The Changing Landscape of Canadian Metropolitan Areas

The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Highlights • At the CMA level, built-up area increased from 273 km2 in 1971 to 700 km2 in 2011, an increase of 156%. • At the CMA-E level, built-up area increased from 332 km2 in 1971 to 951 km2 in 2011, an increase of 186%. • In 2011, the natural and semi-natural land class was divided into forest (38%), water (5%) and other (56%). • From 1971 to 2011, 214 km2 of arable land and 154 km2 of natural and semi-natural land were lost to settled area. • Of the natural and semi-natural land converted to settled area from 1971 to 2011, 12.6% was forest, 82.8% was natural land for pasture and 4.6% was classed as other. • Population in the CMA increased by 190% from 418,510 to 1,214,839 between 1971 and 2011. • The number of dwellings in the CMA increased by 291% from 125,071 to 488,451 between 1971 and 2011.

Statistics Canada — 16-201-X Human Activity and the Environment / 1 The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Map 3.4 Built-up area, Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) and census metropolitan area-ecosystem (CMA-E), 1971, 1991, 2001 and 2011

2 / Human Activity and the Environment 16-201-X — Statistics Canada The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Chart 3.7 Land cover and land use, Calgary census metropolitan area-ecosystem (CMA-E), 1971, 1991, 2001 and 2011

square kilometres

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000 Forest

3,000 Water

2,000 Other 1,000

0 1971 1991 2001 2011 1971 1991 2001 2011 1971 1991 2001 2011 Built-up area Arable land Natural and semi-natural land

Land cover and land use

Notes: Built-up area for 1971 is based on Canada Land Inventory: Land Use (CLI: LU) and Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP), with modeling of roads. CLI: LU and CLUMP built-up areas that were not built-up in the AAFC Land Use, 1990 dataset were removed from the 1971 built-up data and reclassiﬁed according to their 1990 cover. Built-up areas for other years are taken from Land Use, 1990, 2000 and 2010. Arable land is composed of the cropland, tame or seeded pasture and summerfallow land from the Interpolated Census of Agriculture. Natural and semi-natural land is the residual area remaining after subtracting built-up and arable land from the total area. Because it was calculated residually, the class also includes some homes and other buildings, particularly those located on large lots and in rural areas, since these may not be captured by satellite imagery as built-up, due in part to the resolution of the data, but also overlying tree canopy. For 2011, forest and water are broken out separately based on data from AAFC Crop Inventory, 2011 and CanVec+ respectively. Other natural and semi-natural land is a residual class calculated by subtracting all other classes from the total area. Sources: Statistics Canada, Environment, Energy and Transportation Statistics Division, 2016, special tabulation of data from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), 1999, Canada Land Inventory: CLI Land Use (circa 1966), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/cli_250k/landuse/ (accessed September 15, 2015); NRCan, CCRS, 1999, Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP): CLUMP Land Use (1971), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/clump/clump_1971/ (accessed September 15, 2015); Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 2015, Land Use 1990, 2000 and 2010, http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/18e3ef1a-497c-40c6-8326-aac1a34a0dec (accessed September 16, 2015); AAFC and Statistics Canada, special tabulation, Census of Agriculture, Census Geographic Component Base 2011 and Census of Agriculture Regular Base 1971; AAFC, 2013, AAFC Crop Inventory, 2011, http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/58ca7629-4f6d-465a-88eb-ad7fd3a847e3 (accessed August 10, 2015); NRCan, Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, 2014, CanVec+, ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/canvec+/shp/ (accessed August 10, 2015).

