OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 45 NO. 3 SUMMER 1995

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 1996 President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological OH 43130, (614)653-6642 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 1996 Vice President Carmel Tackett, 906 Charleston Park, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614) 772-5431 BACK ISSUES 1996 Exec. Sect. Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeolo, 44805, (419)289-8313 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861 -0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064, (614) 873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1996 Immediate Past Pres. Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 business office for prices and availability. ASO CHAPTERS BUSINESS MANAGER Alum Creek Chapter Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thomeville Road, Rushville, OH President: Dennis Buehler, 1736 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43150, (614) 536-7855, 1 -800-736-7815 Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Richard Gertz, 1094 Millersburg Rd SW, Massilon, OH TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: John McKendry, 5545 Truscott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 43050, (614)393-2314 Blue Jacket Chapter 1996 James R. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, President: Jon M. Anspaugh, 210 E Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH (614)323-2351 Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society 1996 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann court, Lancaster, OH 43130 President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH (614)653-9477 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1996 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (216)753-7081 Flint Ridge Chapter 1998 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, 2200 East Powell Road, President: Bob Williams, 138 Margery Drive NE, Newark, OH Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 297-2641 (work) Fort Salem Chapter 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) President: Brent Weber, 1455 Bethel New Richmond Rd., 723-7122 New Richmond, OH 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH 43224 Fulton Creek Chapter (614)262-9615 President: Mike Coyle, 18000 SR4, Marysville, OH 1998 Jeb Bowen, 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, OH 43420 Johnny Appleseed Chapter (419)585-2571 President: Randy Hancock, 1202 ST RT 302 RD#5, Ashland, OH King Beaver Chapter President: Judith Storti, R.D. #2, Box 1519, 1519 Herrick St., REGIONAL COLLABORATORS New Castle, PA David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Kyger Creek Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Ruth A. Warden, 20 Evans Heights, Gallipolis, OH Lake County Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Columbus, OH 43210 Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 Mound City Chapter Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Painted Post Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Norman Fox, 810 Coolidge St, New Castle, PA Zanesville, OH 43701 Sandusky Bay Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 104 E. Lincoln, Greenville, OH 45331 President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd.. Wakeman, OH Sandusky Valley Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Seneca Arrow Hunters changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH ness Manager. Six Rivers Valley Chapter President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County. Rd 24, Republic, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Sugarcreek Valley Chapter President: Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd, Norton, OH NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE Ohio Pipestone by Elaine Holzapfel 4 It was with deep sorrow that I learned of the death of S. A. (Joe) Redick. Joe certainly was one of the stalwarts of our A Curved Pick Bannerstone From Butler County Society, serving as Business Manager and trustee for several by Teresa and Tony Putty 7 years. Joe will be missed by all and we extend our deepest sym­ Two Engraved Slate Pieces From Northern Ohio pathies to Joe's wife and family. by Robert Burns 8 I strongly urge everyone to read the article in the last issue of The Ohio Archaeologist written by Martha Potter Otto concerning Some Examples of the Miami River Axe NAGPRA. NAGPRA is the common acronym for Native American by Charles F. Henderson 9 Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. This act has serious Trophy-Type Axe Found at a Depth of 20 Inches in Van Wert ramifications on archaeology, museums and private collectors. It County, Ohio in the Early 1970's will behoove each of us to keep abreast of this act (and any sim­ by Claude Britt, Jr. 10 ilar act) and of any changes and/or consideration of changes to it. I hate to think that the ASO will become a political force, but Towards Cupstone Classification: An Experimental Approach we just might have to. We will have to join together to fight any by Roger Rowe 11 legislation or regulatory powers which will have the potential to The Word is Respect by Fred Elchinger 18 ultimately destroy archaeology as a science. Every couple of years or so, it seems that we have to reiterate Indians Looking to Ohio for Possible Casino Operations 18 the guidelines to be used for determining what the Society will Mineralogy of a "Chlorite" Pick Bannerstone From North allow to be displayed and sold at our meetings. We try our best Carolina byJamesL. Murphy 19 to avoid a "Flea Market or Yard Sale" atmosphere. This can best The John W. "Red" Stalder Collection be attained by the continued efforts and cooperation of any by David W. Kuhn 20 member selling or displaying artifacts. Items should be of an archaeological nature. I will not attempt Two Iroquois Pipes by Steve Fuller 22 to list every thing that will or will not be allowed, but I can offer Flint Ridge Flint by Ron Helman 23 the following guidelines. Acceptable items include genuine arti­ facts, pottery, baskets, beadwork, display cases, books and A Comparison of Ohio and Minnesota Pipestones related publications or literature, and other educational material by Claude Britt, Jr. 24 consistent with the objectives of the Society. Prohibited items A History of Archaeological Investigations of the Earthworks at include fraudulent artifacts of any kind, unauthorized trading Mounds State Park in Madison County, Indiana cards, sweatshirts and tee shirts, mugs, jewelry, swords, knives, by Chet Green 27 guns, marbles, watches and watch fobs, clocks, bric-a-brac, etc. A Bifurcate Site in Wayne County by Jeff Zemrock 34 Although these lists are not all-inclusive, they should give you the gist of what will and what will not be allowed. I'll let your good A Miami County Cache by Ed Levan, Jr. 36 common sense guide you from here on out. A Miami County Cache by JimStephan 36 I realize there are some grey areas which will have to be han­ Strange Point No. 2 by John R. Heath 37 dled on a case by case, meeting by meeting basis. If you are asked to remove an item(s), for what ever reason, please do so Artifacts Found by Joe Witzman by Bob Burns 37 without any hassle. It is not an easy or fun task for any officer or Prehistoric Pipes - How Were They Manufactured committee member to ask someone to remove items from their by D.R. Gehlbach 38 tables. I know our requests for removal are judgmental and con­ troversial, but they have to be made for the benefit of our Society Necrology, Colonel Raymond C. Vietzen 39 and our membership. Therefore, please abide by the wishes of Necrology, Charles Smith 39 any officer or member of the fraudulent artifact committee. You Scenes from the Fourth Annual Native American Artifact Exhibit may bring any complaint to me, if you wish, but I assure you I will by Brian DaRe and Robert A. Kersten 40 support the decisions of the officers and members of the fraudu­ lent artifact committee to the fullest. A New Threat to Archaeology and Collecting 42 Mercer County Historical Society 43 Thanks, and take care! Errata 43 NPS Announces New Publication on First Americans 43 ^j^JlXoLAhl^

Steve Parker

Cover Figure: This coffin-shaped Glacial Kame gorget is made of red banded slate. It was found before May 13, 1888, on the Isaac Devore farm in Putnam County, Ohio. OHIO PIPESTONE by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

