DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Oxygen in Coal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Oxygen in Coal DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTJS SMITH, DIRECTOR 382 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN IN COAL BY DAVID WHITE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 1909 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. 5 Deoxygenation in the formation of coal..................................... 6 Initial controlling factors............................................... 6 Stages of formation.................................................... 6 Deoxygenation.......................................................... 7 Oxygen rind ash as impurities.............................................. 8 Evic ence of their nearly equal value................................... 8 Calorimeter tests................................................... 8 Ultimate analyses................................................. 9 Arrangement of analyses............................................ 19 Fuels high in oxygen or ash........................................ 19 .Fuels of lower' ash and oxygen..................................... 20 Belation to calorific value.........................'................ 21 Cur\ e platted from C : (0+ash) ratios and efficiencies.................... 22 Determination of curve............................................. 22 Detailed study of a curve segment................................... 22 Variations from the curve.......................................... 23 Comparison with calculated thermal units........................... 24 Forecast of fuel efficiency from ratios............................... 24 Relations in moisture-free coals........................................ 25 Recalculation of analyses........................................... 25 Compensated calorific values....................................... 34 Value of moisture-free data.....................:.................... 35 Relative negative value of ash and oxygen............................... 36 Relative effect of the oxygen of moisture................................ 37 Estimate of the empirical anticalorific value of oxygen................... 39 Negative value of oxygen and ash.................................... 39 Application of the curve........................................... 39 Fluctuation in effects of changes.............'....................... 40 Estimate applied to the analyses................................... 40 Causes of variance from the curve...................................... 41 General statement.................................................. 41 Causes not shown by ultimate analyses.............................. 41 ' Causes recognizable in analyses...................................... 42 Varying available hydrogen.................................... 43 Sulphur....................................................... 44 Nitrogen............'.......................................... 46 Anthracitization............................................... 46 Weathering................................................... 48 Quantitative relation of oxygen to coking.................................... 48 Supposed algal ingredients in coals..............................:....... 48 i'5ource and chemical effects........................................ 48 Characteristics of algal coals......................................... 50 Possible connection with coking quality............................ 50 3 4 CONTENTS. Quantitative relation of oxygen to coking Continued. Page. Hydrogen-oxygen ratios of coking coals................................. 51 Description of diagram in Plate III.......................:.......... 51. Indications of ratio limits........................................... 52 Application to algal hypothesis..................................... 53 Coking of high fixed carbon coals....................................... 53 Volatile-carbon ratios.............................................. 53 Consultation of efficiency errors..................................... 54 Hydrogen and oxygen losses in the progressive development of coal....... 54 Available hydrogen as index of coking coals.............................. 55 Hydrogen-oxygen ratio the best index............................;...... 56 Status of algal hypothesis.............................................. 56 Mixture of coals for coking.............................................. 57 General observations on the tabulated coals.................................. 58 Range of the samples................................................... 58 Rank of peats and lignites............................................. 58 Explanation of high oxygen............................................. 59 Quantitative relation of volatile carbon and hydrogen..................... 59 Loss of volatile matter.................................................. 60 Relation of stage of coal formation to classification ........................... 60 Like analyses for coals of different origin.................'................ 60 Distinct categories impossible.......................................... 61 Comparison of types.................................................... 61 Obliteration of distinctions as a result of regional metamorphism.......... 62 Oxygenation and weathering of coals........................................ 63 Changes in low-grade coals.............................................. 63 Efficiency losses in weathering.......................................... 63 Losses shown by analyses and ratio-efficiency curve...................... 64 Losses shown by H : 0 and VC : C ratios................................. 65 Underground weathering................................................ 67 Losses by weathering in shipment...................................... 69 Summary.................................................................. 70 Partial bibliography....................................................... 73 Index.................................................................... 75 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fage. PLATE I. Ratio-efficiency curve of coals tabulated..........................'. 22 II. Segment of ratio-efficiency curve................................... 22 III. Diagram showing hydrogen-oxygen ratios of coals................... 