot Act of pulling out, drawing, withdrawing Ula, palage, n. Hula, uhla Hula, prediksiyon Prediction, guess, conjecture Ulad, n. uwul Higad, tilas, uod Worm, caterpillar Ulam, n. kakan Ulam, pagkain viand Ulap, n. uhlap ulap Cloud, mist Ulas, n. Ulas, uwue kumot blanket Ulikba, n. kundungangu ulikba Fowl with black meat Ulinig, n. inbulong Higing, kariringgan Rumor, something heard vaguely and not very well understood, cue Ulining, uling, conj/prep. Istung, uling nung mu Sapagkat, dahil sa Because of, by reason of Ulu, n. Hibatan-sibul Kahuluan, hulo, pamulaan True source, source of a stream Ulu, pangulu, n. Dauyan, baitan ilaya Interior part of country, upper part of the town Uluan, v. uluun gamutin Cure, medicate Ulud, n. ilutun Hilod, paghihilod, kuskos scrumbling

Ulunan, n. ulunan unan pillow

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 137

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Uma, n. aru Halik, beso kiss Umal, adj. Ngongo, amakapaghabi Humal, garil, ngongo Stuttering, stammering, speaking with a nasal twang Uman, v. aruun Hagkan, halikan To kiss Umbuk, n. nagbukul Bikil, bukol, umbok Feeling of bulge or knobbiness Umis, n. Pagsisti, puna, tuligsa Pula, pintas, tuligsa criticism Umpak, adj. umumpak Humpak, hupyak Hollow, concave, sunken, depressed Umuk, n. Uwul, kutu umok Tiny worms or bugs Umug, v. bugbugun Umugin, bugbugin To beat, to maul Ungal, n. ungal ungal howl Ungul, n. ungul ungol Grumble, growl, moan, grunt Ungut, ngungut, n. ungut niyog coconut Uni, n. angpagtunay Paghuni, huni Chirping or hooting of birds or fowls, sound (as of birds and whistle) Unus, n. kaparti Hunos, kabahagi, kaparti Crop share Unus, n. bagyu Unos, sigwa Storm, squall Unyat, n. unyat Pag-inat, inat Stretching of muscles for relaxation) Upus, n. pupug upos Cigar or cigarette stub Upyak, adj. Naidat-uh Hupyak, humpak Hollowed-out, deoressed Uramentado, adj. armentado huramentado amuck Uran, n. Uran, ampanguran ulan rain Urnu, n. hurnu hurno Oven, kiln Urud, n. urugun paggupit Cutting or clipping with the scissors Usa, n. Uy-a, uyha usa deer Usang, n. asma Hika, asma asthma Ustu, adj. Kahampatan, kasantingan Husto, kainaman, sapat Sufficient, enough, adequate Ustu, adj. lapat Lapat, eksakto, akma, Exact, well-adjusted, tama, wasto, tumpak close-fitting, correct, right, proper

138 Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary

PAMPANGO BALUGA PILIPINO ENGLISH Utay, adj. puradpurad Utay-utay Little-by-little Utu, adj. Buguk, murit, sira Hangal, tanga, torpe, Stupid, idiotic estupido, ungas Utus, n. Kautusan, pamagtupad Lagda, tuntunin, kautusan, Ordinance, rule, law, ordenansa, utos, atas, mando command, order Uwad, n. ikarangkarang Huwad, imitasyon Imitation, counterfeit, fake Uwas, n. Manguya, maglinis Paghuhugas, hugas Washing, cleansing Uyab, n. paghikab Paghikab, higab Yawning, yawn Uyat, n. Uyat, eyat Litid, nerbyos, ugat Nerve, fober, vein, artery Uyung, n. Sigbat, lasa, luyung Palaso, busog, sibat, suligi Arrow, dart, spear Wa, adv. awu oo yes Waksi, v. Iwaksi, iwasan iwaksi To get rid of by jerking the hand Wagewe, adj. wasiwas Wagayway, wasiwas Waving or flattering in the wind Walu, m/adj. walu walo eight Wanan, n. wanan kanan Righthand side Wangki, adj. kaparihu Kahambing, kawangki, Similar, analogous tulad Waoin, adv. Awu, bay, uub Siya nga Yea, yes Wari, adv. laway laway laway saliva Wigwag, n. wigwig waliglig Animal shaking of itself to get rid of dust, dirt Ya, pron. Hiya (babae, lalaki) siya He or she Yaliwa, v. ikawani Ibahin, baguhin alter Yaliwa, adj. kaatag iba different Yama, n. Mahaya, masaya Kaligayahan, lugod, delightfulness igaya, tuwa, kasiyahan Yamuk, n. Lamok, liik lamok mosquito Yamutyamut, n. yamutmut lamuymoy fibers Yangka, n. angka Langka, nangka Breadfruit, jackfruit Yumu, n. maayang Tamis, katamisan sweetness

