The Democratic Party and the Transformation of American Conservatism, 1847-1860

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Democratic Party and the Transformation of American Conservatism, 1847-1860 PRESERVING THE WHITE MAN’S REPUBLIC: THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN CONSERVATISM, 1847-1860 Joshua A. Lynn A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Harry L. Watson William L. Barney Laura F. Edwards Joseph T. Glatthaar Michael Lienesch © 2015 Joshua A. Lynn ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joshua A. Lynn: Preserving the White Man’s Republic: The Democratic Party and the Transformation of American Conservatism, 1847-1860 (Under the direction of Harry L. Watson) In the late 1840s and 1850s, the American Democratic party redefined itself as “conservative.” Yet Democrats’ preexisting dedication to majoritarian democracy, liberal individualism, and white supremacy had not changed. Democrats believed that “fanatical” reformers, who opposed slavery and advanced the rights of African Americans and women, imperiled the white man’s republic they had crafted in the early 1800s. There were no more abstract notions of freedom to boundlessly unfold; there was only the existing liberty of white men to conserve. Democrats therefore recast democracy, previously a progressive means to expand rights, as a way for local majorities to police racial and gender boundaries. In the process, they reinvigorated American conservatism by placing it on a foundation of majoritarian democracy. Empowering white men to democratically govern all other Americans, Democrats contended, would preserve their prerogatives. With the policy of “popular sovereignty,” for instance, Democrats left slavery’s expansion to territorial settlers’ democratic decision-making. Democrats also applied democracy and individualism to temperance, religious liberty, and nativism. Democratic conservatism would protect white men against “fanaticism,” an ideology which countenanced governmental imposition of moral norms. Democratic principles united white men from the Slave States and Free States, Catholics and Protestants, conservative former Whigs, and native and foreign-born Americans with the promise of moral autonomy on issues iii like slavery. In addition to political principles, Democrats also ascribed to shared cultural prescriptions regarding whiteness, manhood, and domesticity. As became clear by the late 1850s, however, majoritarian democracy could actually destabilize racial and gender boundaries. Local democracy could undermine the white man’s republic, especially when marginalized Americans turned democracy to their own ends. In basing a conservative political order on the instability of democracy, Democrats failed to bulwark white supremacy and slavery, but did place American conservatism on a new, populist trajectory. The tenets of modern conservatism, culminating in the twentieth and twenty-first- century New Right, coalesced during the 1850s debates over white supremacy and slavery. Historicizing the conjunction of conservative thought and democratic practice reveals the point at which majoritarian democracy and “liberal” antistatism and individualism became the “conservative” means for upholding a specific racial and gendered order. iv To Darlene and Kevin v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have profited from the mentorship of an unparalleled group of educators, including Ray Glenboski and Jennifer Cox; at Marshall University, Chuck Bailey, Robert Behrman, Timothy Burbery, Lee Erickson, Dan Holbrook, Carlos López, Montserrat Miller, Bill Palmer, Robert Sawrey, Barry Sharpe, Chris White, and especially Donna Spindel and Jamie Warner; at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Vicki Behrens, Fitz Brundage, Jerma Jackson, and Lou Pérez. The members of my dissertation committee, William L. Barney, Laura F. Edwards, Joseph T. Glatthaar, Michael Lienesch, and Harry L. Watson, guided this project to completion. I hope they see their influence in whatever merit it possesses. Working with Joe Glatthaar has been one of my greatest pleasures at UNC. He taught me how to teach. Whether I went into his office obstinate, panicked, or flummoxed, Harry Watson responded with unfailing good cheer and soft-spoken reassurance. My adviser reaffirmed my work and the study of political history itself, even as he consistently challenged me. James Buchanan is certainly not Andrew Jackson, but Professor Watson allowed me to study him anyway, and I hope I have justified his indulgence. I will be fortunate indeed if the sensitivity with which Professor Watson approaches the past echoes in this dissertation. For their friendship and collegiality, I thank my fellow students, particularly Christina Carroll, Adam