This spring David Kuhn, an attorney Portsmouth Fire Brick Company had the coal mining operations, as the clay fre­ from Portsmouth, and Skip Bower, man­ capacity to produce 40,000 bricks per quently lies beneath members of forma­ ager of a Cadillac agency, took Bob day. The Buckeye Fire Brick and Clay tions known as Sharon coal and Converse and me to an Ohio pipestone Company in Bloom township had an Quakertown coal. The pipestone layer quarry in Scioto County. Known as Feurt output of 40 tons daily. Shafts were sunk itself is known geologically as Sciotoville Hill, the quarry is on the knob of a into the ground, sometimes up to 80 feet, clay. wooded ridge north of Portsmouth in and explosives loosened the pipestone, The clay was deposited in the great Clay township. Our goal was to dig a rep­ which was hauled to the front of the shaft coal-producing swamps of the resentative chunk of pipestone. Although by mules. The deposits worked commer­ Pennsylvanian period, around 300 million we used shovels, picks, and an axe, cially in Clay and Porter townships of years ago. The Ohio area, near the chopping through surface layers of shale Scioto County were exhausted by 1923. equator at the time, was hot and tropical. and weathered pipestone was difficult, In the warm shallow sea which sub­ and the pipestone procured was often of PHYSICAL QUALITIES merged much of what is now eastern low quality. After several hours of We soon discovered that pipestone United States, lived brachiopods, working four pits, a good sample of the has many porous streaks along which it crinoids, and sharks; large amphibians raw material was obtained. Our specimen readily fractures. The clay is easily carved crawled through jungle-like forests inhab­ (Fig. 4) had a greasy feel, and rubbing it because it is soft and chalk-like - it can ited by dragonflies with 3-foot in one spot soon produced a shiny even be scratched with a fingernail. A wingspans. When pipestone was smooth surface. professional archaeologist (James forming, insects, fish, and amphibians Addington, Portsmouth Daily Times, Aug. were the most advanced forms of life on earth. PREHISTORIC USE 18, 1993) stated that "pipestone hardens Prehistoric people mined pipestone as when exposed to air." This is incorrect. Because currents created an irregular early as 3,000 years ago. The earliest Pipestone does not harden with age, and sea floor with low knobs and ridges, the pipes were tubular pipes made during the prehistoric examples are for the most clay was laid down in uneven and dis­ Late Archaic Glacial Kame and early part as soft as the day they were quarried continuous layers in isolated areas. Adena period. The later Adena and thousands of years ago (Converse 1995). Seams of pipestone, therefore, vary in Hopewell cultures both made pipestone This is an example of errors which creep thickness from 1 to 10 feet, with deposits pipes, as did the Ft. Ancient people, who into the literature by taking as fact asser­ in the Ohio counties of Scioto, Jackson, fashioned a variety of pipes including tions of others without observing the arti­ Pike, Vinton, Perry, Hocking, and Gallia, vasiform, pebble, keeled, and effigy facts themselves. as well as south into Kentucky. types. Few prehistoric artifacts other than Pipestone is actually a hard clay, It is hoped that a pipestone deposit will pipes were made of Ohio pipestone. known as flint clay because of its high some day be set aside to commemorate Some artifacts identified as pipestone are silica content. In the words of Stout the prehistoric and historic use of this actually polished limestone, which can (1923): flint clay is "compact and dense unique stone. resemble pipestone. but not so hard that it can not be scratched with a knife. It breaks with a ACKNOWLEDGMENT HISTORIC USE conchoidal or even splintery fracture.... Many thanks to Mike Hansen of the Quarries of Ohio pipestone were and has a smooth feel and usually some Ohio Geological Survey for making scenes of vigorous mining activities for luster. The color varies considerably but Stout's book available to me. sixty years, from the 1860s through the the most common shades are light or yel­ 1920s. The use of pipestone by prehis­ lowish-gray. Carbon pigments, however, toric man was miniscule in comparison. produce dark grays or dull blacks, and REFERENCES CITED Pipestone was mined extensively for the iron compounds modified pinks, greens, Converse, Robert N. manufacture of fire brick for use in lime and blues." 1995 Personal communication. kilns, ceramic kilns, boilers, locomotive blocks, coke ovens, and steel furnaces. GEOLOGY Stout, Wilbur Half a dozen companies in Scioto County Many of the records of the depth and 1923 Coal Formation Clays of Ohio. Bulletin 26, mined tons of pipestone daily. The thickness of flint clay were made during Geological Survey of Ohio, Columbus.

4 •^ Figure 1 (Holzapfel) David Kuhn takes a break in the pit he was working.

M Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Skip Bower tries to chisel some flint clay loose.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) A seam of pipestone appears at last.

5 •4 Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Our hard-won spec­ imen of pipestone, also known as flint clay and Sciotoville clay.

•^ Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Millions of fire bricks similar to this one were manufactured from pipestone from I860 to 1928.

M Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Three prehistoric arti­ facts made of yellowish-tan Ohio pipe­ stone. TOP: MicMac pipe, protohistoric, ca. 1500 A. D. CENTER: Tubular pipe, 5 inches long. Little Darby Creek, near Buzzard's Glory, Madison Co. Glacial Kame, ca. 1000 B.C. BOTTOM: Elbow pipe, Ft. Ancient, ca. 1300-1500 A.D. From a farm collection near Portsmouth.

6 A CURVED PICK BANNERSTONE FROM BUTLER COUNTY by Teresa and Tony Putty 6911 E. 500 N. Shelbyville, IN 46176

The curved pick bannerstone shown in assigned his catalogue number 2822 to became legible. Presumably, this is the the accompanying photograph was pic­ the piece after he purchased it from P. date the bannerstone was found in Butler tured in Knoblock's book, Bannerstones Slack and Sons Sportings Goods Store in County, Ohio. of the North American Indians on page Springfield, Ohio. Frank Burdett, Mr. 497 (No. 3). It is described as being made Slack's brother-in-law, worked at the References of "slate, faintly banded". The banner­ store. Information provided by Duane Hart, Gordon stone is three inches wide from tip to tip. Johnson and the archives of Gordon Hart 9/1/95 Bluffton, IN. It is unusually thick at the center, being enabled us to trace this artifact from L.C. Personal Communication. almost one and a half inches in diameter. Snyder through the W.O. Wardner, B.W. Johnson, Duane. Unfinished solid stick drilling is evident Stephens (catalogue #B-96), Gene Johns 8/21/95 Morristown, IN. Personal Communication. for a depth of one-half inch. and Garret Zuber collections. Knoblock, Byron. The bannerstone was owned by L.C. When examining the faded ink markings 1939 Bannerstones of the North American Snyder of Lacona, New York when it was on the bottom of the bannerstone under Indian. Published by Author. pictured by Knoblock in 1939. Snyder ultraviolet light, a date of June 1925 LaGrange, IL.

Figure 1 (Putty) Pick Bannerstone found in Butler County in 1925.

7 TWO ENGRAVED SLATE PIECES FROM NORTHERN OHIO by Robert Burns 8415 Upton San Antonio, Texas 78250

Shown in Figures 1 and 2 are two engraved slate pieces found by the late Joe Witzman.

Figure 2 (Burns) Engraved slate tablet found by Joe Witzman in the Cuyahoga Valley. One side has three snake like figures with a closed flat bottom chevron above and below the snake symbols. Similar snake figures have appeared on a Glacial Kame two-hole gorget found on the Zimmerman Figure 1 (Burns) Red mudstone two hole rec­ site, Hardin County, Ohio. (Converse, Glacial Kame Indians, p.40, fig. 16). A small geometric design tangular gorget with block line engraving. A appears in the lower right corner. There may be other slate tablets to complete this design. The surface find by Joe Witzman in one of his reverse face of this tablet is covered with chevron like designs, one over the other. It appears one favorite corn fields in Wayne County, Ohio in engraving may have been placed over the other to mask the principle engraving beneath. 1984. Size 2%" x 1%". Size 3" x2'A".

8 SOME EXAMPLES OF THE MIAMI RIVER AXE by Charles F. Henderson 1244 N. Union Salem, Ohio 44460

The Miami River Axe, so named by Dr. G. Meuser because of the number of such axes found in the Miami River drainage areas of western Ohio, is a somewhat scarce prehistoric stone tool (Converse 1973:20). Also called the "Ohio Axe", this type of axe has certain characteristics in shape that make it appear very different from other types of axes. The poll is sometimes well-made, rounded and symmetrical (figure 1, both examples). The poll can also be some­ what squat and irregular in appearance (figure 2, both examples). The blade tapers to a bit that is smaller than the rest of the blade. The taper can be slight as exhibited in the left example in figure 1 or it can be very pronounced as exhibited in the right example in figure 2. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the fact that the axes are always full grooved, and have pronounced ridges around the grooves. Those of you that have a Miami River Axe in your collection should consider yourselves fortunate, because it is truly a unique stone tool used by prehistoric man. Figure 1 (Henderson) Miami River axes from the author's collection. The axe on the left was found REFERENCES near Thornville in Perry County, Ohio. The axe on the right is from Ohio (locality unknown). Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus

Figure 2 (Henderson) Miami River axes from the author's collection. The axe on the left is from Champaign County, Ohio. The provenience of the axe on the right is unknown.

