Service Bulletin

Catalogue no. 16-002-X Vol. 5, no. 2

. Service bulletin

EnviroStats

.Summer 2011

In this issue

Summertime control of temperature in Canadian homes: How Canadians keep their cool

Thisstudy,basedondatafrom the 2009 Households and the Environment Survey, looks at the characteristics and usage of air conditioning systems and other methods of space cooling by Canadian households. In 2009, half of Canadian homes reported having some type of air conditioning system. Over two-thirds of Canadian households that used air conditioning were equipped with a central air conditioning system while almost one-third used a standalone air conditioning unit.

Settlements in Canada

By studying the size and form of settlements over time it is possible to better examine their impact on the physical environment, such as consumption of land and pollution emissions. This article focuses on the characteristics of settlements in terms of land area and population, and the changes that have taken place between 2001 and 2006. EnviroStats

Selected Canadian environment, economic and social indicators

This table highlights a few important environment, economic and social indicators. Setting them side-by-side starts to illuminate the important relationships that exist among these three areas. More indicators can be found in the section “Canadian environment, economic and social indicators.” Table 1 Selected Canadian environment, economic and social indicators

Period Percentage change

Population 2009 to 2010 1.2 Gross domestic product, monthly March 2011 0.3 Greenhouse gas emissions 2008 to 2009 -5.7 1 Particulate matter (PM2.5) 2000 to 2008 n.s.s. Ground-level ozone (median percentage change per year) 1990 to 2008 0.6 Natural resource wealth 2008 to 2009 -37.8

1. Not statistically significant. Source(s): Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 051-0001 and 378-0005 (accessed May 27, 2011). Statistics Canada, 2011, Gross Domestic Product by Industry, Catalogue no. 15-001-X. Environment Canada, 2011, National Inventory Report 1990-2009: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Catalogue no. En81-4/1-2009E-PDF. Environment Canada, 2011, Measuring Sustainability: Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators, www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=EnXXn=ED311E59-1&offset=6&toc=show (accessed May 27, 2011).

2 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Summertime control of temperature in Canadian homes: How Canadians keep their cool

Elzbieta Sawicz, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division

This study looks at the characteristics and usage of air conditioning systems and other methods of space cooling by Canadian households. Energy prices are on the rise, so turning up the thermostat by a few degrees or shutting cooling systems off entirely when the house is unoccupied are increasingly attractive ways of saving money. The study describes the behaviours of Canadians when it comes to cooling their homes.

What you should know about this study

This study is based on data from the 2009 Households and the Environment Survey (HES), conducted as part of the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators project.

Several methods of reducing a home’s air temperature, or otherwise creating a cooling effect, are employed by Canadian households. Those measured by the HES include the use of air conditioning systems, fans and closing blinds and drapes. Households were allowed to report the use of more than one method.

Respondents who reported having an air conditioner were asked at what temperature, during the summer, they kept their dwelling. They were asked to report on three categories: when they were at home and awake, when they were at home and asleep and when they were not at home. For the purposes of this report, responses were grouped into five temperature ranges: 19ºC or lower; 20 to 21ºC; 22 to 23ºC; 24ºC or higher; or the air conditioner turned off.

Cooling metholds used by Canadian households

Air conditioning systems

In 2009, half of Canadian homes (50%) reported having some type of air conditioning system. Manitoba had the highest proportion of households with an air conditioner (80%), followed by Ontario (74%) and Saskatchewan (61%). In contrast, the lowest proportions of households with air conditioning systems were reported in Atlantic Canada (19%) and British Columbia (23%) (Chart 1).

Thereweretwo types of air conditioning systems used in Canadian households in 2009: central air conditioning (central AC) and standalone air conditioning (standalone AC). Central AC systems circulate and cool air within an entire dwelling. Standalone AC units are usually fitted in a window or in the wall of the room, or constitute a portable, free-standing unit that does not require permanent installation. This type of system is generally used for cooling single rooms.

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 3 EnviroStats

Chart 1 Households with an air conditioning system, by province, 2009

Manitoba 80

Ontario 74

Saskatchewan 61

Canada 50

Quebec 42

Alberta 27

British Columbia 23

Atlantic Canada 19

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

percentage

Note(s): As a percentage of all households. Values for the provinces of Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) were aggregated due to data quality at the provincial level. Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Households and the Environment Survey, 2009.

Central AC

Over two-thirds of Canadian households that used air conditioning to cool their homes were equipped with central AC (68%) in 2009. The highest concentration was in Ontario, where over four out of every five air conditioned homes (81%) had central AC (Chart 2). This system was also popular in the Prairie provinces, where it was reported by almost three quarters of air conditioned households in Alberta (74%) and 70% in Saskatchewan. In Atlantic Canada only 25% of such households reported having a central AC system.

Standalone AC

Nationally, almost one-third of air conditioned households used a standalone AC unit (32%) in 2009 (Chart 2). Atlantic Canada, which had the lowest rate of households with central AC, had the highest percentage of households with a standalone AC (75%). Over half of households that had air conditioning in Quebec (56%) and British Columbia (51%) also used this type of system.

4 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Chart 2 Types of air conditioning systems, by province, 2009

percentage

0 Canada Atlantic Canada Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia

Had a central air conditioning system Had a standalone air conditioning system

Note(s): As a percentage of all households that had an air conditioning system. Values for the provinces of Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) were aggregated due to data quality at the provincial level. Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Households and the Environment Survey, 2009.

