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OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 36 NO. 2 SPRING 1986 The Archaeological Society of

TERM Gordon Hart, 760 N Main St., Blutfton, 46714 EXPIRES O.A.S. OFFICERS David J, Snyder. P O Box 31 :«IM!MW]nPEk£I 1986 President Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus. Dr Phillip R Shriver, Miami University. Oxford. Ohio 45056 Ohio 43221 -Tele: Home 459-0808, Bus, 888-3572 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware Ohio 1986 Vice President Scott Haskins, 2160 Fitzroy Dr., Apt A-6, Associate Editor Martha P otto. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43224-Tele: Home 476-4843 Columbus, Ohio 1986 Exec. Sect. Martha Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, jeii carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Zanesville, Ohio 43701 Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home846-7640, Bus. 466-1500 Ext 256 1986 Treasurer Donald W. Foster, 54-E West Park St., Westerville, AII articles reviews and comments on the Ohio Archaeologist Ohio 43081-Tele: Home 891-7417 should be sent to the Edltoi Memberships requests foi back 1986 Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd Canal issue's, changes of address, and other matter should be senl to the business office Winchester, Ohio 43110-Tele: Home 837-4862 • 1986 Immediate Past President Mike Kish, 39 Parkview Ave., PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY OF AD­ Westerville. Ohio 43081 -Tele: Home 882-4176, DRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS SOCIETY MAIL Bus 890-3000 Ext. 107 CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 1986 Editop Robert N Converse, 199 Converse Dr, Plain City, Ohio 43064-Tele: Home 873-5471, Bus. 873-4664 Editorial Office TRUSTEES 199 Converse Drive, Plain City. Ohio 43064 1986 Dana L Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd., 206, Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340-Tele: Home 513-354-3951 BUS. MANAGER 1986 Michael W. Schoenfeld. 524 Sycamore Dr., Pickerington, Joe Redick. 35 W Riverglen Dr . Ohio 43147-Tele: Home 837-7088 Worthington. Ohio 43085 1986 Douglas Hooks, 120 Yoha Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44907- Tele: Home 419-756-8782 Membership and Dues 1986 Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Hts., Newcomerstown, Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable Ohio43832-Tele: Home 498-7178, Bus 498-7527 on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $12 00: 1988 AlvaMcGraw, 1177 Eastern Ave, Chillicothe, Ohio 45601- Husband and wife (one copy of publication) $13 00; Life member­ Tele: Home 773-4399 ship $300 00 Funds are used for publishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit 1988 Ernest G. Good, 3402 Civic Place, Grove City, Ohio 43123— organization and has no paid officers or employees Tele: Home 875-6156 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and subscription 1988 Donald A. Casto. 138 Ann Ct , Lancaster, Ohio 43130- is included in the membership dues Tele: Home 653-9477 1988 Frank Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, Ohio 43081 - Back Issues Tele: Home 846-7640 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Regional Collaborators Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 David W Kuhn. 2642 Shawnee Rd . Portsmouth. Ohio Ohio Stone , by Robert N Converse $ 4.00 Charles H Stout. Sr , 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn. Ohio Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse $10 00 Mark W Long, Box 467, Wellston. Ohio Back issues —black and white —each $ 4.00 Steven Kellsy Seaman, Ohio Back issues —four full color plates —each . $ 4.00 William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave . Lakewood, Ohio Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 Robert Jackman. Box 30, Wellsville, Ohio 43968 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to James L Murphy. University Libraries. 1858 Neil Avenue Mall. time Write to business office for prices and availability Columbus. Ohio 43210

STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE SOCIETY PHOTOGRAPHER Robert Converse1. Chaiiman Martha Otto. Chaiiman Jeff Carskadden. Chairman Len Weidnei Steve Fuller Mike Sohoenfeld Richard Patterson FLOOR MANAGER'S Jack Hooks John Winsch jell Brown COMMITTEE Wayne Mortine Bob Hill James Murphy Dana Baker Joy Jon, \ Don Casto. Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Edith Campbell AUDITING COMMITTEE Jane Weidnei, Chairman SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Dave united Don Foster Chairman Sharon Puttera COMMITTEE Robert White Craig Ciola Mike Wilson Robert Converse. Chairman Roy Stuart Mike Schoenfeld Ken Saunders Jeff Carskaddeii Maitha Otto EXHIBITS COMMITTEE COMMITTEE TO STUDY Greg Shipley Scott Haskins BUDGETING Don Casto. Co-Chairman Wayne Mortine Frank Otto, Co-Chairman Kim Ellis Don Foster. Chairman Scott Haskins RAFFLE COMMITTEE Jim Perry Jim Hahn .lames Gieenlc IS Chris Olemck. Chairman Jim Gooding Steve Olemck Jason Greenlee Dawn Wilson Jane Weidnei Warren Mears FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS (Joe Redick) Doug Hooks COMMITTEE Scott Haskins Dana Baker. Co-Chairman EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE TO REVIEW Steve Puttera Steve Fuller. Co-Chairman COMMITTEE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Doug Hooks Robert Hill. Chairman Robert Converse, Co-Chairman William Kmy. Chairman Don Bapst Craig Ciola Don Gehlbach. Co-Chairman William Tiell Robert Converse Jeff Fiulh Tom Grubb Dan Rosette' Ernie Good James Gooding Jim Hahn Virginia Morelock Dorothy Good Maitha Otto Paul Ford TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Column Turtle Effigy Pipes 4-7 Your president has reached the end of his term of office with An Update On Knox County Multiple mixed emotions but a renewed admiration for our society and the people who have contributed to our continued vitality. Component Sites 33KN40 To 33KN44..8-11 Having been an A.S.O. member for over 21 years, an officer or Stone Mountain Dedication 12-13 committee head for the past 8 years I have been privileged to be part of our steady growth and prosperity. Many things stand Artistic Expression In The Late out as we look forward to the 45th year of our proud history. Prehistoric Period 14 Among the things which stand out as we look at our organization in 1986 are: An Exceptional Miniature Pendant 15 1. A membership which is the largest and most diversified of any state archaeological organization in the country. Multicomponent Sites Associated With 2. A society which serves the interests of both the amateur and The Oak Run Site (33 Ma 11) 16-20 professional. Two Unusual Shovel-shaped Pendants 21 3. A society with active and growing regional chapters across the state. Black Flint 22 4. A society which provides financial assistance in support of worthwhile archaeological research in our state. Two Fine Parallel-flaked Points 23 5. A society which sponsors eight statewide meetings each A Broken Double Crescent 23 year, the most of any group of its type. 6. A society publishing the best informational and educational An Unusual Find 24 bulletin reaching our members homes four times a year. Ten Mile Creek Archaic Points 25 7. A society which regularly publishes special books and other materials of value to our membership. Of special note is the The Miami Archaic Complex 26-30 pending completion of an index/bibliography listing the contents of The Ohio Archaeologist since the society's Fire Pit Artifacts 31 founding. 8. A society having the finest meeting facility for our four major 1985 Awards Listing A.S.0 31 shows each year. Community : A Project We must continue to build on this record of success. Involving High School Students 32-33 Although my term as president has ended I will continue to be a positive influence in meeting the needs of our members in the A Banded Ironstone Spud 34-35 years to come. My hope is that all of you, our members, will do your part by supporting both the new officer team and your Trophy 36-37 society as in the past. D. R. Gehlbach The 1986 Robert N. Converse Award 38 Field Find Judging Criteria 39 Book Review 39

FRONT COVER BACK COVER This magnificent expanded notch point is in the collection A rarity among rarities, this pick hannerstone of light of Norman McKnight of Ashville, Ohio. Made of mottled green chlorite was a surface find in the summer of 1985 in Coshocton flint, it is one of the finest examples of the type Ashland County, Ohio. Artifacts of chlorite are extremely known in Ohio. It was found near McConnelsville, Morgan scarce in Ohio and surface finds even scarcer. County, Ohio, and is five inches in length. Turtle Effigy Pipes By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

