Section A: Population and Migration K.G. Basavarajappa and Bali Ram, Statistics Canada The statistics in this section are mainly from two sources. Series Al-349 are from censuses, or derived from censuses, published by Statistics Canada or its predecessors. Series A350-416 are from the official records of the Department of Employment and Immigration or its predecessors. The statistics are presented in four main divisions: population (series A1-247), from censuses of Canada; household and family statistics (series A248-259), from censuses of Canada; interprovincial and international migration (series A260-349), derived from censuses of Canada; and immigration (series A350-416), from annual immigration statistics. Except for series A15-66, A185-259 and A385-416, which have been newly introduced, all other series are updates of those presented by Kenneth Buckley in the first edition of Historical Statistics of Canada. Many of the series presented by Buckley could not be updated in this section because the necessary data have not been available during more recent years. The discussions of concepts, definitions and limitations of some of the series presented by Buckley have not been repeated here. The reader is referred to them in appropriate notes accompanying the following series. It should be noted that the references and the notes provided for each series are integral parts of the series themselves. More details about the differences in concepts and definitions which affect the comparability of the series can only be obtained from the original sources. The main purpose here is to present some selected series and their sources. It should also be mentioned that, because of space limitations in many cases, data are available in greater detail in the original sources. Population (Series A1-247) Al. Estimated population of Canada, 1867 to 1977 SOURCE: for 1867 to 1920, first edition of Historical Statistics of Canada, (for details of methods used and their limitations see p. 3); for 1921 to 1971, Statistics Canada, Population by Sex and Age, 1921-1971, revised annual estimates of population, Canada and the provinces, (Catalogue 91- 512); for 1972 to 1977, Statistics Canada, Estimates of Population for Canada and the Provinces, June 1, 1977, (Catalogue 91-201). (Note that the 1977 figure is a revised intercensal estimate.) A2-14. Population of Canada, by province, census dates, 1851 to 1976 SOURCE: for 1851 to 1951, Statistics Canada (formerly Dominion Bureau of Statistics), Census of Canada, 1951, vol. X, table 1; for 1956, Census of Canada, 1956, vol. I, table 1; for 1961 Census of Canada, 1961, Vol. I, part 1, table 12, (Catalogue 92-536); for 1966, Census of Canada, 1966, vol. I, table 14, (Catalogue 92-608); for 1971, Census of Canada, 1971, vol. I, part 2, table 14, (Catalogue 92-716); for 1976, Census of Canada, 1976, vol. II, table 11, (Catalogue 92-824). For a brief discussion of possible under-enumeration in earlier censuses, 1851, 1861 and 1871, see first edition of this volume, pp. 3-4. For completeness of enumeration in censuses of 1961 to 1976, see series A15-53 below. A15-53. Estimates of undercoverage of population by selected characteristics, Canada, 1961 to 1976 SOURCE: for 1961, I.P. Fellegi, 'Coverage Check of the 1961 Census of Population', Technical Memorandum (Census Evaluation Series) No. 2, Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 1968 (Mimeographed); for 1966, R.C. Muirhead, 'Reverse Record Check', Census Evaluation Program 1966, Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 1969 (Mimeographed); for 1971, G.J. Brackstone and J.F. Gosselin, '1971 Evaluation Project, MP-1: 1971 Reverse Record Check' and Result Memorandum CDN 71E-23E (Parts 1 and 2), Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 1974 (Mimeographed); for 1976, G. Théroux and J.F. Gosselin, '1976 Census Parametric Evaluation Project, Reverse Record Check', Ottawa, Statistics Canada, CSMD, 1978 (Mimeographed). Completeness of enumeration Although the extent of coverage at earlier censuses is not known with any precision, since 1961 it has been studied by a procedure termed 'reverse record check'. The method essentially consists of taking a sample of persons from a complete list of all persons living in Canada on the census day, and verifying whether they had been enumerated at the census. Based on the results of this verification, the estimates of net under- or over-enumeration have been derived. Although a complete list of persons has never been available in Canada, an approximation to it has been constructed. For instance, in 1966, the approximate list was constructed as follows: all persons enumerated in the 1961 Census; immigrants during 1 June 1961 to 31 May 1966; registered births during 1 June 1961 to 31 May 1966; and all persons missed by the 1961 Census but detected by the 1961 