OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST

VOLUME 16 OCTOBER, 1966 NUMBER 4

OHIO STONE TOOLS

By Robert N. Converse

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

Editorial Office Business Office 868 .Amherst Drive 95 Ceramic Drive Urbana, Ohio 43078 Columbus, Ohio 43214 Officers Term expires President - Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio 43064 1968 Vice President - John V. Sarnovsky, 423 Washington Ave. , Elyria, Ohio 44035 1968 Executive Secretary - Ed W. Atkinson, 95 Ceramic Dr. , Columbus, Ohio 43214 1968 Recording Secretary - Emmett R. Schide, 140 E. High Ave. , New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663 1968 Treasurer - J. Grant Keys, P.O. Box 637, Elyria, Ohio 44035 1968

Trustees Dallas E. Burton, 7715 Camargo Rd. , Cincinnati, Ohio 45243 1968 Dorothy L. Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123 1968 Charles L. Gschwind, 308 Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45215 1968 John C. Allman, 1336 Cory Drive, Dayton, Ohio 45406 1970 Harley W. Glenn, 1394 W. Third Ave. , Columbus, Ohio 43212 1970 Summers A. Redick, 35 W. Riverglen Dr. , Worthington, Ohio 43085 1970 Editorial Staff and Publications Committee Editor - George Carroll, Urbana, Ohio Technical Editor - Raymond S. Baby, The Ohio State Museum, N. High and 15th Avenue Associate Editor - Martha A. Potter, The Ohio State Museum, N. High and 15th Avenue Production Manager - Ernest Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City Regional Collaborators - John C. Allman, 1336 Cory Drive, Dayton 6 - Gerald Brickman, 409 Locust Street, Findlay - Jeff Carskadden, 285 W. Willow Drive, Zanesville - Robert Converse, Plain City - Mrs. Betty Crawford, 1119 Seminole Avenue, Mansfield - Elmer H. Grimm, 1217 Murray Ridge, Elyria - Richard H. Johnson, R. R. # 3, Marion (Meeker) - James R. Johnston, 2435 Copland Boulevard, Toledo 14 - Richard Patterson, R. R. # 2, Marietta - Robert Phillippi, P. O. Box 995, Station A, Alliance - Dr. Olaf H. Prufer, Dept. of Humanities, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, 6 - Summers A. Redick, 35 W. Riverglen Drive, Worthington - Ralph J. Servey, 1726 Baird Avenue, Portsmouth - M. Joseph Becker, University of Toledo, Toledo 43606 - Frank Soday, 5709 East 6lst Court, Tulsa, Oklahoma Back Issues - Chester Randies, 400 Eleventh Street N. W. , New Philadelphia Object of the Society The .Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve arachaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio; to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, profes­ sional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning; and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archae­ ology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

The annual dues are payable on the first of January, as follows: Adults (18 and over) $4. 50; Juniors (under 18) $2.25; Husband and Wife (one copy of publication) $5. 50; Sustaining $25. 00. Funds are used for publishing Ohio Archaeologist and for other necessary expenses of the Society. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization, and has no paid officers or employees.

Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly. Subscription is included in the Society's membership dues. Back issues may be purchased at these prices: per issue $1. 25, per set of 4 issues $4. 50 except when one of the following issues is included to change the price; double issues $2. 00 (vol. 12, no. 1-2 Jan. -April, no. 3-4July-Ocl. 1962); "Ohio Flint Types" (vol. 13, no. 4, Oct. 1963) and "Ohio Stone Tools" (vol. 16, no. 4, Oct. 1966) $2. 00 each. Mail your order with remittance to Ches- !n Randies, 400 Eleventh Street N. W. , New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663.

Address all articles, personal news, queries, comments, etc. to The Editor.

Address dues payments and questions related to dues to The Treasurer.