Domby, Shannon Eaves, Jeff Erbig, Joey Fink, Patrick Kent, Jen Kosmin, Liz Lundeen, Ashley Mays, Dwight Mears, Sari Niedzwiecki, Rob Shapard, Zach Smith, Paul vi Turner, Tyler Will, Tim Williams, and, of course, the political history Junto of Eric Burke, Robert Colby, Brian Fennessy, and Robert Richard. I hope that Tom Goldstein and Elizabeth Smith know how much their friendship has enhanced my time at UNC. Rupert Hemingway has been my most stalwart partisan at all stages of my education. David R. Woodward provided me with an example of an historian which I will always strive to emulate. My model academic is my friend Richard I. Lester, who has been my mentor longer than all the others. Harvey Curtis Fenimore Jr., Henry Lynn, and Jerry Stilp talked to me about history a long time ago, and I have never stopped wanting to talk about it since. Patrick H. Lynn, in addition to all the other ways in which he shaped my life, first turned my attention to the past. Support from the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan, the Virginia Historical Society, the Humane Studies Institute at George Mason University, the Graduate School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the UNC-CH Center for the Study of the American South, and the UNC-CH Department of History enabled me to conduct research and write this dissertation. The UNC-CH Writing Center is a special place, and I am happy to have had the opportunity to work and learn there. Words on a page may seem slight recompense for so much love, friendship, collegiality, and mentorship. But, as an historian who relies on such sources, I can think of no more fitting expression of gratitude. Thanks. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION: CONSERVING THE HAPPY REPUBLIC ................................................................. 1 The Happy Republic ........................................................................................................................ 2 The Noise of the Democracy: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Culture ....................................................... 6 Conserving the White Man’s Republic .......................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1: THE NORTHERN MEN AND THEIR SOUTHERN PRINCIPLE: JACKSONIAN IDEOLOGY, POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY, AND WHITE MEN’S DEMOCRACY, 1847-1854 ........................................................................................................................ 19 The Jacksonian Overture to the 1850s ........................................................................................... 21 The Northern Men and Their National Principle ........................................................................... 38 Popular Sovereignty and Jacksonian Democracy .......................................................................... 56 Popular Sovereignty and White Men’s Democracy ....................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 2: CONSERVATISM AND FANATICISM: THE POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF THE DEMOCRACY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR ........................................................ 82 Progressive Individualism or Fanatical Centralization .................................................................. 88 Liberal Toleration or Fanatical Bigotry ....................................................................................... 103 National Diversity or Fanatical Uniformity ................................................................................. 117 Conservative Mastery or Fanatical Degradation .......................................................................... 128 CHAPTER 3: RESISTING REALIGNMENT: DEMOCRATS RESPOND TO PARTISAN AND RACIAL DISORDER, 1854-1855 ....................................................................... 151 “A Conglomeration of Antagonisms” in Indiana ......................................................................... 157 The Party of “Slavery, Drunkenness, & Infidelity” ..................................................................... 164 The Northern Politics of Slavery and Race .................................................................................. 170 Virginia and the South ................................................................................................................. 177 viii The Politics of Slavery in Virginia .............................................................................................. 182 The Politics of Religious Liberty in Virginia............................................................................... 188 Conclusion: The National Politics of Fanaticism, Slavery, and Race .........................................