Fans

Using fans, such as ceiling fans or other types of mechanical fans, can be a less expensive alternative to air conditioning as they typically consume less electricity. Fans do not reduce the temperature in the room, but by increasing air circulation, they can achieve a cooling effect. In 2009, almost two-thirds of all Canadian households (66%) used fans to help stay cool during summer. Alberta had the highest rate of fan use in the country (73%) followed closely by Atlantic Canada (72%) and British Columbia (72%). This compares to 57% of households in Manitoba, the province the least likely to use fans (Chart 3).

Closing blinds and drapes

Another method of keeping a dwelling cool is by closing blinds and drapes to reduce solar heating during the hottest part of the day. More than four out of every five households (83%) in Canada reported using this simple method. Saskatchewan (93%), Manitoba (89%) and Alberta (88%) led the country in keeping blinds and drapes closed (Chart 3).

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 5 EnviroStats

Chart 3 Other methods of space cooling, by province, 2009

percentage

100

0 Canada Atlantic Canada Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia

Used fans Closed blinds/drapes during the hottest part of the day

Controlling the temperature

Away from home

In 2009, more than two-thirds of Canadian households that had an air conditioner and a thermostat adjusted the temperature in their dwellings while away from home by either shutting off their air conditioner (55%) or setting the temperature at 24ºC or higher (13%). However, almost one-quarter of households (24%) reported keeping their homes at lower temperatures (at 23ºC or lower) when no one was at home (Table 2).

Atlantic Canada and Quebec had the highest proportion of households (63%) that shut their air conditioner off when away from home. This compares to 46% of households in British Columbia, and 52% in Ontario. However, Ontario households were the most likely to set the temperature at 24ºC or higher when the home was unoccupied during the day (17%).

6 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Table 2 Temperature settings in summer, by region, 2009

At home and awake temperatures 19 C 20 C 22 C 24 C Air Don’t or or or or conditioner know lower 21 C 23 C higher off

percent

Canada 9 23 21 22 10 14 Atlantic Canada 19 27 8 E F15E 24 Quebec 9 26 21 19 10 16 Ontario 7 20 22 26 12 12 Prairies 12 28 23 14 6 17 British Columbia 14 E 21 E 20 21 10 E 14 E

At home and asleep temperatures 19 C 20 C 22 C 24 C Air Don’t or or or or conditioner know lower 21 C 23 C higher off

percent

Canada 9 18 15 16 29 12 Atlantic Canada 17 14 E F F 41 22 Quebec 8 20 15 14 E 32 11 Ontario 8 17 16 21 26 12 Prairies 14 18 15 9 34 10 E British Columbia 12 E 17 E F12E 37 11 E

Away from home temperatures 19 C 20 C 22 C 24 C Air Don’t or or or or conditioner know lower 21 C 23 C higher off

percent

Canada 5 10 9 13 55 7 Atlantic Canada 8 E 9 E F F 63 14 E Quebec 4 E 11 9 7 63 5 E Ontario 4 9 9 17 52 8 Prairies 7 11 9 10 58 6 E British Columbia F 10 E F13E 46 12 E

Note(s): As a percentage of all households that had an air conditioner and a thermostat. Values for the provinces of Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) and the Prairies (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) were aggregated due to data quality at the provincial level. Figures may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding. Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Households and the Environment Survey, 2009.

At home and awake

When asked about temperature settings when at home and awake, 10% of Canadian households reported they turned off their air conditioner, while 22% set their home temperature at 24ºC or higher. Forty-four percent chose to keep the temperature between 20ºC and 23ºC, and 9% preferred to keep their dwelling at 19ºC or lower when at home and awake (Table 2).

When asleep

The behaviours of Canadian households also varied when setting the temperature in their homes while household members were sleeping. Twenty-nine percent of households with an air conditioner reported that they turned it off when sleeping. Households in Atlantic Canada were the most likely to do so (41%) (Table 2). Sixteen percent of households that reported having an air conditioning system set the temperature at 24ºC or higher with households in Ontario most likely to do this (21%).

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 7 EnviroStats

One-third of Canadian households (33%) preferred to sleep with the temperature set between 20ºC and 23 C while 9% chose cooler temperatures and kept their home at 19ºC or lower.

Behaviours by selected household characteristics

Income

Households with an annual income of less than $20,000 were the most likely of all income groups to keep their air conditioner shut off when they were at home and awake. Seventy percent of households at this income level also reported their air conditioner turned off when they were away from home (Table 3). This was the highest percentage among all income categories and well above the national rate of 55%.

Households in the highest income category ($150,000 or more) were the least likely to shut off the air conditioner when at home and awake, and when they were asleep. However, they were the most likely to set the temperature at 24ºC or higher when asleep.

Dwelling tenure

When setting the thermostats in their homes renters were more likely to turn the air conditioner off when the household was asleep (35%) compared to those who owned their dwelling (28%) (Table 3). Renters were also more likely to shut off their AC when away from home (65%) than owners (53%). However, households living in owned dwellings were more likely than those living in rental dwellings to keep their homes at 24ºC or higher.