Address membership applications and other correspondence to the Executive Secretary. votuME 16 Table of Contents NUMBER A

Officers, Trustees, Editorial Staff second cover The Editor's Page 98 Preface 99 Chronology 100 Identification of Descriptive Terms 101 Hammerstone 102 Pitted Stone 103 Cupstone 104-105 Mortar 106-107 Abrading Stone 108 Net Sinker 109 Conical Pestle 110-111 Roller Pestle 112 Beveled Adze 113 Full Grooved Axe 114-115 Gouge 116-117 Bell Pestle 118-119 Grooved Hammerstone 120-121 Three-quarter Grooved Axe 122-123 Adena Celt 124 Adena Adze . . 125 Hematite Celt 126 Square Celt 127 Tapered Celt 128-129 Concretion Containers 130 Slate Disc 131 Maul 132-133 Flint Celt 134 Chisel 135 References 136-third cover Standing Committees fourth cover

- 97 - The Editor's Page

The editorial of October, 1963, concludes, "The Publication Committee and the Executive Board wish to thank Mr. Converse for presenting the mem­ bership with this helpful reference material. " It would be superfluous to add further plaudits to what is generally recognized: Ohio Flint Types is now a standard ready reference of Ohio prehistory. It remains but for me to here acknowledge our double indebtedness with the completion of this issue. Con­ gratulations, Bob, for another job well done.

As editor, I've been thus far quite fortunate. Much material in the pre­ vious issue was "in the pipeline. " Others volunteered articles or responded to a last minute request. I'm much encouraged by such an active membership. My eternal thanks; please continue.

The idea of utilizing entire issues for specified subjects has in past years occasioned some debate. It is obviously appropriate in this issue, but under what other conditions and how often? Objection held the bulletin might become the medium of specialized or advanced collectors. Loss of appeal would re­ sult for the general amateur who constitutes our most numerous support. Con­ trary opinion could point to the ready reference value of specific issues.

My purpose is not to divulge a plan of procedure, but to offer suggestions for some future issues. Numerous conversations and reactions indicate gen­ eral membership interest in anthologizing categories of fine relics. Within this proposed framework Dr. Meuser has generally given permission for usage of his pipes or any other part of his collection as the basis of an issue. I've been gathering material for an issue which might be devoted to historic trade items. I would appreciate hearing from anyone having site reports or fine specimens within this category. Question has also been raised concerning color plates. If the cost is not too prohibitive, it might be shared by the in­ dividuals. I should like to most humbly encourage continued article support on any topic, and hear any critique you might care to offer.

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A revised issue of Ohio Flint Types containing seven additional pages is now being printed. The cost of this special issue will be $2. 00 post paid and may be obtained from Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio. Checks or mon­ ey orders should be made payable to The Archaeological Society of Ohio.

- 98 - Preface

Next to flint implements, ground or polished stone tools are the most abundant of all prehistoric Indian artifacts. Even though early man used flint to the near exclusion of all other stone for his tools, the simple hammerstone was a necessity for working flint and may have been man's first tool.

The technique of pecking, grinding, and polishing does not make its ap­ pearance in the New World until sometime early in the Archaic period. At what time this art was introduced into Ohio is unknown since stratified sites of the Archaic are yet to be found in this state. However, it is known that stone tools were being used by the Laraoka people of New York in very early times. These Lamoka tools, in the form of celts and adzes were probably used for woodworking, may have found their way into the Ohio area. Much closer to Ohio are the Archaic sites of Kentucky which are equally as old and well-docu­ mented, and have yielded a variety of stone tool types. Interestingly enough, grooved axes -- plentiful in the Kentucky Archaic -- are conspicuously absent from the New York Lamoka collections, while celts and adzes -- the only stone tools in the Lamoka -- are not present in the Kentucky Archaic.

Even though these early Archaic manifestations had well developed tool inventories, they apparently did not greatly influence the Archaic in Ohio. For example, the beveled adze, plentiful in New York, never appears beyond the eastern fringes of Ohio, while the conical pestle of Kentucky is not common in this state. The extreme abundance of three-quarter grooved axes and bell pestles in Ohio may mean that these tools were independently developed in this area.

Most of the stone implements used by the prehistoric Indian were fashion­ ed from material of local or glacial origin by pecking into rough shape and by grinding or polishing to give the piece its finished appearance. The pecked surface was often completely obliterated on finely finished pieces while on others only the cutting or working surfaces were ground.

The discovery of this new stone-working technique made a profound dif­ ference in the Indian's way of life by adding a whole new inventory of imple­ ments to his material culture. These new tools reflect changes and develop­ ments in prehistoric economy and culture in general.