In his valuable study on Tobacco, chlorite, well-made and highly polished, graphs from George A. West's Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Customs of the is shown in two views in Figure 3. Found Pipes, and Smoking Customs of the American Indians, George A. West as­ in 1871 -1872 near Pentwater in Oceana American Indians used in this article in serts (1934:197) that "Turtle Effigy Pipes County, Michigan, it was part of the DO. Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. To Dr. George are extremely rare, but are occasionally Boudeman Collection in Kalamazoo McCormick of the Department of Geol­ found east of the River." In when photographed by West. It meas­ ogy of the University of Iowa goes my reviewing a quarter-century of issues of ures 4V2 inches in length and 4 inches in thanks for assistance in identification of the Ohio Archaeologist, I have found width between the ends of its fully ex­ stone materials, and to Neil Allen of the little to disprove West's assertion. The tended legs. (See West, 1934: 198; University of Arizona and Kristina Kova- spring issue in 1980 contained a photo­ 734-735.) lik of the University of Delaware for graph of a turtle effigy pipe In Figure 4 is shown a turtle effigy summertime curatorial assistance in 4]/2 inches high of sandstone from Craw­ pipe of dark steatite measuring 4% work with the Jacka Collection in the ford County, Ohio (see Tiell: 28-29), inches in length. Found in Dodge County, Heritage Hall Museum at Lakeside. Fin­ while the July issue in 1961 (Atkinson: Wisconsin, it is beautifully detailed in its ally, to my son, R. Scott Shriver, and to 82) showed an unfinished Feurt Village shell markings both above and below. John H. Bowser of the Audio-Visual sandstone turtle effigy pipe, also of Fort Its elongated tail serves as the stem. Department of Miami University, goes Ancient culture, from the Dr. Stanley G. (See West, 1934:197,490-491.) A black my gratitude for photographic assistance Copeland Collection of the Ohio Histori­ slate pipe 3% inches long, with a turtle with the illustrations used in this article. cal Society. Measuring 2% inches in effigy on top of its base, head erect length, this particular specimen evi­ facing the smoker, was found in 1877 in denced incomplete drilling of bowl and Delaware and is shown in Figure 5. (See mouthpiece and no final finishing of West, 1934:198,736-737.) Found in the References details of shell, feet, and head. (See City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is the Atkinson, Ed W. Figure 1.) stylized steatite turtle effigy pipe shown 1961 ed., "Feurt Village Artifacts" in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 82. in Figure 6, measuring 3% inches in In striking contrast to the unfinished Baldwin, John Feurt Village specimen of Fort Ancient length. (See West, 1934:198, 732-733.) 1974 "Some Ohio Artifacts in Indiana" in cultural origin are the five curved-base Given the rarity of turtle effigy pipes Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 24, No. 4, platform or monitor type turtle effigy among North American Indian cultures, p. 23. pipes of Hopewell or Middle Woodland you can imagine my excitement when I Gehlbach. Don R. cultural origin illustrated in West (1934: recently saw another one, a large and 1977 The Massive Effigy Pipe Form: An beautifully proportioned one of probable Enigma to Archaeological Re­ 634-635) and shown here in Figure 2. search" in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. Mississippian cultural tradition, in the Number 1, from the U.S. National Mu­ 27, No. 4, pp. 20-21. seum, is made from catlinite, is finely William Jacka Collection exhibited in the 1982 "Ohio Pipe Chronology Chart" in detailed even to the turtle's feet under Heritage Hall Museum of Lakeside in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 32, No. 4, the rim of the bowl, is 3 inches long, and Ottawa County on Ohio's Marblehead p. 8. was found in Scott County, , in Peninsula. (See Figures 7, 8, and 9.) Herbert, Paul A. 1906. Number 2, from St. Francis Point, Larger and heavier than the rest of the 1985 Greaf Lakes Nature Guide. Michi­ , is also made of catlinite and turtle effigy pipes I have seen, it is 6Ve gan United Conservation Clubs. shows careful execution of the head as inches long, 4% inches wide, 2% inches Lansing. high at the bowl, 1% inches high on Otto, Martha Potter well as detailed, almost life-like markings 1984 "Masterworks in Pipestone: Treas­ either side of the bowl, and it weighs 2 on the shell. Its length is 3% inches. ure from Tremper Mound" in Time­ Numbers 3, 4, and 5 are from the famed pounds, 3 ounces. Carved from steatite line, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 18-33. Tremper Mound in Scioto County, Ohio, and highly polished on both top and Tiell, William S. excavated by William C. Mills in 1915, bottom, it is reddish-brown, shading to 1980 The Snake'- in Ohio Archaeologist, and are now part of the collection of the gray, in color. Particularly interesting are Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 28-29. Ohio State Historical Society. (See Otto, the detailed shell, eye, mouth, and tail West, George A. 1984: 18-33.) All 3 are made of Ohio markings incorporated by the sculptor. 1934 Tobacco, Pipes, and Smoking Cus­ pipestone, ranging from dark brown, to Life-sized, it appears it be a painted toms of the American Indians. Pub- mottled red and cream, to mottled yellow turtle, or Chrysemys picta (see Figure 1 ic M useum of the City of M ilwaukee. 2 volumes. and brown. The 3 are 2V2, 4, and 3% 10), its short, stubby, triangular tail, small inches in length, respectively, and rep­ oval head, and upper shell markings resent a painted turtle, a box turtle, and being characteristic of that species a snapping turtle. The original stem-hole (which incidentally is found throughout of number 3 contains a plug of stone, the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes characterized by West (1934: 634) as areas). (See Herbert, 1985: 47.) Dimin­ "probably the broken point of the drill ished by the absence of data respecting that could not be extracted." This in turn its discovery, it is nonetheless a remark­ necessitated the drilling by the primitive able example of . craftsman of a second stem-hole. All 3 Tremper Mound turtle effigy pipes are Acknowledgements very finely executed and show careful Appreciation is extended to Susan attention to detail. (See Otto, 1984: 28, Otto, Photographic Collection Manager 29.) of the Milwaukee Public Museum, for A very unusual turtle effigy pipe of kind permission to reproduce photo­

4 Fig. 1 (Shriver) Unfinished Feurt Village turtle effigy pipe of sandstone. Part of the Stanley G. Copeland Collection of the Ohio Historical Society, it is reprinted herefrom the Ohio Archaeologist. Vol. 11. No. 3, p 82.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Five Hopewell or Middle Woodland platform pipes with turtle effigies on the bowls. No. 1 is from Scott County, Illinois; No. 2, from St. Francis Point, Arkansas; and Nos. 3. 4, and 5 from the Tremper Mound, Scioto County, Ohio. Photograph re­ produced courtesy of the Mil­ waukee Public Museum.

.

Fig. 3 '(Shriver) Turtle effigy pipe of chlorite. shown in two views. From Oceana County, Michigan. Photograph reproduced here courtesy of the Milwaukee Public Museum.

b Fig. 4 (Shriver) Steatite pipe, turtle effigy, from Dodge County, Wisconsin. Tail is the stem. Photograph reproduced courtesy Milwaukee Public Museum.

Fig. 5 (Shriver) Black slate turtle effigy pipe from Delaware. Photograph repro­ duced courtesy of the Milwaukee Public Museum

Fig. 6 (Shriver) Stylized turtle effigy pipe of steatite from Milwaukee. Wisconsin. Photogfaph reproduced with permission of the Milwaukee Public Museum. Fig. 7 (Shriver) Large Mississippian turtle effigy pipe of steatite from the William Jacka Collection. Heritage Hall Museum, Lakeside, Ohio.

Fig. 8 (Shriver) Same pipe as in Fig. 7. top view, showing detail of upper shell, head and tail.

PAINTED TURTLE Chrytmmyt piefa Fig. 10 (Shriver) Sketch of the common painted turtle, or Fig. 9 (Shriver) Same pipe, front view, showing detail of head, eyes, and mouth. Chrysemys picta, reproduced from Herbert's Great Lakes Nature Guide, p. 47. The large turtle effigy pipe shown in Figs. 7, 8, and 9 appears to represent the painted rather than the box or snapping turtle. An Update On Knox County Multiple Component Sites 33KN40 To 33KN44 By M. A. Faith 271 Knollwood Drive Wadsworth, Ohio

