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Rey, J.C. and Cort, J.L. 1978. Nota Sobre Los Primeros Resultados De La Campaña De Marcado De Túnidos Frente Al Litoral De Castellón

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Rey, J.C. and Cort, J.L. 1978. Nota Sobre Los Primeros Resultados De La Campaña De Marcado De Túnidos Frente Al Litoral De Castellón 110 Rey, J.C. and Cort, J.L. 1978. Nota sobre los primeros resultados de la campaña de marcado de túnidos frente al litoral de Castellón. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 4 (3): 140–142 Rey, J.C. and Cort, J.L. 1981. Contribution à la connaissance de la migration des Scombridae en Méditerranée Occidentale. Rapp. P-V, Commn. Int. Explor. Scient. Mer Méditerr., 27: 97–98. Rey, J.C., Alot, E. and Ramos, A. 1984. Sinopsis biológica del bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch), del Mediterráneo y Atlántico Este. Iccat, Coll. Vol. Sci. Pap. 20(2): 469–502. Rey, J.C., Alot, E. and Ramos, A. 1986. Growth of the Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) in the Atlantic and Mediterranean area of the Strait of Gibraltar. Inv. Pesq. 50 (2): 179–185. Robert, M. and Roesti. 1966. The Declining Economic Role of the Mediterranean Tuna Fishery American Journal of Economics and Sociology 25 (1), 77–90. Rodriguez Roda, J. 1966. Estudio de la bacoreta, Euthynnus alleteratus (Raf.) bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch) y melva, Auxis thazard (Lac.), capturados por las almadrabas españolas. Inv. Pesq. 30: 247–292. Rodriguez Roda, J. 1981. Estudio de la edad y crecimiento del bonito, Sarda sarda (Block), de la costa sudatlantica de España. Inv. Pesq. 45(1):181–186. Rodriguez Roda, J. 1983. Edad y crecimiento de la melva, Auxis rochei (Risso), del Sur de España. Invest. Pesq. (Barc.), 47 (3): 397–402. Sabatés, A. and Recasens, L. 2001. Seasonal distribution and spawning of small tunas, Auxis rochei (Risso) and Sarda sarda (Bloch) in the northwestern Mediterranean. Sci. Mar. 65 (2): 95–100. Santamaria, N., Deflorio, M. and De Metrio, G. 2005. Preliminary study on age and growth of juveniles of Sarda sarda,Bloch and Euthynnus alletteratus Rafinesque, caught by clpeoids purse seine in the Southern Italian Seas, SCRS/2004/087 Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 630–643 (2005) Secor, D.H. and Chesney, E.J. 1997. Summary of a workshop: Otolith micrcconstituent analysis of Atlantic Bluefin tuna. ICCAT warking document scrs/97/62 13 pp. Shakman, E.A. and Kinzelbach, R. 2007. Distribution and characterization of lessepsian fishes along the coast of Libya. Acta Ichthyol. Pisc. 37(1):7–15. Torcu, H. and Mater, S. 2000. Lessepsian Fishes Spreading Along the Coasts of the Mediterranean and the Southern Aegean Sea of Turkey. Turk J Zool 24: 139–148. Uchida, R.N. 1981. Synopsis of biological data on frigate tuna, Auxis thazard, and bullet tuna, Auxis rochei. FAO Fish. Synop. 124. Yesaki, M. and Arche, F. 1994. A review of the Auxis fisheries of the Philippines and some aspects of the biology of frigate (Auxis thazard) and Bullet (Auxis rochei) tunas in the Indo-Pacific tuna fisheries. Vol. II pp. 409–439. Yoshida, H.O. 1980. Synopsis of biological data on bonitos of the genus Sarda, FAO Fish. Synop. (1980), p. 118. Zaitsev, Yu. 2000. Mediterranean–Black Sea Faunal Exchange. In Proceedings of the International Symposium “The Aegean Sea 2000”, 5–7 May 2000, Bodrum-Turkey (Ed. Bayram Öztürk): 1–7. Zengin, M., Karakulak, F.S. and Oray, I.K. 2005. Investigation on bonitos (Sarda sarda, Bloch 1793) on the southernen Black Sea coast of Turkey. SCRS/2004/073 Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 510–516 (2005) Zupanovic, S., Mugahid, A. and Gerges, M. 1985. Some ecological aspects of Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnas L.) Bull. Mar. Res. Cent. Tripoli N 64, 5–41pp. Zusser, S.G. 1954. Biology and fishery for bonito in the Black Sea. Tr. VNIRO 28:160–174. 4. SOCIO-ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE SMALL TUNA SPECIES FISHERIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEA Many difficulties were encountered to get access to the proper databases in order to obtain the necessary data for the purposes of this report. Nevertheless, the few data collected allowed the construction of a preliminary analysis, which may be considered as a first step towards a better understanding of the relevance of these fisheries. These species were and are under-considered, this is mainly due to the fact that most of the species are exploited as subsistence resources for many artisanal fishermen and local communities. A further consideration is that landings and catches are obtained by a great number of small vessels, mostly belonging to the small-scale segment of the fleets, landing everywhere and without actively directing the product towards a particular market. With a few exceptions (Turkey is one), the fisheries related to the small tuna species are not usually considered able to catch significant quantities or to activate productive economic 111 chains. However small quantities grouped together and a better knowledge of these fisheries reveal that this perception might be not entirely