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This material is presented to aid the student or collector in identifying or segregating stone tools. Illustrations are of artifacts which, in the author's opinion, most closely resemble those likely to be encountered in Ohio. Cul­ tural periods are ones in which it is felt that each tool type would normally, but perhaps not exclusively, be found.

My grateful appreciation is hereby acknowledged to those people -- col­ lectors, students, and professional archaeologists -- who have made artifacts and collections available and given me invaluable advice. Without their assis­ tance this work could not have been completed.

Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio 1966 - 99 - Chronology

10, 000 BC

9, 000 BC PA LEO-INDIAN

8, 000 BC

7, 000 BC

6, 000 BC Early

5, 000 BC ARCHAIC

4, 000 BC

3, 000 BC Middle

2, 000 BC

Late 1, 000 BC

Early 0 WOODLAND Middle

1, 000 AD Late MISSISSIPPIAN Fort Ancient Erie Present

This chart shows the generally accepted dates for cultural stages in the Ohio area. These dates are taken from numerous archaeological reports and publications and in many cases are confirmed by the Carbon-14 method.

- 100 - Identification of Descriptive Terms

POLL

PECKED SURFACE

GROOVE

GROUND £ POLISHED SURFACE

BLADE

BIT

In the accompanying illustration are notations describing the various parts of most stone tools. These terms are ones generally used by archaeologists and students.

- 101 - Hammerstone

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. All periods.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Hammerstones are commonly found on most Indian camp and workshop sites. They were undoubtedly used in one form or another by all Indian groups. While any rounded pebble could have served the purpose it is obvious that many of these artifacts were purposely shaped and many are finely made. Occasionally a specimen is found which has tiny flat facets on its pounding surface. As a rule, hammerstones are spherical; however, some are oblong or slightly flattened.

SIZE. Hammerstones vary from 2 to several inches in diameter.

MATERIAL. They are usually made from a dense stone such as granite; ham­ merstones of flint and chert are not uncommon.

- 102 - Pitted Stone

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Early Archaic to Fort Ancient.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Pitted stones are also one of the most common of all Indian ground stone artifacts and may be found on any prehis­ toric habitation site. They were found in levels of the Modoc Rock Shelter dating between 5,500 B. C. and 3, 500 B. C. (1:35), as well as in Kentucky Ar­ chaic Sites (2:30, 37). They are listed as typical artifacts of the Fort Ancient Aspect (3:fig. 55), thus denoting the long time span during which these tools were used.

Pitted stones are biscuit shaped and flat on both faces. At the center of one or both faces is a small roughly pecked depression or pit. Similar pits are often found in the bases of pestles implying that these artifacts were used as milling stones reminiscent of the mano of the southwestern United States. In many publications they are called pitted hammerstones. However, this as­ sumption does not seem justified since these tools are rarely broken or bat­ tered, nor would the process of hammering produce the concavities.

SIZE. They are usually 3 to 4 inches wide and 1-1/2 to 2 inches thick.

MATERIAL. In nearly every case a gray granitic stone was used.

- 103 - Cupstone

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Early Archaic to later periods.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Cupstones were found in the 19-20 foot level (dating about 5, 000 B. C. ) of the Modoc Rock Shelter (1:34). Twenty-six were found in the excavation of the Carlson Annis shell midden (4:299). The finding of these artifacts at such early sites establishes cupstones as one of the earliest forms of ground stone tools. However, they were still in use in the Early Woodland period (3:fig. 31).

Cupstones are nearly always made from rough slabs of stone and may have from one to numerous cups or depressions on all surfaces. Some are completely covered with these conical perforations which vary in size and in many instances overlap each other. It has been suggested that the cups were used to hold nuts for cracking, but it is also possible that they were used as sockets for a bow drill or fire maker.

SIZE. Sizes vary greatly. Normally they are between 3 and 12 inches across.

MATERIAL. Almost invariably sandstone or other rough grainy material is used.

- 104 - Cupstone

- 105 - Mortar

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Early Archaic to Fort Ancient.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Mortars were used by the prehistoric Indians from the early Archaic (5:P1. 17) to the Fort Ancient period (6:P1. 10) for the preparation of food. Even though they were used over an enormous span of time they are extremely scarce.