Operating tips for using air conditioners

Several government agencies have issued operating tips for air conditioners to minimize energy use. The following are tips from two organizations.

The Ontario Ministry of Energy (OME) provides Energy Saving Tips that recommend cooling your home to 24ºC or 25ºC.1 The OME advises that each degree below 26 will noticeably increase electricity use and the AC system should be shut off when the home is unoccupied. The OME states that “Contrary to popular belief, this method uses less electricity than having the AC constantly maintain a cool temperature!”

According to the Office of Energy Efficiency (OEE), in order to reduce operating costs and save energy, the thermostat should be set between 25ºC and 27ºC when a house is occupied; and about 28ºC while it is empty for more than four hours.2 If the house is going to be unoccupied for more than 24 hours, the central AC system should be shut off.

The OEE recommends the same temperature settings for a room air conditioner as for a central air conditioner.3 However, it also advises that it is much more effective to start the room air conditioner earlier in the day and cool the room gradually, instead of letting the heat build up all day and then turning the air conditioner to its maximum setting in order to cool the room quickly.

1. Ontario Ministry of Energy, 2010, Energy Saving Tips - Heating and Cooling, www.mei.gov.on.ca/en/energy/conservation/?page=energy-saving-tips_heating-and-cooling (accessed 14 February 2011). 2. Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency, 2010, Central Air Conditioners – Operation and Use, http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/residential/personal/cooling-ventilation/central-ac/operation.cfm?attr=4 (accessed 14 February 2011). 3. Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency, 2009, Room Air Conditioners – Operation and Maintenance Tips, http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/residential/personal/cooling-ventilation/rooms-ac/operation-maintenance.cfm?attr=4 (accessed 14 February 2011).

8 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Table 3 Temperature settings in summer, by income and dwelling tenure, 2009

At home and awake temperatures 19 C 20 C 22 C 24 C Air Don’t or or or or conditioner know lower 21 C 23 C higher off

percent

Canada 9 23 21 22 10 14 Income 1 Less than $20,000 8 E 24 12 E 17 E 16 E 23 $20,000 to $39,999 11 22 18 19 14 E 16 $40,000 to $59,999 10 22 21 21 10 E 17 $60,000 to $79,999 11 24 20 22 10 13 $80,000 to $99,999 11 27 19 23 9 E 10 E $100,000 to $149,999 8 E 21 29 24 8 E 10 $150,000 or more 7 E 24 29 23 7 9 E Dwelling tenure 2 Owned 82323231012 Rented 14 23 14 15 E 12 E 22

At home and asleep temperatures 19 C 20 C 22 C 24 C Air Don’t or or or or conditioner know lower 21 C 23 C higher off

percent

Canada 9 18 15 16 29 12 Income 1 Less than $20,000 6 E 16 E 9 E F3520E $20,000 to $39,999 10 19 10 11 38 12 $40,000 to $59,999 9 19 12 15 30 14 $60,000 to $79,999 11 18 13 17 33 7 $80,000 to $99,999 12 E 21 16 17 26 9 E $100,000 to $149,999 9 E 18 21 20 23 8 $150,000 or more 11 15 23 22 18 10 E Dwelling tenure 2 Owned 91817182811 Rented 12 19 8 E 10 E 35 17

Away from home temperatures 19 C 20 C 22 C 24 C Air Don’t or or or or conditioner know lower 21 C 23 C higher off

percent

Canada 5 10 9 13 55 7 Income 1 Less than $20,000 F F F F 70 13 E $20,000 to $39,999 4 E 12 6 E 8 E 62 7 E $40,000 to $59,999 6 E 11 E 912 567E $60,000 to $79,999 5 E 10 7 E 15 58 5 $80,000 to $99,999 7 E 10 E 919 487E $100,000 to $149,999 5 E 91219505 $150,000 or more 3 E 10 E 14 18 49 6 E Dwelling tenure 2 Owned 5101015537 Rented 5 E 11 E 5 E 5 E 65 10

1. As a percentage of all households with that income that had an air conditioner and a thermostat. 2. As a percentage of all households with that tenure that had an air conditioner and a thermostat. Note(s): Figures may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding. Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Households and the Environment Survey, 2009.

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 9 EnviroStats

Settlements in Canada

Giuseppe Filoso, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division In 1867, when Canada became a nation, its population was 3,463,000 persons,4 occupying a country that at the time had a total land area of approximately 1,037,0005 km2. During these early years the population settled in areas with access to water or rail transportation systems that supported economic and agricultural activity. In 2006, with a total population of 31,612,897 persons,6 Canadians had a total land area of 9,093,507 km2 in which many physical land cover types existed, one of these being settled areas. Most of the settled areas or settlements in Canada are concentrated in areas around the border with the United States, such as the Québec–Windsor axis, or in pockets within provinces, such as the Calgary–Edmonton corridor.7 These settlements can be defined as tracts of land where humans have altered the physical environment by constructing residential, industrial, institutional and other installations or buildings.8

What you should know about settlements

The methodology used for delineating settlements was made possible through the analysis of data extracted from satellite imagery and the use of census data.

Through geo-statistical analysis of this information, a series of rules and thresholds were developed to delineate settlements by ’dissemination block.’ The dissemination block is the smallest census geographic unit available and, in general terms, is an area equivalent to a city block bounded by intersecting streets. Census data on population, dwelling and employment were used. Settlement boundaries were produced for 2001 and 2006, the most recent census years, and provide a portrayal of the physical form of Canada’s settlements.

