Vanessa Rodrigues Guedes

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Vanessa Rodrigues Guedes UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM QUÍMICA Vanessa Rodrigues Guedes ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO DO EXTRATO HEXÂNICO E DOS ÓLEOS VOLÁTEIS DE Acritopappus micropappus Salvador 2004 ii VANESSA RODRIGUES GUEDES ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO DO EXTRATO HEXÂNICO E DOS ÓLEOS VOLÁTEIS DE Acritopappus micropappus Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Química do Instituto de Química da Universidade Federal da Bahia como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Química na área de concentração em Química Orgânica. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Dirceu Martins Salvador 2004 iii Dedico este trabalho àqueles que sempre acreditaram em mim: meus pais, meus queridos irmãos e em especial ao meu marido Alziro. iv AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus por estar sempre ao meu lado me guiando. Ao Prof. Dr. Dirceu Martins pela preciosa orientação, dedicação e por ter acreditado no meu potencial. Aos professores Frederico Guaré, Jorge David, Leila Aguiar e Nídia Roque pelos conhecimentos transmitidos. Aos professores do Departamento de Química Orgânica por todo conhecimento adquirido durante minha formação, em especial a professora Anair pela disponibilidade e obtenção de alguns espectros de massa. À professora Hortensia Pousada Bautista pela identificação botânica e ajuda indispensável. A todos os funcionários do Instituto de Química que colaboraram na realização desse trabalho. A Cristovão e a Paulo pelo apoio técnico. Aos meus colegas de laboratório: Meire, Jaquelina, Suzimone, Luciana, Carla, Marcus, Larissa, Manuela, Débora, Rosane, Vânia, Pedro, e André, pelo companherismo e pelos momentos agradáveis que passamos juntos. A Martins, Flávia, Rita e Sandra pela troca de conhecimentos e pela amizade que construímos. A Josanaide pela disponibilidade e apoio constantes. A Lourdes pela preciosa ajuda durante a conclusão desse trabalho. A Floricéa pela grande amiga que foi em todos os momentos, pelo grande incentivo e pelas incontáveis contribuições. Ao CNPq pelo indispensável apoio financeiro. Aos meus pais pela compreensão e incentivo. Aos meus queridos irmãos, em especial a Ninho pelo apoio fundamental e carinho. Aos meus avós, Jolira e Epaminondas sempre presentes. Ao meu amado marido Alziro pela paciência, incentivo e amor, tão importantes em cada momento da minha vida. Os meus sinceros agradecimentos v SUMÁRIO LISTA DE TABELAS............................................................................................................vii LISTA DE FIGURAS..............................................................................................................ix ABREVIATURAS E SÍMBOLOS......................................................................................xvii RESUMO................................................................................................................................xix ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................xx 1.0 INTRODUÇÃO...................................................................................................................1 1.1 A FAMÍLIA ASTERACEAE...............................................................................................1 1.2 A TRIBO EUPATORIEAE..................................................................................................2 1.3 O GÊNERO ACRITOPAPPUS.............................................................................................5 1.4 A ESPÉCIE Acritopappus micropappus...............................................................................7 1.5 CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS ENCONTRADOS NO EXTRATO HEXÂNICO DAS PARTES AÉREAS DE Acritopappus micropappus................................................................26 1.6 CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS IDENTIFICADOS NOS ÓLEOS VOLÁTEIS DE TRÊS ESPÉCIMENS DE Acritopappus micropappus.......................................................................28 2.0 TERPENOS.......................................................................................................................31 2.1 MONOTERPENOS............................................................................................................33 vi 2.2 SESQUITERPENOS..........................................................................................................35 2.3 TRITERPENOS..................................................................................................................36 2.4 ESTERÓIDES.....................................................................................................................38 3.0 LIGNANAS........................................................................................................................39 4.0 PARTE EXPERIMENTAL.............................................................................................41 4.1 MATERIAL