Mortars are usually made from large, irregular slabs of rough stone. Seldom do they show any but the slightest modification other than the hollowed or trough-like depression which is the result of long use.

SIZE. Some may weigh up to 50 pounds, but most are about as large as a din­ ner plate.

MATERIAL. Nearly always sandstone or limestone.

- 106 - Mortar

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- 107 - Abrading Stone

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic and later periods.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Stones utilized as abraders are known in a number of early Archaic manifestations (5:87), (1:33). They are also found in later periods (3:fig. 35-36).

Rough slabs of stone were employed by the Indian to smooth wood, bone, and other stone, and probably to shape spear and arrow shafts. Many show the deep grooves of continuous use. In spite of their crudeness these are not common artifacts, and are found on only a few sites.

SIZE. Abrading stones are usually the size illustrated.

MATERIAL. They are nearly always made from rough sandstone or crystal­ line material.

- 108 - Net Sinker

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Early Archaic and later periods.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Crude pebbles with notches -- common­ ly called net sinkers -- are known from very early Archaic times (5:P1. 12, no. 10) as well as later periods.

After chipping or grinding two small notches in its edge, any small disc­ shaped pebble served as a sinker for a fishing net. Seldom is there any modi­ fication other than the notching. Even though they are crude and carelessly made they are still uncommon artifacts in Ohio.

SIZE. Usually about 2 to 3 inches in maximum length.

MATERIAL. Soft sandstone, slate, or other available material was used.

- 109 - Conical Pestle

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic. INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. The conical type is virtually the only variety of pestle found in the Kentucky Archaic. For example, of a total of 122 pestles recovered from four Archaic sites in McLean County, Kentucky, all but three were conical or cylindrical in shape (2:41). However, conical pestles are not as common as other varieties in Ohio.

These tools are rarely well-made and seldom show the polish or fine workmanship associated with other types. Many examples do not have the pit­ ted concavity in the base.

SIZE. Usually conical pestles are short, stubby, and rarely over 4 or 5 inches in length.

MATERIALS. A wide variety of materials is present with granite, quartzite, and other crystalline stone predominating. Some specimens are weathered al­ most beyond recognition.

- 110 - Conical Pestle

- 111 Roller Pestle

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Both the Lamoka culture of New York (5:P1. 17) and the Shell Mound people of Kentucky (8:19) (9:386), prominent Ar­ chaic manifestations of the eastern United States, include roller pestles in their tool inventories. Radio-carbon dates for Lamoka are on the order of 2, 500 B. C. , thus denoting an early date for these tools.

Even though the roller pestle has been well defined for these early cul­ tures it still is not a common artifact in Ohio and, in fact, is scarce here. For the most part such tools are long, symmetrical, and show a fairly high degree of workmanship. Some specimens are somewhat rectangular in cross- section, suggesting that they were pushed rather than rolled.

SIZE. There is a wide variation in length with some specimens nearly 2 feet long.

MATERIAL. Often granitic material or less compact material such as sand­ stone was used.

- 112 - Beveled Adze

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Early Archaic.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Among the earliest of all ground and polished stone tools is the beveled adze. It is the most diagnostic tool of the early Archaic Lamoka Phase of New York (5:40, fig. 12) and is found in the Panhandle Archaic of eastern Ohio (10:209). It is scarce in Ohio since its dis­ tribution is confined chiefly to the immediate vicinity of the Upper Ohio River Valley.

The beveled adze is a curious object in that it displays a highly refined style for such an early artifact. Nearly all of these tools are flat on the under­ side with the familiar adze-like sharpening of the bit. The upper surface is divided by three flat facets, hence the name "beveled adze. "

SIZE. Ohio specimens are about 4 inches long.

MATERIAL. Adzes are usually made from a fine grained igneous rock.

- 113 - Full Grooved Axe

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic to Adena.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Axes with grooves around their entire circumference are the predominant type in the Archaic shell middens of Ken­ tucky (4:299) where a number of them have been found in burial association. A full grooved axe was found at the 5, 000 B. C. level of the Modoc Rock Shel­ ter (1:36). This tool was also used to some extent by the Adena of Ohio and Kentucky (11:27) (12:69).