Recommended publications
  • Political Parties and Party Systems in Kenya
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Elischer, Sebastian Working Paper Ethnic Coalitions of Convenience and Commitment: Political Parties and Party Systems in Kenya GIGA Working Papers, No. 68 Provided in Cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Suggested Citation: Elischer, Sebastian (2008) : Ethnic Coalitions of Convenience and Commitment: Political Parties and Party Systems in Kenya, GIGA Working Papers, No. 68, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/47826 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort
    [Show full text]
  • Michigan Legal Studies Unreported Opinions of The
    MICHIGAN LEGAL STUDIES UNREPORTED OPINIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF MICHIGAN 1836- 1843 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LAW SCHOOL WHICH, HOWEVER, ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE VIEWS EXPRESSED( WITH THE AID OF FUNDS DERIVED FROM GIFTS THE UNIVERSITY TO OF MICHIGAN) BY WILLIAM W. COOK. MICHIGAN LEGAL STUDIES Hessel E. Yntema, Editor DISCOVERY BEFORE TRIAL George Ragland, Jr. ToRTS IN THE CoNFLICT OF LAws Moffatt Hancock THE AMENDING oF THE FEDERAL CoNSTITUTION Lester B. Orfield REVIEW oF ADMINISTRATIVE AcTs Armin Uhler THE PREVENTION OF REPEATED CRIME John Barker Waite THE CoNFLICT oF LAws: A CoMPARATIVE STUDY Ernst Rabel UNREPORTED OPINIONS oF THE SuPREME CouRT oF MICHIGAN 1836-1843 William Wirt Blume, Editor UNREPORTED OPINIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF MICHIGAN 1836-1843 Edited by WILLIAM WIRT BLUME PROFESSOR OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Foreword by H. WALTER NoRTH JUSTICE, SUPREME COURT OF MICHIGAN Historical Introduction by F. CLARK NoRTON INSTRUCTOR IN POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Ann Arbor THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS 194 5 CoPYRIGHT, 1945 BY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Foreword N July I8J6 final jurisdiction of non-federal litigation I passed from the Michigan Territorial Supreme Court to the Supreme Court of the State of Michigan. Then, substantially as now, the Constitution provided: "The judi­ cial power shall be vested in one supreme court, and such other courts as the legislature may from time to time estab­ lish." Mich. Const. I 835, Art. VI, §r. Those who are inter­ ested in the judicial history of Michigan prior to I 8 3 6 are fortunate in having access to much of such history contained in the six volumes entitled "Transactions of the Supreme Court of Michigan," edited by Professor William Wirt Blume of the Michigan Law School faculty.
    [Show full text]
  • QLD Senate Results Report 2017
    Statement of Results Report Event: 2016 Federal Election - Full Senate Ballot: 2016 Federal Election - Full Senate Order Elected Candidates Elected Group Name 1 George BRANDIS Liberal National Party of Queensland 2 Murray WATT Australian Labor Party 3 Pauline HANSON Pauline Hanson's One Nation 4 Matthew CANAVAN Liberal National Party of Queensland 5 Anthony CHISHOLM Australian Labor Party 6 James McGRATH Liberal National Party of Queensland 7 Claire MOORE Australian Labor Party 8 Ian MACDONALD Liberal National Party of Queensland 9 Andrew BARTLETT The Greens 10 Barry O'SULLIVAN Liberal National Party of Queensland 11 Chris KETTER Australian Labor Party 12 Fraser ANNING Pauline Hanson's One Nation Senate 06 Nov 2017 11:50:21 Page 1 of 5 Statement of Results Report Event: 2016 Federal Election - Full Senate Ballot: 2016 Federal Election - Full Senate Order Excluded Candidates Excluded Group Name 1 Single Exclusion Craig GUNNIS Palmer United Party 2 Single Exclusion Ian EUGARDE 3 Single Exclusion Ludy Charles SWEERIS-SIGRIST Christian Democratic Party (Fred Nile Group) 4 Single Exclusion Terry JORGENSEN 5 Single Exclusion Reece FLOWERS VOTEFLUX.ORG | Upgrade Democracy! 6 Single Exclusion Gary James PEAD 7 Single Exclusion Stephen HARDING Citizens Electoral Council 8 Single Exclusion Erin COOKE Socialist Equality Party 9 Single Exclusion Neroli MOONEY Rise Up Australia Party 10 Single Exclusion David BUNDY 11 Single Exclusion John GIBSON 12 Single Exclusion Chelle DOBSON Australian Liberty Alliance 13 Single Exclusion Annette LOURIGAN Glenn
    [Show full text]
  • The Free State of Winston"
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2019 Rebel Rebels: Race, Resistance, and Remembrance in "The Free State of Winston" Susan Neelly Deily-Swearingen University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Deily-Swearingen, Susan Neelly, "Rebel Rebels: Race, Resistance, and Remembrance in "The Free State of Winston"" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 2444. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2444 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REBEL REBELS: RACE, RESISTANCE, AND REMEMBRANCE IN THE FREE STATE OF WINSTON BY SUSAN NEELLY DEILY-SWEARINGEN B.A., Brandeis University M.A., Brown University M.A., University of New Hampshire DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History May 2019 This dissertation has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History by: Dissertation Director, J. William Harris, Professor of History Jason Sokol, Professor of History Cynthia Van Zandt, Associate Professor of History and History Graduate Program Director Gregory McMahon, Professor of Classics Victoria E. Bynum, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History, Texas State University, San Marcos On April 18, 2019 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Military on Peru's Predemocritization
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1990 The Impact of the Military on Peru's Predemocritization Michael Francis Plichta College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons, Military History Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Plichta, Michael Francis, "The Impact of the Military on Peru's Predemocritization" (1990). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625614. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-n0ja-fg28 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPACT OF THE MILITARY ON PERU'S REDEMOCRATIZATION A Thesis Presented to The faculty of the Department of Government The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Michael Francis Plichta 1990 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts O s Michael Francis Plichta Approved, Mam 1990 Donald J iaxte Bartram S . Brown DEDICATION: To my parents whom I love dearly iii . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ............................ iii. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................. v . LIST OF TABLES .................................. vi . ABSTRACT ........................................ vii. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 2 CHAPTER I. APPROACHES TO DEMOCRATIZATION .......... 7 CHAPTER II. APPLYING A THEORY OF REDDEMOCRATIZATION TO P E R U ....................................
