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NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES in the COAL INDUSTRY IAEA, VIENNA, 1995 IAEA-TECDOC-845 ISSN 1011-4289 IAEA© , 1995 Printed by the IAEA in Austria November 1995 FOREWORD

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NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES in the COAL INDUSTRY IAEA, VIENNA, 1995 IAEA-TECDOC-845 ISSN 1011-4289 IAEA© , 1995 Printed by the IAEA in Austria November 1995 FOREWORD IAEA-TECDOC-845 Nuclear techniques coalinthe industry Proceedings finala of Research Co-ordination Meeting held in Krakow, Poland, 9-12 May 1994 W INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY ULr^ïïfî IAEe Th A doe t normallsno y maintain stock f reportso thin si s series. However, microfiche copie f thesso e reportobtainee b n sca d from IN IS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 0 10 x P.OBo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons orderee whicb y hdma separately fro INIe mth S Clearinghouse. The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Application Chemistrd san y Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 0 10 P.Ox Bo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE COAL INDUSTRY IAEA, VIENNA, 1995 IAEA-TECDOC-845 ISSN 1011-4289 IAEA© , 1995 Printed by the IAEA in Austria November 1995 FOREWORD e yearlasw fe Th t s have witnessed many important advance e developmenth n i s d an t application nucleaf so r technique coae th l n sindustryi . Nuclear borehole logging techniques basen do measurement of natural radioactivity, X and gamma ray absorption and scattering and neutron interactions are extensively employed for exploration programmes and in situ evaluation of coal. On-line analysis based on a variety of techniques is widely used to optimize coal processing operations increasee th ; d product yiel assuref do d qualit reductiod yan energn ni y usage have resulted in enormous economic benefits to the coal industry. Further, the potential of nuclear techniques for control and minimization of environmental pollution in the various stages of exploration and exploitation of coal are increasingly being recognized and much work is under way to develop and apply such technique coan si l processing operations. With the aim of promoting advanced research and facilitating a more extensive application of nuclear technique environmentar sfo l protectio exploratioe th n i exploitatiod nan coalf n o IAEe th , A establishe e presendth t co-ordinated research programme (CRP 1989n i ) . This report includen sa assessment of the current status and trends in nuclear techniques in the coal industry and the results obtaine participante th y d b CRPe th t sa . Proceeding "Nuclean o P finae th CR lf r so Technique n i s Exploratio d Exploitatioan n f Coalo n : On-lin Buld an ek Analysi d Evaluatioan s f Potentiao n l Environmental Pollutants in Coal and Coke", was held in Krakow, Poland, from 9 to 12 May 1994. The IAEA wishes to thank all the scientists who contributed to the progress of this CRP. PLEASE BE AWARE THAT MISSINE TH AL F LO G PAGE THIN SI S DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK EDITORIAL NOTE In preparing this publication for press, staff of the IAEA have made up the pages from the original manuscripts submittedas authors.the viewsby The expressed necessarilynot do reflect those governmentsofthe nominatingthe of Member nominating the States of or organizations. Throughout the text names of Member States are retained as they were when the text was compiled. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by publisher,the legalthe IAEA,to the status as of such countries territories,or of their authoritiesand institutions delimitation ofthe or of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies productsor (whether indicatednot or registered)as does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement recommendationor partthe IAEA. ofon the The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY ..................................................... 7 1.1. Result IAEA'e th f so s Co-ordinated Research Programme ...............7 . 1.2. Nuclear borehole logging techniques ..............................8 . 1.3. On-line analysis .............................................8 . 1.4. Ash monitors ................................................ 8 1.5. Gamma transmission gauge .....................................9 . 1.6. Measurement of calorific value ................................... 9 1.7. Natural radioactivity and neutron activation .......................... 9 backscatteriny ra 1.8X . g techniques ..................................0 1 . 1.9. Nuclear technique coar embeddind sfo an l g rocks .....................0 1 . 1.10. Conculsion recommendationd san P .......................CR e th f so 1 1 . 2. ASSESSMEN NUCLEAF TO R TECHNIQUE COAE TH LN SI INDUSTR Y .....1 1 . 