VEGETAL.....................................................................................................41 4.2 REAGENTES; MÉTODOS E EQUIPAMENTOS............................................................42 4.3 ESTUDO DOS COMPONENTES FIXOS DA ESPÉCIE Acritopappus micropappus.....43 4.3.1 Obtenção dos extratos......................................................................................................44 4.3.2 Isolamento dos constituintes químicos do extrato hexânico............................................45 4.4 ESTUDO DOS COMPONENTES VOLÁTEIS DA ESPÉCIE Acritopappus micropappus..............................................................................................................................53 4.4.1 Obtenção dos óleos voláteis.............................................................................................53 5.0 IDENTIFICAÇÃO E DETERMINAÇÃO ESTRUTURAL DAS SUBSTÂNCIAS ISOLADAS..............................................................................................................................57 5.1 IDENTIFICAÇÃO DOS CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS DO EXTRATO HEXÂNICO DAS PARTES AÉREAS DA ESPÉCIE Acritopappus micropappus......................................57 SESQUITERPENOS 5.1.1 Identificação da substância I............................................................................................58 vii 5.1.2 Identificação da substância VI.........................................................................................72 5.1.3 Identificação da substância VII.......................................................................................77 TRITERPENOS 5.1.4 Identificação das substâncias II, III, IV e V...................................................................85 ESTERÓIDES 5.1.5 Identificação das substâncias VIII e IX..........................................................................93 LIGNANA 5.1.6 Identificação da substância X..........................................................................................96 ÓLEOS VOLÁTEIS 5.1.7. Identificação dos constituintes químicos dos óleos voláteis dos três espécimens de Acritopappus micropappus.....................................................................................................106 6.0 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.........................................................................................126 7.0 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS..........................................................................128 viii LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 01 Diferentes metabólitos produzidos na tribo Eupatorieae........................................3 Tabela 02 Estruturas das substâncias isoladas da espécie Acritopappus confertus..............10 Tabela 03 Estruturas das substâncias isoladas da espécie Acritopappus heterolepis...........15 Tabela 04 Estruturas das substâncias isoladas da espécie Acritopappus longifolius............17 Tabela 05 Estruturas das substâncias isoladas da espécie Acritopappus morii.....................19 Tabela 06 Estruturas das substâncias isoladas da espécie Acritopappus pintoi.....................20 Tabela 07 Estruturas das substâncias isoladas da espécie Acritopappus prunifolius.............23 Tabela 08 Estruturas das substâncias isoladas da espécie Acritopappus. teixeirae...............25 Tabela 09 Substâncias identificadas no óleo volátil do espécimen coletado no Município de Saúde...............................................................................................28 Tabela 10 Substâncias identificadas no óleo volátil do espécimen coletado no Município de Morro do Chapéu.............................................................................29 Tabela 11 Substâncias identificadas no óleo volátil do espécimen coletado no Município de Jacobina..........................................................................................30 Tabela 12 Dados de RMN de 1H, 13C, HETCOR (13C-1H), COLOC (13C-1H), COSY (1H-1H) e NOESY (1H-1H) da substância I..............................................71 Tabela 13 Dados de RMN de 1H dos sesquiterpenos I, VI e VII. .......................................82 ix Tabela 14 Dados de RMN de 13C dos sesquiterpenos I, VI e VII.......................................83 Tabela 15 Dados de RMN de 13C dos triterpenos II, III, IV e V.........................................91 Tabela 16 Dados de RMN de 1H, 13C, HETCOR (13C-1H), COLOC (13C-1H), COSY (1H-1H) da substância X.........................................................................105 Tabela 17 Constituintes químicos presentes nos óleos essenciais dos três espécimens de Acritopappu micropappus.................................................................................125 x LISTA
Recommended publications
  • Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Plant List by Genus
    Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Plant List Please send all corrections and updates to Al Schneider, [email protected] Updated 6/2011 Scientific Name Common name Family Abronia fragrans Sand-verbena Nyctaginaceae Achillea lanulosa Western yarrow Asteraceae Achnatherum hymenoides Indian ricegrass Poaceae Achnatherum speciosum Showy needle grass Poaceae Acosta diffusa Tumble knapweed Asteraceae Acosta maculosa Spotted knapweed Asteraceae Acrolasia albicaulis Whitestem blazingstar Loasaceae Acroptilon repens Russian knapweed Asteraceae Adenolinum lewisii Blue Flax Linaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus' hair fern Adiantaceae Agropyron cristatum Crested wheatgrass Poaceae Agrostis scabra Rough bentgrass Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera Redtop bentgrass Poaceae Allium acuminatum Tapertip onion Alliaceae Allium macropetalum Largeflower wild onion Alliaceae Allium textile Textile onion Alliaceae Alyssum minus Yellow alyssum Brassicaceae Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate pigweed Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot amaranth Amaranthaceae Ambrosia acanthicarpa Flatspine burr ragweed Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida great ragweed Asteraceae Amelanchier alnifolia? Saskatoon serviceberry Rosaceae Amelanchier utahensis Utah serviceberry Rosaceae Amsonia jonesii Jones's bluestar Apocynaceae Androsace occidentalis Western rockjasmine Primulaceae Androsace septentrionalis Pygmyflower rockjasmine Primulaceae Androstephium breviflorum Pink funnellily Alliaceae Anisantha tectorum Cheatgrass Poaceae Antennaria rosulata Rosy pussytoes Asteraceae
    [Show full text]
  • Plant List Lomatium Mohavense Mojave Parsley 3 3 Lomatium Nevadense Nevada Parsley 3 Var
    Scientific Name Common Name Fossil Falls Alabama Hills Mazourka Canyon Div. & Oak Creeks White Mountains Fish Slough Rock Creek McGee Creek Parker Bench East Mono Basin Tioga Pass Bodie Hills Cicuta douglasii poison parsnip 3 3 3 Cymopterus cinerarius alpine cymopterus 3 Cymopterus terebinthinus var. terebinth pteryxia 3 3 petraeus Ligusticum grayi Gray’s lovage 3 Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf 3 3 3 3 var. multifidum lomatium Lomatium foeniculaceum ssp. desert biscuitroot 3 fimbriatum Plant List Lomatium mohavense Mojave parsley 3 3 Lomatium nevadense Nevada parsley 3 var. nevadense Lomatium rigidum prickly parsley 3 Taxonomy and nomenclature in this species list are based on Lomatium torreyi Sierra biscuitroot 3 western sweet- the Jepson Manual Online as of February 2011. Changes in Osmorhiza occidentalis 3 3 ADOXACEAE–ASTERACEAE cicely taxonomy and nomenclature are ongoing. Some site lists are Perideridia bolanderi Bolander’s 3 3 more complete than others; all of them should be considered a ssp. bolanderi yampah Lemmon’s work in progress. Species not native to California are designated Perideridia lemmonii 3 yampah with an asterisk (*). Please visit the Inyo National Forest and Perideridia parishii ssp. Parish’s yampah 3 3 Bureau of Land Management Bishop Resource Area websites latifolia for periodic updates. Podistera nevadensis Sierra podistera 3 Sphenosciadium ranger’s buttons 3 3 3 3 3 capitellatum APOCYNACEAE Dogbane Apocynum spreading 3 3 androsaemifolium dogbane Scientific Name Common Name Fossil Falls Alabama Hills Mazourka Canyon Div. & Oak Creeks White Mountains Fish Slough Rock Creek McGee Creek Parker Bench East Mono Basin Tioga Pass Bodie Hills Apocynum cannabinum hemp 3 3 ADOXACEAE Muskroot Humboldt Asclepias cryptoceras 3 Sambucus nigra ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • Succession of Desert Plants on Debris Flow Terraces, Grand Canyon
    Journal of Arid Environments (1997) 36: 67–86 Succession of desert plants on debris flow terraces, Grand Canyon, Arizona, U.S.A. Janice E. Bowers, Robert H. Webb & Elizabeth A. Pierson U.S. Geological Survey, 1675 W. Anklam Road, Tucson, AZ 85745, U.S.A. (Received 16 May 1995, accepted 3 April 1996) Vegetation sampling on 11 debris flow terraces in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, U.S.A., showed that plant assemblages changed as age of surface increased. The terraces ranged in age from about 5 to about 3100 years. There were distinct differences among sites in the life history characteristics of the dominant plants. Young terraces (5–55 years) were dominated by short-lived plants that had high reproductive potential. Older surfaces were dominated by species with longer life-spans and lower reproductive potential. Density and cover of long-lived species increased with age of surface; for short-lived plants, density was inversely related to surface age. Species composition was also correlated with site age; however, location, exposure, and other factors ensured that no two debris flows supported identical mixtures of species. Succession on recent Grand Canyon debris flows is driven in part by life-history strategies, particularly life-span and seed dispersal traits, and also by climatic factors, especially those that control germination and establishment of the long-lived dominants. ©1997 Academic Press Limited Keywords: debris flows; desert scrub; life history strategies; longevity; seed dispersal; succession; Grand Canyon National Park Introduction During the past three decades, researchers have documented plant succession at a number of locations in the arid south-western United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Vegetation Changes Along the Colorado River Between Glen