Statistics Canada — 16-201-X Human Activity and the Environment / 3 The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Chart 3.8 Natural and semi-natural land lost to settled area, by selected land class, Calgary census metropolitan area-ecosystem (CMA-E), 1971 to 2011 Forest 12.6%

Other 4.6%

Natural land for pasture 82.8%

Notes: Natural and semi-natural land lost to settled area is calculated by overlaying the growth in settled area from 1971 to 2011 on natural and semi-natural land from the Canada Land Inventory: Land Use (CLI: LU) base layer and, for areas where the 1971 settled area was trimmed, on the area reclassiﬁed using AAFC's Land Use, 1990. Natural and semi-natural land lost to roads is not included. Other could include rock and unvegetated surfaces; wetland; mines, quarries, sand and gravel pits; outdoor recreation; other natural and semi-natural land and unmapped areas. Sources: Statistics Canada, Environment, Energy and Transportation Statistics Division, 2016, special tabulation of data from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), 1999, Canada Land Inventory: CLI Land Use (circa 1966), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/cli_250k/landuse/ (accessed September 15, 2015); NRCan, CCRS, 1999, Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP): CLUMP Land Use (1971), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/clump/clump_1971/ (accessed September 15, 2015); Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2015, Land Use 1990, 2000 and 2010, http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/18e3ef1a-497c-40c6-8326-aac1a34a0dec (accessed September 16, 2015).

4 / Human Activity and the Environment 16-201-X — Statistics Canada The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Table 3.10 Population and dwellings, total and settled area, Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) and census metropolitan area- ecosystem (CMA-E), 1971, 1991, 2001 and 2011 CMA1 CMA-ecosystem2 Total area Settled area3 Total area Settled area3 number 1971 Population 418,510 407,409 439,891 415,649 Dwellings 125,071 122,250 131,290 124,949 1991 Population 754,543 752,919 797,148 794,301 Dwellings 276,153 275,641 290,275 289,352 2001 Population 951,560 937,773 1,013,182 985,165 Dwellings 368,593 363,793 391,432 381,455 2011 Population 1,214,839 1,202,912 1,305,343 1,275,860 Dwellings 488,451 484,133 523,751 512,800 percent Population and dwelling change, 1971 to 2011 Population 190 195 197 207 Dwellings 291 296 299 310 1. 2011 census metropolitan area (CMA) boundaries are used for all years. 2. The CMA-Ecosystem (CMA-E) combines any Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) polygon that is contained within or that intersects with the CMA boundary, as well as SLC polygons that are fully contained within this newly formed boundary of the CMA-E. 3. Settled area is defined as the built-up area excluding roads. Settled area population and dwelling counts include 1971 and 1991 enumeration area points and 2001 and 2011 dissemination block points located within 400 m of the settled area. Population and dwelling data for 2001 and 2011 is finer in scale than data for 1971 and 1991 and can therefore be better attributed to the settled areas, which may limit comparability of the data over time. Sources: Statistics Canada, Environment, Energy and Transportation Statistics Division, 2016, special tabulation of data from the 1971, 1991, 2001 and 2011 Censuses of Population; Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), 1999, Canada Land Inventory: CLI Land Use (circa 1966), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/cli_250k/landuse/ (accessed September 15, 2015); NRCan, CCRS, 1999, Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP): CLUMP Land Use (1971), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/clump/clump_1971/ (accessed September 15, 2015); Agriculture and Agri‑Food Canada, 2015, Land Use 1990, 2000 and 2010, http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/18e3ef1a-497c-40c6-8326-aac1a34a0dec (accessed September 16, 2015).