A fundamental component of this research project was the creation of a database referred to as the Settlements Earth Observation Inventory (SEOI). The SEOI provides information based on the visual interpretation of an overlay of dissemination blocks with high-resolution satellite imagery. For example, in addition to census data for each block, the percentage of settled area is now available for many individual dissemination blocks. The SEOI was created for the following reasons: to understand the characteristics of settled blocks and the spatial structure of settlements, to assist in the development of thresholds and subsequent rules, and to conduct data quality and accuracy activities.

For more detailed information including the methodological research and SEOI, data processing and data accuracy activities, please refer to: Introducing a New Concept and Methodology for Delineating Settlement Boundaries: A Research Project on Canadian Settlements.

Settlements—Definition and importance

Research was undertaken to more accurately delineate where Canadians reside and work. As a result, Statistics Canada introduced the concept of settlements as a research project. Being a new concept, settlements are not comparable to any other Statistics Canada geography such as Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) or population centres. By studying the size and form of settlements over time it is possible to better examine their impact on the physical environment, such as consumption of land and pollution emissions. This article focuses on the characteristics of settlements in terms of land area and population, and the changes that have taken place between 2001 and 2006. For the purpose of this article settlements were separated into five major size classes based on their population (Map 1): • Micro (500 to less than 3,000)

• Small (3,000 to less than 10,000)

4. Statistics Canada, 2009, Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present, 98-187-X (accessed May 11, 2011). 5. Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2011, special tabulation. 6. Statistics Canada, 2010, Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses, http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-550/Index.cfm?TPL=P1C&Page=RETR&LANG=Eng&T=101 (accessed May 11, 2011). 7. Please see N. Hofmann, A. Elgarawany, H. Larocque, G. Filoso and T. Dennis, “A new research project on Canadian settlements: initial geographic results,” EnviroStats, Vol. 4, no. 1, Map 1. 8. N. Hofmann, A. Elgarawany, H. Larocque, G. Filoso and T. Dennis, “A new research project on Canadian settlements: initial geographic results,” EnviroStats, Vol. 4, no. 1.

10 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

• Medium, (10,000 to less than 25,000)

• Large (25,000 to less than 100,000)

• Macro (greater than or equal to 100,000)

Settlements increasing in area

In 2006, 25,537,318 (80.8 %) of Canadians lived in cities, towns, villages and other settled areas that occupied approximately 16,019 km2 of land, less than 0.2% of the total Canadian land area (Chart 4, Tables 5 and 6). Between 2001 and 2006 the total settled area increased by 1,981 km2 (14.1%).

Most of this growth occurred in the macro settlement class. These large settlements were historically the first areas to be settled in Canada and as a result have a more mature settlement landscape.

Four provinces—Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia—accounted for 84% (1,658 km2) of the increase in settled area between 2001 and 2006. Growth in these provinces was primarily in the large and macro settlement classes.

In some cases, such as southern Ontario,settledareagrowthoccurredonClass1and2agriculturalland,someof Canada’s most fertile and most productive (Map 2).

In other provinces, the growth in settled area varied within the classes. For example, provinces with high growth rates in smaller settlement classes between 2001 and 2006 include a 28.7% increase in the areas associated with the medium class of settlement in New Brunswick, a 31.6% increase associated with the micro class in Nova Scotia and a 20.3% increase in the medium class in Saskatchewan.

Macro settlements contribute most to population

Map 3 shows the population in settled areas by settlement class for each province. Between 2001 and 2006, the population living in settlements in Canada increased by 6.3% (1,504,218 persons) (Table 6).

Overall, 72% (18,386,258 persons) of the settlement population in 2006 resided in macro settlements (Chart 4).

The greater populations and amount of economic activity occurring in macro settlements lead to more demands on the physical environment around settlements. For some macro settlements this leads to higher population densities (intensification), while for others it leads to lower population densities (dispersion).

The four most populated provinces, Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta, accounted for 96.3% of the total increase (1,504,218) in settlement population between 2001 (24,033,100) and 2006 (25,537,318) (Table 6).

Nearly every province experienced a decline in population between 2001 and 2006 for certain classes. Most notably, the micro and small settlement classes in the Atlantic provinces, Quebec, Ontario and Alberta experienced a decrease in population. Alberta had the greatest decline in the small settlement class (-14.3 %). Saskatchewan, on the other hand, saw an increase of 10,304 persons in its micro and small settlement classes. This was offset by a decline in the medium and large settlement classes. These shifts in the population of individual size classes are the result of two different situations: settlements where the population changed between 2001 and 2006 but that remained in the same size class and settlements where the change in population actually moved them to a different class. Table 4 shows the number of settlements associated with each group by size class for Canada.

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 11 EnviroStats

Table 4 Settlement class structure, 2001 to 2006

Total Settlement class Micro Small Medium Large Macro (500 to less (3,000 to less (10,000 to less (25,000 to less (greater than or than 3,000) than 10,000) than 25,000) than 100,000) equal to 100,000)

Settlements staying within same size class (number) 1,323 908 244 85 59 27 Settlements changing size class (number) 39 10 15 12 2 0 Total settlements (number) 1,362 918 259 97 61 27 Settlements remaining within same size class (% of total) 97.1 98.9 94.2 87.6 96.7 100.0 Settlements changing to a new size class (% of total) 2.9 1.1 5.8 12.4 3.3 0.0

Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2011, special tabulation.