    Recent Vegetation Changes Along the Colorado River Between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead, Arizona Recent Vegetation Changes Along the Colorado River Between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead, Arizona By RAYMOND M. TURNER and MARTIN M. KARPISCAK GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1132 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1980 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Turner, Raymond M. Recent vegetation changes along the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead, Arizona. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 1132) Bibliography: p. 22-24. 1. Botany-Arizona-Ecology. 2. Botany-Colorado Valley-Ecology. 3. Vegetation dynamics-Arizona. 4. Vegetation dynamics-Colorado Valley. I. Karpiscak, Martin M., joint author. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional Paper ; 1132. QK147.T87 581.5 79-25928 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-03269-4 CONTENTS Page Page List of common plant names and scientific equivalents ________ IV Distribution of major plant species—Continued Abstract _______________________________________ 1 Rabbitbrush ______________________________16 Introduction ____________________________________ 1 Desert broom._______________-________16 Acknowledgments ____________________________________ 3 Waterweed ______________—____________ ————— _17 Changes in Colorado River streamflow
    [Show full text]
  • I INDIVIDUALISTIC and PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES ON
    INDIVIDUALISTIC AND PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES ON PLANT COMMUNITY PATTERNS Jeffrey E. Ott A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Robert K. Peet Peter S. White Todd J. Vision Aaron Moody Paul S. Manos i ©2010 Jeffrey E. Ott ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Jeffrey E. Ott Individualistic and Phylogenetic Perspectives on Plant Community Patterns (Under the direction of Robert K. Peet) Plant communities have traditionally been viewed as spatially discrete units structured by dominant species, and methods for characterizing community patterns have reflected this perspective. In this dissertation, I adopt an an alternative, individualistic community characterization approach that does not assume discreteness or dominant species importance a priori (Chapter 2). This approach was used to characterize plant community patterns and their relationship with environmental variables at Zion National Park, Utah, providing details and insights that were missed or obscure in previous vegetation characterizations of the area. I also examined community patterns at Zion National Park from a phylogenetic perspective (Chapter 3), under the assumption that species sharing common ancestry should be ecologically similar and hence be co-distributed in predictable ways. I predicted that related species would be aggregated into similar habitats because of phylogenetically-conserved niche affinities, yet segregated into different plots because of competitive interactions. However, I also suspected that these patterns would vary between different lineages and at different levels of the phylogenetic hierarchy (phylogenetic scales). I examined aggregation and segregation in relation to null models for each pair of species within genera and each sister pair of a genus-level vascular plant iii supertree.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report, Natural Bridges National Monument
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report, Natural Bridges National Monument Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCPN/NRTR—2008/077 USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Natural Bridges National Monument ON THE COVER Sipapu Bridge, Natural Bridges National Monument (Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service) ii USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Natural Bridges National Monument Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report, Natural Bridges National Monument Natural Resource Report NPS/NCPN/NRTR—2008/077 Janet Coles Northern Colorado Plateau Network National Park Service Moab, Utah Jim Von Loh engineering-environmental Management, Inc. Englewood, Colorado Angela Evenden Northern Colorado Plateau Network National Park Service Moab, Utah Gerald Manis GIS Contractor Moab, Utah Gery Wakefield / Aneth Wight Southeast Utah Group / Northern Colorado Plateau Network National Park Service Moab, Utah January, 2008 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado iii USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Natural Bridges National Monument The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Report series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Plant List by Family
    Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Plant List Please send all corrections and updates to Al Schneider, [email protected] Updated 6/2011 Family Scientific Name Common name Aceraceae Negundo aceroides ssp interius Boxelder Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus' hair fern Agavaceae Yucca angustissima Narrow-leaved Yucca Agavaceae Yucca baccata Banana yucca Agavaceae Yucca harrimaniae Spanish bayonet Alliaceae Allium acuminatum Tapertip onion Alliaceae Allium macropetalum Largeflower wild onion Alliaceae Allium textile Textile onion Alliaceae Androstephium breviflorum Pink funnellily Alsinaceae Eremogone kingii Desert sandwort Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate pigweed Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot amaranth Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica simplicifolia Simple leaf skunkbush Anacardiaceae Rhus aromatica trilobata Three lobed skunkbush Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron rydbergii Poison ivy Apiaceae Cymopteris bulbosus Bulbous spring parsley Apiaceae Cymopteris constancei Widewing spring parsley Apiaceae Cymopteris fendleri Fendlers parsley Apiaceae Cymopteris purpureus Purple spring parsley Apiaceae Lomatium triternatum Desert parsley Apocynaceae Amsonia jonesii Jones's bluestar Asclepiadaceae Asclepias asperula Spider milkweed Asclepiadaceae Asclepias cryptoceras Adobe milkweed Asclepiadaceae Asclepias macrosperma Largeseed milkweed Asclepiadaceae Asclepias speciosa Showy milkweed Asclepiadaceae Asclepias subverticillata Whorled milkweed Asteraceae Acosta diffusa Tumble knapweed Asteraceae Achillea
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Plant Survey of BLM Lands Gateway, Colorado
    Rare Plant Survey of BLM Lands Gateway, Colorado Prepared for Bureau of Land Management Grand Junction Resource Area and Gateway Canyons Resort By Peggy Lyon Colorado Natural Heritage Program 2007 1 Acknowledgements Thanks to Anna Lincoln and the Grand Junction Resource Area of the Bureau of Land Management for arranging this survey and for being proactive in protecting rare plants. Thanks to Gateway Canyons Resort for their financial contribution to the project, and more important, their interest in conserving the very special plants of the Gateway area. Thanks to Lorraine Yeatts, Denver Botanical Gardens and the Colorado Natural Areas Program for supplementing this survey with plant collections from The Palisade State Natural Area. Contents page Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 3 Descriptions of Survey Areas and species lists 5 Dolores River Canyon 5 The Palisade 11 Lumsden Canyon 17 Sinbad Valley 30 Profiles of Rare Plants (in order of global imperilment rank) 35 Lygodesmia doloresensis G1G2 35 Cryptantha gypsophila G1G2 37 Astragalus piscator G2G3 39 Astragalus equisolensis G5T1 41 Cryptantha longiflora G3 43 Eriogonum palmerianum G3 45 Gilia haydenii G3 47 Abronia nana G4 49 Penstemon utahensis G4 51 References 53 Appendix 1. Explanation of Natural Heritage Ranking 55 Appendix 2. Combined species list, Scientific and Common Names 60 Rare Plant Survey of Gateway Area Introduction: Increased development and recreational use of the Gateway area (Mesa County, Colorado) prompted the Grand Junction office of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Gateway Canyons Resort to have CNHP survey the area for rare plants. Knowing the locations and condition of sensitive plant species is essential to management planning to reduce impacts on these species.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora, Black Canyon of The
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCPN/NRTR—2009/227 ON THE COVER Fendler’s mountain lilac (Ceanothus fendleri). Photograph by Walter Fertig. Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCPN/NRTR—2009/227 Authors Tim Hogan Nan Lederer Dina Clark University of Colorado Museum Herbarium 218 UCB Boulder, CO 80309 Walter Fertig Moenave Botanical Consulting 1117 W. Grand Canyon Dr. Kanab, UT 84741 Editing and Design Alice Wondrak Biel Northern Colorado Plateau Network National Park Service P.O. Box 848 Moab, UT 84532 July 2009 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that ad- dress natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Ser- vice and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Technical Report Series is used to disseminate results of scientifi c studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series provides contributors with a forum for displaying com- prehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifi cally credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and de- signed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Checklist: Trees, Shrubs, Grasses