Statistics Canada — 16-201-X Human Activity and the Environment / 5 The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Table 3.11 Land cover and land use, Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) and census metropolitan area-ecosystem (CMA-E), 1971, 1991, 2001 and 2011 CMA1 CMA-ecosystem2 CMA as a proportion of CMA-ecosystem square kilometres percent Total land area 5,108 12,444 41 1971 Total built-up3 273 332 82 Settled 158 162 97 Roads 116 170 68 Arable4 .. 6,172 .. Natural and semi-natural5 .. 5,940 .. 1991 Total built-up6 571 797 72 Settled 330 390 85 Roads 242 407 59 Arable4 .. 6,233 .. Natural and semi-natural5 .. 5,414 .. 2001 Total built-up6 634 872 73 Settled 392 464 84 Roads 242 408 59 Arable4 .. 6,520 .. Natural and semi-natural5 .. 5,053 .. 2011 Total built-up6 700 951 74 Settled 448 531 84 Roads 252 420 60 Arable4 .. 6,257 .. Natural and semi-natural7 .. 5,237 .. Forest .. 2,004 .. Water .. 284 .. Other .. 2,949 .. percent Land cover and land use change, 1971 to 2011 Total built-up area3,6 156 186 ... Arable4 ... 1 ... Natural and semi-natural5 ... -12 ... 1. 2011 census metropolitan area (CMA) boundaries are used for all years. Total area excludes water. 2. The CMA-Ecosystem (CMA-E) combines any Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) polygon that is contained within or that intersects with the CMA boundary, as well as SLC polygons that are fully contained within this newly formed boundary of the CMA-E. Includes all terrestrial and water surfaces. 3. Built-up area for 1971 is based on Canada Land Inventory Land Use (CLI: LU) and Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP), code B – Urban Built-up. CLI: LU and CLUMP built-up areas that were not built-up in the AAFC Land Use, 1990 dataset were removed from the 1971 built-up data and reclassified according to their 1990 cover. To improve comparability with the other years, roads included in the core built-up area were identified and removed to produce the 1971 settled area. The 1971 dataset did not include roads outside the core built-up area. Roads were modeled by applying the ratio of roads to settled area from 1990 to the 1971 settled area. 4. Arable land area is composed of the cropland, tame or seeded pasture and summerfallow land from the Interpolated Census of Agriculture. 5. Natural and semi-natural land is the residual area remaining after subtracting built-up and arable land from the total area. Because it was calculated residually, the class also includes some homes and other buildings, particularly those located on large lots and in rural areas, since these may not be captured by satellite imagery as built-up, due in part to the resolution of the data and overlying tree canopy. 6. Built-up area estimates for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are based on Land Use, 1990, 2000 and 2010, codes 21 (Settlement–Built-up and urban) and 25 (Roads–primary, secondary and tertiary). 7. For 2011, forest and water are broken out separately based on data from AAFC Crop Inventory, 2011 and CanVec+ respectively. Other natural and semi-natural land is a residual class calculated by subtracting all other classes from the total area. The change over time for these categories requires further validation. Sources: Statistics Canada, Environment, Energy and Transportation Statistics Division, 2016, special tabulation of data from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), 1999, Canada Land Inventory: CLI Land Use (circa 1966), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/cli_250k/landuse/ (accessed September 15, 2015); NRCan, CCRS, 1999, Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP): CLUMP Land Use (1971), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/clump/clump_1971/ (accessed September 15, 2015); Agriculture and Agri‑Food Canada (AAFC), 2015, Land Use 1990, 2000 and 2010, http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/18e3ef1a-497c-40c6-8326-aac1a34a0dec (accessed September 16, 2015); AAFC and Statistics Canada, special tabulation, Census of Agriculture, Census Geographic Component Base 2011 and 2001 and Census of Agriculture, Regular Base 1991 and 1971; AAFC, 2013, AAFC Crop Inventory, 2011, http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/58ca7629-4f6d-465a-88eb-ad7fd3a847e3 (accessed August 10, 2015); NRCan, Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, 2014, CanVec+, ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/canvec+/shp/ (accessed August 10, 2015).