Over time, as population within settlement areas changes, so will their area and form. This will lead to impacts on the physical environment of which they are part.

12 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Table 5 Total surface area of settlements by settlement class, 2001 and 2006

Total Settlement class Micro Small Medium Large Macro (500 to less (3,000 to less (10,000 to less (25,000 to less (greater than than 3,000) than 10,000) than 25,000) than 100,000) or equal to 100,000)

Canada Area in 2001 (hectares) 1,403,820 143,898 150,384 118,898 225,221 765,419 Area in 2006 (hectares) 1,601,903 168,188 154,726 159,073 252,772 867,144 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 14.1 16.9 2.9 33.8 12.2 13.3 Newfoundland and Labrador Area in 2001 (hectares) 27,725 5,987 9,349 2,043 0 10,345 Area in 2006 (hectares) 31,144 6,504 10,287 2,364 0 11,988 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 12.3 8.6 10.0 15.7 0.0 15.9 Prince Edward Island Area in 2001 (hectares) 5,431 1,065 0 777 3,589 0 Area in 2006 (hectares) 6,650 1,101 0 930 4,619 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 22.5 3.4 0.0 19.7 28.7 0.0 Nova Scotia Area in 2001 (hectares) 44,388 4,321 8,180 9,365 3,292 19,229 Area in 2006 (hectares) 51,566 5,686 8,556 10,642 3,679 23,002 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 16.2 31.6 4.6 13.6 11.8 19.6 New Brunswick Area in 2001 (hectares) 36,370 5,757 4,194 5,801 20,618 0 Area in 2006 (hectares) 42,545 6,679 5,164 7,465 23,236 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 17.0 16.0 23.1 28.7 12.7 0.0 Quebec Area in 2001 (hectares) 283,072 32,716 30,922 19,719 35,753 163,962 Area in 2006 (hectares) 318,931 37,921 30,525 27,959 39,802 182,724 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 12.7 15.9 -1.3 41.8 11.3 11.4 Ontario Area in 2001 (hectares) 490,079 36,541 38,414 32,081 74,681 308,363 Area in 2006 (hectares) 555,621 42,297 39,852 38,586 86,582 348,303 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 13.4 15.8 3.7 20.3 15.9 13.0 Manitoba Area in 2001 (hectares) 57,748 10,773 6,396 2,020 3,345 35,215 Area in 2006 (hectares) 64,259 12,609 6,813 2,435 3,838 38,563 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 11.3 17.0 6.5 20.5 14.7 9.5 Saskatchewan Area in 2001 (hectares) 53,345 15,069 4,775 5,698 5,944 21,859 Area in 2006 (hectares) 60,450 18,149 5,704 6,856 6,242 23,498 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 13.3 20.4 19.5 20.3 5.0 7.5 Alberta Area in 2001 (hectares) 178,935 15,446 23,145 15,021 24,358 100,965 Area in 2006 (hectares) 221,964 18,995 19,540 31,007 25,814 126,608 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 24.0 23.0 -15.6 106.4 6.0 25.4 British Columbia Area in 2001 (hectares) 222,291 15,059 24,418 23,691 53,641 105,481 Area in 2006 (hectares) 243,664 17,340 27,408 27,500 58,959 112,457 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 9.6 15.1 12.2 16.1 9.9 6.6 Yukon Area in 2001 (hectares) 2,300 239 0 2,061 0 0 Area in 2006 (hectares) 2,626 271 0 2,356 0 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 14.2 13.4 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 Northwest Territories Area in 2001 (hectares) 1,956 921 414 621 0 0 Area in 2006 (hectares) 2,248 635 641 973 0 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 15.0 -31.1 54.6 56.7 0.0 0.0 Nunavut Area in 2001 (hectares) 180 4 176 0 0 0 Area in 2006 (hectares) 235 0 235 0 0 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 30.2 -100.0 33.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2011, special tabulation.