Pampango-Baluga-Pilipino-English Dictionary 139

CYDFI Scholarship Program in Nabuclod

There are two critical community issues that CYDFI needs to address prior to being able to fully implement the Scholarship Program among the Aetas in Nabuclod, namely: (1) Water and (2) Advocacy to elevate Nabuclod Primary to Elementary School education. Please refer to Focus Group Summary Discussion for the holistic understanding on the priority of Needs of the Aetas on pp. 9-19 of this Journal. The following is a water project proposal on the Construction of Water Pipe Line, Reservoir and Water Distribution Model in Nabuclod which will be used to seek financial grants from agencies sympathetic to the Mission of CYDFI in the Philippines.

Project Title CONSTRUCTION OF WATER PIPE LINE AND RESERVOIR (Length of Pipe Line = 3,600m)

Location of Project Nabuclod Negrito (Aetas) Community Nabuclod, Floridablanca, Pampanga, Philippines

A Project of the Nabuclod Negrito (Aetas) Community Executive Advisory Committee: Downtown Floridablanca Chapter and Chevalier School Chapter of the Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. Calantas, Floridablanca, Pampanga, Philippines 2007

A Project Proposal By Antonio M. Mendoza, Ph.D. & Rita Nabong-Mendoza, R.N. CYDFI Founders

*23 April 2004*

140 CONSTRUCTION OF WATER PIPE LINE & RESERVOIR Location: Brgy. Nabuclod, Floridablanca, Pampanga, Philippines by: Antonio M. Mendoza, Ph.D., CYDFI Founder

l. PURPOSE OF REQUEST The purpose of this request is to finance the “Construction of Water Pipe Line and Reservoir” to benefit the Aetas (Negritoes) for their potable water needs in Brgy. Nabuclod, Floridablanca, Pampanga, Philippines. The source of the spring water is about 3,600 meters away from their village that is flowing abundantly all-year-round which can be simultaneously tapped to redirect its use to irrigate their agricultural activities that would create and improve their economic and living condition.

2. STATEMENT OF NEED The Aetas in Nabuclod have settled since time immemorial along the mountain range bordering the Pampanga- Zambales Provinces in the Philippines. As modern life continues to benefit the life of mainstream society, the

Aeta community benefitted, too. There is Nabuclod a school built in 1973 (up to 3rd grade) and a well-paved road constructed after the famous eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. Source of Map: Bureau of Forestry And yet, among other things that was not PNR: Proposed Negrito Reservation realistically addressed was the NEED of Aetas for potable water. There were attempts from socio-civic and non-governmental agencies to bring modern technology for tapping potable water (deep-well) but were practically unsuccessful. STILL, the only source for viable potable water now is either for them to go to the CREEK at the foot of the mountain and/or the artesian well, that is hardly pumping water. And so the community, especially the school age children, suffers the consequence of lack of water, having poor sanitation and hygiene thus affecting their over-all health conditions. So, you have school teachers, too, who have to bring their own potable water supply in bottles just to neutralize and survive the discomfort of lack of water Focus Group conducted on August 9, 2003, by the affecting their own personal comfort and hygiene, too. Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc.. 141 3. RELATION TO CYDFI VISION AND PROGRAM INTERESTS Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. (aka:CYDFI Philippines) is a non-profit corporation registered in the Philippines with a VISION “Towards Community Growth and Development in Bo. Calantas and Nabuclod Negrito Community thru the CYDFI Scholarship Program by Using SWREM Theory: A Social Responsibility”. SWREM stands for “Spiral With Ripple Effect Motion”, a concept design by the Founder of “helping poor but deserving talented youth help himself SO HE CAN HELP OTHER YOUTH, as well”. This methodology of “spiral with ripple effect motion” creates a predictable outcome of success as applied in the scholarship program, for youth is expected to help other incoming scholars from the same community. This will pave a credible effect not only of personal but community growth and development among the Aeta youth, as well. Thus, it is very essential to address their basic and fundamental needs while the Foundation explores ways to engage the Aeta youth into the scholarship program. Since the youth of Nabuclod is one of the identified beneficiaries of the CYDFI Scholarship Program, the Foundation recognizes two critical issues articulated by community members during the Focus Group on August 9, 2003, that could adversely affect the effective full implementation of the Scholarship Program. One of them was the need for a viable supply of potable water and secondly, the advocacy to elevate the school status from primary to the elementary education level. So, as soon as the issue on potable water is appropriately addressed, the Foundation is going to move on to pursue the advocacy for elevating the Nabuclod School, from primary to elementary level of education.

