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Home , Atherina, Atlantic bonito, Lakerda, Peprilus, Peprilus paru, Sarda (fish)

2.1.10.1 BON

CHAPTER 2.1.10.1 AUTHORS: LAST UPDATE: ATLANTIC J. VALEIRAS and E. ABAD Sept. 4, 2006

2.1.10.1 Description of (BON)

1. Names

1.a Classification and

Species name: sarda (Bloch 1793) ICCAT code: BON ICCAT names: Atlantic bonito (English), Bonite à dos rayé (French), Bonito (Spanish)

According to Collette and Nauen (1983), the Atlantic bonito is classified as follows:

• Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata • Superclass: Gnathostomata • Class: • Subclass: • Order: • Suborder: Scombroidei • Family:

1.b Common names

List of vernacular names used according to ICCAT, FAO and Fishbase (www.fishbase.org). The list is not exhaustive and some local names might not be included.

Albania: Palamiti. Algeria: Bonite, Bonite à dos rayé, Palamita, Rsela. Angola: Bonito, Sarda, Sarrajão, Serrajão, Serralhão. Argentina: Bonito. Azores Islands: Atlantic bonito, Bonito, Serra. Benin: Kpokoukpokou. Brazil: Bonito, Bonito-atlântico, Cavala, Sarda, Sarrajão, Serra, Serra-comum, Serra-de-escama, Serra-sarda. Bulgaria: , Palamud, Turuk. Cape Verde: Bonito, Bonito do Atlântico, Bonito-de-lombo-listado, Sarrajão. China: ≴㫎. Colombia: Bonito. Croatia: Palamida, Polanda. Cuba: Bonito. Denmark: Pelamide, Rygstribet pelamide. Finland: Sarda. Former USSR: Atlanticheskaya pelamida, Lacherda, Pelamida. France: Bonite à dos rayé, Bonicou, Boniton, Boussicon, Boussicou, Conite, Pélamide, Pelamide commun, Pelamido. Germany: Bonito, Pelamide, Unechter Bonito. : ȇȓțȚ, ȉȠȣȜȓʌȚ, ȉȠȡȞȑIJIJĮ, ȆĮȜĮȝȓįĮ, ȃIJȠȡȓțȚ, Doriki, Koini, Palamida, Palamída, Ternata, Toriki, Touliki. Guinea: Koko. Iceland: Rákungur. Israel: Sarda.

199 ICCAT MANUAL, 1st Edition (January 2010)

Italy: Bonnicou, Cavaritu imperiali, Paamia, Paamie, Palameit, Palametiedde, Palametto, Palamia, Palamida, Palamide, Palamidu, Palamita, Palamito, Palamitu, Palamitu maiaticus, Palammete, Palammete cuvarita, Paramira, Parantuni, Pelamida, Pilamitu, Pirantuni, Pisantuni, Sangulu, Scurma, Sgamiru, Sgonfietto, Strombo, Tombarello, Tunnacchiu, Tunnareiu. Japan: Hagatsuo, Kigsungegatsuo. Lebanon: Ghazâl. Libya: ττΨϣ, Balamit, Blamto, Mghatat. Madeira Island: Cerda, Serrajão, Serralhão. Malta: Malta: Palamia, Palamit, Palamita, Plamitu, Plamtu. Marshall Islands: Loj, Looj. Martinique: Bonite. Mauritania: Bonite, Bonite à dos rayé, Bonito, Doulou doulou, Pélamide. Mexico: Bonito del Atlántico. Monaco: Palamida, Paramida, Piramida. Morocco: Bonito, Cerda. Namibia: Atlantiese bonito, Bonito, Pelamide. Netherlands: Atlantische boniter, Bonito. Norway: Pelamide, Stripet pelamide. Poland: Pelamida. Portugal: Bonito, Bonito-do-Atlântico, Sarrajâo, Serra. Romania: Lacherda, Palamida, Pelamida. Russian Fed: ɩɟɥɚɦɢɞɚ ɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ. Senegal: Bonite à dos rayé, Dullu dullu, Kiri kiri, wal. Sierra Leone: Bonito. Slovenia: Palamida. South Africa: Atlantic bonito, Atlantiese bonito, Katonkel. Spain: Bonito, Bonito atlántico, Bonito del Atlántico, Bonitol, Bonítol, Bonitu, Cerda, Sierra. Sweden: Pelamida, Pelamide, Ryggstrimmig pelamid. Syria: Palamet. Trinidad Tobago: Bonito. Tunisia: Balamit, Palamid, Rsela, Toumbrel. : Altiparmak, Çingenepalamudu, Kestanapalamudu, Palamut, Palamut torik, Palamutvonozu, Piçuta, Sivri, Torik, Zindandelen. United Kingdom: Atlantic bonito, Belted bonito, Bonito, Pelamid, Short finned tunny, Stripe-backed pelamis. : Pelamida. Uruguay: Bonito. United States of America: Atlantic bonito, Bloater, Bone jack, Bonito, Boston , Common bonito, Skipjack. Venezuela: Cabaña blanca, Cabaña cariba, Cabaña de dientes.