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 13 EnviroStats

Table 6 Total population of settlements by settlement class, 2001 and 2006

Canada Population in 2001 (number) 24,033,100 1,148,091 1,481,898 1,320,582 2,860,574 17,221,955 Population in 2006 (number) 25,537,318 1,167,276 1,429,608 1,464,077 3,090,099 18,386,258 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 6.3 1.7 -3.5 10.9 8.0 6.8 Newfoundland and Labrador Population in 2001 (number) 285,749 42,675 66,414 30,404 0 146,256 Population in 2006 (number) 285,988 38,333 63,051 32,363 0 152,241 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 0.1 -10.2 -5.1 6.4 0.0 4.1 Prince Edward Island Population in 2001 (number) 57,166 6,619 0 11,877 38,670 0 Population in 2006 (number) 59,504 6,547 0 12,262 40,695 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 4.1 -1.1 0.0 3.2 5.2 0.0 Nova Scotia Population in 2001 (number) 516,384 31,666 66,599 88,828 34,641 294,650 Population in 2006 (number) 528,054 36,961 63,002 88,375 33,798 305,918 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 2.3 16.7 -5.4 -0.5 -2.4 3.8 New Brunswick Population in 2001 (number) 345,112 36,888 32,983 53,101 222,140 0 Population in 2006 (number) 356,706 34,048 36,619 54,066 231,973 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 3.4 -7.7 11.0 1.8 4.4 0.0 Quebec Population in 2001 (number) 5,805,393 320,304 345,978 287,918 582,049 4,269,144 Population in 2006 (number) 6,052,672 318,627 329,684 334,562 613,386 4,456,413 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 4.3 -0.5 -4.7 16.2 5.4 4.4 Ontario Population in 2001 (number) 9,688,568 293,857 433,644 411,713 1,048,283 7,501,071 Population in 2006 (number) 10,393,710 302,817 421,640 434,285 1,150,451 8,084,517 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 7.3 3.0 -2.8 5.5 9.7 7.8 Manitoba Population in 2001 (number) 834,431 70,436 65,448 25,764 40,414 632,369 Population in 2006 (number) 858,961 74,521 66,139 26,823 41,173 650,305 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 2.9 5.8 1.1 4.1 1.9 2.8 Saskatchewan Population in 2001 (number) 667,713 112,224 48,587 64,820 68,037 374,045 Population in 2006 (number) 670,222 115,474 55,641 54,848 67,202 377,057 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 0.4 2.9 14.5 -15.4 -1.2 0.8 Alberta Population in 2001 (number) 2,419,333 125,029 232,561 110,847 270,634 1,680,262 Population in 2006 (number) 2,720,422 135,432 199,227 184,873 316,522 1,884,368 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 12.4 8.3 -14.3 66.8 17.0 12.1 British Columbia Population in 2001 (number) 3,363,908 97,231 181,935 204,878 555,706 2,324,158 Population in 2006 (number) 3,558,192 98,145 182,397 207,312 594,899 2,475,439 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 5.8 0.9 0.3 1.2 7.1 6.5 Yukon Population in 2001 (number) 17,340 1,610 0 15,730 0 0 Population in 2006 (number) 17,716 1,525 0 16,191 0 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 2.2 -5.3 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 Northwest Territories Population in 2001 (number) 26,891 9,002 3,187 14,702 0 0 Population in 2006 (number) 29,617 4,846 6,654 18,117 0 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 10.1 -46.2 108.8 23.2 0.0 0.0 Nunavut Population in 2001 (number) 5,112 550 4,562 0 0 0 Population in 2006 (number) 5,554 0 5,554 0 0 0 Percentage change 2001 to 2006 8.6 -100.0 21.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2011, special tabulation.

14 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Chart 4 Population by settlement class, 2006

4.6% 5.6%

5.7%

12.1%

72.0%

Micro (500 to < 3,000) Small (3,000 to < 10,000) Medium (10,000 to < 25,000)

Large (25,000 to < 100,000) Macro (≥ 100,000)

Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2011, special tabulation.

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 15 EnviroStats

Map 1 Settlement classes

Settlement classes

0DFUR /DUJH WR 0HGLXP WR 6DUQLD 6PDOO WR " 0LFUR WR

&KDWKDP.HQW "

:LQGVRU "

Scale

Source(s)6WDWLVWLFV&DQDGD(QYLURQPHQW$FFRXQWVDQG6WDWLVWLFV'LYLVLRQVSHFLDOWDEXODWLRQ

16 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Map 2 Dependable agricultural land and 2001 and 2006 settlements, Southern Ontario

Settlements

2006 settlement area

2001 settlement area Bradford West Gwillimbury " Soil capability for agriculture Newmarket New Tecumseth " Class 1 - No significant limitations " Class 2 - Moderate limitations Shelburne Class 3 - Moderately severe limitations"

Scale 1:550,000

02100 00km

Orangeville " Vaughan "

Caledon "

Etobicoke Brampton " "

Fergus Mississauga " Halton Hills " "

Milton " Guelph " Oakville "

Waterloo " Burlington " Kitchener " Flamborough Cambridge " " Burlington " Source(s): Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, 2011, special tabulation. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada Land Inventory.

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 17 EnviroStats

Map 3 Percentage total settlement population by settlement class, by province, 2006

1RUWKZHVW 1XQDYXW 7HUULWRULHV

%ULWLVK &ROXPELD

$OEHUWD

1HZIRXQGODQG 6DVNDWFKHZDQ DQG/DEUDGRU 0DQLWRED 4XHEHF

2QWDULR

3ULQFH(GZDUG ,VODQG

1HZ %UXQVZLFN

&DQDGD Settlement classes 1RYD 6FRWLD 0DFUR

/DUJH WR

0HGLXP WR

6PDOO WR

Scale 0LFUR WR

7RWDOVHWWOHPHQWSRSXODWLRQ NP

Source(s)6WDWLVWLFV&DQDGD(QYLURQPHQW$FFRXQWVDQG6WDWLVWLFV'LYLVLRQVSHFLDOWDEXODWLRQ

18 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Canadian environment, economic and social indicators Table 7 Population indicators

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Population 1 Persons 32,245,209 32,576,074 32,929,733 33,315,976 33,720,184 34,108,752 Percent change from previous year 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 Aged 65 and over (percent of total) 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 Density (per square kilometre) 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8

1. Population data is based on the Estimates of Population program. Source(s): Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 051-0001 (accessed May 26, 2011). Statistics Canada, 2007, Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2006 Census, Catalogue no. 97-550-X2006002.