A preliminary description of the five points or large stone tools. This suggests crude, they exhibit the typical delicate subject sites in the Mohican River valley the area was used for many years merely pressure retouch, but the occurrence of near Greer, Ohio was reported in the as a mundane, domestic living area. It is these Ft. Ancient tools seem unusual as Ohio Archaeologist (Vol. 30, No. 1,1980) not known if a more systematic study by far north as Knox county. Figures 8-10 with the intention of periodically updat­ professionals would be worthwhile, but are miscellaneous stone artifacts (8), ing any progress with their investigation. I believe that significant material prob­ pendant blanks (9), and a sandstone Unfortunately, technological progress ably still lies buried in these fields based (10). Figure 11 is of the small must march on, and the combination of on what surfaced during some of the oil hematite sphere and a drilled stone no-till planting and extensive oil well well digging. bead. drilling in the area of these sites has The accompanying figures show typi­ In summary, these multiple compo­ resulted in their being nearly barren for cal diagnostic artifacts from the various nent sites appear to be both extensive surface collecting in recent years. How­ sites. I would appreciate any help from and intensive. They have yielded a wide ever, some clarification of the nature of the readers in identifying the items in variety of lithic material suggesting long the sites has been made, and this is figure 1. The sandstone (1-b) is term prehistoric occupation. However, reported herein. clearly man made but does not conform no further investigation of these sites is Approximately 300 additional lithic to anything I have previously seen de­ planned at the present time. artifacts have been collected since the scribed. Nor can I identify the target­ 1980 report bringing the total to nearly like shale "fossil" (1-a) or the deeply 4600. The multiple component nature drilled (or solution cavity?) containing of all five sights continues to be evident. stone resembling some sort of animal or References 33KN40and33KN41 exhibit the widest bird head effigy. I believe (1-a) and (1-c) Fath, MA. variety of artifacts ranging chronologi­ are probably naturally occurring, but am 1980 Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 30, No. 1, not sure. Help anyone? pg. 43 cally from Paleo end scrapers, some with Converse, R. N. graver spurs, to Archaic, Adena, Hope­ Figures 2-6 are respectively typical 1973 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeology well through to triangular points typical Paleo material (2), Archaic projectile Society of Ohio, Sixth Printing of the Mississippian Period. Archaic points (3), Woodland and Adena Points Revised. lithics continue to predominate in (4), Hopewell bladelets (5) and Missis­ 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, The Archaeology 33KN40 while 33KN41 contains more sippian triangulars (6). Figure 7 shows Society of Ohio, Third Printing. Paleo and Woodland material. It was two relatively large bipointed 1985 Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 4, previously reported that a 2 cm. dia­ (each with one damaged tip). Although pg. 18. meter metallic ball was found in 33KN41 1 now believe this to be a hematite spheroid (fig. 11) nearly identical to one picture by Converse in Ohio Archaeolo­ gist, Vol. 35, No. 4, pg. 18, 1985. Sites 33KN42 and 43 have been es­ sentially devoid of cultural material ex­ cept for one fine Adena figure (8-e). When these sites were being plowed, they seemed to yield more later material and fewer Paleo/Archaic lithics, but the quantity of material is too sparce to be certain of this predominately latter occupation. Probably the most pleasant surprise is that 33KN44 is more extensive than originally thought. It is nearer to an old Fig. I (Fath) Unidentified farmhouse than some of the other sites; Artifacts: Shale "fossil" (a). therefore, it was probably picked over Sandstone (b). Effigy of animal head, or naturally oc­ for many years prior to being formally curring? (c). registered. The recent oil well drilling, access drive building and storage tank placement disturbed the area more than the years of plowing, and this activity surfaced a variety of artifacts. Again, a multiple component distribution is ob­ served but apparently with a heavier concentration of Paleo material. Figure 2 shows some of the material from this site. As earlier reported, all five sites con­ tinue to yield mostly miscellaneous lithic flakes and scrapers at approximately a '.'IL''1'''1'''*'''1'''*'''1'1'*'''1' 20 to 1 ratio over diagnostic projectile

8 Fig. 3 (Fath) Archaic Lithics: Pentagonal Points (a) (b), Dovetails (c) (d), Hafted scrapers (e). Vosberg corner notch (f). Side notch (g) (k), Hafted shaft (h). Bifurcates (i) (j). Ashtabula points (one reworked) (I) (m). f

Fig. 2 (Fath) Paleo Material: Piano bases (a) (d). Square knives (b) (c), Stemmed lanceolate (e). End scraper with graver spur, (f), Stringtown lanceolate (g).

Fig. 5 (Fath) Hopewell Bladelets.

ITVITTVTTTBHBH Fig. 4 (Fath) Adena and Woodland Material: Early Woodland Points (a-c), Adena (d).

9 Fig. 6 (Fath) Mississippian Triangular Points.

' ' ' 1. I ' 1 ' I ' 3 ' I

Fig. 7 (Fath) Ft. Ancient Bipointed Knives.

Fig. 8 (Fath! Miscellaneous Stone Artifacts: Flint ax (a). (b). Polished granite hammerstone (c), Discoidel (d), Adena or adze (e). Abrading stone (f).

10 2 I ' .i ' -.JL • i * V S#S3 ORCO j 11 > • i • 11». i. i. i. i. i. i. i. t. i. i. i. i. i. i rp^QMH**

Fig. 9 (Fart) Pendants: Grooved sandstone (a), Quadraconcave slate gorget blank (b). Pendant base (c).

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Fig. 10 (Fath) Sandstone Cupstone.

Fig. 11 (Fath) Drilled stone bead (a). Hematite Sphere (b).

1 1 Stone Mound Dedication By Lar Hothem Box 458 Lancaster, Ohio

Recently Lancaster's Standing Stone and was 182 feet in diameter. It was Ohio as follows: Chapter of the Archaeological Society surrounded by a low embankment "... In some cases a mound of stones of Ohio helped in the dedication of an of an oval form, accompanied by a was enlarged by heaping earth over early Indian mound. One of the largest ditch, and having a getaway at the it; in others, the two substances are existing stone mounds in the state, it is east end. To make the dam at the mingled throughout; but, as a rule, located west of Lancaster, on private , from ten to fifteen thou­ only stones were used in the larger property. At a meeting held December sand wagon loads of stone were structures, the debris now filling 8th, 1985, the Chapter hosted some 30 removed from it. Near the circum­ interstices being the accumulation members and interested persons. ference of the base of the mound from dust and decaying vegetation Martha Otto, head archaeologist at the were discovered fifteen or sixteen which has gradually worked down­ Ohio Historical Center, Columbus, spoke small earth mounds, and a similar ward from the surface to the interior. on stone mounds of Ohio. one in the center. In one, two feet "Such mounds are far less numer­ After the talk, a caravan excursion was below a layer of hard, white, fine ous in any section of the State than made to the mound. Oblong, it is made clay, an explorer came upon a are those made entirely of earth; up of outcrop sandstone blocks, glacial trough, covered by small logs, and they occur most frequently in the cobbles and boulders, and topsoil. Pres­ in it was found a skeleton, south and east of Columbus. Licking ent dimensions, after some stone was around which appeared the impres­ and Perry seem more favored than removed in pioneer times, is 72 ft. wide, sion of a coarse cloth. With the skele­ any other counties, with those of 168 ft. long and 13J4 ft. high. A perma­ ton were found fifteen copper rings, great size. Some of them are up­ nent record was provided by videotape and a breast-plate or badge.".. . wards of twenty feet in height, while taken by Peggy and Tom Hyde, color Fowke, quoting Field Work, reported intact; and all that have been exam­ slides by Don Casto and black and white on another large stone mound. ined contained human remains at photos by Lar Hotem printed by Larry "In April, 1896, the stone mound the base; sometimes, but not always, Conrad. near Jacksontown measured 189 specimens of general types found feet northeast and southwest; 207 in earthen tumuli were recovered." The mound is from the Woodland feet northwest and southeast; aver­ Surviving stone mounds, in snort, are period, 500 B.C.-A.D. 1000, and of age height 8V feet; maximum height literally few and far between, partly course is either Adena or Hopewell in 2 12 feet; minimum height 5 feet. because they were obvious and pro­ origin. At the dedication, the mound was From the traditions and publications vided a ready source of construction named the Stepath Fairfield County of early archaeologists and from the materials for early Ohio builders. It is Heritage Mound. The position of the curve preserved by a large tree on hoped that the recognition given the mound was plotted on a quadrangle the north side, it must have been Stepath Mound will help preserve this topographic map for exact present loca­ about 55 feet in height when com­ particular stonework. tion. In the future, the mound may be pleted. (...) Excavations were made included in the Ohio Registry of Historic at various places, but without re­ Places. sults; the teamsters, and subsequent Reference Stone mounds were once far more curiosity hunters, had done their Fowke, Gerard, numerous in southcentral Ohio, accord­ work thoroughly where they had 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio, ing to Gerard Fowke, quoting McLean: been at work." Ohio State Archaeological and "The large stone mound near New­ Fowke summarized stone mounds in Historical Society, Columbus, pp. ark had a height of about fifty feet 388-389.

Fig. I (Hothem) Members of the Standing Stone Chapter. ASO. gather before explor­ ing the Mound and vicinity. The Mound is sited on a low ridge between a small stream anil lulls

12 i: •y% j JT^W % * kh

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Fig. 2 (Hothem) Standing Stone Chapter members and friends atop the Mound give some idea of scale for the large structure. The Stepath Fairfield County Heritage Mound sign is visible at center left.

Fig. 3 (Hothem) At the Mound dedication. Martha Otto, right, measures a long dimension w> '.•liter) and Peggy Hyde (left) videotape the process. Several photographic records were made of the Mound visit.