4. INTERVENTION • Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. has identified the source of potable water during the Focus Group from a “spring” about 3,600 meters away from the Aeta Village. • One of the members, Rey Manlulu, of the Foundation’s Nabuclod Negrito Community Executive Advisory Committee (NNCEAC) was instructed to seek a “pro-bono technical service” from the Engineering Department of the Municipality of Floridablanca, Pampanga. • The Municipal Engineer had gone up with him to Nabuclod for his technical assessment on the viability of the project on “whether the spring water can be realistically redirected closer to the village by using a gravity-induced flow of water by constructing one reservoir at the source of the spring connecting it thru pipe line (3,600m) and end up to connect it to another reservoir built closer to the community”. Per feedback from the Engineer, the project is technically viable. • Site Landscape Profile on “Construction of Water Pipe Line and Reservoir Project” is presented with the following captured images to authenticate and demonstrate its feasibility and viability. (Note: Need to validate Engineer’s conclusion with Geodetic Engineer, re: landscape elevation) 142 5. AMOUNT REQUESTED The amount requested for the Construction of Water Pipe Line and Reservoir Project has a total amount of P822,822.00 (Philippne Money) with an exchange rate of P56/dollar = $14,932.25. The detailed budget estimate for the completion of the project, as submitted by the Engineer, is presented in the following table that includes direct and indirect cost of the project:

Table 1: Detailed Budget Estimate of the Project 1. DIRECT COST: Item I. Excavation Works: Volume= 270 cu.m. A. Labor: 1 - Construction Engineer for 12 days... @500/day…………………. ……………………6,000.00 1 - Construction Foreman for 12 days…. @400/day…………………. ……………………4,800.00 16 - Laborers for 12 days……………… @250/day…………………. …………………..48,000.00 SubTotal Cost for Item 1 …………..58,800.00 Item 11. Masonry & Installation Works: A. Materials: 1,600 pcs - CHB #6” …………………….. @5.80/pc……………………. .…………………...9,280.00 100 bags - Portland cement ……………… @140/bag …………………... ………………….14,000.00 1 truckload - Sand ……………………….. @1,500/t. l …………………. .…………………..1,500.00 70 pcs - RSB 12mmǾ ……………………. @150/pc ……………………. .………………….10,500.00 5 kls. - G.I. wire #18 ……………………... @45/kl ……………………… .……………………..225.00 6 pcs - Gate valve 2”Ǿ …………………... @700/pc ……………………. .…………………...4,200.00 6 pcs - Nipple 2”Ǿ x 0.60 G.l …………….. @150/pc ……………………...... ………………….900.00 4 pcs - Coupling adoptor 2”Ǿ PVC ………. @70/pc ……………………... .…………………….280.00 20 pcs - Coupling 2”Ǿ PVC ……………… @60/pc ……………………... ..…………..………1,200.00 4 ltrs - Solvent cement ……………………. @350/ltr ……………………. ……..……………..1,400.00 5 pcs. - PVC 2”Ǿ …………………………. @200/pc ……………………. .…………………..1,000.00 8 pcs - Gate valve 3/4”Ǿ………………….. @500/pc…………………….. .…………………..4,000.00 9 pcs - PVC tee 2”Ǿ………………………. @65/pc……………………… ……………………..585.00 4 pcs - PVC elbow 2”Ǿ…………………… @65/pc……………………… ……………………..260.00 8 pcs - G.l Reducer 2”Ǿ - 3/4”Ǿ………….. @55/pc……………………… ……………………..440.00 8 pcs - Teflon big…………………………. @15/pc……………………… ….…………………..120.00 3,600m - PVC Pipe 2”Ǿ………………….. @90/m……………………… ………………...324,000.00 3,000m - PVC 3/4”Ǿ……………………… @40/m……………………… .………………..120,000.00 50 pcs - PVC coupling 3/4”Ǿ……………... @30/pc…………………….... .…………………...1,500.00 Material Cost …………..495,390.00 B. Labor: 1 - Const. Engineer for 15 days…………… @500/day…………………… ……………………7,500.00 1 - Const. Foreman for 15 days…………… @400/day…………………… .…………………...6,000.00 2 - Masons for 15 days……………………. @350/day…………………… .………………….10,000.00 12 - Laborers for 15 days………………….. @250/day…………………… .………………….45,000.00 2 - Plumbers for 15 days………………….. @325/day…………………… .…………………...9,750.00 Labor Cost …………..78,750.00 Sub-Total Cost of Item II …………..574,140.00 TOTAL DIRECT COST: 632,940.00