52 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN IN COAL. By DAVID WHITE. INTRODUCTION. This paper is the result of a comparative study of ultimate coal analyses made and published by the United States Geological Survey. This study, at first casually undertaken to devise an acceptable classification of coals based on chemical analyses, was continued in connection with a microscopic examination of a number of the coals. The initial comparisons, made from a relatively small number of analyses, not only confirmed a previous conviction that the elimina­ tion of oxygen incident to the development of a coal is economically far more important than has been generally suspected, but also showed that oxygen is very nearly as harmful as ash in coal. The immediate purposes of the present study were: (a) To deter­ mine more definitely, from a comparative examination of a large number of ultimate analyses, the relative importance of oxygen as an impurity in various coals; (&) to illustrate the transition between various grades of coal of similar origin transition mainly due to progressive devolatilization, brought about more or less directly by dynamic influences; (c) to ascertain the relative proportions of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon in coking coals, especially with refer­ ence to a theory tentatively framed to explain the coking quality; and (d) to forecast the probabilities of successfully treating a large number of coals so as to render them amenable, in a softened condition, to satisfactory study under the microscope. Although the hypothesis as to coking quality finds but partial support in the chemical analyses, its consideration has led to a method of predicting from an analysis with a fair degree of certainty whether any given coal will coke by the ordinary process. The unbroken transition between coals originally similar but now classed in widely different groups, whether of the same age or of different ages, as a result of dynamochemical action, appears demonstrated by the analyses as well as by field observation. This subject will not be 5 6 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN IN COAL. specially discussed in this paper, though the tables offer forcible, if not convincing, evidence concerning it. The great number of ultimate analyses published by the Survey, covering samples of coals of so many sorts collected throughout the wide range of American coal fields, furnishes an unrivaled wealth of analytical data concerning the fuels of the country; and the fact that all are made under one highly expert direction, and are standard­ ized, renders them especially valuable for comparative study. The discussion of chemical changes that have occurred in the coals and of the nature of the compounds now existing in them is left to the professional chemist, who is familiar with the great mass of litera­ ture concerning the chemistry of coals. Acknowledgments are gratefully tendered to Messrs. M. R. Camp­ bell and J. S. Burrows for placing at my disposal many of their recalculations of the analyses from the "as received'' to the "air- dried" basis and thus greatly lightening the labors of computation; also to Mr. Burrows for annotations as to the coking qualities of the coals. Thanks are also due to Mr. Wirt Tassin, of the National Museum, for frequent and generous gifts of information and counsel. DEOXYGENATION IN THE FORMATION OF COAL. INITIAL
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES in the COAL INDUSTRY IAEA, VIENNA, 1995 IAEA-TECDOC-845 ISSN 1011-4289 IAEA© , 1995 Printed by the IAEA in Austria November 1995 FOREWORD
    IAEA-TECDOC-845 Nuclear techniques coalinthe industry Proceedings finala of Research Co-ordination Meeting held in Krakow, Poland, 9-12 May 1994 W INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY ULr^ïïfî IAEe Th A doe t normallsno y maintain stock f reportso thin si s series. However, microfiche copie f thesso e reportobtainee b n sca d from IN IS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 0 10 x P.OBo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons orderee whicb y hdma separately fro INIe mth S Clearinghouse. The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Application Chemistrd san y Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 0 10 P.Ox Bo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE COAL INDUSTRY IAEA, VIENNA, 1995 IAEA-TECDOC-845 ISSN 1011-4289 IAEA© , 1995 Printed by the IAEA in Austria November 1995 FOREWORD e yearlasw fe Th t s have witnessed many important advance e developmenth n i s d an t application nucleaf so r technique coae th l n sindustryi . Nuclear borehole logging techniques basen do measurement of natural radioactivity, X and gamma ray absorption and scattering and neutron interactions are extensively employed for exploration programmes and in situ evaluation of coal. On-line analysis based on a variety of techniques is widely used to optimize coal processing operations increasee th ; d product yiel assuref do d qualit reductiod yan energn ni y usage have resulted in enormous economic benefits to the coal industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Physical Structural Studies on Two Inertinite-Rich Lump
    CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON TWO INERTINITE-RICH LUMP COALS. Nandi Malumbazo A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philoso- phy in the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, 2011 DECLARATION I, Nandi Malumbazo, declare that the thesis entitled: “CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON TWO INER- TINITE-RICH LUMP COALS” is my own work and that all sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and ac- knowledged by means of references. Signature: ……………………………………………………………….. Date:………………………………………………………………………… Page i ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Two Highveld inertinite-rich lump coals were utilized as feed coal samples in order to study their physical, chemical structural and petrographic variations during heat treat- ment in a packed-bed reactor unit combustor. The two feed lump coals were selected as it is claimed that Coal B converts at a slower rate in a commercial coal conversion process when compared to Coal A. The reason for this requires detailed investigation. Chemical structural variations were determined by proximate and coal char CO2 reactiv- ity analysis. Physical structural variations were determined by FTIR, BET adsorption methods, XRD and 13C Solid state NMR analysis. Carbon particle type analysis was con- ducted to determine the petrographic constituents of the reactor generated samples, their maceral associations (microlithotype), and char morphology. This analysis was undertaken with the intention of tracking the carbon conversion and char formation and consumption behaviour of the two coal samples within the reactor. Proximate analysis revealed that Coal A released 10 % more of its volatile matter through the reactor compared to Coal B.