As a general rule, full grooved axes are not as well made as three-quar­ ter grooved types and, although there are some exceptions, there are a great many which are extremely crude.

SIZE. These axes range from tiny 3 inch specimens to examples weighing several pounds.

MATERIAL. Mostly granitic stone of glacial origin was used. Occasionally slate or hematite.

- 114 - Full Grooved Axe

- 115 - -ouee r

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TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. The true gouge is an extremely scarce artifact in Ohio. They are particularly rare in all but the eastern portion of the state. Ohio gouges conform most closely with those of the northeastern United States (5:79) and probably found their way into Ohio from that area.

Gouges show a highly specialized treatment of both the underside and the bit. The bottom may be slightly or deeply concave. The bit is usually sharp­ ened from the underside and has a distinct semi-circular appearance. It is obvious on many examples that continuous resharpening has deepened the lon­ gitudinal groove to a great extent.

SIZE. Generally gouges are longer and more slender than celts; some speci­ mens may be as long as 9 inches.

MATERIAL. A high quality of compact igneous material is used.

- 116 - Gouge

117 Bell Pestle

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic and later periods.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. The abundance in Ohio of bell-shaped pestles as compared to the conical varieties is difficult to explain. The Ohio Archaic was apparently greatly influenced by Kentucky. Yet Archaic sites from that state produce an overwhelming number of conical pestles; theRaisch- Smith site of Preble County, Ohio, yielded only bell pestles (7:428-441).

Characteristically, bell-shaped pestles have a long rounded handle which expands from the poll to the base. However there are a number of variations of the type. The base or grinding end is always flared, hence the bell-shaped appearance. The handles of many specimens are not perpendicular to the base, but at approximately a 20 angle to it.

SIZE. This type ranges from 5 to 7 inches in height.

MATERIAL. A wide variety of granite, some pink or red, was used.

- 118 - Bell Pestle

119 - Grooved Hammerstone

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Both the Raisch-Smith site of Ohio (7:428-441;fig. 4) and Kentucky Archaic sites (4:301) have produced grooved hammerstones. They are particularly abundant in Ohio. Virtually all of these are three-quarter grooved; fully grooved examples are extremely scarce.

There appears to be no consistent pattern of type in these objects. They may be made from a reworked axe or they may be nothing more than a crude pebble with a groove. A number of them are fairly well made and show fine workmanship.

SIZE. The majority are the size of those illustrated.

MATERIALS. A wide range of materials was used -- granite of various colors and density as well as considerable crystalline stone.

- 120 - Grooved Hammerstone

- 121 Three-quarter Grooved Axe

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Archaic.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. In contrast to the full grooved axes of Kentucky, the Raisch-Smith site, an Archaic location in Preble County, had a preponderance of three-quarter grooved axes (7:428-441). This would tend to show either a late Archaic placement for Raisch-Smith--assuming that three- quarter grooving is a refinement of full grooving -- or that three-quarter grooving is as old as full grooving and was brought into or developed in Ohio early in the Archaic period. In any event, these axes are found on pre-pottery sites in Ohio and seem to be more plentiful than full-grooved types.

As a general rule three-quarter grooved axes are more finely made than fully grooved specimens. It has been suggested that the flat or ungrooved side was used to accommodate a wedge for tightening the hafting thongs.

SIZE. These are about the same as full-grooved axes.

MATERIAL. They are usually made of granite or other dense and compact stone.

- 122 - Three-quarter Grooved Axe

- 123 - Adena Celt

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Adena.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. A fine series of celts such as those il­ lustrated was recovered from the Cresap Mound (12:P1. 17-28), the construc­ tion of which covered most of the Adena period in West Virginia. This type of celt was also found at the Fisher Site (12:fig. 6) in Kentucky. Celts of this form are common in Ohio.

Usually Adena celts have their widest part at or near the bit and taper slightly to the poll. The bit is well finished and there may be an occasional adze-like treatment, i. e. beveled more on one side than on the other. Many have remnants of the pecked surface remaining on all areas but the bit.

SIZE. Usually this type is around 4 inches in length.

MATERIAL. Celts are usually fashioned from fine grained igneous stone.