200 2.1.10.1 BON

2. Identification

Figure 1. Drawing of an adult Sarda sarda (by A. López ‘Tokio’).

Characteristics of Sarda sarda (see Figure 1 and Figure 2)

Atlantic bonito is a small species. Maximum length in the Atlantic is 91.4 cm fork length and 5.4 kg and in the is 85 cm and 5 kg weight (Collete and Nauen 1983). Common size is 50 cm fork length and about 2 kg. Maximum published weight is 11.0 kg (IGFA 2001).

Colour:

• Back and upper sides steel blue, silvery below. • 5-11 longitudinal oblique dorsal dark stripes running forward and downward (with a greater angle than in other species of Sarda). • Dorsal and caudal dusky. Pectoral pale. Other fins more or less silvery.

External:

• Body elongate and slightly compressed. • Body completely covered with very small scales except on the well-developed corselet. • Caudal peduncle slender, with a well developed lateral keel between two smaller keels on each side. • First long, nearly reaches second dorsal. • Dorsal spines: 20-23. • Anal rays: 14-17. • Gillrakers on first arch: 16-22. • The mouth is moderately large. 16-26 conical teeth in upper jaw, 12 to 24 in lower. No teeth on tongue. • Lamellae of olfactory rosette 22-33. • Interpelvic process small and bifid.

Internal:

• Swimbladder absent. • Spleen large and prominent in ventral view. • Liver with elongate left and right lobe and short middle lobe. • No cutaneus artery. • Vertebrae: 50-55.

201 ICCAT MANUAL, 1st Edition (January 2010)

First dorsal fin long, nearly reaches second dorsal

5-11 longitudinal oblique

dorsal dark stripes running forward and downward

Caudal peduncle slender, with a well developed lateral keel between two smaller keels on each side

Figure 2. Synthesis of the most outstanding characteristics of Sarda sarda (by A. López, ‘Tokio’).

3. Distribution and population ecology

3.a Geographical distribution

Distributed in both sides of the tropical and subtropical , in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Figure 3).

In the Eastern Atlantic distributes from Oslo (Norway) to Port Elizabeth (South Africa). Including the Mediterranean and Black Sea. In the western Atlantic off the east coast of the United States and Canada its usual northern limit is Cape Ann but also has been recorded along Nova Scotia. Off the Atlantic coast of South America the species is recorded from Colombia, Venezuela, and south of the Amazon River to northern Argentina; apparently absent from most of the Caribbean Sea.

Figure 3. Geographical distribution of Atlantic bonito (FAO. c2001-2009. Compilation of aquatic species distribution maps of interest to fisheries. In FAO Fisheries Department [online]. Rome. [15 sept. 2009]. http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/fish_dist_map).

202 2.1.10.1 BON

3.b Habitat preferences

Atlantic bonito is an epipelagic marine distributed at temperate and subtropical waters, from latitude between 65°N and 40°S, longitude 98°W to 42°E. It is an oceanodromous species which lives in schools along the neritic area and may enter in estuaries. It can be found from 80 to 200 meters depth.

Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of tuna fish. This species can adapt to different temperatures 12° to 27°C and salinities 14 to 39 (Bianchi et al. 1999).

3.c Migrations

Little is known about bonito migration patterns. The species migrates along the coast large distances as prove by recaptures of tagged fish in the Black Sea and Alboran Sea (WesWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD  5H\et al. 1984). A genetic migration from Atlantic to Alboran and from Aegean to Black Sea was proved by tagging in spring. $IWHUVSDZQLQJVHDVRQERQLWRPLJUDWHVLQRSSRVLWHURXWH,QZHVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDRIUHFDSWXUHGfish ZHUHIRXQGLQ$WODQWLF2FHDQ6RPHVWXGLHVVXJJHVWWKDWWKH$WODQWLFERQLWRLVUHVLGHQWLQZHVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ sea all over the year and the mature fish migrate from coastal areas to open sea to spawn (Sabatés and Recasens  ,QHDVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDWKHVSHFLHVPLJUDWHWRZDUGVWKH%ODFN6HDDWWLPHRIVSDZQLQJ 0D\WR July) and from the end of July a reverse migration takes place, although there are a number of exceptions to these migratory movements (Nümann 1954).

