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The Free State of Winston University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2019 Rebel Rebels: Race, Resistance, and Remembrance in "The Free State of Winston" Susan Neelly Deily-Swearingen University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Deily-Swearingen, Susan Neelly, "Rebel Rebels: Race, Resistance, and Remembrance in "The Free State of Winston"" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 2444. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2444 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REBEL REBELS: RACE, RESISTANCE, AND REMEMBRANCE IN THE FREE STATE OF WINSTON BY SUSAN NEELLY DEILY-SWEARINGEN B.A., Brandeis University M.A., Brown University M.A., University of New Hampshire DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History May 2019 This dissertation has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History by: Dissertation Director, J. William Harris, Professor of History Jason Sokol, Professor of History Cynthia Van Zandt, Associate Professor of History and History Graduate Program Director Gregory McMahon, Professor of Classics Victoria E. Bynum, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History, Texas State University, San Marcos On April 18, 2019 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School. ii FOR JAMES DUNWOODY SWEARINGEN (1938-1998) and CAROLYN NEELLY KIDD SWEARINGEN (1941-2011) As promised, I never forgot my roots FOR MY CHILDREN EMMA, SAM, MAGGIE, AND LILLIAN Who inspire me every day iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It has been said so often that it has become cliché, but that fact does not change its truth. No one completes an undertaking like this alone. It is always a team effort. There is no way to acknowledge all the teachers, friends, and students who have inspired me over the years individually. I am nonetheless grateful to all of you. My family has been more than understanding throughout the writing of this dissertation. Jonno, Emma, Sam, Maggie, Lillian, and extended family, thank you for the editing, the comforting, the cooking and cleaning. Mostly, thank you for believing in me. It means more than I can say. I have to thank the UNH History Department for their support. I could not have asked for a better place to learn and study and grow. The faculty is an embarrassment of riches, and nearly every member has generously helped me in some way. I must thank especially Kurk Dorsey, Department Chair and former Graduate Student Advisor. Your door was always open as were your ears, for all of us. I am so thankful. For Laura Simard and Lara Demarest. You never failed us once with moral support, food, and technical support. You are both treasures. My committee has been above and beyond supportive. UNH Professors Cynthia Van Zandt, Jason Sokol, Jeffrey Bolster, and Gregory McMahon have all been generous with their guidance and support. Victoria Bynum, I thank you for agreeing to be a part of this. Your work inspires me as does your kindness and graciousness as an academic. I must especially thank my committee chair, J. William Harris. When thinking about Ph.D. programs, UNH was the only place I applied specifically because I wanted to work with Professor Harris. It was one of the best iv decisions I ever made. Thank you for your support and wisdom and for believing in me and this project even when I had my doubts. I wish to acknowledge the funding I have received in the form of a Graduate Teaching Assistantship as well as a Summer Teaching Fellowship and a University of New Hampshire Travel Award all received from the University of New Hampshire Graduate School. I also gratefully acknowledge the Cuong Nguyen ‘63 and Mary Nguyen History Fellowship Fund, the Angelo Kontarinis Family Fund. To the History Graduate Students at UNH, I am so grateful to have shared this experience with you. “Horton’s Whos” were the best support network and teachers I could have asked for. To Herb Childress and Nora Rubenstein, I give gratitude for all the things you taught me, all the ways you inspire me and all the times you caught me when I thought I was falling. To Alexander Skiles, thank you for your cheerleading, support, and example. I am so glad I know you. I must acknowledge the writers, historians, and scholars who have influenced me and without whom I would not have known how to write this: Eric Foner, David Blight, Victoria Bynum, Theda Perdue, Donald Dodd, Judge John Bennett Weaver, Michael Fitzgerald, Joseph Danielson, Daniel S. Dupre, Margaret M. Storey, and so many more. I thank the archivists and preservers of