    [Show full text]
  • Update to the Developments of Hisarna an Ulcos Alternative Ironmaking Process Ir
    Update to the Developments of Hisarna An Ulcos alternative ironmaking process Ir. Jan van der Stel , ir. Koen Meijer, ing. Cornelis Teerhuis, dr. Christiaan Zeijlstra, ir. Guus Keilman and ing. Maarten Ouwehand Tata Steel IJmuiden, The Netherlands Research, Development & Technology IEAGHG/IETS Iron and steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop Tokyo, Japan 4 – 7 November 2013 Confidential Content 1. HIsarna technology 2. HIsarna and CCS 3. HIsarna pilot plant 4. Campaign results 5. Conclusions 6. Forward plan 2 IEAGHG/IETS Iron and steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop , Tokyo, Japan, 4 – 7 November 2013. Confidential Ulcos IEAGHG/IETS Iron and steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop , Tokyo, Japan, 4 – 7 November 2013. Confidential 1. HIsarna technology Comparison with the BF route Blast furnace sinter Iron ore coke Liquid iron coal 4 IEAGHG/IETS Iron and steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop , Tokyo, Japan, 4 – 7 November 2013. Confidential 1. HIsarna technology Comparison with the BF route Blast furnace sinter Iron ore coke coal Direct use of coal and ore Liquid iron No coking and agglomeration 5 IEAGHG/IETS Iron and steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop , Tokyo, Japan, 4 – 7 November 2013. Confidential 1. HIsarna technology Top gas Oxygen Ore Oxygen Coal Slag Hot metal 6 IEAGHG/IETS Iron and steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop , Tokyo, Japan, 4 – 7 November 2013. Confidential 1.1. HIsarna technology Melting cyclone technology Melting and partial reduction of fine iron ores “2 Fe 2O3(s) + 2 CO(g) → 4 FeO(l) + 2 CO 2(g) ” • The cyclone product is a molten mixture of Fe 3O4 and FeO (~ 20 % reduced) • Pure oxygen is injected to generate the required melting temperature • The fines are separated from the gas by centrifugal flow of the gas IEAGHG/IETS Iron and steel Industry CCUS and Process Integration Workshop , Tokyo, Japan, 4 – 7 November 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal Characteristics
    CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal
    [Show full text]
  • Spontaneous Combustion of South American Coal
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2016 Spontaneous Combustion of South American Coal Brunno C. C. Vieira Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Vieira, Brunno C. C., "Spontaneous Combustion of South American Coal" (2016). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6875. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6875 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Spontaneous Combustion of South American Coal Brunno C. C. Vieira Thesis submitted to the Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mining Engineering Yi Luo, Ph.D., Chair Felicia Peng, Ph.D. Brijes Mishra, Ph.D. Department of Mining Engineering Morgantown, West Virginia 2016 Keywords: Spontaneous Combustion, Coal, South American, Safety, Mine fires, Self- heating temperature Copyright 2016 Brunno C. C. Vieira Abstract Many causes can lead to mine fires and explosions in coal mines but one of the most relevant cause is the spontaneous combustion of coal.