2.1. Exploration .................................................. 11 2.2. Mining ....................................................2 1 . 2.3. On-line analysi f coa sprocesr o fo l s control ..........................2 1 . 2.4. Utilisation of coal ............................................. 14 COUNTRY REPORTS On-line analysi coaf so powe n i l r generation ...................................7 1 . N.G. Gutmore, M.L. Mitten, B.D. Sowerby Nuclear borehole logging techniques for coal quality .............................. 45 orsB am M. Typical case f applicatioso isotope th monitorf h no e as Chinn si a ....................5 5 . HongchangY. Desig constructiod nan f gammno a transmission gaug determinatior efo h as e th f no content in coal ........................................................ 65 A. Abedinzadeh, H. Rahimi, N. Rahimi, J. Moafian, A. Amini, A. Baniscdam Effects of humidity changes on the measured calorific value of coals .................. 79 T. Cywicka-Jakiel, J. Loskiewicz , G.Tracz Coal ash parameters by natural radioactivity and neutron activation ................... 99 E. Chrusciel, S. Kali to, J.L. Makhabane, A. Lenda, N guy en Dinh Chan, J.W. Ntewodniczanski, PalkaK. Application of X-ray backscattering techniques on Turkish coal analysis ................ 109 P. Arikan, A. Zararsiz, R. Kirmaz, N. Efe Application of nuclear techniques for analysis of Vietnamese coal and embedding rocks .... 131 Vo Doc Bang, Phcon Van Duong, Nguyen Thanh Binh. Le Tien Quan, N guy en Manh Hung, Nguyen Thi Hong, Vo Hoang Lam Lis Participantf o t s ...................................................5 14 . 1. SUMMARY Coa majoa s i l r energy sourc foreseeable worldwidth n i expectes o i s d e b ean future o dt . Annual coal production in 1991 was almost 4425 million tonnes per year. Several developing countries are rapidly increasing their production. energn f coaa o s Tha e ly eus sourc severs eha e environmental consequences emissioe Th . n of ash causes fall-out which discolours houses and the ground, and poses potential threats to plants, animals, and human life. The emission of SO causes acid rain which threatens to kill the forests and causes extensive damag buildingo et s throug corrodins hit 2 g effect. Based on such environmental reasons, in addition to economic considerations, the efficient use sulphuw lo f o r coabecoms ha l majoea r energy issue. Nuclear measurement techniques can be efficiently used to monitor different components in coae th l affectin efficienenvironmentas d git an e us t l effects. Recent years have see nrapia d expansion of research into, and industrial application of, nuclear techniques for the on-line and bulk analysis of coal and coke. The main application areas of nuclear techniques in the coal industry are determinations of ash, moisture and specific energy of coal, determinations of solids weight fraction contenh anas d f coa o t slurries n determinatioe i l th d an , concentratione th f no f specifiso c elements suc sulphus ha radioactivd an r e pollutant morr o f these coaln eo si On e. determination usee sar o dt control mining operations, coal preparation, and power stations. promotinf o m Witai e ghth advanced researc facilitatind han morga e extensive applicatiof no nuclear techniques for environmental protection in the exploration and exploitation of coal, the IAEA established a Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP) in 1989 on the Use of Nuclear Techniques in the Coal Industry. This report includes an assessment of nuclear techniques in the coal industry and the results obtained by the participants of the CRP. contributo t objective s efforte Th wa th P f o thiet seo sCR toward s developmen wided an t r applications of nuclear techniques with a view to minimizing the release of environmental pollutants stage e exploratioe th th l in sal i exploitatiod nan coalf participatinne o Th . g groups concentrated their research efforts on evaluation of improved nuclear bore hole logging techniques for coal quality, on- line analysis technique systemsd san , evaluatio f low-cosno t isotop monitorinh eas g techniquer sfo evaluatio f potentiano l environmental pollutant coacoken d i s an l . Wherever possible researce th , h wor orientes kwa d toward developmene sth f techniqueo t s suitabl r adoptioefo locao nt l conditions prevailing in developing Member States. 1.1. RESULTS OF THE IAEA'S CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROGRAMME Research contracts and research agreements were concluded with scientists from Australia, China Islamie th , c Republi f Iranco , Poland, Turke Vied yan t Nam. Three Research Co-ordination Meetings were held - 1991 Bandung, Indonesia; 1992 Ankara, Turkey and 1994 Krakow, Poland. maie Th n achievement havP eCR beee followinge th nth f so : Two techniques for coal logging have been extensively evaluated
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