9 TROPHY-TYPE AXE FOUND AT A DEPTH OF 20 INCHES IN VAN WERT COUNTY, OHIO IN THE EARLY 1970'S by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131 Converse (1994:20) has recently illus­ once had a very valuable and completely the previously reported hammerstone trated four nice Ohio trophy axes. documented teaching/research collection, found at a depth of three feet at Because I just recently published an much of which came from old Ohio farm Wapakoneta (Britt, 1995:17), certainly article on a grooved-hammerstone found auctions. Due to living for years in extreme adds credence to these statements. at a depth of three feet in Auglaize poverty and hardship trying to work as a County (Britt, 1995:17), I decided to illus­ seasonal ranger, the entire collection was trate an axe, very similar to the trophy sold many years ago so I didn't starve to References type, which was also found at a depth death on NPS GSM salary. Britt, Claude Jr. beneath the plow zone (Fig. 1). As has often been stated, and I have 1995 Grooved Hammerstone Recently found at a depth of three feet The axe shown here (Fig. 1) was dis­ heard the late Hubert Wachtel make this near Wapakoneta, Ohio. covered by accident about 1970 by a statement many times, the finest prehis­ Ohio Archaeologist, Vol.45,No. 1. worker digging a house foundation about toric Indian artifacts in Ohio are still to be 4 miles from Van Wert, Ohio. The original found (beneath the plow zone). This Converse, Robert N. finder stated that it was found at a depth trophy-type axe reported here which was 1994 Trophy Axes. Ohio Archaeologist, of 20 inches. Because this artifact was found at a depth of 20 inches, as well as Vol. 44, No. 4, p. 20. never on or near the surface, it was never struck by farm machinery. Also, because it was beneath the plow zone, it did not show much weathering as would be expected from a surface site. The axe exhibited little patina and appeared in pristine condition. This piece was given to me by my father in 1973 when I lived in Arizona. He had gotten it from the orig­ inal finder at Van Wert. In the early 1970's I showed this axe to several prominent members of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Until I told those people of the circumstances of its discovery and the fact that it was never near the surface, because it appeared so "fresh-looking", some even questioned its authenticity. This piece was fashioned from black and white speckled granite and was highly polished all over. This axe is approximately five inches long. It is shaped a little different on the poll end than classic trophy axes. However, because it was obviously never used, and probably never meant to be, along with the fine workmanship and high degree of polish, I think that it should be classed as a trophy axe. An old friend, Dudley Bravard, and also other members of the society upon examining it several years ago stated that it was unquestion­ ably a trophy axe and was probably made for display only. All persons exam­ ining it were amazed with the "mint" con­ dition and general lack of weathering. As seen in Fig. 1, the axe bears my old Cat. No. 0910. I no longer own this axe or any other prehistoric Indian artifacts. I Figure 1 (Britt) Trophy-type axe found at a depth of 20 inches in Van Wert County, Ohio in the 1970's.

10 TOWARDS CUPSTONE CLASSIFICATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH by Roger Rowe 755 Western Dr. Wooster, Ohio 44691

Abstract pecked surface" after extensive use, Average length per 100: 217.5/100 = The cupstone, an artifact to which while a sandstone hammerstone displays 2.175cm. much speculation has been given as to a "deep pitted groove". In discussing Average middle diameter per 100: function, is examined through experi­ anvils he reports that a schist anvil devel­ 222.3/100 = 2.223cm. mental replication. A comparison is also oped "a layered pitted area, with small Average lower diameter per 100: made with excavated examples. flat sections" while "a quartzite anvil 180.6/100 = 1.806cm. "It is a remarkable fact that archaeolo­ developed a pitted surface". Average nipple length per 100: gists still remain in total ignorance as to the The scope of this paper is to report on 21.1/100 = .211cm. functions of the objects commonly known the results of research conducted by the Because the experiment was designed, as cupstones." (Fowke 1902:539-540) author on experimental replication of this in part, to check maximum nut meat artifact type, the sandstone artifacts (kernel) recovery, it was decided that the Introduction commonly known as cupstones. nut in this experiment should be cracked Almost as much confusion abounds in on end, proximal (stem) end up and distal the literature as to the term cupstone as Experimental Procedures (nipple) end against the anvil. Pit growth do the suggestions to the function of The experiments were designed to pro­ in this experiment was measured at 20 these artifacts. While some like to clas­ duce three types: nutting anvils, lithic nut intervals. The number of hits per nut sify cupstones under the name of pitted anvils and sockets. In all cases sandstone were also recorded. stones others, such as Brennan (1975) was used as anvils and sockets. The sandstone anvil used in this experi­ prefer to separate them. Converse Hardness of the sandstone cobbles ment (Anvil A) weighed 554.9gm. and had (1966:103-104) also notes the distinction varied from 4-6 on Moh's scale (table 1). a hardness of 5. It's dimensions were in the type of material from which the The same quartzite hammerstone was 11cm. x 8.8cm. and 5cm. thick. The artifact is made, cupstones usually of used in all experiments involving anvils. In hammer used was a rounded cobble of sandstone and pitted stones usually of anvil experiments, anvils were placed on quartzite weighing 509.5gm. with a max­ "gray granitic stone". Among other a concrete floor, which had been covered imum diameter of 7.2cm. and a hardness names are nutting stones, "nut hullers with a white cloth. The area was closed of 7. and nut crackers" (Deishler 1939:11) on three sides to maximize recovery of After 20 nuts had been cracked (59 "footrests for spindles" (Read 1892:39), nut shell and flint debitage. hits) a small depression .2cm. deep and anvil stones and sockets. As with so Pit growth was measured at various .5cm. wide had formed. As the experi­ many descriptive names, these names intervals as will be described. Pit mea­ ment proceeded to 40 nuts cracked (93 imply function. Other suggested func­ surements taken include maximum width hits) the depression grew in width to tions for these artifacts include "bead of pit rim and pit depth. Microscopic 1.3cm. while the depth remained the holders" (Britt 1973:26) and paint cups observations were made using a Wolf K- same at .2cm. After 100 nuts had been (Dragoo 1963:106). Series stereomicroscope with 20x and cracked (247 hits) a "U" or cupped Cupstones have been very poorly 40x magnification. In many cases the 20x shaped depression remained. The reported in the literature. More often than magnification was preferred over the 40x depression had a maximum width of not only their presence, at sites, are noted because a better overall observation 2.1cm. and was .4cm. deep. The cupped in reports. Sometimes they are weighed could be made of the pit area. shaped depression had an oval shaped and number of pits reported. Few seem rim. In the center of the bottom of the concerned with pit description. Yet pit Nut Processing depression was a distinct small impres­ description can suggest function. Experiment 1 sion left by the "nipple" on the distal end Published comparative results of 100 fresh nuts from the Shagbark of the nut. Size, shape, and presence of experimental replication of this artifact Hickory (Carya ovata) were used in this the "nipple" depression in this pit all type are at best scattered and some­ experiment. The nuts were gathered ran­ reflect the nut that was cracked. times difficult to obtain. Spears (1975) domly, at different locations, and husked Microscopic examination of the pit reports on the results of using chert and prior to the experiment. The husking of before cleaning revealed much nut fiber sandstone as nutting and lithic anvils. Hickory nuts is relatively easy as the adhering to the pit. After cleaning,the Among other observations reported are husks split into four sections when the depression appeared coarse, but not bat­ that cracking nuts on a sandstone anvil nuts are ripe. The nuts were then tered, through the microscope. The nipple will produce shallow "U" shaped pits." weighed and measured. Measurements depression itself was cylindrical, the Cracking rounded cobbles on sandstone taken include length (proximal to distal), bottom of which was somewhat uneven. anvils also result in "U" shaped pits. middle diameter (maximum diameter), After each nut was cracked the shell Cracking angular cobbles will produce a lower diameter (this measurement was and kernel material was gathered and "V" shaped pit. A combination "U" and taken 2mm up from the distal end to separated. Total weight of recovered "V" shaped pit will form when both assist in determining rate of growth of the shell was 256.7gm. Total weight of smooth and angular cobbles are cracked. pit), and length of the small pin-like pro­ recovered nut meat was 158.1gm. The Kalin (1981) reports producing an arti­ tuberance (nipple) which occurs at the sample of Hickory nuts that were cracked fact similar to a "nutting stone" in distal (flower) end of the nut. The sample provided the following data: describing the type of wear which occurs of Hickory nuts, which weighed 418 gm., Average weight of recovered shell per on hammerstones used in bipolar flaking. provided the following data: 100: 256.7/100 = 2.567gm. In comparison he describes a granite Average weight per 100: 418/100 = Average weight of recovered nut meat hammerstone as displaying "only a 4.18gm. per 100: 158.1/100 = 1.581gm.