    [Show full text]
  • Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: a Case
    applied sciences Article Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: A Case Study of Coal in the Madzaringwe Formation in the Vele Colliery, Limpopo Province, South Africa Elelwani Denge * and Christopher Baiyegunhi Department of Geology and Mining, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Featured Application: Authors are encouraged to provide a concise description of the specific application or a potential application of the work. This section is not mandatory. Abstract: The Madzaringwe Formation in the Vele colliery is one of the coal-bearing Late Palaeozoic units of the Karoo Supergroup, consisting of shale with thin coal seams and sandstones. Maceral group analysis was conducted on seven representative coal samples collected from three existing boreholes—OV125149, OV125156, and OV125160—in the Vele colliery to determine the coal rank and other intrinsic characteristics of the coal. The petrographic characterization revealed that vitrinite is the dominant maceral group in the coals, representing up to 81–92 vol.% (mmf) of the total sample. Collotellinite is the dominant vitrinite maceral, with a total count varying between 52.4 vol.% (mmf) and 74.9 vol.% (mmf), followed by corpogelinite, collodetrinite, tellinite, and pseudovitrinite with a Citation: Denge, E.; Baiyegunhi, C. count ranging between 0.8 and 19.4 vol.% (mmf), 1.5 and 17.5 vol.% (mmf), 0.8 and 6.5 vol.% (mmf) Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: A Case Study of and 0.3 and 5.9 vol.% (mmf), respectively. The dominance of collotellinite gives a clear indication Coal in the Madzaringwe Formation that the coals are derived from the parenchymatous and woody tissues of roots, stems, and leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Coal Analysis
    HANDBOOK OF COAL ANALYSIS James G. Speight A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION HANDBOOK OF COAL ANALYSIS HANDBOOK OF COAL ANALYSIS James G. Speight A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • A Life Cycle Analysis of Deploying Coking Technology to Utilize Low-Rank Coal in China
    sustainability Article A Life Cycle Analysis of Deploying Coking Technology to Utilize Low-Rank Coal in China Yan Li 1, Guoshun Wang 1, Zhaohao Li 2, Jiahai Yuan 3 , Dan Gao 2,* and Heng Zhang 2 1 School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (G.W.) 2 School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (H.Z.) 3 School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 May 2020; Accepted: 10 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 Abstract: At present, the excess capacity in China’s coke industry can be deployed to utilize some low-rank coal, replacing coking coal with potential economic gains, energy efficiency, and environmental benefits. This study presents a life cycle analysis to model these potential benefits by comparing a metallurgical coke technical pathway with technical pathways of gasification coke integrated with different chemical productions. The results show that producing gasification coke is a feasible technical pathway for the transformation and development of the coke industry. However, its economic feasibility depends on the price of cokes and coals. The gasification coke production has higher energy consumption and CO2 emissions because of its lower coke yield. Generally speaking, using gasification coke to produce F-T oils has higher economic benefits than producing methanol, but has lower energy efficiency and higher carbon emissions. Keywords: coal coking; life cycle analysis; gasification coke; metallurgical coke; low-rank coal 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Hisarna Smelting Reduction
    HISARNA SMELTING REDUCTION A SOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE HOT METAL PRODUCTION Jan van der Stel, Koen Meijer, Christiaan Zeilstra, Johan van Boggelen, Tim Peeters and Rod Dry (*) Tata Steel Research & Development, IJmuiden, The Netherlands (*) RIO TINTO Perth, Australia Reducing the carbon footprint of the steel industry, 19-20 April 1 ZaandamAll rights and reserved Petten - Reducing, theThe carbon Netherlands footprint of the steel industry - 19-20 April 2017 – Zaandam and Petten, The Netherlands Content 1. HIsarna development 2. Technology background 3. The HIsarna pilot plant 3.1. Milestones of the test campaigns 4. Forward program 4.1. Further experimental work in pilot plant 4.2. Industrial scale demonstration plant 5. Conclusions 6. Challenges 2 All rights reserved - Reducing the carbon footprint of the steel industry - 19-20 April 2017 – Zaandam and Petten, The Netherlands 1. HIsarna development • In 2004 several European steelmakers proactively started the ULCOS project with the objective to achieve 50 % reduction of the CO 2 emissions of steelmaking • HIsarna is one of the four process development that originate from the ULCOS project. • Since 2007 Tata Steel, Rio Tinto and ULCOS have been active developing this coal-based smelting reduction process. • To date over 80 mln Euro has been invested in this new technology. • The HIsarna process offers a combination of environmental and economical benefits. 3 All rights reserved - Reducing the carbon footprint of the steel industry - 19-20 April 2017 – Zaandam and Petten, The Netherlands 1.1 Comparison BF route - HIsarna Blast Furnace Iron ore Hot metal Coal Coking/Agglomeration Ironmaking HIsarna Iron ore Hot metal Direct use of fine ores and coal Coal (no agglomeration and coking) Ironmaking 4 All rights reserved - Reducing the carbon footprint of the steel industry - 19-20 April 2017 – Zaandam and Petten, The Netherlands 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Tutorial: Delayed Coking Fundamentals
    Tutorial: Delayed Coking Fundamentals Paul J. Ellis Christopher A. Paul Great Lakes Carbon Corporation Port Arthur, TX Prepared for presentation at the AIChE 1998 Spring National Meeting New Orleans, LA March 8-12, 1998 Topical Conference on Refinery Processing Tutorial Session: Delayed Coking Paper 29a Copyright 1998 Great Lakes Carbon Corporation UNPUBLISHED March 9, 1998 1 ABSTRACT Great Lakes Carbon Corporation has worked closely with refineries producing delayed coke in all forms, fuel grade (shot or sponge), anode grade (sponge), and electrode grade (needle) since start-up of the company's first calcining operation in 1937. With on-going research in the area of delayed coking since 1942, Great Lakes Carbon (GLC) has operated delayed coking pilot units including an excellent large-scale pilot unit with a coke drum 0.3 meter (1 ft) diameter by 2.1 meters (7 ft) long and has developed physical models which explain coke formation in coke drums. Knowledge of commercial delayed coking units as well as that of the GLC Pilot Delayed Coker is used in this tutorial paper to describe the formation and uses of the three types of structures of delayed petroleum coke: needle, sponge, and shot. Troubleshooting tips are included on many aspects of the delayed coking drum cycle including: steam stripping, water quenching, coke cutting, drum warm-up, and drum switching technique. Suggestions and descriptions of delayed coking unit hardware are included. The objective of this tutorial paper is to acquaint the non-refinery technologist and further the knowledge of refinery personnel with the delayed coking operation, delayed coking unit hardware, types of coke that can be produced, coke formation models, and the uses of petroleum coke.