Census Evaluation Program. A sample of persons was then selected from each of the above frames for verification of enumeration. A tracing operation was then mounted and eventually all the selected persons in the sample were classified as belonging to one of the following five mutually exclusive categories: (i) enumerated in 1966; (ii) missed; (iii) dead; (iv) emigrated; and (v) tracing failed. The dead and emigrated do not constitute the population that should have been enumerated in 1966. By assuming that the tracing failed category is not a special group but is distributed according to (i) to (iv) categories in the same way as those traced (an assumption which is most probably incorrect), the percentage of under-enumeration was calculated as 100 [ii/(ii+i)]. Although the assumption that the tracing failed category is not a special group is most probably incorrect, the percentage of undercoverage obtained may not be significantly affected because the tracing failed group amounted to only about 3 per cent in 1961, 2.8 per cent in 1966, 4.4 per cent in 1971 and 4.8 per cent in 1976. Following the procedure described above, the completeness of enumeration has been examined in Canadian censuses since 1961. Estimates of net under-enumeration thus obtained are presented according to selected characteristics in series A15-53. A54-66. Population density per square mile, Canada and provinces, 1871 to 1976 SOURCE: for 1871 to 1941, Census of Canada, 1941, vol. II, table 5; for 1951, Census of Canada, 1951, vol. I, table 2; for 1956, Census of Canada, 1956, vol. I, table 2; for 1961, Census of Canada, 1961, vol. I, part 1, table 2, (Catalogue 92-540); for 1966, Census of Canada, 1966, vol. I, table 2, (Catalogue 92-601); for 1971, Census of Canada, 1971, special bulletin, table 1, (Catalogue 98-701; for 1976, Census of Canada, 1976, vol. VIII, table 1, (Catalogue 92-831). A67-69. Population, rural and urban, census dates, 1871 to 1976 SOURCE: (basis 1941 rural and urban definition) for 1871 to 1956, Census of Canada, 1951, vol. I, table 13 and first edition of this volume, p. 14; for 1961, Census of Canada, 1961, vol. I, part 1, Introduction, (Catalogue 92-535); for 1966, Census of Canada, 1966, vol. I, Introduction, (Catalogue 92-607); for 1971, Census of Canada, 1971, (unpublished tabulation produced by Census Characteristics Division of Statistics Canada) (Basis 1976 rural and urban definition); for 1976, Census of Canada, 1976, vol. I, table 7, (Catalogue 92-807). Definitions of rural and urban used in Canadian censuses are: 1871 to 1941 Urban: population living in incorporated villages, towns and cities regardless of size. Rural: includes all the remaining population. 1951 Urban: all persons living in cities, towns and villages of 1,000 and over whether incorporated or not, plus the urban fringes of census metropolitan areas. Rural: includes all the remaining population. 1956 Urban: population living in cities, towns and villages of 1,000 and over whether incorporated or not, plus the urban fringe of census metropolitan areas, plus the urban fringe of major urban areas (cities with a population of 25,000 to 50,000). Rural: includes all the remaining population. 1961 to 1971 Urban: (1) population of incorporated cities, towns and villages with a population of 1,000 and over, plus (2) unincorporated places of 1,000 and over having a population density of at least 1,000 per square mile, plus (3) built-up fringes of (1) and (2) having a minimum population of 1,000 and a density of at least 1,000 per square mile. Rural: includes all the remaining population. 1976 Urban: population living in an area having a population concentration of 1,000 or more and a population density of at least 1,000 per square mile. Rural: includes all the remaining population. A70-74. Population in incorporated centres of 1,000 persons and over, by size groups, census dates, 1871 to 1976 SOURCE: for places 5,000 and over in 1871 and 1881, Census of Canada, 1921, vol. I, table 12; for 1891, Census of Canada, 1951, vol. X, table 4; for 1901 to 1956, Census of Canada, 1956, Bulletin 3-2, table 2, and Census of Canada, 1941, vol. I, table 7; for 1961, Census of Canada, 1961, vol. I, part 1, (Catalogue 92-535); for 1966, Census of Canada, 1966, vol. I, (Catalogue 92-607); for 1971 and 1976 Census of Canada, 1971, and Census of Canada, 1976, (unpublished tabulations by Census Characteristics Division of Statistics Canada). A75-77. Rural population, farm and non-farm, census dates, 1931 to 1976 SOURCE: for figures based upon the 1941 definition, Census of Canada, 1951, vol. X, table 9; for 1951 definition, Census of Canada, 1951, vol. X, table 8; for 1956 definition, Census of Canada, 1956, Bulletin 3-2, table 11; for 1961 and 1966, Census of Canada, 1966, vol. I, table 13, (Catalogue 92-608); for 1971, Census of Canada, 1971, vol.