11 Experiment 2 of the stone around the depression. After the center of the battered area after a 100 fresh nuts from the Black Walnut each nut was cracked to recover max­ total of 37 nuts had been cracked (108 (Juglans nigra) were used in this experi­ imum nut meat, the shell and kernel hits), terminating the experiment. At this ment. The nuts were gathered at different material were gathered and separated. time the battered area measured 2.2cm. locations and the husks allowed to rot The total weight of recovered shell was x 2.2cm. and was .1cm. deep. Microscopic prior to the experiment. The nuts were 1167.8gm. and the total weight of recov­ examination before cleaning revealed measured using the same procedures as ered nut meat was 357gm. The sample of much nut fiber present in this uneven and in Experiment 1. As with Hickory, the 100 Black Walnuts which were cracked battered area. Black Walnut also exhibits a small nipple provided the following data: at the distal end of the nut. The sample Average weight of recovered shell per Experiment 8 of Black Walnut, which weighed 100: 1167.8/100 = 11.67gm. In order to complete the process started 1,554.7gm., provided the following data: Average weight of recovered nut meat in Experiment 7 a new experiment was set Average weight per 100: 1554.7/100 = per 100: 357/100 = 3.57gm. up. The sandstone anvil used, Anvil H, 15.547gm. measured 12.5cm. x 12.0cm. and was Average length per 100: 324.9/100 = Experiment 6 6.2cm. thick. The anvil weighed 1.0kg. 3.249cm. In this experiment 50 Black Walnuts and had a hardness of 5. Nuts of both Average middle diameter per 100: and 50 Shagbark Hickory nuts were Black Walnut and Shagbark Hickory were 355.7/100 = 3.557cm. used, alternately cracked on end (prox­ alternately cracked on their sides, prox­ Average lower diameter per 100: imal end up and distal end against the imal to distal axis parallel with the anvil. 168.9/100 = 1.689cm. anvil). The nuts were cracked until all After 20 nuts had been cracked (64 hits), Average nipple length per 100: usable nut meat could be extracted. Pit a battered area measuring 2.7cm. x 2.7cm. 120/100 = 1.2cm. measurements were taken at 20 nut was present. As the experiment proceeded Like Experiment 1, this experiment was intervals. The sandstone anvil used (Anvil to 60 nuts cracked (256 hits), the battered also designed to check maximum nut F) weighed 1.2kg. and had a hardness of area remained 2.7cm. x 2.7cm. but now meat recovery. The nuts in this experi­ 6. It's dimensions were 13.4cm. x 11cm. had a maximum depth of .2cm. After 100 ment were cracked on end, proximal and was 7cm. thick. nuts had been cracked (441 hits) a some­ (stem) end up and distal (nipple) end Due to the very granular nature of this what oblong, "U" shaped slight depression against the anvil. Pit growth was again anvil the depression formed rapidly. After remained. The maximum width dimension measured at 20 nut intervals and the 10 nuts were cracked (54 hits) a depres­ was 2.9cm. and maximum depth was number of hits per nut were recorded. sion formed which would enable the nuts .3cm. Microscopic examination after The sandstone anvil used (Anvil B) to stand on their own. A depression with cleaning showed the bottom of the weighed 1.3kg. and had a hardness of 6. a maximum width of 1.6cm. and .4cm. depression to be uneven and battered. It's dimensions were 12.6cm. x 11.5cm. deep formed after 20 nuts had been Related surface batter was also noted on and 7cm. thick. The hammer used was cracked (111 hits). After 60 nuts had been the surface of the stone around the rim of the same quartzite cobble used in cracked (304 hits) the depression mea­ the depression. Experiment 1. sured a maximum width of 2.7cm. and As the experiment proceeded it was was .8cm. deep. At the end of the experi­ Experiment 13 noted that simply cracking the nuts on ment, after 100 nuts had been cracked This final experiment in nut cracking end, which split into halves, did not allow (510 hits) the remaining depression had a was designed to assist in comparing for maximum kernel recovery. The solu­ maximum width of 3.6cm. and was depressions made by Hickory and tion to this was to place the section 1.5cm. deep. Visual examination revealed Walnut. Using the same anvil (Anvil M) 65 halves, one at a time, over the pit, flat a conical or "V" shaped depression with Walnuts were cracked in one area and 65 side down on the anvil and again crack an oval shaped rim. At the bottom of this Hickory nuts were cracked in another them with the hammerstone. After 20 nuts depression was a small nipple depres­ area on the same surface in close prox­ had been cracked (129 hits) a slight sion. Microscopic examination showed imity The nuts were cracked on end, depression .1cm. deep was noted. It's the sides of the pit to be smooth but not proximal end up and distal end against maximum width, which was based on ground, with much nut fiber present. The the anvil. The nuts were cracked until all stain from the nut on the stone was bottom of the nipple depression usable meat could be extracted. Anvil M 1.3cm. No change was noted in the appeared coarse and battered. Though measured 20.3cm. x 15cm. and was depression until 60 nuts had been both Hickory and Walnut were cracked in 6.1cm. thick. The anvil weighed 2.0kg. cracked (453 hits). At that time, though this depression, the pit clearly reflects the and had a hardness of 5. The same the maximum width of the depression larger Walnut. Also noted was the begin­ quartzite hammerstone used in the pre­ remained 1.3cm., the depth had achieved ning of a "stress crack" which ran across vious experiments was used. Pit mea­ .2cm. in depth. At the end of this experi­ just off center of the depression. surements were recorded at 20 hit ment, after 100 nuts had been cracked intervals rather than nut intervals. (805 hits), the depression had a maximum Experiment 7 Beginning with Walnut, after 40 hits (6 width of 1.3cm. and was .3cm. deep. Unlike the previous experiments in nut nuts) a nipple depression began to form. The remaining depression had a cracking, the nuts in this experiment By the time 100 hits were made (12 nuts) slightly oval shaped rim. At first glance were cracked on their sides, that is, the a depression 1.6cm. x 1.5cm. and .3cm. the pit appeared to be "U" to "V" shaped. proximal to distal axis of the nut was laid deep formed. Growth of this depression A slight nipple depression was present, parallel with the anvil. The sandstone continued until 435 hits were made (65 but hard to detect without a microscope. anvil used (Anvil G) weighed 1.0kg. It nuts), at which time the anvil split, just off Microscopic examination before cleaning measured 17.8cm. x 9.5cm. and was center of the depression. At this time the revealed the depression to be more "V" 5.5cm. thick, with a hardness of 6. Nuts oblong pit measured 3.7cm. x 3.2cm. shaped, with the bottom of the "V" being of both Black Walnut and Hickory were and was .9cm. deep. The depression was the nipple depression. Much nut meat used in this experiment, the two types conical shaped with the point in the fiber was also noted in the depression. being alternately cracked. bottom being the nipple depression. After cleaning, the depression appeared After 20 nuts had been cracked (42 Following the Walnut experiment, in an coarse but not battered, however some hits), a battered area, measuring 2.2cm. x area approximately 7cm. from the center surface batter was noted on the surface 2.2cm. appeared. The anvil broke across of the Walnut depression, the Hickory