Winston memory at the Winston Genealogical Society for the work they have done and the wealth of material and advice they have given me. Thank you especially to Peter J. Gossett whose work is definitely keeping Winston History alive. I am likewise grateful to my Winston relatives, Jeff, Chris, and Jeremy Cole, and Aunt Kathryn and Uncle Rudy. Thank you for giving me guidance, a place to stay, and, most importantly, love. v Several families graciously invited me into their homes and shared precious family archives with me. Without those this would be an entirely different document. Thank you to Sam Weaver and his family, and Marty King, and Don Umphrey. The work they did has profoundly influenced the work contemporary scholars are now able to do. Thank you to Jerry Coleman and Ila Hatter and the wonderful people at the Northwest Alabama Community College Native American Collection and the Southeastern Anthropological Institute for pointing me down important new paths. Lastly, I want to thank my Father, to whom this dissertation is dedicated. Though he has been gone 20 years now, I feel his influence every day. Thanks Dad for all those trips we took to Winston County, for reminding me that my roots are just as important as my wings. Thanks for always challenging me, inspiring me with your historical abilities, and for all the stories. I will never forget. vi “[F]reedom to differ is not limited to things that do not matter much. That would be a mere shadow of freedom. The test of its substance is the right to differ as to things that touch the heart of the existing order.” -Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson Majority Opinion West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette vii TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMITTEE PAGE………………………………………………………………ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………...iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………...iv EPIGRAPH…………………………………………………………………….......vii TABLES……………………………………………………………………............ix ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES…………………………………………….x ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………......xi PREFACE…………………………………………………………………….........xiii CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION: THE FREE STATE OF WINSTON………………………………………………..1 I. INTO THE WILD………………………………………………………………..12 II. ROADS, RESIDENCE, AND REMOVAL: NATIVE AMERICANS IN ALABAMA……….…………………………32 III. “WINSTON GOES ITS OWN WAY:” SECESSION AND COUNTER-SECESSION…………….……………….64 IV. “A DESERTER MIGHT HIDE FOREVER:” WAR IN WINSTON……………………………………………………….111 V. RECONSTRUCTING WINSTON..…………………………………………….134 VI. HISTORICAL MEMORY AND THE “FREE STATE OF WINSTON”.…………………………………………..167 viii EPILOGUE: WINSTON IN THE MODERN WORLD: THE CONTINUING LEGACY OF THE “FREE STATE”………….…....185 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….190 TABLES TABLE 1 POPULATION AND PER CAPITA FARM DATA WINSTON COUNTY AND ALABAMA, 1860………………………………………………………………….27 TABLE 2.1 VOTES FOR PRESIDENT, ALABAMA HILL COUNTRY* 1836-1860 ………………………………………………………………………….70 TABLE 2B VOTES FOR PRESIDENT, HANCOCK/WINSTON* COUNTY, 1852-1860…...70 TABLE 3 PROPERTY OWNERSHIP OF UNION AND CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS FROM WINSTON COUNTY ………………………………………………......................131 TABLE 4 VOTES FOR PRESIDENT, WINSTON COUNTY, 1868-1892………………….163 TABLE 5 COTTON AND CORN PRODUCTION, PER CAPITA, IN WINSTON COUNTY, 1859 AND 1879…………………………………………………………………....164 ix ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES ADAH: Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama. ALDOT: Alabama Department of Transportation, https://www.dot.state.al.us/. Convention of 1861: Smith, William Russell. The History and Debates of the Convention of the People of Alabama: Begun and Held in the City of Montgomery, on the Seventh Day of January 1861: In Which Is Preserved the Speeches of the Secret Sessions, and Many Valuable State Papers. Spartanburg, SC: Sabin Americana, 1975. Dodd, Civil War: Dodd, Donald and Wynelle S. Dodd. Winston: An Antebellum and Civil War History of a Hill County of North Alabama. Birmingham: Oxmoor Press, 1972. O. R.: United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901. Weaver, “Brief History:” Weaver, John Bennett. “A Brief History of Winston County.” Winston County, Alabama: An Historical Online Database. http://freestateofwinston.org/abriefhistory.htm. Winston Database: Winston County, Alabama: An Historical Online Database. http://freestateofwinston.org/abriefhistory.htm. x ABSTRACT !REBEL REBELS: RACE, RESISTANCE,
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