Table 8 Economy indicators

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP (millions of chained 2002 dollars) 1,247,807 1,283,033 1,311,260 1,320,291 1,283,722 1,324,993 Percent change from previous year 3.0 2.8 2.2 0.7 -2.8 3.2 Per capita (chained 2002 dollars) 38,697 39,386 39,820 39,629 38,070 38,846 Consumer Price Index (2002 = 100) 107.0 109.1 111.5 114.1 114.4 116.5 Unemployment rate (percent) 6.8 6.3 6.0 6.1 8.3 8.0

Source(s): Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 380-0017, 051-0001, 326-0021 and 282-0002 (accessed May 26, 2011).

Table 9 Social indicators

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Average household spending 1 Total (current dollars) 65,575 67,736 69,946 71,364 71,117 .. Water and sewage (current dollars) 211 221 253 251 259 .. Electricity (current dollars) 1,070 1,111 1,147 1,162 1,183 .. Food (current dollars) 6,978 7,046 7,305 7,435 7,262 .. Gasoline and other motor fuels (current dollars) 2,024 2,079 2,223 2,233 2,218 .. Personal expenditure on consumer goods and services (millions of chained 2002 dollars) 723,146 753,263 787,765 811,157 814,215 841,466 Residential waste Production 2 (tonnes) .. 12,616,337 .. 12,897,396 .. .. Production per capita (kilograms) .. 387 .. 387 .. .. Disposal (tonnes) .. 8,893,494 .. 8,536,891 .. .. Disposal per capita (kilograms) .. 273 .. 256 .. .. Diversion (tonnes) .. 3,722,843 .. 4,360,505 .. .. Diversion per capita (kilograms) .. 114 .. 131 .. .. Diversion rate (percent of waste production) .. 30 .. 34 .. .. Distance driven by light vehicles 3 (millions of kilometres) 289,717 296,871 300,203 294,361 303,576 ..

1. Data on average household spending is based on the Survey of Household Spending (SHS). For information on the difference between the SHS and personal expenditure data please see: Statistics Canada, 2008, Guide to the Income and Expenditure Accounts, Catalogue no. 13-017-X. 2. The estimates presented in this table refer only to material entering the waste stream and do not cover any waste that may be managed on-site by a household. In addition, these data do not include materials that were processed for reuse and resale, (for example, whole sale of scrap metal or used clothing), nor those materials that are collected through deposit-return systems and therefore not processed at a material recovery facility. 3. Distance driven for vehicles weighing less than 4.5 tonnes, excluding the territories. Source(s): Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 203-0001, 203-0003, 203-0002, 203-0007, 380-0017, 153-0041, 153-0042, 051-0001 and 405-0063 (accessed May 26, 2011).

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 19 EnviroStats

Table 10 Energy indicators

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Primary energy availability (terajoules) 11,307,113 11,176,879 11,969,050 11,179,124 10,962,914 .. Primary and secondary energy Exports (terajoules) 9,641,137 9,833,549 10,308,635 10,265,704 8,816,828 .. Residential consumption (terajoules) 1,296,644 1,243,425 1,336,452 1,356,259 1,316,207 .. Established reserve Crude bitumen (closing stock, 1 millions of cubic metres) 1,620 3,340 3,500 4,300 4,220 .. Crude oil (closing stock, 1 millions of cubic metres) 752.3 712.6 721.8 688.8 .. .. Natural gas (closing stock, 1 billions of cubic metres) 1,553.7 1,577.7 1,534.3 1,671.2 .. .. Recoverable reserves Coal (closing stock, 1 millions of tonnes) 4,560.4 4,468.8 4,395.1 4,331.5 .. .. Uranium (closing stock, 1 tonnes) 431,000 423,400 482,000 447,000 .. .. Electricity generation Total (megawatt hours) 597,810,875 585,097,531 603,572,420 601,719,256 575,414,339 551,502,412 Hydro-electric (percent of total) 60.1 60.0 60.6 62.0 63.1 62.9 Nuclear (percent of total) 14.5 15.8 14.6 14.7 14.8 15.5 Fossil fuel and other fuel combustion (percent of total) 25.4 24.2 24.8 23.3 22.1 21.7

1. Thesizeofthereserveatyear-end. Source(s): Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 128-0009, 153-0012, 153-0013, 153-0014, 153-0017, 153-0018, 153-0019, 127-0001 and 127-0002 (accessed May 26, 2011).

Table 11 Environment and natural resources indicators

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq)) 731 719 748 732 690 ..

GHG emissions per capita (tonnes of CO2 eq) 22.7 22.1 22.7 22.0 20.5 .. GHG emissions by final demand 1 Total household (megatonnes of CO2 eq) 415 412 432 ...... Total household per capita (tonnes of CO2 eq) 12.9 12.6 13.1 ...... 2 Direct household (megatonnes of CO2 eq) 111 109 115 ...... 3 Indirect household (megatonnes of CO2 eq) 305 303 317 ...... Exports (megatonnes of CO2 eq) 275 263 271 ...... Value of selected natural resources Land (millions of current dollars) 1,367,002 1,532,193 1,708,196 1,824,120 1,891,438 .. Timber (millions of current dollars) 283,572 265,747 246,713 236,556 192,660 .. Subsoil resource stocks (millions of current dollars) 805,761 931,530 941,765 1,543,864 914,173 .. Average farm pesticide expenditures (current dollars) 7,792 8,268 9,147 11,361 11,647 .. Air quality 4 Ozone (population weighted, parts per billion) 40 38 39 37 .. .. PM2.5 (population weighted, micrograms per cubic metre) 10 8 8 8 .. ..