accurate. This preliminary analysis was carried out on prices and total revenues (turnover) for the more abundant small tuna species caught in the Mediterranean Sea. More analyses should be undertaken concerning the socio- economic aspects of these fisheries through case studies and the identification of this gap is an output of this report. The data related to employment, markets and socio-economic indicators are not currently available in most of the countries because data have never been collected specifically for the fleet segment carrying out these fisheries. However, some data were available, particularly in the case of Morocco. The EUROSTAT database is the main source for the analysis carried out in this chapter. The Eurostat data are related to time-series and the evolution of price (euro or US$ per kilo), production (metric tonnes - MT), and total revenue (turn-over) of the main small tuna species. The main species examined are: • Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda); • Bullet tuna (Auxis rochei and Auxis thazard, due to the confusion existing in identifying and reporting the species); • Little thunny (=Atl. black skipjack) (Euthynnus alletteratus); • Plain bonito (Orcynopsis unicolor); • Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). It is to be taken into due account that catch (=landing) data in Eurostat are sometimes different from the data in the FAO or ICCAT databases and therefore discrepancies might appear. This problem is discussed in the final part of this report. The information existing in the Eurostat database and some additional data obtained for this study for some countries have permitted this specific analysis to be carried out. 4.1 Overview of small tuna species landings in the Mediterranean Sea The data existing for small tuna species in Eurostat are related to five main species, considering that the bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) and the frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) were considered as one species, although landings were sometimes reported for two separate species. The catches of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) show fluctuations over the last 30 years, with an average production of 18 000 tonnes per year for the last 10-year period. Catches of other species, namely Auxids tuna (Auxis rochei and Auxis thazad) (from here on conventionally named bullet tuna), little tunny (or Atlantic black skipjack) (Euthynnus alletteratus), plain bonito (Orcynopsis unicolor) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), remained almost stable, with an average catch of 3 700 tonnes, 2 300 tonnes, 120 tonnes and 80 tonnes, respectively (Figure 63). During the 1970s the total catch for these species was less than 15 000 tonnes; it increased up to a peak of 44 000 tonnes in 1983; since then the total quantity landed decreased until it stabilized around 25 000 tonnes3 (Figure 63). 3 The time series do not include the most recent year, when, according to FAO and ICCAT landings data, high catches were obtained, particularly for the Atlantic bonito. 112 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 Catches (MT) Catches 15000 10000 5000 0 9 7 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 03 981 19 1977 19 1 19 1985 19 198 19 1993 19 199 19 2001 20 Years Sarda sarda Auxis thazard, A.rochei Euthynnus alletteratus Orcynopsis unicolor Katsuwonus pelamis Figure 63 – Catches (metric tons) of small tunas in the Mediterranean; from 1975 to 2004 4.2 The economic relevance of small tuna fisheries. As stated in the previous paragraph 4.0, it is difficult to find specific data or information about the economy linked to the fisheries of small tuna species. However, for the purpose of this report, it was possible to recover some useful data either from Eurostat or from the scientific community in the region, thus consenting the exploration of the situation in some countries. 4.2.1 EC France The only species of small tunas reported to Eurostat by France in the Mediterranean is the skipjack; the maximum quantity recorded was 25 tonnes in 2003. The price of skipjack showed an exponential increase; after a slight decease in 2005, the trend continues moving upwards. The average price recorded in the last five years is EUR3.7/kg (Figure 64). 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 Price (Euros/kg) Price 1 0,5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Years Figure 64 – Average price (EUR/kg) of skipjack in France from 1999 to 2006 4.2.2 EC Greece According to the Eurostat database skipjack is the main species of small tunas caught in Greece. Its catch reached a maximum of about 2 100 tonnes in 1995. Since then the skipjack quantities decreased, reaching an average of about 1 300 tonnes per year over the last 5 years (Figure 65). 113 2500 2000 1500 1000 Catches (MT) Catches 500 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Years Figure 65 – Catches (metric tonnes) of skipjack in Greece from 1992 to 2006 (Eurostat) The total revenue (turn-over) made by the Greek fleet targeting skipjack reached an total of about 7,5 million euros between 1995 and 1997.
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