3.d Recruitment

Knowledge of the early life stages in is very scarce. It is assumed that larval period is short. The beginning of the juvenile period has been established arbitrarily as to sizes escaping from nets, around 2 cm %DUG 'XULQJWKHILUVWOLIHstages are not caught and juvenile life history is unknown. Immature fish first appear in fishery from around 15 cm of fork length (Zengin, 2005).

4. Biology

4.a Growth

Atlantic bonito age determination and growth have been studied by means of different methodologies: otholiths, vertebrae, spines and size frequency. The maximum reported age is 5 years.

0RVWRIWKHVWXGLHVDUHIURP0HGLWHUUDQHDQVWRFNV7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOVWXGLHVRQJURZWKELRORJ\RIERQLWRLQWKH Black Sea (Yoshida 1980) and WesWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ9RQ%HUWDODQII\JURZWKSDUDPHWHUVDUHVKRZHGLQWDEOH 1 for different areas. Rey et al. (1986) studied otoliths, vertebrae, spines and length frequencies and developed a growth equation based on a large number of specimens from western 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ DQG $WODQWLF DUHD QHDU Gibraltar strait.

Recently, Santamaria et al. (2005) presents a estimate of growth rate, based on otolith analysis of juvenile fish IURP0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD -110 days) were 5.83 mm per day (range= 4.85-6.81 mm per day) and 4.15 g per day (range= 1.88-6.42 g per day).

7KHUHLVVRPHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWDJJLQJRIERQLWRV'DWDIURPWZRILVKUHFDSWXUHGLQWKHZHVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Sea agreed with growth equation (Rey and Cort 1978; Rey et al. 1986).

Table 1. Growth parameters for Atlantic bonito (L’LQFP.LQ\-1, t0 in y). Growth Parameter Area Country Reference L’ k t 0 64 0.693 -1.42 Atlantic 0RURFFR 'DUGLJQDF 103 0.132 -1.8 %ODFN6HDDQG(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Russian Fed Zusser, 1954 67.8 0.795 %ODFN6HDDQG(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Turkey Tkacheva, 1958 81.5 0.525 %ODFN6HDDQG(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Turkey 0D\RURYDDQG7NDFKHYD 64 0.86 %ODFN6HDDQG(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Turkey 'HPLU 95.6 0.237 -1.24 %ODFN6HDDQG(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Bulgaria Kutaygil, 1967 80.87 0.352 -1.7 0HGLWHUUDQHDQDQG1RUWKHDVW$WODQWLF Spain Rey et al, 1986 80.6 0.36 -1.37 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ,RQLDQ6HD Italy Santamaría et al., 1998 203 ICCAT MANUAL, 1st Edition (January 2010)

4.b Length-weight relationship

The general length-weight relationship used by ICCAT was developed by Rey et al. (1984), based on fish that ranged from 19 to 72 cm (fork length): W=0.00724 x FL 3.1644. Other published length-weight relationships have been published for other authors for several geographical areas. A compilation is showed in Table 2.

Table 2. 'LIIHUHQW$WODQWLFERQLWROHQJWK-weight relationships published.

