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Ohio Stone Tools OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 16 OCTOBER, 1966 NUMBER 4 OHIO STONE TOOLS By Robert N. Converse Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Editorial Office Business Office 868 .Amherst Drive 95 Ceramic Drive Urbana, Ohio 43078 Columbus, Ohio 43214 Officers Term expires President - Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio 43064 1968 Vice President - John V. Sarnovsky, 423 Washington Ave. , Elyria, Ohio 44035 1968 Executive Secretary - Ed W. Atkinson, 95 Ceramic Dr. , Columbus, Ohio 43214 1968 Recording Secretary - Emmett R. Schide, 140 E. High Ave. , New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663 1968 Treasurer - J. Grant Keys, P.O. Box 637, Elyria, Ohio 44035 1968 Trustees Dallas E. Burton, 7715 Camargo Rd. , Cincinnati, Ohio 45243 1968 Dorothy L. Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 1968 Charles L. Gschwind, 308 Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45215 1968 John C. Allman, 1336 Cory Drive, Dayton, Ohio 45406 1970 Harley W. Glenn, 1394 W. Third Ave. , Columbus, Ohio 43212 1970 Summers A. Redick, 35 W. Riverglen Dr. , Worthington, Ohio 43085 1970 Editorial Staff and Publications Committee Editor - George Carroll, Urbana, Ohio Technical Editor - Raymond S. Baby, The Ohio State Museum, N. High and 15th Avenue Associate Editor - Martha A. Potter, The Ohio State Museum, N. High and 15th Avenue Production Manager - Ernest Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City Regional Collaborators - John C. Allman, 1336 Cory Drive, Dayton 6 - Gerald Brickman, 409 Locust Street, Findlay - Jeff Carskadden, 285 W. Willow Drive, Zanesville - Robert Converse, Plain City - Mrs. Betty Crawford, 1119 Seminole Avenue, Mansfield - Elmer H. Grimm, 1217 Murray Ridge, Elyria - Richard H. Johnson, R. R. # 3, Marion (Meeker) - James R. Johnston, 2435 Copland Boulevard, Toledo 14 - Richard Patterson, R. R. # 2, Marietta - Robert Phillippi, P. O. Box 995, Station A, Alliance - Dr. Olaf H. Prufer, Dept. of Humanities, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, 6 - Summers A. Redick, 35 W. Riverglen Drive, Worthington - Ralph J. Servey, 1726 Baird Avenue, Portsmouth - M. Joseph Becker, University of Toledo, Toledo 43606 - Frank Soday, 5709 East 6lst Court, Tulsa, Oklahoma Back Issues - Chester Randies, 400 Eleventh Street N. W. , New Philadelphia Object of the Society The .Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve arachaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio; to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, profes­ sional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning; and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archae­ ology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues. The annual dues are payable on the first of January, as follows: Adults (18 and over) $4. 50; Juniors (under 18) $2.25; Husband and Wife (one copy of publication) $5. 50; Sustaining $25. 00. Funds are used for publishing Ohio Archaeologist and for other necessary expenses of the Society. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization, and has no paid officers or employees. Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly. Subscription is included in the Society's membership dues. Back issues may be purchased at these prices: per issue $1. 25, per set of 4 issues $4. 50 except when one of the following issues is included to change the price; double issues $2. 00 (vol. 12, no. 1-2 Jan. -April, no. 3-4July-Ocl. 1962); "Ohio Flint Types" (vol. 13, no. 4, Oct. 1963) and "Ohio Stone Tools" (vol. 16, no. 4, Oct. 1966) $2. 00 each. Mail your order with remittance to Ches- !n Randies, 400 Eleventh Street N. W. , New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663. Address all articles, personal news, queries, comments, etc. to The Editor. Address dues payments and questions related to dues to The Treasurer. Address membership applications and other correspondence to the Executive Secretary. votuME 16 Table of Contents NUMBER A Officers, Trustees, Editorial Staff second cover The Editor's Page 98 Preface 99 Chronology 100 Identification of Descriptive Terms 101 Hammerstone 102 Pitted Stone 103 Cupstone 104-105 Mortar 106-107 Abrading Stone 108 Net Sinker 109 Conical Pestle 110-111 Roller Pestle 112 Beveled Adze 113 Full Grooved Axe 114-115 Gouge 116-117 Bell Pestle 118-119 Grooved Hammerstone 120-121 Three-quarter Grooved Axe 122-123 Adena Celt 124 Adena Adze . 