11. INDIRECT COST (23% of Total Project Cost)? VAT (10% of DC)………………………… …………….……………………………63,294.00 Contingencies (5% of DC)……………….. ………………………………………………31,647.00 Contractor Profit (10% of DC)…………… ………………………………………………63,294.00 Engr. Supervision (5% of DC)…………… ………………………………………………31,647.00 Sub-Total of Indirect Cost ………………………...….189,882.00 143234 GRANDTOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT ……………...………….... 822,822.00 6. EVALUATION MEASURE Client Satisfaction Survey shall be conducted by CYDFI staff one year after the completion of the Project measuring its positive impact on the life of the Nabuclod Aetas on the following issues: health, sanitation, hygiene; socio-civic, economic and general living condition.

Instructions: There are no right or wrong answers. Please, answer each of the following question with a “YES” or “NO”. Your answer is valuable and appreciated. Thanks for your cooperation. …. ………The CYDFI

Name of Respondent:______Age: ___ No. of Children:____ Personal Observation Educational Attainment:______# in School:______and Comments of the CYDFI Interviewer: QUESTIONNAIRE YES NO (Be specific as possible) A. Personal and Family 1. Do you feel that water availability makes your life more comfortable? 2. Do you feel neat and clean because you now have access to water? 3. Do you feel good that your family enjoys better hygiene? 4. Do you feel that sanitation is now better for you and your family? 5. Do you feel that you and your family are enjoying better health, hygiene and sanitation? 6. Do you and your family feel satisfied on the easy access to water? B. School Children 7. Do school children go to school neat and clean? 8. Are they encouraged to have better hygiene by taking bath often? 9. Are they happier now that potable water is available? C. Community 10. Do health, sanitation and hygiene have improved in Nabuclod? 11. If not, which of the 3 on item #10 do you have a concern? Why? Write Response:

12. Do you feel good that Nabuclod is enjoying the access to water? 13. Is there an improvement of the socio-civic life of your people?

14. Have you noticed that, too, on their economic life?

15. In general, do you feel satisfied with the living condition of your people since the Water Project became operational? 16. If not on item #15, why? Any suggestion? (Please, use this space for the respondent’s comments).

Interviewed by: ______Date:______Representative of Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. 144 7. OUTCOME MEASURE • It is expected that once the Project is fully operational, the members of the Nabuclod Community will experience the joy of having a healthier environment (personal, family, community and school) in terms of having a general improvement of health and sanitation in the community and a better hygiene, especially among school children. • Consequently, the ripple effect of the project will be felt in terms of the community’s socio-civic life being enhanced as they enjoy the comfort of life, with the access to potable water supply right in their midst. • The school children shall be empowered to fully maximize their God-given potential to become the best of what they are capable of being and becoming because they can now comfortably function as they experience improved hygiene, health and sanitation. • The school children can aspire for academic excellence in a healthy academic competitive environment geared towards the selection process of the top three (3) 6th grade graduating youth to be qualified for the Scholarship Program of the Calantas Young Dreamers Foundation, Inc. per Criteria in the Handbook of the Foundation which is established for that matter. • The members of the community can be motivated to pursue individual and community farming to enrich their economic and living condition, thus enabling them to become more productive members of the society.