12 experiment was performed. After 40 hits Faulkner (1984:322), in discussing bipolar depression measured 2.7cm x 2.3cm and (10 nuts) a nipple depression measuring reduction, reports that "this phenomenon had a maximum depth of .2cm. Much .8cm. x .5cm. and .1cm. deep had accounts for many of the artifacts com­ battering and gouging was present in the formed. Measurements taken after 100 monly identified as nutting stones." The depression. Microscopic examination hits (24 nuts) revealed this depression had other, direct rest percussion flaking, as (20x) revealed the depression to be made grown to 1.1cm. x 1.0cm. and was .2cm. described by Ellis (1965:17). This process up of numerous battered areas causing deep. Using up the sample of 65 nuts involves holding a blade edgewise on the the bottom to be uneven and irregular. required 283 hits. At this time the depres­ anvil and striking it with a hammerstone. sion measured 2.3cm. x 2.2cm. and was Ellis reports that this procedure is suit­ Experiment 10 .6cm. deep. This pit had an oval shaped able for "thinning down and roughing In order to complete the process rim. The depression was cup shaped with artifacts out from the raw material." started in Experiment 9, a new anvil was a nipple depression in the bottom. selected, Anvil J. The anvil weighed Experiment 3 1.4kg and had a hardness of 6. Its Conclusion to Nut Processing The sandstone anvil used in this exper­ dimensions were 14cm x 12cm and was In reviewing the results of the preceding iment (Anvil C) weighed 1.0kg. and had a 4.5cm thick. An irregular core of Upper experiments certain results are evident. hardness of 5. Its dimensions were Mercer chert with a maximum diameter However, it must be remembered that of all 12.2cm x 9.0cm and was 7.0cm thick. of 6.5cm, weighing 186.2gm was of the various types of nuts used by the The hammerstone used was the same selected to be flaked. prehistoric peoples only two types were quartzite hammerstone used in the pre­ 20 hits failed to split the core, however used in these experiments, Shagbark vious experiments. The chert used was at this time, a distinct depression mea­ Hickory and Black Walnut. an angular core of Vanport weighing suring 1.6cm x 1.6cm and .3cm deep First of all, when nuts are cracked on 800gm. Pit measurements were taken at had formed on the anvil. The anvil split end, proximal end up and distal end 20 hit intervals. This experiment was through the depression after 57 hits against the anvil the pit which forms in designed to be a combination of bipolar ending this experiment. The remaining the anvil will show certain characteristics: and direct rest percussion flaking. rough and irregular depression in the Within the first 20 hits the core shat­ anvil measured 3.8cm x 3.5cm and was 1. An oval shaped rim. tered (bipolar flaking). The debitage pro­ .6cm deep. The bottom and sides of the depression were very irregular and bat­ 2. A cupped or conical shaped depres­ duced were thick, wide, short blades with tered. Some surface battering on the face sion, depending upon the type of nut no bulb of percussion present. The anvil of the anvil around the rim of the depres­ cracked. also split at one end due to two misdi­ rected blows. At that time much battering sion was also present. 3. A nipple depression, if that nipple is was also present on the face of the anvil, present on the distal end of the nut. however, no depression had yet formed. Experiment 11 4. The depression should have a rough or After this, numerous flakes were then This final experiment was designed to coarse look but not ground smooth or taken and held edgewise, resting against produce a direct rest percussion anvil. A battered. the anvil and chipped (direct rest percus­ blade of Vanport chert measuring 6cm x sion flaking edgewise on anvil). 5cm and 2.5cm thick, weighing 75gm, 5. Some related surface battering could After 100 hits a depression measuring was flaked along one edge in an attempt be present on the surface of the stone 2.7cm. x 1.8cm. and .5cm. deep was to produce a steep retouch. The sand­ around the pit. present on the face of the anvil. The pit stone anvil used (Anvil K) measured 6. The size of the pit will be related to the was irregular and uneven. The bottom of 17cm x 11cm and was 6.3cm thick. Anvil size of the nut cracked. the pit and the sides were battered. K weighed 1 kg and had a hardness of 6. There was also much gouging present The thick flake of chert was laid with its If the nuts are cracked on their sides throughout the depression. Some related long axis horizontal to the anvil. Light the pit should show the following charac­ surface battering was also present blows with the hammerstone were teristics: around the pit on the face of the anvil. tapped along one edge of the flake in an attempt to detach flakes to create a 1. An oval or round shaped rim. Experiment 9 steep retouch. 2. A cupped shaped depression. The anvil used in this experiment (Anvil After 20 hits an irregular depression I) was a piece of sandstone with the was visible that measured 2.1cm x 1.2cm 3. The bottom of the depression will have dimensions of 13cm x 13cm and 9cm and was .2cm deep. A battered area was a somewhat uneven and battered thick. It weighed 2.2kg. and had a hard­ also present on the face of the anvil appearance. ness of 4-5. An irregular cobble core of where the hammerstone glances from the 4. Some related surface battering could an indeterminate (glacial?) chert weighing flake onto the anvil. The depression grew be present on the surface of the stone 163.6gm with a maximum diameter of in size until 100 hits, at which time the around the rim of the pit. 7.3cm was used. The same quartzite experiment ended. The remaining hammerstone was employed in this depression measured 3.3cm x 3.1cm and In comparing the methods of cracking experiment which was designed to pro­ had a maximum depth of .6cm. The the nuts, the author feels that cracking duce a bipolar anvil. Measurements were bottom of this depression was very irreg­ the nuts on end allowed for more nut taken at 20 hit intervals. ular with much gouging present. Grooves meat recovery and more ease of separa­ After 14 hits the anvil split, not at the radiating from the center of the pit were tion of shell and kernel material. point of impact, but off to the side. present up the sides of the depression However, if separation of shell and kernel Because the anvil was still usable the where the blade had cut into the stone. material was not important in this step of experiment continued. After 20 hits a processing, cracking nuts on their sides depression measuring 1.3cm x 1.2cm and Conclusion to Lithic Processing was quicker. .1cm deep was present. Much battering Though the sample of anvils produced was noticed on the anvil around the rim of in the preceding experiments is some­ Lithic Processing the depression. The anvil cracked across what small, the results show promise in Two methods of lithic processing using the center of the depression after 33 hits, defining certain characteristics of pits anvils were employed. One, bipolar, was terminating the experiment. produced by certain types of lithic pro­ used to attempt to split cobbles. At this time the irregular and uneven cessing. If a sandstone anvil is used in