- 124 - Adena Adze

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Adena.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Adzes such as those illustrated are listed as an Adena tool (11:30, fig. 8). They are described as being flat on the underside and semi-circular in cross section. The flat underside is often beveled to a 45° angle at the bit. The artifact is tapered toward the narrow poll making it somewhat triangular in outline. These tools are not common in Ohio.

SIZE. They are from 3 to 7 or 8 inches long.

MATERIAL. Usually compact igneous material is used, and occasionally slate.

- 125 - Hematite Celt

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Adena, Fort Ancient.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Small celts of hematite have been found in a number of Adena mounds (13:fig. E, 175). They also occur occasionally in surface collections but are not considered common. A large number of hematite celts were found during the excavation of the Feurt Site, a Fort An­ cient village (14:373).

They are usually small in size and rectangular or slightly triangular in outline. The sides are generally squared, making the piece rectangular in cross-section. Seldom are specimens encountered that do not show chips or rough sections of the original lump of material from which they were fashioned.

SIZE. Examples over 3 or 4 inches are scarce.

MATERIAL. Hematite of various shades and texture.

- 126 - Square Celt

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Hopewell.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Rectangular celts with square sides and poles have been recovered at the Turner Group (15; 16) and from Hopewell sites in Illinois (16:160). A specimen identical to those illustrated was excavated from Mound 17 of the Hopewell Group and is now in the Ohio State Museum col­ lections. Since a similar type was found with intrusive burials at the Turner Group, it is probable that it lasted into the "Intrusive Mound Culture. " A large number of copper celts found in Hopewell have the same conformation as square celts.

These tools always show a high degree of workmanship and are usually well polished on all surfaces. The sides and poll are invariably flat and at nearly right angles to the broad and slightly convex face of the blade. Square celts are scarce in Ohio.

SIZE. They are usually about 5 inches in length.

MATERIAL. Predominatly granite or other fine grained stone. Hematite and slate were also used.

127 Tapered Celt

jimtir- "• •

/

/

/

/

/

/ /

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Hopewell.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Among the stone tools recovered from Ohio Hopewell mounds is a type of celt which seems to be diagnostic of that culture. Reports of early excavations in Hopewellian sites ignore or give only passing notice to these tools. However, collections from the Seip Mound, the Harness Mound, and the original Hopewell Works in the Ohio State Museum in­ clude this celt form.

Hopewell celts are usually long and oval in center cross-section. The bits are sharpened equally from both sides. There are no angular facets on the balance of the piece, all surfaces being smoothly rounded. Classic ex­ amples are scarce.

SIZE. Most tend to be fairly large, usually 7 to 8 inches in length.

MATERIAL. They are made from heavy, dense stone of high quality.

- 128 - Tapered Celt

- 129 Concretion Container

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Hopewell, Fort Ancient.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Naturally formed concretions, with slight modification, were used as containers for paint or pigments byHopewel- lian peoples (18:fig.62), hence the common name "paint cup." Fowke re­ ported the discovery of a container made from two halves of a concretion in a Pickaway County mound (17:341). Similar artifacts have also been found on Fort Ancient sites in southern Ohio.

Concretions are found in a number of geological formations in Ohio. How­ ever, the prehistoric Indians did not utilize them extensively, and their occur­ rence seems to be limited to areas in which they were readily available. It is possible that these containers may have been neglected or overlooked by ar­ chaeologists and collectors since little modification of their original form would be required.

SIZE. Concretions range from very small specimens to some weighing sever­ al hundred pounds. The vast majority of reported examples are small, usual­ ly around 5 inches or less in diameter.

MATERIAL. Usually of a brownish-yellow sedimentary material.

- 130 - Slate Disc

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Middle Woodland, Late Woodland.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Slate discs commonly occur on Middle and Late Woodland sites in Ohio. A number of them were found on the Lich- liter Site (19:62-7) and the Zencor Site (20). The author has several from the Middle Woodland Troyer Site (21:13). They are commonly found in many areas of the state.

These artifacts are best described as roughly chipped circular flat slabs of shale or slate. Some show a fair amount of grinding or polish on the edges, but most are roughly chipped with little alteration. There have been a number of suggestions as to their function, but the manner in which they were utilized remains a mystery.