13 Artistic Expression in the Late Prehistoric Period By D. R. Gehlbach 3450 Sciotangy Drive Columbus, Ohio

Shown are several exotic artifacts frog effigy pipe from the same period. nesses of other life forms he revered. from the late Mississippian and Caddo In the right foreground is a shell bead Possibly in witnessing their magic quali­ periods in the Southwest. All represent necklace of the Caddo focus. In total, ties, he determined to capture their classic representation of the decorative the assemblage makes a pleasing ap­ beauty. The beads would have achieved motifs seen in the terminal prehistoric pearance in the combined display. a more decorative purpose. era in Arkansas, Southwest Missouri We wonder what whimsical objective Although the primitive Amerindians and Eastern Oklahoma. On the left is a was targeted in the manufacture of these are often viewed as backward and cul­ highly stylized passenger pigeon effigy artifacts. Perhaps in responding to his turally disadvantaged, their artistic crea­ perched atop the rim of bowl. In the environment, the primitive artisan de­ tions should be admired for their sym­ background is a sculptured-in-the-round cided in several cases to create like­ metry and accurate representation.

Fig. I — Passenger pigeon effigy bowl, Lee County, Arkansas: frog effigy pipe. Pemiscott County. Missouri; shell bead necklace. LeFlore County. Oklahoma. (Photo by Michael Motts).

14 An Exceptional Miniature Pendant By Lyle Meeker Rt. 1 Butler, Ohio 44822

The miniature pentagonal pendant It is made of green and black banded Mound in northern Ohio (Converse- 13 3 was found in May, 1985, when I and my slate and is 1 /i6 inches long and 1 /,6 1978). brother Lester were surface hunting in inches wide. It has a high degree of Richland County, Ohio. When I picked it workmanship and the hole shows a good Reference up I thought it was a broken piece of deal of wear. It was partially damaged Converse, Robert N. slate and did not realize it was an artifact but is restored. A similar pendant was 1978 Ohio Slate Types, Columbus until we washed it after hunting. recovered from the Hopewell Esch

15 Multicomponent Sites Associated With The Oak Run Site (33 Ma 11) By Tim Nagel London, Ohio In 1979 I presented a comprehensive to this region are represented in the Bibliography report on the Oak Run Site (33 Ma 11) in collection. Converse. Robert N. Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 5-10 of the Ohio Ninety five percent of the artifacts 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeologi­ Archaeologist. This article will address recovered while surface hunting were cal Society of Ohio. the adjacent multicomponent sites not obtained between 1970 and 1980. Due 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeologi­ to the practice of no-till farming very cal Society of Ohio. yet inventoried. 1973 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeologi­ Unlike the Oak Run Site which was few artifacts have been found on these cal Society of Ohio. predominantly Fort Ancient (67%), the sites in the past six years. Nagel, Tim O. twelve sites to be briefly outlined here All of the sites are on high ground 1979 A Seasonal Fort Ancient Campsite have yielded over 1,250 artifacts of overlooking a small valley and are lo­ in Madison County, Ohio. Ohio which 50% are from the archaic culture. cated within an area less than one half a Archaeologist, 29(3): 5-10. Lithology of these artifacts will not be square mile. I will briefly attempt to included in this article due to the size of describe any unique features observed the collection. However, all of the flint, per site. stone and slate types which are common

TABLE 12 Total FLINT TYPES Sitetf 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 It 1 Unfluted Point 1 1 1 End Scraper With Graver Spur 1 Parallel Flaked Lanceolates 1 1 7 Lanceolates 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 Stemmed Lanceolates 1 1 21 Blades 1 6 2 4 I 3 3 1 1 Square Knives 6 7 1 6 13 4 6 1 6 2 52 Archaic Side Notched Points 2 Hafted Shaft Scrapers 1 1 l I 2 Heavy Duty Serrated Points 2 Corner Notched Serrated Points 1 1 1 5 Archaic Bevels 1 1 1 1 6 11 5 8 2 11 5 3 3 4 1 1 60 Archaic Corner Notched Points 2 Diagonal Corner Notched Points 1 1 2 2 4 Expanded Notched Points 3 Basal Notched Points 2 1 1 1 Concave Base Corner Notched Points 4 Expanding Stemmed Points 2 2 I 8 Archaic Stemmed Points 1 2 1 2 1 1 Thich Stemmed Points 1 1 3 1 7 Lake Erie Bifurcated Points I 1 1 2 1 I 1 4 Large Bifurcates 1 1 1 2 St. Albans Bifurcated Points 1 3 Kanawha Bifurcated Points 1 1 1 1 Notched Base Dovetail 1 2 Lamoka Points 1 I 1 1 Weak Stemmed Points 2 Vosburg Corner Notched Points 2 1 1 Bottleneck Points 2 Dovetail Points 1 1 17 Fishspear Points 2 2 3 1 1 4 1 3 Heavy Duty Points I 1 1 2 3 Ashtabula Points 10 Early Woodland Points 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 Pentagonal Points 2 Meadowood Points 2 I 1 I 1 2 1 2 4 I 3 17 Adena Points 5 Adena Leaf-Shaped Blades 1 3 1 1 3 4 Hopewell Points 2 Hopewell Blades 2 3 I 1 Middle Woodland Points 2 2 1 1 2 6 Chesser Notched Points 1 4 1 3 4 2 4 1 14 Side Notched Triangulars 1 5 Fort Ancient Points 1 1 1 1 4 7 10 45 Triangular Points 2 B 8 1 7 1 2 7 Fort Ancient Knives 1 3 1 1 2 Bipointed Knives 4 2 3 4 2 5 I 28 Birdpoints 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 1 I 4 3 20 Flint Knives 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 A 10 3 1 2 6 1 34 Drills 4 2 4 2 1 1 38 Bladelets, or Flake Knives 2 g 10 6 6 2 12 33 5 7 118 End Scrapers 2 23 4 10 8 6 22 7 53 15 21 10 17 11 45 2 8 217 Edge Scrapers 1 3 Hafted Scrapers 1 1 3 2 3 1 16 Cores 2 2 3 7 4 3 I t 1 62 Performs 2 7 8 9 4 6 2 1 19 Gravers 3 2 5 1 2 3 3 312 Unidentified Point Fragments a 36 7 45 21 58 17 20 15 55 17 Gunflints 2 2 1,228

16 TABLE 2 Stone Tools Site# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Chisel 1* 1* Conical Pestle 1 Roller Pestle 1 1 Hammerstone 1 1 1 Full Grooved 1* Bell Pestle 1* Grooved Hammerstone 3 1 1 Three-quarter Grooved Axe r 1* Adena Celt 3* 2 2* 1* 1 Adena Adze 1 Hematite Celt 1 Tapered Celt 1 Pitted Stone 1 1 1 Square Celt-Banned Slate 1

Slate Types Winged 1* r Rectangular Two-Hole Gorget 2' Keyhole Pendant 1 Trapezoidal Pendant 1 Pebble Pendant 1 1 *Fragmented or broken artifacts

TABLE 3 Cultural Assemblage Percentage Paleo —Piano 8.5% Archaic 49.8% Early Woodland 3.8% Adena 5.6% Hopewell 1.6% Middle-Late Woodland 7.9% Fort Ancient 15.6% Mississippian 7.2%

Map 1 (11) (10)

(12)

1/ fit tftt f f f f

Fig. 2 (Nagel) Site #2 —Square celt (Hopewell) Fig. 1 (Nagel) Sue #1 — In 1976 an archaic 12" made of gray banned slate, left sided hafted roller pestle was found on this site. Interestingly shaft scraper of local and a 4" bipointed this was within a hundred yards of the only made of Brush Creek flint. Unflutcd point Lamoka point recovered to date. (fragment).

ffftff Mffv • MM

' T & f »#»

Fig. 3 (Nagel) Site #3 — Right sidedhafted shaft Fig. 4 (Nagel) Site ft-) — Large number of end scraper made of Coshocton flint. The two afore­ and edge scrapers recovered from this site. mentioned scrapers were found within 100 feet Mum/ bladelets or flake knives. Only one Hope­ of each other. Evidence of occupancy of a flint well point. knapper due to the large quantity of flint chips observed within a small area. Fragment of a winged banner and a Hopewell tapered celt.