Equation N FL range (cm) Sex Area Country Reference W= 0.0094 x FL 31.030 372 19-64 - Eastern Tropical Atlantic Senegal 'LRXI W=0.02361 x FL 2.8703 1608 14-90 - 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Turkey Kara, 1979 W=0.01486 x FL 2.9719 165 40-55 - Gibraltar Spain Rodriguez-Roda, 1966 W=0.00797 x FL 3.1427 - - - Atlantic 0RURFFR 'DUGLJQDF W=0.00724 x FL 3.1644 878 19-72 - 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ$WODQWLF Spain Rey et al., 1984 W=0.00653 x FL 3.1865 242 33-65 0DOHV 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ$WODQWLF Spain Rey et al., 1984 W=0.00844 x FL 3.1218 229 33-70 Females 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ$WODQWLF Spain Rey et al., 1984 W=0.0351 x FL 2.755 663 34-78 All Gulf of Taranto (1992) Italy AAVV, 1995 W=0.0311 x FL 2.789 130 39-69 0DOHV Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995 W=0.0574 x FL 2.633 105 38-71 Females Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995 W=0.0190 x FL 2.909 158 38-81 All Gulf of Taranto (1993) Italy AAVV, 1995 W=0.0149 x FL 2.963 33 - 0DOHV Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995 W=0.0177 x FL 2.924 44 - Females Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995 W=0.0071 x FL 3.150 833 36-80 All Gulf of Taranto (1994) Italy AAVV, 1995 W=0.046 x FL 2.6772 183 41-48 All :HVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Spain 0DFtDVHWDO W=0.0039 x FL 3.3263 1168 23-66 All (DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Turkey Oray et al., 2004

4.c Reproduction

Spawning

Atlantic bonito is a multiple spawner with asynchronous oocyte development that carried out 3 or 4 spawning EDWFKHV E\ UHSURGXFWLYH VHDVRQ 0DMRURYD DQG 7NDFKHYD  5H\ et al. 1984). The spawning grounds are typically in cRDVWDODUHDV7KHVSDZQLQJVHDVRQRFFXUVIURP0D\WR-XO\LQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQDQG0RURFFR-XQH- July in Northwestern Atlantic, January--XO\LQ6HQHJDO,QWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQWKHUHDUHNQRZQVHYHUDODUHDVRI spawning: Balearic area, Algerian coasts, Sicilian cRDVW$HJHDQ6HDDQG%ODFN6HD 'DUGLQDJ5RGULJXH]- 5RGDDQG'LFHQWD5H\et al. 1984).

Maturity

There is some studies on maturity of the species: Rey et al., (1984) estimated that first sexual maturity is reached at 38 and 39 cm FL (males and IHPDOHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ LQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HDDQG$WODQWLF0RURFFR3RVWHO   HVWLPDWHGDQGFP)/LQ7URSLFDO$WODQWLFDQG'DUGLQDJ  HVWLPDWHGWKHILUVWPDWXULW\LQDQG FP)/LQ$WODQWLF0RURFFR

Sex ratio

The sex ratio have been sWXGLHGIRUWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQDQGWKHUHLVDVH[UDWLR+RZHYHUDKLJKHUSUHVHQFHRI IHPDOHVLQWKHODUJHUOHQJWKFODVVHVKDVEHHQQRWHG 0DFtDVet al. 2005)

Fecundity

7KLV VSHFLHV LV D ILVK ZLWK LQGHWHUPLQDWH IHFXQGLW\ 0DFtDV et al. 2005). In the 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ WKH DYHUDJH fecundity is 79,432 oocytes by spawning batch, while the total annual fecundity estimates range form 304,000 DQGRRF\WHV 0DFtDVet al. 2005).

204 2.1.10.1 BON

4.d First life stages

Eggs and larvae

Eggs are pelagic, 1.15-1.57 mm of diameter and with a variable number (1 to 9) of oil globules (0.28-0.36 mm of diameter when single, 0.02-0.24 when multiple). The yolk is homogeneous. The hatch size is 4 mm. Larvae present pigmentation on tips of jaws, forebrain, midbrain, gut, cleithral symphysis, ventral margins of tail, usually over hypural plate area and P2 rays (Richards 2005).

4.e Diet

Adult bonitos prey on schooling , anchovy, mackerel and other small pelagic . Main food species reported in eastern Atlantic and : Engraulis engrasicholus, Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella sp., Spratella sprattus, Ammodytes cicerellus, Scomber scombrus, Scomber japonicus, Trachurus mediterraneus, Trachurus trachurus, Mullus barbatus, juvenile Sarda sarda, Atherina spp., Boops boops and Caprella, Penaeus sp., Euphausia spp. (Yoshida 1981). Main species reported in western Atlantic: clupeids, paru, Leiosomus xanthurus, Anchoa sp, Scomberomorus sp., Prionotus sp., Loligo sp., Penaeus sp. and (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Boschung 1966).

Predators: Acanthocybium solandri, Sarda sarda, Coryphaena hippurus.

4.f Physiology

There is a lack on information on this topic.

4.g Behaviour

Little is known about bonito behaviour patterns.

4.h Natural mortality

There is a lack on information available on this biological parameter.