SIZE. Lichliter examples were 2-1/2 inches in diameter and larger. Seldom are they over 5 or 6 inches.

MATERIAL. Nearly always of slate or shale.

- 131 - Maul

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. It is difficult to correctly date these tools. Flint was quarried by aboriginal man from his earliest beginnings. However, the apparent obsession of Adena and Hopewell peoples for securing colorful Flint Ridge flints implies that most of the extensive quarries were developed during the Early and Middle Woodland periods.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. In his description of excavations of the pits on Flint Ridge, Gerard Fowke reports the recovery of a number of large hammers (17:622). Ohio Historical Society collections from Flint Ridge con­ tain a great many large hammers or mauls.

These large tools are seldom encountered in areas distant from flint quar­ ries. They are both ungrooved or grooved with a majority of the latter cate­ gory being fully grooved, unlike the smaller grooved hammers. The general shape of these mauls is spherical. These tools are commonly called Flint Ridge mauls, since they were first found at that particular quarry.

SIZE. Fowke reports finding a maul weighing 100 pounds. However, most weigh 5 to 10 pounds.

MATERIAL. Mauls are fashioned from granite, diorite and varieties of cry­ stalline stone.

- 132 - - 133 Flint Cell

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Cole and Fort Ancient.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Celts made of flint are found predomi­ nantly in the southern portion of the state along or near the Ohio River. Ex­ amples of this tool were found at Madisonville (6:19, 56). It is listed as a di­ agnostic artifact of the little known "Intrusive Mound Culture" (3:fig. 34). It is more common in southern states and along the Mississippi than in Ohio (22:fig. 108) (23:fig. 126).

Flint celts differ in many respects from most stone tools in the material used and method of manufacture. All of them were roughly chipped to shape and then extensively ground over the entire surface. The bit is very sharp and seldom shows any of the original chipping scars.

SIZE. Usually over 4 inches in length.

MATERIAL. Black flint and tan or cream chert predominate. The use of Flint Ridge material is rare.

- 134 - Chisel

TIME PERIOD OR CULTURE. Mississippian.

INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION. Little is known in Ohio about these small celt-like tools. Ordinarily called chisels by collectors, they are not usually shaped like true chisels, but they look rather like miniature celts. Chisels appear late in archaeological horizons in the South (24:fig. 160), Il­ linois (25:fig. 101), and New York (5:fig. 106). They are among the scarcest of all stone tools.

Chisels are usually symmetrical, cigar-shaped, and as a rule are nearly circular in cross-section except at the bit. The bit is sharpened equally from both sides in most cases. A number are extremely well finished at the bit while the remaining surface shows much of the original peck marks.

SIZE. Chisels are usually around 4 or 5 inches in length.

MATERIAL. A dense, compact igneous material is used.

- 135 - References

1. Fowler, Melvin L., Summary Report of Modoc Rock Shelter, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 1959.

2. Webb, William S. and Hagg, William G. , Archaic Sites in McLean Coun­ ty, Kentucky, Reports in Anthropology, Vol. VII, No. 1, University of Kentucky, 1947.

3. Morgan, Richard G. , Outline of Cultures in the Ohio Region, in Archaeo­ logy of the Eastern United States, Chicago, 1954.

4. Webb, William S. , The Carlson Annis Mound, Reports in Anthropology, Vol. VII, No. 4, University of Kentucky, 1950.

5. Ritchie, William A. , The Archaeology of New York State, New York, 1965.

6. Hooton, Earnest A., Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near Madisonville, Ohio, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1920.

7. Moffett, Ross, The Raisch-Smith Site, The Ohio Archaeological and His­ torical Quarterly, Columbus, 1949.

8. Webb, William S. and Hagg, William G. , The Chiggerville Site, Reports in Anthropology, Vol. IV, No. 1, University of Kentucky, 1939.

9. Webb, William S. , The Read Shell Midden, Reports in Anthropology, Vol. VII, No. 5, University of Kentucky, 1950.

10. Dragoo, Don W. , Archaic Hunters of the Upper Ohio Valley, Carnegie Museum Anthropological Series #3, Pittsburgh, 1950.

11. Webb, William S. and Baby, Raymond S., The Adena People - No. 2, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, 1957.