• •If* Fig. 6 (Nagel) Site #6— Whole trapezoidal pen­ dant, several Hopewell points. One half key­ hole pendant found in March of 1978. the other half found in fitly of thai year within 10 feet Fig. 5 (Nagel) Site #5 — One Adena celt. Broken of each oilier. Stemmed lanceolate. Fragment bell pestle and fully grooved axe. of winged banner

18 ft ML M M if 9

%

fi T ? " ?-y

Fit/. 8 (Nagel) Site #8—Two separate fragments Fig. 7 (Nagel) Site #7- One Hematite celt and of rectangular two hole gorgets. Jeweled flint Hopewell . birdpomt. One 3W large bifurcate. One purple Archaic Side notched point. Only piece of this type of material found.

Fig. 9 (Nagel) Site #9— Two lanceolates and one pebble pendant. Fig. 10 (Nagel) Site #10-Evidently, by the ma­ terial collected, this is one of the most inhabited sites from Paleo to Adena Cultures. Abundant end and edge scrapers obtained from this site. f fffM • ftffi •

#f • I '.-^LJt9|^^H O0M .._tl..'_. i km Fig. 12 (Nagel) Site #12-Only site with red F/g. // fATa^e/) S/fe HI 1-Unique with five ocher deposit. unifuce hirdpoints found within a ten foot area over the years. One very large well worked, black flint blade (6" x 3"). Very thin in cross section.

19 This fine group of flint consisting of a heavy duty point, Adena points, dovetails, fractured base points and archaic bevels is part of the collection of Ron Heilman. Sidney, Ohio. All are from Ohio and of Flint Ridge material. 20 Two Unusual Shovel-shaped Pendants By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio

These two shovel-shaped pendants The second pendant is quite unusual edges is found on many specimens. No are in the collection of Ron Heilman, since it has a striking streak of yellowish- two examples are exactly identical and Sidney, Ohio, and each is unique. The white material running diagonally across yet a commonality of appearance is pendant on the left is of red banded it's face. It was found in Washington normal and the type is easily identified. slate—a material almost unheard of in County, Ohio. Tally-marks and notches on the edges the type since the vast majority of them This intriguing pendant type has been are present more often than not. are of black, gray or green slate. It was found associated with Hopewell (Con­ Reference found in Logan County, one mile from verse—1978) and a great variety of Converse, Robert N. the Shelby County line in 1930. design and idiosyncratic treatment of 1978 Ohio Slate Types, Columbus, Ohio.

21 Black Flint By Mike Cross 344 Mirabeau St. Greenfield, Ohio 45123

I'm sure everyone has their favorite from, Ross, Fayette, Highland, Pickaway Centerand right pieces have portions of color or type of artifact, I prefer black as and Clinton counties. the base and tip restored but both are you can see. Pictured are some of my In Fig. 2 are three pieces which are finely chipped. Restoration allows them better pieces. For size, the two dovetails restored. The dovetail on the left is of to be shown with other fine pieces, at center are 4 inches long. They are gray chert and is from Fayette County. f*»t! •tWtftf Fig. 1 (Cross) Group of fine black flint pieces.

Fig. 2 (Cross) Three dovetails which have restoration.

22 Two Fine Parallel-flaked Points By Lyle D. Meeker Route 1 Butler, Ohio 44822

Two parallel-flaked points are shown. On the left is a lanceolate which is 7 slightly over four inches long and /8 inches wide. It is made of black . On the right is a lanceolate of Coshoc­ ton flint. The tip has been reworked by the Indian. This type of lanceolate is one of the scarcer paleo varieties.

A Broken Double Crescent By Mike Cross 344 Mirabeau St. Greenfield, Ohio 45123 ^ This broken crescent is from Fayette County, and as near as can be deter­ mined, was found atop a slight rise of ground along the North Fork of Paint Creek before 1930. It is 6 inches from wing tip to tip and is made of black and dark green banded slate. It has a % inch hole completely drilled through and is broken along the length of the hole. It has very fine work­ manship all over showing the care taken by the Indian craftsman. If anyone has any information that could shed any more details about this piece, I would like to hear from them.

Fig. 1 (Cross) Portion of a double crescent from Fayette County, Ohio.

23 An Unusual Kentucky Find By John G. Patterson King's Mnt. Kentucky 40442

In the accompanying photograph (Fig. fact that it has two holes in one end and pentagonal pendant. It is made of slate 1) are shown some artifacts which I one in the other. In addition, the con­ and is 3% inches at its sidest point. found in central Kentucky in January, stricted center is like that on some other Other material found in the same area 1986. The large object in the center was constricted center gorgets but this one is also shown. There were some 1 sherds and ten nice stemmed points. broken when found and is a 9 /2 inch has one end finished in the shape of a gorget. It is unusual for it's size and the

Fig. 1 (Patterson) Large 9M> inch gorget and other material found in central Kentucky.

24 Ten Mile Creek Archaic Points By Mike Kiel 19856 Poe Rd. Weston, Ohio 43569

For the past 17 years I have surface collected Indian artifacts in northwest­ ern Wood County. It is evident from the great variety of artifacts that I've found that there is an excellent sample of Archaic material from this area. Repre­ sented in this group of Archaic materials are: scrapers, bifurcates, sidenotch, and my personal favorite the bevels. Since there aren't any known deposits of exotic lithic materials, such as Flint Ridge or Upper Mercer flints, the Indians had to rely on locally derived chert sources. From the area of Wood County that my collecting is done, the predomi­ nant material is Ten Mile Creek chert. This material could be secured either from glacial cobbles along Tontogany Creek or Weirs Rapids on the Maumee River. In comparison to the balance of the locally available lithic material, Ten Mile Creek chert is high quality. Workmanship in specimens of this material indicates that it can be worked into points with very fine edges. An artifact with little or no patination will be a cream color with gray mottling, and an exceptional piece will be transluscent on the extreme edges. Granted, Ten Mile Creek chert will never compare to Flint Ridge for beauty, but lay these points on a red or black background and the contrast makes for an eye-catching display.

25 The Miami Valley Archaic Complex By Jeffrey Georgiady Oxford, Ohio 45056

Abstract archaic groups, as found at more comprehensive study can be Of all the cultural groups found in (Webb 1946), are probably contempo­ made of the culture with the coopera­ Ohio, the most overlooked is the Ar­ rary but reflect their own environmental tion of both amateur and professional chaic. This is most ironic considering adaptation. archaeologists. the Archaic period was the longest of Another environmental consideration, the four major prehistoric groupings apparently made by the Miami Valley References (see Fig. No. 1). A large part of the Archaic Complex, was the location of Converse, Robert N. problem is the presence of the more occupational zones within a close proxi­ 1976 A Montgomery County Archaic Site, flamboyant Adena and Hopewell cul­ mity of flint or chert outcrops (Georgiady The Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 26, No. 1973). At all the major sites reported, 3, Columbus, Ohio. tures which overshadows the more Didalevsky, Linda utilitarian Archaic. only one lithic raw material was used in 1979 Analysis of Two Archaic Burials, The The Miami Valley Archaic Complex the manufacture of chipped flint tools. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 29, No. 2, was the first archaic group recognized Little or no exotic flint materials were Columbus, Ohio. in Ohio (Moffett 1949). At the time of its utilized. Instead, a local flint source, Georgiady, Jeffrey discovery, the Raisch-Smith site was (often Silurian), was used to an almost 1983 Origins of The Raisch-Smith Site compared to the newly discovered Ken­ total exclusion of other materials. , The Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. tucky archaic (Webb 1946). Although Another minor petrological pattern 33, No. 2, Columbus, Ohio. similar, each state reflected differences noted was the predominant use of green­ Long, Russel J. 1962 The Raisch-Smith Site, The Ohio due to their regional environments. stone (Tillite) in the manufacture of three-quarter grooved axes. Archaeologist, Vol. 12, No's 3 and The Raisch-Smith site was located on 4, Columbus, Ohio. the farms of Ben Raisch and Jake Smith In the discussion of the Raisch-Smith Mayer-Oaks, William J. in Israel Township, Preble County, Ohio. site (Moffett, 1949) the author made 1955 of the Upper Ohio Valley, Today the site lies under the parking lot some erroneous conclusions; "It does Annals of the Carnegie Museum, of the Hueston Woods boat marina. not seem, however that there were other Vol. 34, No 2, Pittsburgh, Pa. The name, the Miami Valley Archaic camps of this particular culture in the Moffet, Ross Complex, was first used (Converse 1976) Four Mile region" (Moffett 1949). Field- 1949 The Raisch-Smith Site, Ohio Ar­ work has found two other large Miami chaeological and Historical Quar­ during the description of the Dean Bow­ terly, Vol. 58, No. 4, Columbus, Ohio. man site, so named because it defines Valley Archaic Complex sites along Four Morelock, Virginia the geographic heartland of this prehis­ Mile Creek within a ten mile radius of 1977 Our Bicentennial Summer Dig, The toric group, the drainage system of the the Raisch-Smith site (Georgiady, 1983). Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 27, No. 2, Miami Rivers. All three of these sites are located at Columbus, Ohio. Chronologically the Miami Valley significant creek features, such as ex­ Webb, William S. Complex is middle archaic. Dates for treme bends or major forks in the creek. 1946 Indian Knoll, Dept. Anthropology, these sites range between 1,000 and This type of correlation of sites with University of Kentucky, Lexington, 5,000 B.C. (May-Oakes 1959) (Dida- major creek features may prove useful Kentucky levsky 1979). in the location of similar sites. The origins of the Miami Valley Archaic Judging from site reports, and field- Complex typologically appear to have work (lithic remains—see fig. no. 2), the derived from the late Paleo Indian Piano average population at each site was tradition. This is suggested by the use of made up of three to four extended large lanceolate projectile points in families. association with the atlatal. Based on debris, although not asdense the same typological similarities, these as their southern riverine counterparts, weak straight stemmed points (see fig. has been reported (Morelock 1977). This No. 3) may be antecedent of the Adena sort of refuse can give us some basic Cresap stemmed blade. idea of the diet of the Miami Valley Regional Adaptations Archaic Complex. Included inthisdebris are: deer teeth, burned bone, box turtle However, unlike the earlier more shells, snail and mussel shells, and nut nomadic Piano peoples, the Miami shells. The presence of nut shells may Valley Archaic Complex was more sed­ account for the abundance of pitted entary. Some traits which indicate this stones. This also suggests an autumn more sedentary lifestyle include: flexed activity, which gives rise to the question pit burials, post hole patterns (houses?), of whether these sites were seasonal. ground and pecked stone tools, and large occupational sites. Of the ground Conclusions stone tools, bell pestles and pitted From the data available, the Miami stones suggest a reliance on plant food Valley Archaic Complex appears to be a sources. distinctive cultural unit in Southwestern This type of hunting and gathering Ohio. It represents an important tran­ economy may be considered a regional sition from big game hunting to a more adaptation to the woodland environ­ sedentary hunting and gathering tradi­ ment, while similar groups to the south tion. It also is an excellent example of developed a riverine economy based regional adaptation to a particular envi­ on mussel collection. These southern ronment. It is hoped that in the future a