    Name RA NS HC Name RA NS HC Grasses Grasses (continued) Capitol Reef National Park Kentucky bluegrass C X SPFR Notes National Park Service Poales: Cyperaceae (Sedge family) U.S. Department of the Interior Common spikerush A N R Poa pratensis Eleocharis palustris Alkali sacaton A N GSPRW Sporobolus airoides var. airoides Poales: Juncaceae (Rush family) Spike dropseed C N GSP Plant Checklist: Baltic rush A N R Sporobolus contractus Juncus arcticus Sand dropseed A N GSP Trees, Shrubs, Grasses Sporobolus cryptandrus Poales: Poaceae (Grass family) Needle-and-thread A N GSPF Redtop C X RW Stipa comata var. comata Agrostis stolonifera Indian ricegrass A N BSPFRW Big bluestem U N SPFRW Achnatherum hymenoides Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii Desert needlegrass C N GSP Purple three-awn A N GSPFW Stipa speciosa Aristida purpurea Poales: Typhaceae (Cattail family) Blue grama A N GSPF Bouteloua gracilis Broad-leaved cattail C N R Smooth brome A X PFR Typha latifolia Two-needle Bromus inermis var. inermis pinyon pine Cheatgrass A X BGSPFRW Bromus tectorum Orchard grass U X SFR Relative Abundance (RA) Dactylis glomerata Indian ricegrass A = Abundant: large numbers of individuals, occurring in Desert saltgrass U N SR many areas of the park Distichlis spicata C = Common: large numbers of individuals, occurring in Squirreltail A N GSPFRW specific habitats and/or in certain areas of the park Elymus elymoides Salina wildrye A N SPF U = Uncommon: few to moderate numbers of individuals, Elymus salinus occurring in specific habitats in certain areas of the park Slender wheatgrass C N SFRW Elymus trachycaulus Plants listed as rare or unconfirmed are not included here.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Havasu Field Office • Proposed RMP and Final EIS • September
    Lake Havasu Field Office • Proposed RMP and Final EIS • September 2006 Volume III – Glossary, Appendices Abstract The Lake Havasu Field Office Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement (PRMP/FEIS) describes and analyzes five alternatives for managing approximately 1.3 million acres of public land in Northwestern Arizona and Eastern California along the Colorado River and east to Alamo Lake and the Harcuvar Mountains. Information provided by the public, other agencies and organizations, and BLM personnel has been used to develop and analyze the alternatives is this PRMP/FEIS. Alternative 1 is the No Action Alternative and represents continuation of current management. Alternative 2 emphasizes preservation of undeveloped primitive landscapes and opportunities for non-motorized recreation. Alternative 3 emphasizes recreation and resource development. Alternative 4 makes land available for recreation and resource development with greater opportunities to experience natural settings than in Alternative 2. Alternative 5, the agency Proposed Plan, provides for a balance between authorized resource use and the protection and long- term sustainability of sensitive resources. Major issues addressed in the PRMP/FEIS are identification of lands that would be made available for disposal, management of recreation and public access, designation and management of Special Designations, management of wilderness characteristics, management of wild burros around Alamo Lake, and BLM’s role in the management of Lake Havasu. Front Cover Photo: Lake Havasu 2006 BLM Photo by Diane Williams BLM/AZ/PL-06/008 Contents Volume III Glossary References Index Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendices Appendix A. Summary of Scoping Appendix B. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Policy, and Planning Criteria Appendix C.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Disturbance, Geomorphology, and Life History Traits
    University of Nevada, Reno Plant Community Invasibility in Riparian Landscapes: Role of Disturbance, Geomorphology, and Life History Traits. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology by Susan G. Mortenson Dr. Peter J. Weisberg / Dissertation Advisor December 2009 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by SUSAN GRACE MORTENSON entitled Plant Community Invasibility in Riparian Landscapes: Role of Disturbance, Geomorphology, and Life History Traits be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Peter J. Weisberg, Ph.D., Advisor Jeanne C. Chambers, Ph.D., Committee Member Elizabeth A. Leger, Ph.D., Committee Member Ashley D. Sparrow, Ph.D., Committee Member Thomas F. Bullard, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Associate Dean, Graduate School December, 2009 i ABSTRACT Riparian landscapes are highly susceptible to invasion by non-native plant species. High productivity and frequent disturbances associated with flooding contribute to invasibility of riverbanks and floodplains. The hydrogeomorphology of riparian landscapes is intricately tied to plant community composition and structure. Plant invasions often coincide with the period directly following regulation because novel riparian habitat is created. Additionally, river regulation in the form of dams, diversions, and inter-basin water transfers alter disturbance regimes (flood frequency, magnitude, timing, and duration). Native species lag behind introduced species in colonization of new riparian habitat due to life history constraints imposed by adaptation to the previous disturbance regime. Plant invasions often coincide with the period directly following river regulation, but non-native plant species also spread along rivers that have not been hydrologically altered.
    [Show full text]