125 Hematite Celt 126 Square Celt 127 Tapered Celt 128-129 Concretion Containers 130 Slate Disc 131 Maul 132-133 Flint Celt 134 Chisel 135 References 136-third cover Standing Committees fourth cover - 97 - The Editor's Page The editorial of October, 1963, concludes, "The Publication Committee and the Executive Board wish to thank Mr. Converse for presenting the mem­ bership with this helpful reference material. " It would be superfluous to add further plaudits to what is generally recognized: Ohio Flint Types is now a standard ready reference of Ohio prehistory. It remains but for me to here acknowledge our double indebtedness with the completion of this issue. Con­ gratulations, Bob, for another job well done. As editor, I've been thus far quite fortunate. Much material in the pre­ vious issue was "in the pipeline. " Others volunteered articles or responded to a last minute request. I'm much encouraged by such an active membership. My eternal thanks; please continue. The idea of utilizing entire issues for specified subjects has in past years occasioned some debate. It is obviously appropriate in this issue, but under what other conditions and how often? Objection held the bulletin might become the medium of specialized or advanced collectors. Loss of appeal would re­ sult for the general amateur who constitutes our most numerous support. Con­ trary opinion could point to the ready reference value of specific issues. My purpose is not to divulge a plan of procedure, but to offer suggestions for some future issues. Numerous conversations and reactions indicate gen­ eral membership interest in anthologizing categories of fine relics. Within this proposed framework Dr. Meuser has generally given permission for usage of his pipes or any other part of his collection as the basis of an issue. I've been gathering material for an issue which might be devoted to historic trade items. I would appreciate hearing from anyone having site reports or fine specimens within this category. Question has also been raised concerning color plates. If the cost is not too prohibitive, it might be shared by the in­ dividuals. I should like to most humbly encourage continued article support on any topic, and hear any critique you might care to offer. ;[< >;< >\< >|c ;|« s|c ,|e >|e y'fi >|c s[c >{< ^c >|< ;|s ;[< ;|i >\z ;|; t\i A revised issue of Ohio Flint Types containing seven additional pages is now being printed. The cost of this special issue will be $2. 00 post paid and may be obtained from Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio. Checks or mon­ ey orders should be made payable to The Archaeological Society of Ohio. - 98 - Preface Next to flint implements, ground or polished stone tools are the most abundant of all prehistoric Indian artifacts. Even though early man used flint to the near exclusion of all other stone for his tools, the simple hammerstone was a necessity for working flint and may have been man's first tool. The technique of pecking, grinding, and polishing does not make its ap­ pearance in the New World until sometime early in the Archaic period. At what time this art was introduced into Ohio is unknown since stratified sites of the Archaic are yet to be found in this state. However, it is known that stone tools were being used by the Laraoka people of New York in very early times. These Lamoka tools, in the form of celts and adzes were probably used for woodworking, may have found their way into the Ohio area. Much closer to Ohio are the Archaic sites of Kentucky which are equally as old and well-docu­ mented, and have yielded a variety of stone tool types. Interestingly enough, grooved axes -- plentiful in the Kentucky Archaic -- are conspicuously absent from the New York Lamoka collections, while celts and adzes -- the only stone tools in the Lamoka -- are not present in the Kentucky Archaic. Even though these early Archaic manifestations had well developed tool inventories, they apparently did not greatly influence the Archaic in Ohio. For example, the beveled adze, plentiful in New York, never appears beyond the eastern fringes of Ohio, while the conical pestle of Kentucky is not common in this state. The extreme abundance of three-quarter grooved axes and bell pestles in Ohio may mean that these tools were independently developed in this area. Most of the stone implements used by the prehistoric Indian were fashion­ ed from material of local or glacial origin by pecking into rough shape and by grinding or polishing to give the piece its finished appearance. The pecked surface was often completely obliterated on finely finished pieces while on others only the cutting or working surfaces were ground. The discovery of this new stone-working technique made a profound dif­ ference in the Indian's way of life by adding a whole new inventory of imple­ ments to his material culture. These new tools reflect changes and develop­ ments in prehistoric economy and culture in general. >!< >k )'{ >\< ;|< i[< i'fi ?jc >;« >;? >;? This material is presented to aid the student or collector in identifying or segregating stone tools. Illustrations are of artifacts which, in the author's opinion, most closely resemble those likely to be encountered in Ohio. Cul­ tural periods are ones in which it is felt that each tool type would normally, but perhaps not exclusively, be found.
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