    [Show full text]
  • South Yorkshire
    INDUSTRIAL HISTORY of SOUTH RKSHI E Association for Industrial Archaeology CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 6 STEEL 26 10 TEXTILE 2 FARMING, FOOD AND The cementation process 26 Wool 53 DRINK, WOODLANDS Crucible steel 27 Cotton 54 Land drainage 4 Wire 29 Linen weaving 54 Farm Engine houses 4 The 19thC steel revolution 31 Artificial fibres 55 Corn milling 5 Alloy steels 32 Clothing 55 Water Corn Mills 5 Forging and rolling 33 11 OTHER MANUFACTUR- Windmills 6 Magnets 34 ING INDUSTRIES Steam corn mills 6 Don Valley & Sheffield maps 35 Chemicals 56 Other foods 6 South Yorkshire map 36-7 Upholstery 57 Maltings 7 7 ENGINEERING AND Tanning 57 Breweries 7 VEHICLES 38 Paper 57 Snuff 8 Engineering 38 Printing 58 Woodlands and timber 8 Ships and boats 40 12 GAS, ELECTRICITY, 3 COAL 9 Railway vehicles 40 SEWERAGE Coal settlements 14 Road vehicles 41 Gas 59 4 OTHER MINERALS AND 8 CUTLERY AND Electricity 59 MINERAL PRODUCTS 15 SILVERWARE 42 Water 60 Lime 15 Cutlery 42 Sewerage 61 Ruddle 16 Hand forges 42 13 TRANSPORT Bricks 16 Water power 43 Roads 62 Fireclay 16 Workshops 44 Canals 64 Pottery 17 Silverware 45 Tramroads 65 Glass 17 Other products 48 Railways 66 5 IRON 19 Handles and scales 48 Town Trams 68 Iron mining 19 9 EDGE TOOLS Other road transport 68 Foundries 22 Agricultural tools 49 14 MUSEUMS 69 Wrought iron and water power 23 Other Edge Tools and Files 50 Index 70 Further reading 71 USING THIS BOOK South Yorkshire has a long history of industry including water power, iron, steel, engineering, coal, textiles, and glass.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Systems and Coal Quality in Power Generation
    Expert systems and coal quality in power generation Herminé Nalbandian CCC/186 ISBN 978-92-9029-506-8 August 2011 copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre Abstract Coal quality, that is the properties of coal, has an impact on many parts of a power plant including the coal handling facilities, pulverising mills, boiler, air heater, ESP, ash disposal as well as stack emissions. Coals have different characteristics and heat content. The behaviour of a coal in a boiler is strongly influenced by its rank and by the mineral matter and other impurities associated with it. Coal properties can affect the efficiency, reliability and availability of both the boiler and the emissions control units. Therefore they affect the economics as well as the short- and long-term operation of the plant. Expert systems are used today in many aspects of power generation. The first step in the application of expert systems for coal quality assessment is to ensure that the sampling procedures used are as accurate and precise as is possible. This then provides a representative sample for the subsequent analysis. Online analysers can show variations in coal quality as they are occurring. However, online analysers can be expensive and their cost-effectiveness depends on the site and application. Despite questions about the accuracy of online analysers being raised, their use in coal mines as well as power plants continues to increase. The operation of coal-fired power plants involves multiple variables which have different levels of importance. A key contributor to an overall expert system is the method used to optimise the coal combustion in the boiler.
    [Show full text]