5. Fisheries biology

5.a Populations/Stock structure

There is little information available to determine the stock structure of Atlantic bonitos. Current information does not allow for an evaluation of stock status.

5.b Description of fisheries: Catches and effort

Atlantic bonito is exploited mainly by coastal fisheries and often by artisanal fisheries. The species is particularly important in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, where several fisheries exploit the stocks, including tuna traps, gill nets, trammel nets, purse seine, hooks and hand lines.

Annual catches reach 46,382 t in 1988 (Figure 4). Average estimated landings from 1980 to 2004 is 28,527 t. Average catch in Mediterranean is 20,071 t. Unknown quantities of bonito are incidental catches of purse seine fisheries in the Atlantic. Also sport fishing takes the species (ICCAT 2006).

205 ICCAT MANUAL, 1st Edition (January 2010)

50000 45000 40000

35000

30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

0

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year

BON_Med BON_Atl BON_Total

Figure 4. Catch distribution of Atlantic bonito in the Atlantic Ocean and 0HGLWHUranean Sea for 1980-2004 (t).

6. Bibliography

AAVV. 1995. Characterization of large pelagic stocks (Thunnus thynnus L., Thunnus alalunga Bonn, Sarda sarda Bloch, Xiphias gladius / LQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ)LQDOUHSRUW(&&RQWUDFW1ƒ;,90(' BA5', F. ;  Le thon germon (Thunnus alalunga %RQQDWHUUH   GH ,¶2FpDQ $WODQWLTXH 'H OD G\QDPLTXH GHV  SRSXODWLRQV j OD VWUDWpJLH GpPRJUDSKLTXH 7KqVH GH 'RFWRUDW G¶(WDW GHV 6FLHQFHV 1DWXUHOOHVSUpVHQWpHj,¶8QLYHUVLWp3LHUUHHW0DULH&XULHParis, 335 p. BIANCHI, G., K. E. Carpenter, J.-35RX[)-0ROOR\'%R\HUDQG+-%R\HU)LHOGJXLGHWRWKHOLYLQJ marine resources of Namibia. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome, FAO. 265 p., 11 colour plates. BIGELOW H. B. and W. &6FKURHGHU)LVKHVRIWKH*XOIRI0DLQH86)LVK:LOGO6HUY)LVK%XOO 53, 577 pp. BOSCHUNG, H. T., 1966. The occurrence of common bonito, Sarda sardaLQWKHQRUWKHUQ*XOIRI0H[LFR Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 95: 227-228. CAYRÉ, P., J. %$PRQ.RWKLDV7'LRXIDQG-06WUHWWD%LRORJ\RIWXQDS-244. In A. Fonteneau DQG-0DUFLOOH HGV 5HVRXUFHVILVKLQJDQGELRORJ\RIWKHWURSLFDOWXQDVRIWKH(DVWHUQ&HQWUDO$WODQWLF FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 292. Rome, FAO. 354 p. COLLETTE, B. B. and C. E. Nauen., 1983 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, , bonitos and related species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2). 137 pp. '$5',*1$&, J. 1962. La bonite dX0DURF $WODQWLTXH Sarda sarda Bloch). 5HY7UDY,QVW3rFKHV0DULW 26(4): 399-406. '(0,506\QRSVLVRIELRORJLFDOGDWDRQERQLWRSarda sarda (Bloch). FAO Fish. Rep, 6: 101-129. ',28) T., 1980 Peche & biologie de trois scombridae exploités au Sénégal: Euthynnus, Sarda sarda et Scomberomorus tritor7KHVHGH'RFWRUDWqPHF\FOH8QLYHUVLWpGH%UHWDJQH2FFLGHQWDOH)UDQFH159 p. ICCAT. 2006. Report for biennial period, 2004-05 Part II (2005), Vol. 2, Executive Summaries on species: Small Tunas: 128-135. ,*)$'DWDEDVHRI,*)$DQJOLQJUHFRUGVXQWLOIGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. KUTAYGIL, N. 1967. Preliminary age analysis of Mullus barbatus L. and Merluccius merluccius L. in the Sea RI0DUPDUDDQGVRPHSHODJLFILVKRI7XUNH\3URF7HFK 3DS*HQWLOH)LVK&RXQF0HGLW)$2- 383.

