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Isla Mocha, Ad 1000-1700) TITLE PAGE SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION, LEADERSHIP, AND RESIDENTIAL PATTERNING AT AN ARAUCANIAN CHIEFLY CENTER (ISLA MOCHA, AD 1000-1700) by Roberto J. Campbell Lic., Universidad de Chile, 2002 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Roberto J. Campbell It was defended on September 30th, 2011 and approved by Robert D. Drennan, PhD, Distinguished Professor, Anthropology James B. Richardson III, Phd, Professor, Anthropology Mark B. Abbott, PhD, Associate Professor, Geology Dissertation Advisor: Marc P. Bermann, PhD, Associate Professor, Anthropology ii Copyright © by Roberto J. Campbell 2011 iii ABSTRACT SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION, LEADERSHIP, AND RESIDENTIAL PATTERNING AT AN ARAUCANIAN CHIEFLY CENTER (ISLA MOCHA, AD 1000-1700) Roberto J. Campbell, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2011 The native populations of Araucania (southern Chile) never succumbed to Inka or Spanish conquest. But while independent indigenous sociopolitical structures persisted until the late 1800s, remarkably little is known about late prehispanic and early historical Araucanian sociopolitical organization. Lacking significant archaeological research, current reconstructions are based almost exclusively on European chronicles, and paint a bewilderingly varied picture of indigenous organization, ranging from a native Araucania made up of scattered autonomous kin units lacking any political centralization, to one consisting of powerful chiefdoms built on elaborate public display and macro-regional alliances among elites. My research was oriented at producing a comprehensive understanding of Araucanian settlement and socioeconomic organization and social leadership through archaeological investigation of household variability and intra-community patterning at archaeological sites belonging to the El Vergel archaeological complex (AD 1000-1550) and subsequent historical reche-Mapuche (AD 1550- 1750) period. My research zone of 6 km2 was established in and around the site of P31-1, an ethnohistorically tentative chiefly center, on Isla Mocha (Chile). In this zone, a full coverage survey, intensive surface collections, and test pits were completed. Inter and intrasite analyses were made of ceramic, lithic, archaeobotanical, and faunal assemblages. The information gathered made possible assessment of several current constructs of native Araucanian sociopolitical organization. The fieldwork revealed the existence of three communities (sites P29-1, P31-1, and P5- 1), which were relatively autonomous socially and economically. If there indeed was a paramount chief at P31-1, the centralizing effects of this office were very weak. The research produced no evidence for social inequality based on wealth finance activities (in exchange or iv craft production), wealth accumulation, or even markedly different household activities. At both P29-1 and P31-1 excavations revealed small but pervasive wealth differences among residents, seen in variability in consumption of higher value pottery, better stone tool material, and in diet. These muted wealth differences, when combined with the presence of two mounds and a sizable platform, suggest patterns of native social differentiation and leadership based on prestige and ideology, rather than forms of economic control. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................xix 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Social Leadership and Integration ............................................................... 2 1.1.2 Social Variability and Integration ................................................................. 3 1.2 RECONSTRUCTING ARAUCANIAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION .............................. 4 1.2.1 Dillehay’s 2007 Monuments and Power Construct ..................................... 7 1.3 RESEARCH AT ISLA MOCHA .................................................................................10 2.0 ARAUCANIAN SETTLEMENT: ETHNOHISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ......................................................................................................................12 2.1 SETTING ...................................................................................................................12 2.2 GENERAL ARAUCANIA CHRONOLOGY ................................................................14 2.2.1 Pitren (400-1000 AD) ....................................................................................14 2.2.2 El Vergel (1000-1550 AD) .............................................................................15 2.2.3 reche-Mapuche (1550-1882 AD) ..................................................................17 2.3 ARAUCANIAN REGIONAL, COMMUNAL, AND HOUSEHOLD PATTERNS ...........19 2.3.1 Ethnohistoric Perspectives .........................................................................19 2.3.2 The Araucanian Household: Ethnographic Fragments .............................23 2.3.3 Archaeological Perspective ........................................................................28 2.3.3.1 The Purén-Lumaco Valley ...........................................................................28 2.3.3.2 Archaeological Evidence for Araucanian Social Differentiation ...............30 2.3.3.3 Communal and Household Archaeological Studies ..................................32 2.4 ETHNOHISTORY ......................................................................................................33 2.4.1 Isla Mocha Demography and Political Organization at 1685 .....................45 2.4.1.1 Location of the Cacique Residential Site ...................................................49 3.0 ISLA MOCHA: ECOLOGY AND PREVIOUS RESEARCH ...........................................50 3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING .....................................................................................50 vi 3.1.1 Geology and climate ....................................................................................50 3.1.2 Faunal Resources ........................................................................................52 3.1.3 Plant resources and agriculture ..................................................................53 3.2 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ........................................................55 3.2.1 1902-1990 ......................................................................................................55 3.2.2 The Quiroz and Sánchez research projects ...............................................56 3.2.2.1 Previous Ceramic Studies ...........................................................................57 3.2.2.2 Previous Lithic Studies................................................................................58 3.2.2.3 Previous Faunal RemainStudies .................................................................59 3.2.2.4 Previous Paleobotanical Studies ................................................................60 3.2.3 Local Chronology .........................................................................................60 3.2.3.1 The Quiroz and Sánchez sequence for the “ceramic cultures” period (AD 400 to AD 1685) in Isla Mocha.....................................................................................60 4.0 RESEARCH AREA AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................66 4.1 RESEARCH AREA ...................................................................................................66 4.2 ASSESSING SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION AT ISLA MOCHA .................................71 4.2.1 Craft Production Items.................................................................................72 4.2.2 Household Size ............................................................................................76 4.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.........................................................................................77 5.0 METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................81 5.1 FIELD METHODS .....................................................................................................81 5.1.1 First stage: The survey and surface collections ........................................82 5.1.2 Second stage: Intensive surface collections .............................................82 5.1.3 Third stage: test pit excavation ...................................................................83 5.2 MATERIAL ANALYSIS .............................................................................................84 5.2.1 Ceramics Analysis .......................................................................................84 5.2.2 Lithic analysis ..............................................................................................94 5.2.3 Faunal Remains Analysis ............................................................................96 5.2.4 Paleobotanical analysis ...............................................................................96 6.0 FIELDWORK AND RESULTS.......................................................................................98 6.1 SURVEY ....................................................................................................................98
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