6 / Human Activity and the Environment 16-201-X — Statistics Canada The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Table 3.12 Ecosystem asset account, Calgary census metropolitan area-ecosystem (CMA-E), 1971 to 2011 Total built-up area1 Natural and Settled Roads Arable2 semi-natural3 square kilometres Opening stock 1971 162 170 6,172 5,940 Land lost to settled area … … -214 -154 Balance of change4 368 250 299 -550 Closing stock 2011 531 420 6,257 5,237 1. Built-up area data are taken from multiple sources. The 1971 built-up area is based on Canada Land Inventory: Land Use (CLI: LU) and Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP). CLI: LU and CLUMP built-up areas that were not built-up in the AAFC Land Use, 1990 dataset were removed from the 1971 built-up data and reclassified according to their 1990 cover. To improve comparability with the other years, roads included in the 1971 core built-up area were identified and removed to produce the 1971 settled area. As the 1971 dataset did not include roads outside the core built-up area, roads were modeled by applying the ratio of roads to settled area from 1990 to the 1971 settled area. Built-up area estimates for 2011 are based on Land Use, 1990, 2000 and 2010, codes 21 (Settlement–Built-up and urban) and 25 (Roads–primary, secondary and tertiary). 2. Arable land lost to settled area is calculated by overlaying the growth in settled areas from 1971 to 2011 on the CLI: LU base layer and, for areas where the 1971 settled area was trimmed, on the area reclassified using AAFCLand Use, 1990. The following CLI: LU classes were included: cropland, improved pasture and forage crops, orchards and vineyards and horticulture. 3. Natural and semi-natural land lost to settled area is calculated by overlaying the growth in settled area from 1971 to 2011 on the CLI: LU base layer and, for areas where the 1971 settled area was trimmed, on the area reclassified using AAFCLand Use, 1990. The following CLI: LU classes were included: forest, natural pasture and rangeland, outdoor recreation areas, rock and unvegetated surfaces, open wetland and unmapped areas. 4. The balance of change row reports the change, other than arable and natural and semi-natural land lost to settled area, that occurred from 1971 to 2011. These values are determined using an accounting procedure and represent the remaining difference between the opening and closing stock. Some rounding may occur. Sources: Statistics Canada, Environment, Energy and Transportation Statistics Division, 2016, special tabulation of data from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), 1999, Canada Land Inventory: CLI Land Use (circa 1966), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/cli_250k/landuse/ (accessed September 15, 2015); NRCan, CCRS, 1999, Canada Land Use Monitoring Program (CLUMP): CLUMP Land Use (1971), ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/geott/clump/clump_1971/ (accessed September 15, 2015); Agriculture and Agri‑Food Canada (AAFC), 2015, Land Use 1990, 2000 and 2010, http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/18e3ef1a-497c-40c6-8326-aac1a34a0dec (accessed September 16, 2015); AAFC and Statistics Canada, special tabulation, Census of Agriculture, Census Geographic Component Base 2011 and 2001 and Census of Agriculture, Regular Base 1971 and 1991; NRCan, Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, 2014, CanVec+, ftp://ftp2.cits.rncan.gc.ca/pub/canvec+/shp/ (accessed August 10, 2015).

Statistics Canada — 16-201-X Human Activity and the Environment / 7 The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas

Links to more information Tables by metropolitan area, Calgary www.StatCan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/met01/met104-eng.htm

Calgary CMA, percentage of private dwellings owned by a member of the household, 2011 www12.StatCan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/map-carte/pdf/2011-99014-006-825-013-01-00-eng.pdf

Calgary CMA, percentage of owner households spending 30% or more in shelter costs, 2011 www12.StatCan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/map-carte/pdf/2011-99014-006-825-013-02-00-eng.pdf

Calgary CMA, percentage of renter households spending 30% or more in shelter costs, 2011 www12.StatCan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/map-carte/pdf/2011-99014-006-825-013-03-00-eng.pdf

Calgary CMA average value of owned private dwellings, 2011 www12.StatCan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/map-carte/pdf/2011-99014-006-825-013-04-00-eng.pdf

Calgary CMA, population change, 2006 to 2011, by 2011 census tract www12.StatCan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/geo/map-carte/pdf/thematic/2011-98310-001-825-013-01-00- eng.pdf

Calgary CMA, percentage of the employed labour force using a car, truck or van to get to work in 2011, by 2011 census tract www12.StatCan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/map-carte/pdf/2011-99012-005-825-013-07-00-eng.pdf

Metropolitan gross domestic product, experimental estimates, CANSIM TABLE 381-5000 www5.StatCan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=3815000&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1& p2=31&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Calgary CMA, Census Profile, 2011 www12.StatCan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=825 &Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custo m=&TABID=1

Calgary CMA, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 www12.StatCan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=825&Data=Co unt&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1

8 / Human Activity and the Environment 16-201-X — Statistics Canada