    [Show full text]
  • OAG Annual Report 2006
    Directory Thomas H. McTavish, C.P.A. ........................................................................ Auditor General Scott M. Strong, C.P.A., C.I.A. ........................................................ Deputy Auditor General Craig M. Murray, C.P.A., C.I.A. ....................................... Director of Professional Practice Kimberly E. Jacobs, C.P.A., C.I.S.A., C.N.E. ...................................Chief Information Officer Paul J. Green, C.P.A., C.I.A., C.I.S.A. ........................................... Director of Administration Robert T. Ortwein, P.C...................................................................... State Relations Officer Telephone Number: (517) 334-8050 FAX Number: (517) 334-8079 http://audgen.michigan.gov Office of the Auditor General Victor Center, Sixth Floor 201 N. Washington Square Lansing, Michigan 48913 Where We Are Located i STATE OF MICHIGAN OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL 201 N. WASHINGTON SQUARE LANSING, MICHIGAN 48913 (517) 334-8050 THOMAS H. MCTAVISH, C.P.A. FAX (517) 334-8079 AUDITOR GENERAL September 30, 2006 The Honorable Jennifer M. Granholm, Governor of Michigan The Honorable Kenneth R. Sikkema, Senate Majority Leader The Honorable Craig M. DeRoche, Speaker of the House The Honorable Robert L. Emerson, Senate Minority Leader The Honorable Dianne Y. Byrum, House Minority Leader and Members of the 93rd Legislature Ladies and Gentlemen: This annual report on the operations of the Michigan Office of the Auditor General covers the fiscal year ended September 30, 2006 and is submitted in accordance with Article IV, Section 53 of the State Constitution. The Office of the Auditor General has the responsibility, as stated in Article IV, Section 53 of the State Constitution, to conduct post financial and performance audits of State government operations. In addition, certain sections of the Michigan Compiled Laws contain specific audit requirements in conformance with the constitutional mandate.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Felgh Family in America and Wales
    THE MEMORIAL H I S TO R Y O F TH E EL H FA ILY I N AMERIC AND WALES F G M A . T — H E R S N L A TE S T OR 1 6 1 188 1. EA LIE T A D REC DS , 4 B Y . RR N H C O L UMBUS HIO W FA A D FELC , O . I R PR NTED F O TH E AUTHOR . h mb s h io . Press of J F E t 8: C o . Col u u O , ar ar . , 1881 we In Cambria are born , and gentlemen u Further to boast were neither tr e nor modest , I . w e M N . Unless add , are honest CY BELI E w a s But , somehow my soul ever lifting itself up , and gazing a s f i forward upon posterity , if, when it should depart rom th s TH E . life it would then begin to live. ELDER CATO The stream is brightest at its spring , And blood is not like wine Nor honored less than he wh o heirs h o . Is he w founds a line JOHN G . WHITTIER INTRODUCTORY . As the life of an individual furnishes , upon the whole , the most agreeable of all literary subjects , other than the merely m a o ritv mantic , to the j of readers , so the life of a family , duly su l m a tter traced and authenticated , ought to pp y of no common utility , both for amusement and instruction . It has often been r — Va l e rii remarked how the great Gentes of Roman histo y the , C l a udii — the , the Scipios , and others seemed to prolong , gene i i rat on after generat on , particular types , not only of political sen time nt and conduct , but of personal character ; and the same has been observed in respect to the English races which have taken from father to son so large a share in political and social ‘ C lifi o rds O ld life , the Percys , Mortimers , and in the days , the G re nville s Howards , Russells , , and many more in later times , t have consti uted not merely households but castes .