26 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE (Figure No. 1)

PERIOD CULTURE DATES Fluted Complex 12,000 B.C PALEO INDIAN Piano Complex 8,000 B.C 7,000 B.C ARCHAIC Miami Valley 5,000 B.C Archaic Complex 2,000 B.C Glacial Kame 1,000 B.C Figure No. 3 Adena Typical Lithic Inventory WOODLAND Hopewell 750 AD 1) Three quarter Cole—Intrusive Mound grooved axes 1,300 A. D MISSISSIPPIAN Fort Ancient 2) Pitted stones Erie 1,654 AD 3) Bell Pestles

4) Bar Weights

5) Grooved Table of Lithic Frequencies (Figure No. 2) 6) Weak straight stemmed RAISCH-SMITH* FOUST HERSHMAN 1) thick straight 15 205 387 7) Weak side weak stemmed notched 2) weak side notched 6 38 49 3) hafted scrapers 5 111 42 8) Hafted Scrapers 4) beveled knives 3 9 11 9) Beveled Knives 5) expanded base drills 3 3 3 6) three quarter 3 5 21 10) Expanded base grooved axes drills 7) bell pestles 2 19 32 8) grooved hammerstones 1 2 4 9) pitted stones 4 200 200 10) bar atlatal weights 11 38 41 *based on photographs from report

Figure No. 4 A Table of Sample Measurements ARTIFACT SITE LENGTH WIDTH OTHER 1) Bar Weight Hershman 14 cm 5.25 cm 165 grams 2)% grooved axe Hershman 17 cm groove 3.5 cm 3)% grooved axe Foust 13 cm groove 3 cm 4)% grooved axe Hershman 13 cm groove 3 cm Stem 5) Straight stem Hershman 6 cm 2 cm 1 cm 6) Straight stem Hershman 9.8 cm 3.1 cm 1 cm 7) Straight stem Foust 4.6 cm 2.1 cm 1.1 cm 8) Straight stem Foust 7.6 cm 3 cm 1.1 cm Based on the measurements of a large number of samples, the average width of the axe groove is approximately 3 cm. Average stem length on the weak straight stemmed is 1 cm. The average length of a bar weight is between 14 and 16 cm. with a width of 5.4 cm. The average axe bit is 4 cm. across, but showing a definite taper, for some unknown reason. The average depression in a pit stone is 2.75 across.

2/ Fig. 5 (Georgiady) Stone tools front the Hershman site.

Fig. 6 (Georgiady) Stone tools from the Foust situ.

28 Fig. 7 (Georgiady) Mortar and grindingstone from the Foust site.

Fig. 8 (Georgiady) Bar atlatl weights from the Hershman site.

Fig. 9 (Georgiady) Bar atlatl weights from the Foust site.

29 ft • t | # f I t * ' * a1 I ^K mm ^m t|| V 9

Figr. /O (Georgiady) Straight stemmed points from the Hershman site.

Fig. 11 (Georgiady) Lithic debris from the Foust site.

30 Fire Pit Artifacts By Jay Medici Dublin, Ohio 43017 The artifacts shown in Fig. 1 were found in a fire pit on the east shore of White Sulphur Lake in June 1985. The pit had been exposed by wave action and was about 18 inches below the sur­ face. All were found in the north side of the pit which apparently had been filled with darker soil and had a conical shape.

1985 Awards Listing A.S.O.

Best of Show Best Site January Bill Cray craft—Turkeytails January Don Casto-Don Paul Site March Don Potter-Flint March Paul Fritch-Wallace Site May Bill Tiell —Slate (birdstones) May Doug Rodgers—Any Site June Gene Edwards—Sandusky Bay Site July Ed Richard-Yant Site July Ken Spahr— Paleo Points November Howard West-Strait Site August Ed Brison —Flint, Perry, Fairfield County September Bill & Bob McVetta-Slate Presidential Award November Ron Gardner—Flint, Slate January Fred Havens—Point ident. March Ronald Helman — Flint, Cere. Best Type May Harold Brumfield —Flint, Stone January Bob White-Flint June Larry Cornell-Gen'l. Coll. March Charles Trader—Flint, Banners July None May Jan Sorgenfrei —Shell August None June Ensil Chadwick—Axes September None July John Kohr-Slate November Tom McAdam — Flint August John Rodgers—Stone Tools Mason Brown—Birdstone, other field finds September Jerry Bailey—Flint November S. A. Glass-Shell Special Awards January March May November

31 Community Archaeology: A Project Involving High School Students By Ronald F. Kingsley Project Director, DIG Professor Department of Teacher Development and Curriculum Studies Kent State University Kent, Ohio 44242