13 bipolar flaking, the pit which results remaining conical shaped depression 1.3cm x 1.3cm and .2cm deep had should show the following characteristics: had a uniformly shaped round rim. A formed. This depression had a smooth great deal of wood fiber was present in bottom. During examination after 100 1. An irregular shaped rim. the pit. After cleaning, microscopic draws the pit appeared to be cup shaped examination at 20x showed the conical and smooth. The pit had a round shaped 2. An irregular cupped or conical shaped shaped pit to be uniform and symmet­ rim. Much foreign material was also pre­ depression, depending upon the rical. The walls of the pit appeared sent, probably wood fiber and resin. shape of the core. smooth and ground. No battering was Microscopic examination, after cleaning, 3. The depression should have a battered present in the pit or, of course, around revealed the pit to be cup shaped with a look. Battering marks should be present the rim. smooth bottom and sides, rounded rim in the bottom of the depression. and no related battering. 4. Some related surface battering could Experiment 5 Depression size is related to the size of be present on the surface of the stone The sandstone cobble used, Cobble E, the diameter of the rotating shaft due to around the pit. weighed 502.4gm and had a hardness of 5. some wobble. Its dimensions were 10.5cm x 9.5cm and If a sandstone anvil is used as a direct was 5.8cm thick. The wooden shaft used, Conclusion to Sockets percussion anvil, with the blade held on made from Ash (Sorbus), was 36.5cm in Though the sample of sockets pro­ edge, the pit should show the following length and had a diameter of 1.1cm. Both duced in these experiments is admittedly characteristics: ends of the shaft were rounded to a diam­ small, certain results show promise in eter of .9cm. The same bow was used as in defining the characteristics of pits pro­ 1. An irregular shaped rim. the previous experiment. duced by rotating shafts. If a sandstone After several tries a slight depression cobble is used as a socket/pressure 2. A conical shaped depression. had to be pecked into the face of the device for a rotating shaft it should show 3. The depression should have a battered cobble as the shaft constantly wandered the following characteristics: and gouged look. Marks may be pre­ due to the very flat surface of the cobble. sent where the blade cut into the stone. With the depression started by pecking, 1. A round shaped rim. the rotating shaft quit wandering. 4. Some related surface battering could 2. A cup or conical shaped depression, be present on the surface of the anvil Examination after 100 draws revealed depending upon the shape of the end around the pit. that a ground smooth depression had of the rotating shaft used. formed measuring 1.0cm x 1.0cm and Sockets .1cm deep. After 200 draws the depres­ 3. The depression should have a smooth, look. Some battering may be present, if In order to compare what a ground in sion remained the same in width and the depression first needed to be socket type depression may look like, diameter but had reached a depth of pecked, however, this "in pit battering" three experiments were set up using a .2cm. The experiment ended at 1200 may appear ground down. The side bow drill as a fire-starter. In these experi­ draws at which time the size and depth walls of the pit produced by a rotating ments sandstone was used as the top of the ground in area remained the same shaft will appear smooth, not battered, socket device. Other materials used will as at 200 draws, which was 1.0cm x as will the bottom. be described. Measurements were taken 1.0cm and .2cm deep. Much more wear at draw intervals. A "draw" was consid­ appeared on the wood shaft, which had ered to be the distance the center been, by this time, ground down by abra­ Conclusion rotating shaft takes to travel the length of sive action. The remaining depression In comparing the different types of pits the bowstring from one end to the other. appeared cup shaped with a round produced by different materials and actions This "draw" has no meaning except to be bottom and rounded rim. Much wood one must keep in mind that only a small a convenient measuring interval. fiber and resin were present in and number were produced. Also other treat­ around the depression. ments of the same type of materials may Experiment 4 Microscopic examination after cleaning produce slightly different results. In the The sandstone cobble used in this revealed the depression to be a "ground socket experiments, for example, what experiment, Cobble D, measured 10cm x in" depression within the pecked area. would happen if the ends of the rotating 10cm and was 5.8cm thick. Weighing Some battering marks from the pecking shaft were fire-hardened? Would a deeper 650gm, it had a hardness of 5. The center process were present around the depres­ pit result? One would think the wear char­ rotating shaft, measuring 33cm in length, sion while those in the bottom were being acteristics of the pit would be the same, was made from Cherry (Prunus) which worn down. The pit itself, which was however would the stone socket tend to measured 1.8cm in diameter and was formed by the rotating shaft, was cup wear more and the wood shaft less? What sharpened to a point. This pointed end shaped with a rounded bottom and a if a harder wood had been used? In the would rub against the sandstone. The round shaped rim. lithic processing experiments a hard bow used had a working length of 81 cm. hammer percussor was used. What would After 20 draws a depression began to Experiment 12 the pits look like if a soft hammer technique form in a natural pocket in the stone. The Using a bow with a working distance of were applied? In the nut processing experi­ depression measured .7cm x .7cm and 80cm and an Ash (Sorbus) shaft 36.5cm ments only two different types of nuts were appeared to be conical shaped and long, with a diameter of 1.0cm rounded used. What would the pits look like if other smooth, the conical shape probably to .9cm at the ends, this last experiment types of nuts were used? What would the attributed to the pointed shaft. After 80 was conducted. The sandstone cobble pits look like that are produced by cracking draws the depression remained .7cm x used, Cobble L, measured 12.6cm x bone? The possibilities are numerous. .7cm, but measured .2cm in depth. At 8.5cm and was 5.8cm thick. Cobble L However, the author feels the pit this time the shaft became difficult to weighed 800gm and had a hardness of 5. reflects the type of activity that produced control and wanted to wander away from After 40 draws a slight depression had it. In the nut processing experiments, the depression, due to the point of the to be pecked into the surface of the where the nuts were cracked on end, the shaft being ground down. Measurements sandstone cobble to prevent the rotating pits had an oval or round shaped rim. taken at 100 draws showed no change in shaft from traveling. After 60 draws a The oval or round shape is due to the size or depth of the depression. The nice circular depression measuring shape of the nut. Pit size is related to nut

14 size as is pit shape. Nut processing pro­ may affect the pits on those exposed to bottom of the pit. 6% (N=3) are irregular duced both cup shaped and conical the elements. On the experimently pro­ shaped battered areas. These occur in shaped depressions. It is interesting to duced examples, before cleaning, nut association with the nutting pits. One note that the Hickory depressions tended meat and shell was present in the pits of suggestion is that these are areas where to be cupped while the Walnut depres­ the nutting anvils as was pulverized rock in the shell sections were further reduced sions tended to be conical. When both the lithic examples and wood fiber in the once the nuts had been cracked and types of nuts were cracked in the same sockets. However, as Studer (1982:60) split in the nutting pits. depression, size and shape of the pit points out, this may not be the case in The final 4% (N=2) of the pits exam­ were determined by the larger nut, archaeologically recovered examples. ined are different in that they are round Walnut. Nut processing also produced One specimen recovered from Blain and exhibit smooth, ground interiors. both round and pointed pit bottoms. Village (Prufer and Shane 1970:121) was These, which both occur on the same Another characteristic of the pits pro­ found with charred nuts and corn kernels artifact, are believed to be sockets. duced by cracking nuts on end was the adhering to both the cupped face and To summarize, of the 51 pits exam­ small depression in the center of the inside of the depression. Studer ined, 96% (N=49) indicate use in nut pro­ bottom of the pit caused by the "nipple" (1982:61-62) feels that the pitted stones cessing, while 4% (N=2) show use on the distal end of the nut. Moorehead recovered from the Icy Eye site are lithic possibly as sockets. Of the 14 cupstones (1910:328) in his discussion of cup­ anvils. On at least two occasions cup­ examined, 93% (N=13) show use as nut­ stones, mentions this phenomenon, but stones have been found associated with ting anvils and 7% (N=1) show possible does not believe that the cracking of nuts red ochre. Dragoo (1963:105-106) in his use as a socket. would produce this effect, but rather discussion of the cupstones from the attributes it to a drill. These pits were Cresap Mound mentions their associa­ produced on a flat surface of sandstone tion with red ochre and faceted pieces of by the repeated cracking of nuts in the hematite thus indicating their use as References same spot, in the same position. There is paint cups. Carskadden and Morton Brennan, Louis A. no need to first peck out a depression. (1970:90) recovered two examples with 1975 Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Once this depression has formed, the red ochre stains in the cups from the Stackpole Books. Harrisburg, Pa. nuts will stand upright within. Richards site. This may indicate another Britt, Claude "type" of cupstone or multipurpose use. 1973 Historical Evidence for a Use of While some nutting anvils, especially Cupstones. Ohio Archaeologist, 23 those created by cracking nuts on their (1):26-27 sides, may exhibit some battering marks Analysis of Cupstones From 33-CS-76 Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton in the depression, lithic anvils are char­ A total of 14 cupstones were examined 1977 Trie Richards Site and the Philo Phase acterized by battering. Bipolar anvils from the excavations at 33-CS-76, a rock of the Fort Ancient Tradition. Occasional tend to have depressions that are irreg­ shelter in Coshocton County, Ohio, exca­ Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology ular shaped with irregular shaped rims vated by Nigel Brush in 1982. The size of 1-9. Muskingum Valley Archaeological and much battering present in the the cupstones range from one example Survey, Zanesville, Ohio depression, while direct rest percussion which measures 10cm x 7.5cm and is Converse, Robert N. anvils tend to have depressions which 5cm thick to another which is 37cm x 1966 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological are very irregular with very irregular rims 23cm and is 12.4cm thick. Weight also Society of Ohio. Columbus and much gouging and cutting present varies from 400gm to 9kg. All appear to Deisher, Henry K. 1939 Pitted Stones or Problem of the Pitted in the bottoms and sides. Bipolar anvils be of Massillon Sandstone. Hardness of Stones. The Pennsylvania Archaeologist, may have either cupped or conical the stone varies from 4 to 6 on Mohs 10(1):11-12 shaped depressions depending upon the Scale. The number of pits on these arti­ Dragoo, Don W. shape of the core, while direct rest per­ facts run from 1 per stone to 9 per stone. 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of the cussion anvils tend to have conical A total of 51 depressions were examined Adena Culture. Annals of the Carnegie shaped depressions. Another character­ on these 14 artifacts. Examination included Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. istic of anvils is the "stress crack" which various measurements of the depressions, Ellis, H. Holmes appears in both the nutting and lithic visual observations and low power (20x - 1965 Flint Working Techniques of the American variety. This crack, which may result in a 40x) microscopic examinations. These Indians: An Experimental Study. The Ohio broken anvil, usually runs close to the observations were compared against Historical Society. Columbus point of impact. observations made on experimentally Faulkner, Alaric Sockets, on the other hand, would made examples. 1984 Examining Chipped Stone Tools. The probably never exhibit a stress crack. 43% (N=22) of the pits examined indi­ Wisconsin Archaeologist, 65, (4):307- Their pit rims are usually round. The cated that they were nutting pits by size, 332 depression should have a "ground in" and shape, and presence of a depression Fowke, Gerard symmetrical appearance. Pit shape could within the bottom of the pit made by the 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. The be cupped or conical depending upon the point at the distal end of the nut. In addi­ State Archaeological and Historical shape of the end of the shaft used. The tion, another 26% (N=13) showed the Society. Columbus sides of the depression should have a same characteristics except that the nut Kalin, Jeffery smooth appearance. Pit bottoms could point depression was only visible under 1981 Stem Point Manufacture and Debitage be uniformly round to conical. Again, their low power (20x) microscopic examina­ Recovery. Archaeology of Eastern North diameter is probably somewhat related to tion. Certain characteristics of the above America, Vol.9:134-175 the size of the shaft that produced them. include oval shaped rims (although Moorehead, Warren K. Some battering may be present if the round and irregular rims also occur), 1910 The Stone Age in North America. depression first needed to be pecked. cupped or conical shaped depressions, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. The Riverside Press. Cambridge Cupstones, when found, should be ana­ and a small depression in the bottom of Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrin C. Shane.lll lyzed in conjunction with other materials the pit. 21% (N=11) shared the same 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient recovered. However, this may be difficult characteristics as the above except no nut end depression was visible in the Tradition in Ohio. The Kent State on surface and disturbed sites. Weathering University Press

