Handbook of Coal Analysis

HANDBOOK OF COAL ANALYSIS James G. Speight A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION HANDBOOK OF COAL ANALYSIS HANDBOOK OF COAL ANALYSIS James G. Speight A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. 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For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Speight, J. G. Handbook of coal analysis / James G. Speight. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-52273-2 (cloth) 1. Coal—Analysis—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TP325.S7145 2005 662.6’22—dc22 2005040803 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 CONTENTS Preface ix 1 Coal Analysis 1 1.1 Analysis Considerations 3 1.2 Accuracy and Precision 6 1.3 Bias 8 1.4 Reporting Coal Analysis 9 1.5 Interrelationships of the Data 12 1.6 Coal Classification 14 1.7 The Future 19 References 19 2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 22 2.1 Sampling 23 2.1.1 Manual Sampling 27 2.1.2 Mechanical Sampling 32 2.2 Sample Preparation 32 2.3 Washability 34 References 39 3 Proximate Analysis 41 3.1 Moisture Content 42 3.1.1 Test Method Protocols 48 3.1.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 49 3.2 Ash 51 3.2.1 Test Method Protocols 52 3.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 55 3.3 Volatile Matter 56 3.3.1 Test Method Protocols 56 3.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 59 3.4 Fixed Carbon 60 3.5 Coal Assay 60 ◦ ◦ 3.5.1 Gray–King Assay at 600 C (1112 F) 61 ◦ ◦ 3.5.2 Gray–King Assay at 900 C (1652 F) 61 v vi CONTENTS 3.5.3 Other Carbonization Tests 62 3.6 Other Methods 63 References 64 4 Ultimate Analysis 67 4.1 Carbon and Hydrogen 68 4.1.1 Test Method Protocols 68 4.1.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 70 4.2 Nitrogen 71 4.2.1 Test Method Protocols 71 4.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 73 4.3 Sulfur 73 4.3.1 Test Method Protocols 74 4.3.2 Determination of the Forms of Sulfur 77 4.3.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 79 4.4 Oxygen 79 4.4.1 Test Method Protocols 80 4.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 82 4.5 Chlorine 84 4.5.1 Test Method Protocols 84 4.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 85 4.6 Mercury 86 4.7 Other Constituents 87 4.7.1 Carbon Dioxide 87 4.7.2 Arsenic and Selenium 88 References 89 5 Mineral Matter 92 5.1 Mineral Types 94 5.1.1 Aluminosilicates (Clay Minerals) 94 5.1.2 Sulfide Minerals 95 5.1.3 Sulfate Minerals 95 5.1.4 Carbonate Minerals 95 5.1.5 Silicate Minerals 95 5.1.6 Other Minerals 95 5.2 Chemistry of Ash Formation 96 5.3 Test Method Protocols 98 5.3.1 Data Handling and Interpretation 99 5.3.2 Ash Analysis 101 References 107 CONTENTS vii 6 Physical and Electrical Properties 110 6.1 Density and Specific Gravity 112 6.2 Porosity and Surface Area 117 6.3 Reflectance 121 6.4 Refractive Index 124 6.5 Conductivity 124 6.6 Dielectric Constant 126 6.7 Dielectric Strength 126 6.8 Specific Resistance (Resistivity) 127 References 128 7 Thermal Properties 131 7.1 Calorific Value 131 7.1.1 Determination of Calorific Value 134 7.1.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 137 7.2 Heat Capacity 138 7.3 Thermal Conductivity 140 7.4 Plastic and Agglutinating Properties 141 7.4.1 Determination of Plastic Properties 142 7.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 145 7.5 Agglomerating Index 145 7.6 Free-Swelling Index 145 7.6.1 Determination of the Free-Swelling Index 147 7.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 149 7.7 Ash Fusibility 149 7.7.1 Determination of Ash Fusibility 150 7.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 151 7.8 Thermal Conductivity (Diffusivity and Expansion) 152 References 153 8 Mechanical Properties 155 8.1 Strength 155 8.2 Hardness 157 8.3 Friability 159 8.4 Grindability 161 8.5 Dustiness Index 164 8.6 Cleat Structure 165 8.7 Deformation and Flow Under Stress 165 References 166 viii CONTENTS 9 Spectroscopic Properties 168 9.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 168 9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 171 9.3 Mass Spectrometry 174 9.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 175 9.5 X-ray Diffraction 176 9.6 Electron Spin Resonance 176 References 177 10 Solvent Properties 184 10.1 Test Methods 185 10.2 Action of Specific Solvents 187 10.3 Influence of Coal Rank 188 10.3.1 Benzene-Type Solvents 188 10.3.2 Nitrogen-Containing Solvents 188 10.4 Influence of Petrographic Composition 190 10.5 Analysis of Coal Extracts 190 References 192 Glossary 195 Common Conversion Factors 213 Index 215 PREFACE Coal is an extremely complex material and exhibits a wide range of physical properties. The rapidly expanding use of coal in the twentieth century made it necessary to devise acceptable methods for coal analysis with the goal of correlating composition and properties with behavior. It is only by assiduously using careful analyses of coal that the various aspects of coal usage can be achieved in an environmentally acceptable manner. As a part of the multifaceted program of coal evaluation, new methods are continually being developed and the already accepted methods may need regular modification to increase the accuracy of the technique as well as the precision of the results. Furthermore, proper interpretation of the data resulting from the analysis of coal requires an understanding of the significance of the analytical data. This book deals with the various aspects of coal analysis and provides a detailed explanation of the necessary standard tests and procedures that are applicable to coal in order to help define coal behavior relative to usage and environmental issues. The first items that the book covers (after nomenclature and terminology) are related to sampling, accuracy of analysis, and precision of analysis. These important aspects are necessary to provide reproducibility and repeatability of the analytical data derived from the various test methods. The book then goes on to provide coverage of the analysis of coal by various test methods, as well as the application and interpretation of the data to provide the reader with an understanding the quality and performance of coal. A glossary of terms that will be useful to the reader is also included. Each term is defined in a language that will convey the meaning to the reader in a clear and understandable way. Sources of information that have been used include (1) the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, (2) the British Standards Institution, (3) the International Orga- nization for Standardization, (4) older books, (5) collections of individual articles from symposia, and (6) chapters in general coverage books. This will be the first book that provides not only a detailed description of the tests but also the out- come of the tests and the meaning of the data. However, the actual mechanics of performing a test method are not included; such information is available from the various standards organization. Although the focus of the book is on the relevant ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) test methods with the numbers given, where possible the corresponding ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and BS (British Standards Institution) test method numbers are also presented. As an aside, the ASTM may have withdrawn some of the test methods noted herein, ix x PREFACE but the test method is still referenced because of its continued use, for whatever reason, in many analytical laboratories. If this book helps toward a better understanding of the criteria for determining the properties of coal, leading to an understanding of coal behavior, it will have served its purpose.

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