206 2.1.10.1 BON

KARA, F., 1979 Observations on growth and relation ship between length and weight of Sarda sarda (Bloch). Inv. Pesq. , 43(1): 95-105. 0$&Ë$6'*yPH]-9LYHV0 J., García, S. and Ortiz de Urbina, J. 02005. Reproductive characteristics of $WODQWLF ERQLWR 6DUGD VDUGD  IURP WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ 6SDQLVK 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ  &ROlect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 470-483. 0$&Ë$6 ' /HPD / *yPH]-9LYHV 0 J., Ortiz de Urbina, J. 0DQGGHOD6HUQD- 0  Some biological aspects of small tunas (Euthynnus, Sarda sarda & Auxis rochei) from the south western Spanish 0HGLWHUUDQHDQWUDSV&ROlect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 59(2): 579-589. 0$<2529A, A. and K. 6 7NDFKHYD  'LVWULEXWLRQ DQG FRQGLWLRQV RI UHSURGuction of pelamid, Sarda sarda (Bloch), in the Black Sea according to data for the period 1956-3URF7HFK3DS*)&0- 514. 1h0$11, W., 1954. Growth and migration of short-finned tuna (Sarda sarda LQ7XUNLVKZDWHUV'RFXPHQW technique, 42: 377-379. ORAY, I. K., Karakulak, F. 6DQG =HQJLQ05HSRUWRQWKH7XUNLVKERQLWR Sarda sarda) fishery in 2000/2001. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 56(2): 784-788. ORSI RELINI / ) *DULEDOGL & &LPD * 3DODQGUL / /DQWHUL DQG 0 5HOLQL  Biology of Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda EORFK   LQ WKH ZHVWHUQ DQG FHQWUDO 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ D VXPPDU\ FRQFHUQLQJ D possible stock unit. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 575-588. POSTEL, E. 1955. Contributions à l’étude de la biologie de quelques Scombridae de l’Atlantique tropicooriental. Ann. Stn. Oceanogr. Salammbò 10: 167 pp. REY, J. C. and J. L. Cort. 1978. Nota sobre los primeros resultados de la campaña de marcado de túnidos frente al litoral de Castellón. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 4 (3): 140-142. REY, J. C., Alot, E. and Ramos, A., 1984. Synopsis biológica del bonito, Sarda sarda %ORFK GHO0HGLWHUUiQHR y Atlántico Este. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 20(2): 469-502. REY, J. C., Alot, E. and Ramos, A., 1986. Growth of the Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch) in the Atlantic DQG0HGLWHUUDQHDQDUea of the Strait of Gibraltar. Inv. Pesq., 50(2): 179-185. 5,&+$5'6 W. J., (ed.), 2005. Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An identification guide for the western central North Atlantic. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2640 pp. 52'5,*8(=-52'$-DQG$'L&HQWDÈUHDGHSXHVWDGHODW~QPHOYD\ERQLWRHQODVFRVWDVGH(VSDxD \0DUUXHFRV&RO'RFCient. ICCAT 15 (2). SABATÉS, A. and Recasens, L. 2001. Seasonal distribution and spawning of small tunas, Auxis rochei (Risso) DQG6DUGDVDUGD %ORFK LQWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6FL0DU  -100. 6$17$0$5,$ 1 / 6LRQ 0 &DFXFFL * 'H 0HWULR  (Wj HG DFFUHVFLPHQWR GL Sarda sarda (Bloch   3LVFHV6FRPEULGDH QHOOR,RQLR6HWWHQWULRQDOH%LRO0DU0HGLW  -725. 6$17$0$5,$ 1 0 'HIORULR * 'H 0HWULR  Preliminary study on age and growth of juveniles of Sarda sarda, Bloch and Euthynnus alletteratus, Rafinesque, caught by clupeoids purse seine in the Southern Italian Seas. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 630-643. SANZO, L. 1932. Uova e primi stadi larvali di Pelamys sarda Cuvier e Valenc. 0HP&RP7DODVV,WDO-9 + 1 Plate. TKACHEVA, K. C. 1958. Conditions of pelamid stocks in the Black Sea and fishery prospectives. Rybn. Khoz. 34 (12): 10-13. <26+,'$, H. O. 1980. Sinopsis of biological data on Bonitos of the Sarda. FAO Fish. Synop., 118. ZENGIN0) S. Karakulak and I.K. Oray, 2005. Investigations on bonitos (Sarda sarda, Bloch 1793) on the southern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 510-516. ZUSSER, S.G. 1954. Biology and fishery for bonito in the Black Sea. Tr. VNIRO 28:160-174.

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