8. TOWARDS INSTITUTIONALIZATION It is by design when this Project is fully operational that it shall create a ripple effect of progress and development among the Aetas in Nabuclod, among them are: • The Project will provide a solution to the Aetas immemorial problem of having an abundant potable supply of water in the midst of their community. • The Water Supply Reservoir is supplied with a non-stop flow of water from the “Spring” which now becomes the life line for Aetas in the community. • This supply of water will guarantee the maintenance and improvement of their health, sanitation, hygiene, socio-civic, economic and living condition. • The Aetas, especially the school children, will become more aware of their dignity as a people and will take pride of what, as a community, can do and enhance their life and become productive members of the society. • The solution to their water problem is one obstacle for the full implementation of the Scholarship Program of the Foundation for the Aeta School Children. • That when the Scholarship Program becomes operational in the community, it will create an implication of both personal and community growth and development in Nabuclod. 145 The 2nd Objective of the Project is to improve the Health, Sanitation, Hygiene, Socio-Civic, Economic and Living Condition of the Aetas by maximizing and recycling the use of limited water resource with the following Water Distribution Model in the Community: Social Hall Faucet Nabuclod Main Water 2nd Reservoir Teachers Quarters (Shut-Off Valve when filled with Water) *Shower/Hygiene Reservoir/2,000g Capacity (800 Gallons of Water Supply) *1 FlushToilet/Sink

• Install Faucet Outlet directly from the Main *School Children & Teachers 2 SchoolChildren Faucets Water Reservoir with 2mx2m cement *Health Center 2 FlushToilets/Sinks Kids around faucet area & fenced with 12” size *Social & Community Hall 1 FlushToilet/S for Teacher hollow block. + FlushToilet/SepticTank *NOTE: 1 Septic Tank in School and at the Faculty Lounge another, for Teachers’ Quarters Overflow Pipe Health Center Faucet Community Hall Faucet (2mWx3mLx4ftD) SMALL POOL 1Continuous Water 3rd Reservoir 4th Reservoir Overflow from Main With Shut-Off Valve With Shut-Off Valve when Reservoir to Community when filled with Water filled with Water Agricultural Farm via (500 Gallons of Water) (500 Gallons of Water) Small Pool down to the *One Faucet Outlet Aquatic Farm. *One Faucet Outlet *FlushToilet/SepticTank 2Plant Bananas/Papayas *FlushToilet/SepticTank *Faucet Area Cemented by *Faucet Area Cemented by Around the Pool. 2mx2m; fenced 12” block. 2mx2m; fenced 12” block 3Wash Dirt before *Beautification Project *Beautification Project dipping into the Pool

Overflow Pipe COMMUNITY AGRICULTURAL FARMING PROJECT (CAFP) Water Overflow • The Farm gets a continuous supply of water from the MAIN RESERVOIR Reservoir via Small Pool down to the Aquatic Farm/Water Overflow Reservoir (4m x 6m x 4ftD) • Suggestion #1 to the Community: Invite the Department of Agriculture/Fisheries

Will Serve As An for technical assistance on how to maximize livelihood programs in the commu- nity in consonance with the NOW limited availability of water resources. AQUATIC FARM • Suggestion #2: Elect Chairman & Members of the Community Agricultural and (Kankungan/Tilapia) Aquatic Farming Projects Committee = to be responsible in implementing that Built like Small Pool, the 2 Farms become productive livelihood programs for the members. To Cover Floor • Suggestion #3: If surplus is generated from the 2 Farms, learn how to effectively With Dirt Soil market the PRODUCE (Farm Harvest) to benefit the members of the Commu- EXCESS WATER nity Agricultural and Aquatic Farming Projects. directed to CAFP.

(a) Notes for Engineer/Rey on Items #1 & #2. (b) Items #3 & #4 are for Nabuclod Officers. 1. Since the primary factor for the delivery of water from the MAIN WATER RESERVOIR to the different COMMUNITY RESERVOIR OUTLETS is by the FORCE OF GRAVITY; make sure that the LATTER are constructed in lower elevations than that of the FORMER so that the FLOW OF WATER coming from the FORMER is going to run faster to the LATTER. 2. Distribution of Water should address FIRST the “filling-up of Reservoir Outlets” by connecting their respective pipe outlets lower than the overflow pipe of the main water reservoir. 3. The community has to assign a caretaker (weekly rotation) for each RESERVOIR OUTLET responsible for turning OFF/ON the Shut-Off Valve when the Reservoir Outlet is already filled and overflowing with water. All reservoirs shall have overflow pipes to trigger OFF/ON of Shut-Off Valve. 4. Encourage children to do gardening/beautification projects around Reservoir Outlets. This will be a competition. There will be PRIZES for 1st, 2nd, 3rd most beautiful Reservoir Outlet, including maintaining the cleanliness of TOILETS. 146