Abstract Ladd. In 1821 David Ladd rented the to the partially exposed stone foundation This article describes a special archae­ tannery from his brother and converted and structures of brick, students were ological project conducted with a select it to the manufacturing of glass. David instructed and supervised on digging group of high school students in a com­ Ladd sold his share in the glassworks in procedures, measuring and recording munity where a historic site was being 1823 to form the Kent Glassworks in findings, and on sifting techniques used excavated by the County Historical Franklin Township. The manufacture of at the site. Students worked generally Society. The site, the Mantua Glass­ glass continued at Mantua under new in pairs on 5' x 5' squares which were works, offered the students and com­ ownership until 1829 when the building part of a massive grid laid out which munity an opportunity to recognize the caught fire and burned to the ground. encompassed the discovered area of the importance of local history. Students Over the next century the site remained glassworks. As significant materials were were able to derive knowledge, skills, generally unknown until 1934 when uncovered, discussions were held re­ and attitudes about archaeology through Harry White located the buried remains garding possible interpretations of the speakers, hands-on experiences, field of the glassworks. Five years ago the findings. trips, projects, and presentations made County Historical Society initiated an Attitudes. Perhaps the most crucial of in the school, community, and state. excavation of the site under the direction all components of the project was im­ All too often history is viewed, by of their curator, Darl Fifer. parting the importance of professional concerns, that being respect for the young and old alike, as boring and irrele­ The Project historic record in the ground. Among vant. But for the community of Mantua, Project DIG seemed a natural oppor­ the points conveyed were: located in Northeast Ohio, evidence of tunity to create interest in local history events long past became alive and a and to teach some students appropriate — archaeologists excavate only if source of community interest and pride. attitudes, skills, and knowledge about there are research questions to be an­ During the fall of 1984 through the historic archaeology. It was hoped that swered or if the site is in danger of being spring of 1985, a dozen gifted and tal­ the project would cultivate a genuine destroyed by construction or some nat­ ented high school students from the respect for the historical record in the ural impending event; Crestwood Local School System had an ground, enrich the student's knowledge —the record is in the ground only opportunity to participate in a unique about early America's industries of tan­ community-based project called DIG once, and if destroyed, absolutely no­ ning and glass, develop an awareness thing can bring it back; (Discovering Industries in the Ground). of the importance of appropriate meth­ The program involved independent odology and responsibility in archae­ — many sites, prehistoric and historic, study, and several planned activities ological survey and excavation, and with or without visible evidence on them including listening to guest speakers, stimulate interest in possible career are being destroyed at an alarming rate; participating in an excavation being opportunities. —excavation requires persons to have conducted by the Portage County His­ Knowledge. Prior to participating in special training often offered at univer­ torical Society, writing a research paper sities or museums, and that fieldwork or constructing a project on the early hands-on experiences at the site, the students were given background infor­ generally occurs under the supervision industries of tanning and glass which of an archaeologist; and were associated with the site, taking field mation on the site by the project director, instruction on how the site was laid out, —each finding should be labelled by a trips, and sharing their learnings with special site code number, recorded, school peers, local clubs and organiza­ tools used in excavation and shifting methods, recording procedures, and the studied, and a report be written for tions, and at local and state educational publication interpreting the evidence. conferences. The non-credit program identification of possible types of find­ ings (e.g. nails, glass, brick, stones, The collection and fieldnotes should be was conducted after school and on stored and be made accessible to future weekends. wood, and charcoal) which would be uncovered. researchers. Museums and universities Project DIG was designed and di­ Throughout the school year speakers are generally suggested for such rected by the writer who is a special were invited to share their knowledge storage. education professor at Kent State Uni­ about identification of different glass versity who combined his interest and products, Mantua glass, early tanning, Outcomes graduate studies in American archae­ and local history. Field trips were con­ As an outreach of the project DIG, ology and education within the project. ducted to the Toledo Museum of Art to students chose to share their con­ The Site study the glass collection, and to the structed projects (a demonstration ex­ Involvement in historic and prehistoric Kent State University's glass center cavation box, a typical profile of a soil sites in Northeast Ohio lead the writer to where a lecture on the chemistry of glass wall), or papers written on selected pursue the idea of DIG with the Portage was presented and a demonstration on topics of personal interest and/or learn­ County Historical Society with whom he glass blowing was given. ings from the project with school peers, had been working on the excavation of Skills. Learning to appropriately im­ the community, and at local and state their site, the Mantua Glassworks. plement the knowledge about excava­ conferences. Among their many activi­ The original building at the site was tion was achieved through hands-on ties, during and following the project constructed a tannery in 1812 by Daniel experiences at the site. After orientation were:

32 —constructing an exhibit at school Recommendations Potter, Martha A. showing different aspects of the project; While Project DIG was able to achieve 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. Ohio — participating in peer teaching of an its purpose of involving mature and Historical Society. Columbus. elementary gifted education class; and responsible youth in a local history Rathje, William L. and Michael B. Schiffer 1982 Archaeology. Harcourt Brace — making presentations at several project, the writer strongly believes that Jovanovich, Inc. New York. local community groups (clubs/organi­ an archaeological excavation should Sloan, Eric zations, historical societies, county and never be conducted by a teacher or any 1964 A Museum of Early American Tools. state teacher conferences, and the other person for teaching purposes Ballentine Books. New York. Board of Education). alone. When students can participate Weitzman, David The project's success can be largely and learn in a professionally directed 1975 My Backyard History Book. Little, attributed to the vision and support of and supervised research centered ex­ Brown and Company. Boston. cavation, then the record is not only 1976 Underfoot: An Everyday Guide to the school's board of education and Exploring the Past. Charles Scrib- administration, the project teacher protected from incomplete interpreta­ tion and the evidence is not subject to ner's Sons. New York. coordinator (John McFarland), the gifted White, Harry education coordinator (Deborah De- looting. Furthermore a student's partici­ pation in uncovering history within the 1934 The Story of the Mantua Glass lisle); and the community's resources, Works. Park I. Quest and Quarry. the Portage County Historical Society context of research then represents his Antiques 35(2): 212-216. (Darl Fifer, Curator), Kent State Univer­ or her contribution made to unraviling sity, and the Martha Holden Jennings the mysteries of man's past. Foundation which provided a small grant to implement the project.Throughout the Useful Resources school year, Project DIG received media Cotter, John L. coverage from several newspapers and 1975 Above Ground Archaeology. Ameri­ can Revolution Bicentennial Ad­ Kent State University publications. ministration. Washington, D.C.

Fig. 1 (Kingsley) Students at the Mantua Glassworks site.

33 A Banded Ironstone Spud By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

To the eminent American archaeolo­ the others! Yet each had touched the sequently in northwestern Ohio, it may gist, Warren K. Moorehead, the word elephant and each had reported truth­ have come down as a glacial erratic. "spud" was a "wretched" label to pin on fully on what he had experienced even "Spud" or "spatulate," its precise func­ a whole class of round handled objects though their conclusions were dramatic­ tion remains an enigma. A ceremonial which end in a broad, curved blade. ally different. object it may have been. But a tool it "Spud" to him implied a heavy iron Comprehension is the fuel of research. was not. working implement ratherthan a paddle It is what gives meaning to archaeology or anchor-shaped ceremonial object of as well as to history. Whether "spud" or Acknowledgements stone. Consequently, he along with Pro­ "spatulate," the broad classification My gratitude goes to Dr. George fessor Charles H. Forbes and others covers a multitude of stone objects of McCormick of the University of Iowa for early in this century attempted to change paddle, anchor, or spade shape found stone material identification, to Neil the name applied by archaeologists to across the United States and Canada, Allen and Kristina Kovalik of the Lake­ such forms to "spatulate." (See Moore­ some of which doubtless were of cere­ side Heritage Hall Museum for photo­ head, 1917:140.) Nearly seven decades monial use only, while others were used graphic and curatorial assistance, and later the literature shows both terms in as tools. to John H. Bowser of the Miami Univer­ use, but to most of us "spud" rather than Here in Ohio the spud or spatulate sity Audio-Visual Department for print "spatulate" seems still to be preferred. forms which have been found (and de­ preparation of the ironstone spud high­ In his Archaeological History of Ohio spite Fowke's disavowal, they have been lighted in this article. (1902: 554-556), Gerard Fowke ob­ found in Ohio) have had a predominant served that "It has been a puzzle to ceremonial usage. In his Ohio Slate References archaeologists to assign to any class the Types, (1978: 96), Robert N. Converse Converse, Robert N. peculiar stones called spuds.' They are has pointed out that "they rarely show 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological usually of a comparatively soft material, any heavy wear or damage from rough Society of Ohio. Columbus. Fowke, Gerard carefully worked and polished, and bear usage by the Indian and it is doubtful if they were used as tools. Their function 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio: The no marks of rough usage. On the other and Later Indians. hand, they seem too large for ornament. is unknown. Many of them are highly Ohio State Archaeological and His­ Perhaps their office may have been in polished and symmetrical in design. The torical Society. Columbus. some ceremony or game— No objects bit portion, which is not sharpened, flares Hart, Steve of this class are found in Ohio . . ." from the rounded or oval upper part." 1983 "A Spud in the Hart Collection" in Interestingly, in October, 1902, the Citing finds at known Fort Ancient cul­ Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 33, No. 3, same year that Fowke published his tural sites, including Feurt Village and p. 27. Turpin Farm, Converse comments that Grubb, Thomas C. and Arthur J. Allen conclusions, an article appeared in the 1979 "The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part III- Wisconsin Archaeologist by Charles E. "the spud is not a common artifact even in areas where Fort Ancient flourished." Lithics and Pipes" in Ohio Archae­ Brown (quoted extensively in Moore­ ologist, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 20-24. head, 140-155) which noted that "the In size, he notes 10 inches as a maximum length, "but an average of around 6 (Details and illustrates a spud found blades of a majority of these implements at this Fort Ancient/Monongahela exhibit nicks and fractures and other inches is normal." site.) unmistakable signs of use. . . These If an average of around 6 inches is Moorehead, Warren K. indigenous specimens were evidently normal, then a tan and brown banded 1917 Stone Ornaments Used by Indians tools in common use. It is readily to be ironstone spud in the William Jacka in the United States and Canada. Collection in Ottawa County's Heritage The Andover Press. Andover, Mas­ seen that they were serviceable appli­ sachusetts. (See particularly Chap­ ances for stripping the bark from trees, Hall Museum in Lakeside on the Marble- head Peninsula is normal, for it measures ter XIV, "Spatulate Forms," pp. for skinning large animals, for dressing 140-155.) hides, and a variety of domestic pur­ exactly 6 inches in length. It is 2V2 inches poses. .. The majority of the implements at the widest'part of its base, while it is % illustrated and described in this article inches thick at mid-section. Numbered as Wisconsin types, belong to this class. #473 in the Jacka Collection, it bears ... The writer has seen specimens from two other identifications: 152/TAN on Ohio, Michigan, and Iowa. It is quite the obverse face (see Figure 1), and probable that further research will show 10/T NOONER COL on the reverse face them to be quite common in nearly all of (see Figure 2). Though the spud has these states." been smoothed and finished on all its Confusing? I am reminded of the story surfaces (indeed, it shows no sign of of the blind men, each touching a differ­ wear or damage since it apparently had ent part of an elephant and then attempt­ never been used as a tool), it has some ing to describe the nature of the beast unevenness, primarily in the form of based on that part of him that each had minor pits or depressions, though these touched. The one who had touched the toe have been smoothed over. Unfortu­ trunk had come to one conclusion; the nately, museum records do not detail one who had touched a tusk had a vastly where the spud was found. Dr. George different impression of what the animal McCormick of the Department of Geol­ was like; so too the one who had touched ogy of the University of Iowa calls the the tail. Imagine the dilemma of the one stone from which it was shaped "pre- who had touched the enormous body in Cambrian ironstone" and suggests a trying to reconcile his conclusions with Northern Michigan origin. If found sub­