15 Read, M. C. Spears, Carol S. Studer, Joseph Mark 1892 Archaeology of Ohio. The Western 1975 Hammers, Nuts and Jolts, Cobbles, 1982 Archaic Pebble Core Reduction in East Reserve Historical Society. Cleveland Cobbles, Cobbles: Experiments in Cobble Texas: The Icy Eye Example. Papers in Technologies in Search of Correlates. Anthropology No.3, Stephen F. Austin Arkansas Eastman Archaeological State University, Nacogoches, Texas Project, by Charles M. Baker, pp.83-116. Research Report No.6, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville

WEIGHT LENGTH WIDTH THICKNESS HARDNESS MATERIAL

HAMMER A 509.5 i',™ 7.0 cm (7.2 cm max diameter) 7+ Quartzite

ANVIL A 554.9 Km 11.0 cm 8.8 cm 5.0 cm 5 Sandstone

ANVIL B 1.3 kg 12.6 cm 11.5 cm 7.0 cm 6 Sandstone

ANVIL C 1.0 kg 12.2 cm 9.0 cm 7.0 cm 5 Sandstone

COBBLE D 650.0 gin 10.0 cm 10.0 cm 5.8 cm 5 Sandstone

COBBLE E 502.4 gn 10.5 cm 9.5 cm 3.8 cm 5 Sandstone

ANVIL F 1.2 kg 13.4 cm 11.0 cm 7.0 cm 6 Sandstone

ANVIL G 1.0 kg 17.8 cm 9.5 cm 5.5 cm 6 Sandstone

ANVIL H 1.0 kg 12.5 cm 12.0 cm 6.2 cm 5 Sandstone

ANVIL I 2.2 kg 13.0 cm 13.0 cm 9.0 cm 4-5 Sandstone

ANVIL J 1.4 kg 14.0 cm 12.0 cm 4.5 cm 6 Sandstone

ANVIL K 1.0 kg 17.0 cm 11.0 cm 6.3 cm 6 Sandstone

COBBLE L 800.0 gm 12.6 cm 8.5 cm 5.8 cm i Sandstone

ANVIL M 2.0 kg 20.3 cm 15.0 cm 6.1 cm 5 Sandstone •4 Table 1 (Rowe)

TYPE

MISC.

STRIAE

STRESS CRACK

SURFACE SCRATCH

SURFACE BATTER

NIPPLE DEPRESSION

PIT BOTTOM BATTERED

PIT BOTTOM CONICAL

PIT BOTTOM ROUND

PIT SIDES BATTERED

PIT SIDES ROUGH

PIT SIDES SMOOTH

PIT "V" SHAPED

PIT "U" SHAPED

PIT RIM IRREGULAR

PIT RIM OVAL

PIT RIM ROUND

LENGTH X WIDTH

NO. OF PITS

ARTIFACT NO.

•4 Figure 1 (Rowe) Sample chart used in recording data from examining the depres­ sions on the excavated cupstones.

16 jj,t$ *^K*»3!^B

'# i

0> * Figure 2 (Rowe) Experimentally pro­ Figure 3 (Rowe) Experimentally produced Figure 4 (Rowe) Close up of Anvil K, duced bipolar anvil, Anvil J. Note extreme direct rest percussion anvil, Anvil K. showing a portion of the depression. battering and stress crack. Note the cutting and gouging marks pro­ duced by the blade.

Figure 5 (Rowe) Experimentally produced Figure 6 (Rowe) Close up of Anvil F Figure 7 (Rowe) Excavated nutting anvil nutting anvil, Anvil F. Note the oval shape depression. from 33-CS-76. Note the stress crack of the rim of the depression and the dark, across the depression. shadowed, spot in the center of the bottom of the pit, which is a nipple depression produced by the distal end of the nut. ^•m .9 •%. *I»*.. ^Hp ^^^^ m Figure 8 (Rowe) Excavated nutting anvil Figure 9 (Rowe) Experimentally pro­ Figure 10 (Rowe) Excavated possible from 33-CS-76. These depressions duced socket, Cobble L socket from 33-CS-76. exhibit nipple depressions within.

Figure 11 (Rowe) Close up of possible Figure 12 (Rowe) Though not included in Figure 13 (Rowe) Close up of possible socket from 33-CS-76. Though it is diffi­ the comparison study, this is a possible socket from Williamson Rock Shelter. cult to tell from the photograph, the rim socket from the Williamson Rock Shelter shape is round and the depression is #2. smooth within. The color difference is due to cleaning. 17 THE WORD IS RESPECT by Fred Eichinger 2628 Holtz Rd. Shelby, Ohio

In regards to president Parkers artifacts. I would ask if he had found trespass without permission. (Presidents Page) article in the Spring many on the farm, in what locations he In those forty-one years, I am proud to 1995 issue. found the most points, and always if he say I have never been refused the privi­ Websters dictionary defines the word had any laying around the farm. All this lege of hunting another man's property. respect as "expression of esteem; would take place over a cold glass of During the Christmas season I send to manner of treating others; expression of offered cider, soda pop, or cool drink of each property owner a combination goodwill or regard; to honor; to have fond well water. Almost always, the farmer thank you and Christmas card with an relations to". would say come over to the work shop in Indian logo along with a small gift as a In our youth and subsequent growing the barn, or come on into the house and little thank you for allowing me to enjoy years, most of us were taught respect from these places he would produce a my hobby by hunting your lands. from our parents. Respect has many cigar box or two of "flints" as he called I have farmers call me at my home, and degrees and is one of the simplest things them. He would tell me his dad found this tell me which fields they will be plowing, if in life that one can do for another. It one, or his grandfather found that, and it's new ground, if they have bought other doesn't cost one cent. always it seems ask "and just what do fields to plow, or if they have found some­ I have been walking the fields of a you think the Indians would do with a thing they think I might be interested in. three county area around my home for rock like this", holding up a very fine two As many of my close farmer friends have forty-one years hunting artifacts. In those hole gorget. When I asked if he would be passed on, I find it exciting to meet the forty-one years I have become acquainted interested in selling the artifacts, on most new generation of farmers many of whom with many fine people and have many occasions he would. Sometimes he are themselves collectors. fond memories. would say "go ahead and take em, ain't All this amounts to respect, and those When I got my first car, I would spend doing me no good, and I would like to who trespass are missing the truly great the weekends driving the county roads see them go to someone who can use aspect of our hobby, the ability to meet looking for that ideal field to hunt. Many them". Most importantly, I was never new people and create lasting friend­ times I would stop at the farm house denied walking his fields. Most of the ships. while the farmer was taking a break land owners end up thanking you for So my fellow collectors be courteous, under a cool shade tree and talk about being considerate enough to ask and not always respectful and happy hunting.