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Ranking Rapid Baseline Survey on the Status of Gender Equality in Kenyan Political Parties
    GENDER RANKING RAPID BASELINE SURVEY ON THE STATUS OF GENDER EQUALITY IN KENYAN POLITICAL PARTIES (ZERO DRAFT) © APRIL 2014 1 | P a g e Table of Contents 1 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 4 2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Why Gender Ranking of Political Parties? .................................................................. 7 3 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 7 4 BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ........................................................ 17 4.1 The Situation of Women in Politics ............................................................................. 17 4.2 Evaluations on the Internal and External Barriers to Women’s Political Participation ............................................................................................................................ 18 5 METHODOLGY ...................................................................................................................... 19 5.1 Survey Design ............................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Limitations of the Survey ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms 3 0 0North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75 - 21,515
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1 .T h e sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper le ft hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Antislavery Violence and Secession, October 1859
    ANTISLAVERY VIOLENCE AND SECESSION, OCTOBER 1859 – APRIL 1861 by DAVID JONATHAN WHITE GEORGE C. RABLE, COMMITTEE CHAIR LAWRENCE F. KOHL KARI FREDERICKSON HAROLD SELESKY DIANNE BRAGG A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2017 Copyright David Jonathan White 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the collapse of southern Unionism between October 1859 and April 1861. This study argues that a series of events of violent antislavery and southern perceptions of northern support for them caused white southerners to rethink the value of the Union and their place in it. John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and northern expressions of personal support for Brown brought the Union into question in white southern eyes. White southerners were shocked when Republican governors in northern states acted to protect members of John Brown’s organization from prosecution in Virginia. Southern states invested large sums of money in their militia forces, and explored laws to control potentially dangerous populations such as northern travelling salesmen, whites “tampering” with slaves, and free African-Americans. Many Republicans endorsed a book by Hinton Rowan Helper which southerners believed encouraged antislavery violence and a Senate committee investigated whether an antislavery conspiracy had existed before Harpers Ferry. In the summer of 1860, a series of unexplained fires in Texas exacerbated white southern fear. As the presidential election approached in 1860, white southerners hoped for northern voters to repudiate the Republicans. When northern voters did not, white southerners generally rejected the Union.
    [Show full text]
  • THE 'WA APPROACH' to NATIONAL PARTY SURVIVAL John Phillimore
    This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Phillimore, J. and McMahon, L. 2015. Moving Beyond 100 Years: The "WA Approach" to National Party Survival. Australian Journal of Politics and History. 61 (1): pp. 37-52], which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12085. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving at http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-820227.html#terms MOVING BEYOND 100 YEARS: THE ‘WA APPROACH’ TO NATIONAL PARTY SURVIVAL John Phillimore* Lance McMahon Submitted to and accepted by Australian Journal of Politics and History *Corresponding Author: [email protected] or 9266 2849 John Curtin Institute of Public Policy, Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Professor John Phillimore is Executive Director of the John Curtin Institute of Public Policy, Curtin University. Lance McMahon is a Research Associate at the John Curtin Institute of Public Policy, Curtin University. June 2014 1 MOVING BEYOND 100 YEARS: THE ‘WA APPROACH’ TO NATIONAL PARTY SURVIVAL Abstract Since its formation in 1913, the Western Australian branch of the National Party has faced many challenges to its survival. Electoral reform removing rural malapportionment in 2005 prompted changes in strategic direction, including abandoning coalition with the Liberal Party and creating a discrete image, branding and policy approach. Holding the balance of power after the 2008 election, the Party adopted a post-election bargaining strategy to secure Ministries and funding for its ‘Royalties for Regions’ policy. This ‘WA approach’ is distinctive from amalgamation and coalition arrangements embraced elsewhere in Australia.
    [Show full text]