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Social Cleavage and Party Support a Comparison of Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom

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Social Cleavage and Party Support a Comparison of Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom YONHYOK CHOE Social Cleavage and Party Support A Comparison of Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom RESEARCH REPORTS 52002 SOCIAL CLEAVAGE AND PARTY SUPPORT A COMPARISON OF JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM Yonhyok Choe Södertörns högskola Södertörns högskola Huddinge 2003 Research Reports 2002:5 ISSN 1403-5111 ISBN 91-89315-29-4 SOCIAL CLEAVAGE AND PARTY SUPPORT A COMPARISON OF JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM Yonhyok Choe CONTENTS List of Abbreviations wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww iii List of Tables wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww iv List of Figures wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww vi Chapter 1. Introduction wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 1 Chapter 2. Social Cleavages and Party System Definitions of Social Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 4 Aim of the Study and Selection of Comparable Cases wwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 8 Political Parties and Party System wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 11 Party System Dimension wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 14 Material and Structure of the Study wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 17 Chapter 3. Political Parties and Party System in Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom Party System Change in Japan During the Postwar Era wwwwwwwwwwwww 21 Party System Change in Korea During Postwar Era wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 30 Party System Change in Britain During the Postwar Era wwwwwwwwwwww 40 Summary wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 44 Chapter 4. Social Cleavage and Party Support in the United Kingdom Gender Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 47 Age Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 54 Class Cleavage in Party Support wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 60 Class Voting Index (CVI) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 70 Education Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 74 Regional Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 78 Religious Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 84 Summary wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 91 i Chapter 5. Social Cleavage and Party Support in Japan and South Korea (1) Social Cleavage and Party Support in Japan wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 94 Gender Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 94 Age Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 96 Occupational Status and Class Consciousness in Party Support wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 99 Income Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 102 Educational Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 104 Regional Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 106 Urban-Rural Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 109 (2) Social Cleavage and Party Support in South Korea wwwwwwwwwwwwww 111 Democratization and Formation of Social Cleavages wwwwwwwwwww 111 Government-Party vs. Opposition-Party Orientation in Korean Politics wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 113 Gender Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 117 Age Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 120 Occupational Status in Party Support wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 122 Income Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 125 Educational Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 127 Regional Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 129 Urban-rural Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 132 Religious Cleavage wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 134 Summary wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 136 Chapter 6. A Causal Modeling of Social Cleavage and Party Support A Path Modeling wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 139 Summary wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 148 Chapter 7. Comparing Social Cleavages and Party Support wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 150 Appendices wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 157 References wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 174 ii List of Abbreviations (1) Political parties and institutions in Japan Diet Lower House of Japan Domei All Japan Labor Federation DSP Democratic Socialist Party JCP Japan Communist Party JSP Japan Socialist Party Komeito Clean Government Party LDP Liberal Democratic Party NLC New Liberal Club SDF Social Democratic Federation Sakigake Pioneer Party Sinseito New Party (or Renewal Party) Sohyo General Council of Trade Unions of Japan Soka Gakkai Buddhist lay organization affiliated with the Nichiren Shoshu sect of Buddhism (2) Political parties and institutions in South Korea DLP Democratic Liberal Party DJP Democratic Justice Party DP Democratic Party FLD Federation for Liberal Democracy Gukhoe National Assembly of Korea NCNP National Conference for New Politics NMDP New Millennium Democratic Party NKP New Korea Party NPRP New Politics Reform Party UNP Unification National Party (3) Political parties in the United Kingdom Alliance SDP + The Liberals Conservative Conservative Party Labour Labour Party LP Liberal Party Plaid Cymru Welsh Nationalist Party SDP Social Democratic Party SNP Scottish National Party UUP Ulster Unionist Party iii List of Tables List of Tables Table 2-1. Classification of Social Cleavage Structure wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 8 Table 2-2. Conservative vs. Progressive Party Dimensions wwwwwwwwwwwwww 15 Table 2-3. Political Parties in Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom until 1992 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 16 Table 3-1. Regimes and Party System Change in Korea (1948-2000) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 31 Table 3-2. Pattern of Adjacent Party of Korean Voters wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 33 Table 3-3. Change of Conservative and Progressive Orientation (1988-1990) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 37 Table 3-4. Party Strength in the Lower House between 1964 and 1997 (based on proportion of parliamentary seats) wwwwwwwwww 43 Table 4-1. Gender and Party Support in Britain between 1963 and 1992 (%) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 51 Table 4-2. Conservative and Labour Votes by Age in Britain (1964-1992) (%) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 57 Table 4-3. Life-cycle and Generation Effects in Conservative Vote in Britain (1964-1992) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 59 Table 4-4. Party Vote by Class in Britain (1964-1992) (%) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 66 Table 4-5. Education and Party Support in Britain (1988 and 1992) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 76 Table 4-6. Party Support by Region in Britain (1964-1992) (%) wwwwwwwww 81 Table 4-7. Conservative and Labour Vote by Religious Affiliation in Britain (1964-1992) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 88 Table 5-1. Gender and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 96 Table 5-2. Age and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 98 Table 5-3. Occupational Status and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 100 Table 5-4. Class Identification and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 102 Table 5-5. Income and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 103 iv Table 5-6. Education and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 105 Table 5-7. Regional Cleavage and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 108 Table 5-8. Urban-rural Cleavage and Party Support in Japan (House of Representative Election) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 110 Table 5-9. Social Cleavage and Political Orientation in Korea wwwwwwwww 115 Table 5-10. Gender and Party Support in Korea (1988 and 1992 Assembly Elections) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 118 Table 5-11. Age and Party Support in Korea (1988 and 1992 Assembly Elections) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 121 Table 5-12. Occupation and Party Support in Korea (1988 and 1992 Assembly Elections) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 124 Table 5-13. Income and Party Support in Korea (1988 and 1992 Assembly Elections) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 126 Table 5-14. Education and Party Support in Korea (1988 and 1992 Assembly Elections) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 128 Table 5-15.
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