34 Fig. 1 (Shriver) The large tan and brown banded ironstone spud from the William Jacka Collection in the Heritage Hall Museum at Lakeside.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same spud. More evident on this side is a strong hint of orange in contrast to the tan and brown bands of the ironstone.

35 Trophy Axes By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio

Among the more elusive of Ohio stone square so that they could not cut at all. quartzite was a favorite material as was pieces are the so-called trophy axes. They are generally somewhat small in gneiss, porphyry, or rarely a light lime­ They have long been popular among size being around five inches long. The stone material. In almost any case, the advanced collectors because of their pole is formed into a cone-like point and material is unusual and colorful—one in scarcity and unusual appearance. on a number of them the ridges which my collection is of pink and black speck­ There are a number of peculiarities border the groove are highly exagger­ led granite, the only axe of any kind that and oddities associated with the type ated. Some are fully grooved while I have seen in such stone. but like many of these enigmatic pre­ others have a somewhat three-quarter In the accompanying photographs are historic relics, there is a definite consist­ grooved design. The blade may be trophy axes in the collection of a Knox ency in these peculiarities. For example, tapered from the groove, straight, or County collector. They amply demon­ a great many of them show no signs of expanding towards the bit. strate the varieties and differences in use whatever and in fact the bits on many It is in materials that these curious style found in these rare artifacts. of them are blunted or actually ground objects take the eye. Honey colored

Fig. 1 (Converse) Trophy axe of honey colored Fig. 2 (Converse) Trophy axe of porphyry. quartzite — a classic three-quarter grooved type.

36 •-my

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Fig. 3 (ConuerseJ FoMr trophy axes, three of gneiss and one of porphyry.

37 The 1986 Robert . Converse Award

At the annual May meeting of the than a quarter of a century. His recent Archaeological Society of Ohio in Co­ excavation of the Martin Mound and lumbus, the 1986 Robert N. Converse publication of the results—at his own Award was presented to co-recipients, expense—not only increased our knowl­ Wayne Mortine of Newcomerstown and edge of Hopewell in eastern Ohio, but Alva McGraw of Chillicothe. exemplified amateur archaeology at it's best and shows the valuable contribu­ Criteria for the award are as follows: tions which can be made by a non­ professional archaeologist. I.The recipient must be a member of the Archaeological Society Alva McGraw has probably contrib­ of Ohio and a non-professional uted more, in a unique way, to Ohio archaeologist. archaeology, and Ross County in par­ ticular, than any other single individual. 2. It is to be given for a significant Any archaeologist who conducted contribution to Ohio archaeology, research in Ross County was wise to such as excavation of a site and contact him and take advantage of his publication of the results; an addi­ knowledge and assistance, which in tion to the literature in the form of a many cases opened doors that could book, series of articles, research or not have been otherwise opened. He other major work; or the aiding, has had a site as well as a pottery type assisting or otherwise facilitating named after him, and hardly a publica­ archaeological investigation. tion on Ohio Hopewell does not mention 3. The award will be monetary as well his name. He is a gentleman and an as emblematic. archaeologist in every sense of the word and recognition by our Society is long 4. The award cannot be given for serv­ overdue. ices to the Society as a director or Wayne Mortine and Alva McGraw join an officer. the 1984 winner, Jeff Carskadden of Wayne Mortine has had a lifelong Zanesville, and the 1985 winner James interest in archaeology. He has served Morton of Columbus, as recipients of as an officer of the Society for more this award. Field Find Judging Criteria The following criteria will be used for juding future field finds by Society members. 1. Exhibitor must be a member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. 2. Only surface found artifacts may be entered. No excavated material. 3. Only one entry per person per category. No groups or artifacts. 4. Artifact must have been found in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, W. Virginia, Pennsylvania or Michigan. 5. Complete documentation such as county and township and date found and by whom must accompany artifact. 6. Entries will be judged for the following: Rarity Material Symmetry Size Workmanship Documentation 7. No restored artifacts may be entered. 8. Categories for judging are as follows: Best Flint Projectile Point Notched —lanceolate—triangular—etc. Best Flint Tool Knife—drill—scraper—blade—etc. Best Axe—celt—pestle—mortar—chisel —utilitarian object—etc. Best Slate Pendant or Gorget One holed or multiple holed flat slate pieces or those pieces with small perforations, of all materials including hardstone and shell. Best Bannerstone Pieces drilled with large central hole for use as an atlatl weight or those with or notches for same purpose including undrilled examples or partially finished ones. Best Miscellaneous Slate Piece Birdstone —plummet—cone —bar amulet—trophy axe —pipe —etc. or any piece not included in the above categories. 9. Pieces entered must have been found within the time period indicated —usually those dated after the prior meeting unless otherwise stated.

BOOK REVIEW additional interest to historians is the examination of rates of augmentation BOOK REVIEW ROCK ISLAND and then replacement of native indus­ AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY PAST Historical Indian Archaeology tries by European, and the demonstra­ AND FUTURE in the Northern Lake Michigan Basin tion that Rock Island was the probable Edited by: David Meltzer, Don Fowler RONALD J. MASON landfall of LaSalle in 1697. and Jeremy Sabloff. Smithsonian Insti­ MCJA Special Paper #6 tution Press—955 L'Enfant Plaza, Suite This report on the excavations on Ronald J. Mason is professor of 2100, Washington, D.C. 20560. Cloth Rock Island in Door County, Wisconsin, anthropology at Lawrence University. bound —$35.00—Paper bound —$19.95. is a detailed archaeological and ethno- 264 pages, 32 figures, 121 plates (in­ This 410+ page volume consists of a historical study of one of the largest and cluding 4 color), 136 tables, appendix, series of fifteen essays on the present most complex stratified American Indian bibliography, May LC: 85-12661, ISBN: state of American archaeology, it's past sites of the historic period ever dis­ 0-87338-324-9, $19.95 paperbound(s) and it's future. It was assembled as a covered in the western Great Lakes. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio tribute of the 50th anniversary of the Four or five episodes of Indian occupa­ 44242. Society of American Archaeology. Such tions are identified, ranging from about well-known archaeologists as Jesse 1641 -1650 or 1651 to as late as approxi­ Jennings, William Haag, Don Fowler, mately 1760-1770. Lewis Binford and many others of note, Of particular importance to the study discuss such subjects as field methods, is the convergence of independent conservancy, current trends and the types of information bearing on the future potential of American archae­ sequence and identification of the site's ology. This book I am sure will find it's inhabitants and visitors: early explorers' way to the hands of most professional and missionaries' accounts, concord­ and serious amateur archaeologists. ance of geographical landmarks and W i 'A estimations of travel times and dis­ tances, site features and chronology, comparative artifact and styles. The report also identifies the amal­ gamated Huron-Petun-Ottawa, Potawa- tomi (at least two periods of occupation), and Ottawa groups and their connection to archaeological remains, a notoriously difficult task in the Upper Great Lakes- northern Mississippi Valley region. Of

39 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.