1. Total household greenhouse gas emissions are the sum of direct plus indirect household greenhouse gas emissions. 2. Direct household greenhouse gas emissions include all greenhouse gas emissions due to energy use in the home and for private motor vehicles. 3. Indirect household greenhouse gas emissions are those business-sector emissions due to the production of the goods and services purchased by households. An estimate of the greenhouse gas emissions from foreign companies due to the production of the imported goods purchased by Canadian households is included. 4. Ground level ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are two key components of smog that have been linked to health impacts ranging from minor respiratory problems to hospitalizations and premature death. Exposure studies indicate that adverse health effects can occur even with low concentrations of these pollutants in the air. Annual data are revised, based on the latest release of the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators report. Source(s): Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 051-0001, 153-0046, 378-0005 and 002-0044 (accessed May 26, 2011). Environment Canada, 2011, National Inventory Report 1990-2009: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Catalogue no. En81-4/1-2009E-PDF. Environment Canada, 2010, Environmental Indicators - Air Quality Data, www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=en&n=B1385495-1#air1_en (accessed May 26, 2011). Statistics Canada, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Material and Energy Flow Accounts.

20 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X EnviroStats

Updates

New releases

Human Activity and the Environment 2011: Economy and the environment

Human Activity and the Environment 2011: Economy and the environment presents information on the relationship between Canada’s economy and the environment. Statistics on Canada’s environment are first looked at from an international perspective and are then presented for the following main themes: natural wealth, natural resource stocks, flows of energy and materials and environmental protection efforts.

To be released June 28, 2011 (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 16-201-X).

Human Activity and the Environment: Detailed Statistics, 2011

Human Activity and the Environment: Detailed Statistics is a collection of statistics focusing on human activities from an environmental perspective. The report is divided into 13 themes or sections, and includes 105 data tables and 8 maps.

To be released June 28, 2011 (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 16-201-S).

CANSIM tables and updates

CANSIM is Statistics Canada’s key socio-economic database.

Updates have been made to the following CANSIM tables:

CANSIM table 153-0031, Direct plus indirect energy intensity, by industry, annual

CANSIM table 153-0032, Energy use, by sector, annual

CANSIM table 153-0033, Direct plus indirect greenhouse gas emissions intensity, by industry, annual

CANSIM table 153-0034, Greenhouse gas emissions, by sector, annual

CANSIM table 153-0046, Direct and indirect household energy use and household greenhouse gas emissions, annual

CANSIM table 153-0064, Households and the environment survey, use of fertilizer and pesticides, Canada and provinces, every two years

CANSIM table 153-0065, Households and the environment survey, awareness of air quality advisories and their influence on behaviours, Canada and provinces, every two years

Acknowledgements

EnviroStats is produced under the direction of Robert Smith, Director, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division.

Editor-in-Chief: Carolyn Cahill

Editor: Michelle Tait

Acknowledgements: Patrick Adams, Gilbert Côté, Monique Deschambault, Gordon Dewis, Lynne Durocher, Jeff Fritzsche, Laurie Jong, Lucie Lacroix, Hugo Larocque, Marc Lavergne, John Marshall, Peter Murphy, Iman Mustapha, Doug Trant, Peter Van Wesenbeeck and Michael Wright.

Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X 21 EnviroStats

Release date: June 2011

Symbols

The following standard symbols are used in Statistics Canada publications:

. not available for any reference period .. not available for a specific reference period ... not applicable 0 true zero or a value rounded to zero 0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded p preliminary r revised x suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act E use with caution F too unreliable to be published * significantly different from reference category (p < 0.05)

To access this product

This product, Catalogue no. 16-002-X, is available free in electronic format. To obtain a single issue, visit our website at www.statcan.gc.ca and browse by “Key resource” > “Publications.”

Frequency: Quarterly / ISSN 1913-4320

For information on the wide range of data available from Statistics Canada, please call our national inquiries line at 1-800-263-1136.

Cette publication est également disponible en français.

Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada. © Minister of Industry, 2011. All rights reserved. The content of this electronic publication may be reproduced, in whole or in part, and by any means, without further permission from Statistics Canada, subject to the following conditions: that it be done solely for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary, and/or for non-commercial purposes; and that Statistics Canada be fully acknowledged as follows: Source (or “Adapted from”, if appropriate): Statistics Canada, year of publication, name of product, catalogue number, volume and issue numbers, reference period and page(s). Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, by any means—electronic, mechanical or photocopy—or for any purposes without prior written permission of Licensing Services, Information Management Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0T6.

Standards of service to the public

Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has developed standards of service that its employees observe.

To obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “About us” > “The agency” > “Providing services to Canadians.”

Note of appreciation

Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not be produced without their continued cooperation and goodwill.

22 Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 16-002-X