12. Webb, William S. and Hagg, William G. , The Fisher Site, Reports in Anthropology, Vol. VII, No. 2, University of Kentucky, 1947.

13. Dragoo, Don W. , Mounds for the Dead, Annals of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, 1965.

14. Mills, William C. , The Feurt Mounds and Village Site, in Ohio Archaeo­ logical and Historical Publications, Vol. 26, 1917.

15. Willoughby, Charles C. , The Turner Group of Earthworks, Hamilton County, Ohio, Papers of the Peabody Museum, Vol. VIII, No. 3, Cam­ bridge, 1922.

- 136 - 16. Deuel, Thorne, Hopewellian Communities in Illinois, Scientific Papers Vol. V, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 1952.

17. Fowke, Gerard, Archaeological History of Ohio, Ohio State Archaeologi­ cal and Historical Society, Columbus, 1902.

18. Prufer, Olaf H. , The McGraw Site, Cleveland Museum, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1965.

19. Allman, John C. , A New Late Woodland Culture of Ohio, The Lichliter Village Site Near Dayton, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 7, No. 2, Columbus, 1957.

20. Baby, Raymond S. , personal communication, Columbus, 1966.

21. Converse, Robert N. , The Troyer Site, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 16, No. 1, Columbus, 1966.

22. Kneberg, Madeline, The Tennessee Area, in Archaeology of the Eastern United States, Chicago, 1954.

23. Griffin, James B. , Prehistoric Cultures of the Central Mississippi Val­ ley, in Archaeology of the Eastern United States, Chicago, 1954.

24. Fairbanks, Charles H. , Creek and Pre-Creek, in Archaeology of the Eastern United States, Chicago, 1954.

25. Maxwell, Noreau S. , The Archaeology of the Lower Ohio Valley, in Ar­ chaeology of the Eastern United States, Chicago, 1954. Standing Committees PROGRAM COMMITTEE

Harley W. Glenn (co-chairman), 1394 W. Third Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43212; Dorothy L. Good, (co- chairman), 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 43123; Ed W. Atkinson, Columbus; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, Worthington; Elmer H. Grimm, Elyria; George R. Lowell, Sr. , Cleveland, Wayne A. Mortine, Newcomerstown; Dr. Olaf H. Prufer, Cleveland, John Sarnovsky, Elyria.

MEMBERSHIP AND PUBLICITY

Dr. John J. Haney (chairman), 311-1/2 S. Third Street, Ironton, Ohio 45638; Gerald Brickman, Find- lay; Dallas E. Burton, Cincinnati; Jeff Carskadden, Zanesville; Robert W. Cochran, Coshocton; Earl Mumaw, Versailles; Stephen J. Parker, Lancaster; Dennis R. Roberts, White Cottage; Carroll E. Welling, Warsaw; Dr. Norman L. Wright, Coshocton.

EXHIBITS COMMITTEE

Harry A. Hopkins (co-chairman), Route 3, Box 322, Piqua, Ohio 45356; Julius E. Noebe (co-chair­ man), 1115 Whipple Avenue S. W. , Canton, Ohio 44710; Dallas E. Burton, Cincinnati; Dr. Stanley G. Copeland, Worthington; Dr. John J. Haney, Ironton; George R. Lowell, Sr. , Cleveland.

FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTi» S COMMITTEE Dr. Stanley G. Copeland (chairman), 5830 Crescent Court, Worthington, Ohio 43085; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; Ernest G. Good, Grove City; Jack Hooks, Mansfield; Richard H. Johnson, Marion.

NOMINATING COMMITTEE

Wayne A. Mortine (chairman), iScott Drive, Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832; Gerald Brickman, Findlay; Ensil Chadwick, Mt. Vernon; Richard H. Johnson, Marion; Norman McKnight, Ashville.

AUDITING COMMITTEE

Charles H. Meng (chairman), 790 Montrose Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43209; Dorothy L. Good, Grove City.

LEGISLATION COMMITTEE

J. Grant Keys (chairman), 409 Washington Avenue, Elyria, Ohio 44035; Raymond S. Baby, Columbus; Ernest G. Good, Grove City; Charles H. Meng, Columbus; Emmett R. Schide, Jr. , New Philadelphia.