INDIANS LOOKING TO OHIO FOR POSSIBLE CASINO OPERATIONS Gonswer News Service, Inc. 4/5/95

Native American tribes are looking at rently are working with tribes in Indiana and state and city with the remaining revenues Ohio in preparation to establish reserva­ in the Province of Ontario. "If gaming going to the Indian communities, he tions should Ohio voters remove a consti­ comes, it has to be controlled and placed explained in anticipation of a compact tutional prohibition against gambling, in an atmosphere where it really is gaming," between the Michigan tribes and Governor members of the Joint Committee on he said explaining Carnival's involvement. John Engler. The designated "reservation" Gaming were told Wednesday. Unlike Mr. Johnson said the committee could be in downtown Detroit, he noted. many other states, Ohio currently has no studying the casino gambling issue in Leonard Prescott, chairman of the reservation land but certain tribes - most Ohio should put the right game plan Eagle Vision Gaming Group in Minnesota, likely the Shawnee, Ottawa and together for the state and propose a con­ said the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Potawatamee - would only have to prove to stitutional amendment rather than one Act has allowed Indian communities an the federal government they once inhabited group going to the ballot with a plan that opportunity to regain self-sufficiency, the state to gain federal recognition. Land considers only their interests. Spitzer rebuild strong tribal governments and purchased could then qualify as a reser­ Great Lakes of Lorain is currently circu­ develop economic bases. He reported vation and could be used for Native lating petitions to place the question of that in Minnesota, where 11 tribes are American casino operations by entering a riverboat gambling on either the 1995 or operating 17 casinos, successes are compact with the governor. With the pres­ 1996 general election ballot. being detailed by every tribe involved. ence of Indian mounds in the state, the He also said Ohio needs to protect its Mr. Prescott said the Mystic Lake committee was informed that such federal borders as Indiana will soon have riverboat Casino, near Minneapolis/St. Paul, has an recognition would only be a formality. gambling only minutes from Cincinnati and average of over 15,000 players per William Johnson, vice president of the northern Ohio residents can get to gaming weekday and over 30,000 per weekend native gambling group of Carnival Hotels & operations in Windsor, Ontario, upstate day. He said Minnesota Indian casinos Casinos, said the federal 1988 Indian New York and probably soon in Detroit have an approximate $2 billion per year Gaming Regulatory Act has allowed tribes where Indians are working with the gov­ gross, creating jobs, tax revenues and to work with states to develop operations ernor of Michigan to designate properties future economic development. Besides beneficial to both the Indian communities in the city as a "reservation" to qualify. direct jobs, Mr. Prescott said casino oper­ and state revenue coffers. He said Mr. Johnson noted tribes are already ations can provide direct distribution of Carnival, which has casinos in the operating casinos in Northern Michigan profits to members of some tribes while Caribbean and on cruise ships as part of an and they are coming together to have land smaller reservations use the revenues for overall entertainment package, has been put in trust in Detroit that would become a community projects such as schools, hos­ working with various tribes to assure con­ reservation. In lieu of taxes, casino rev­ pitals, roads and sewer systems, rather trols and surveillance. He said they cur- enues would then be apportioned to the than make direct distributions.

I8 MINERALOGY OF A "CHLORITE" PICK BANNERSTONE FROM NORTH CAROLINA by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, OH 43210 Although it is hazardous to attempt A simple hardness test should confirm References mineralogic or petrologic identifications the identification of the material used in Dana, Edward Salisbury of material from photographs, the excel­ manufacture of the pick bannerstone, as 1922 A Text-book of Mineralogy . .. Third ed., lent quality of the color illustration chlorite is relatively soft (2-2.5) and rev. by William E. Ford. New York: Wiley accompanying Jim Stephan's description labradorite has a hardness of 5-6. If the & Sons. of a "chlorite" pick bannerstone from bannerstone cannot be scratched by a Moore County, North Carolina (Stephan copper penny, it is not chlorite. Pratt, Joseph Hyde 1995) makes it almost certain that this 1933 Gems and Gem Minerals of North artifact was manufactured from the min­ Acknowledgements. Carolina. The American Mineralogist 18(4): 148-159. eral labradorite rather than from chlorite. Dale Gnidovec, Curator, Orton Labradorite is a variety of plagioclase Museum, Ohio State University, kindly Stephan, Jim feldspar characterized by a striking cha­ located the labradorite specimens and 1995 A Chlorite Pick Bannerstone. Ohio toyant play of colors. Very frequently, like permitted photographing them. Archaeologist 45(2): 27. most plagioclases, it also displays mul­ tiple twinned crystals, known as albite twinning, which appears as fine parallel lines on a cleavage face. The pick ban­ nerstone found near Robbins, Moore County, North Carolina, exhibits both of these features, although a low power hand lens is necessary to discern the crystal twinning from the photograph. Labradorite obtains its name from Labrador, where specimens exhibiting spectacular chatoyancy occur. Figure 1 is a polished specimen from the Orton Museum geological collections (Ace. No. 2197) collected by Jack DeLong on St. Paul Island, Labrador. Another specimen collected by DeLong from Iceland (Ace. No. 2028) is shown in Fig. 2 and displays the fine ruled lines characteristic of albite twinning. The brilliant play of colors shown by this specimen is typical of the material from Labrador, but examples from other locales have the chatoyancy much subdued or lacking. Plates 1 and 2 (Murphy) Examples of Labradorite. Labradorite does occur in North Carolina, and Pratt (1933:158) reports it from near Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, and near Bakersville, Mitchell County. According to him, the mineral from these localities shows only a slight chatoyancy, "not nearly as beautiful as the labradorite from Labrador." This observation is true of the material as well. Mecklenburg County is only a couple of counties west of the bannerstone find, while Mitchell County lies well to the northwest, beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains. As indicated by another specimen in the Orton Museum, labradorite can be found in the glacial moraine of Ohio, though the specimen available is a rather lack-luster example, displaying no dis­ tinct play of color. It also occurs abun­ dantly throughout the Adirondack region of central New York and in the Wichita Mountains of Arkansas (Dana 1922; 467).

19 THE JOHN W. "RED" STALDER COLLECTION by David W. Kuhn Portsmouth, Ohio

On July 4, 1995, the author acquired World War II, seeing action in North coidals, bone beads, flakers, fish hooks, the artifact collection of John W. "Red" Africa and in Europe. flutes (whistles), needles, hairpins, antler Stalder of Portsmouth, Ohio. Born in A significant portion of the artifact col­ tip arrowheads, drilled teeth and cannel 1907, Mr. Stalder began collecting arrow­ lection consists of Ft. Ancient Culture coal, raccoon penis bones and awls heads as a boy in Portsmouth, and con­ artifacts from the Feurt Mounds and made of the ulna of the deer, the tarso- tinued to do so through the 1960's. The Village Site in Scioto County and from metatarsus of the wild turkey and sliver "grass roots" collection is relatively small, the Hardin Village Site in Greenup bone awls. because this was not his only hobby. He County, Kentucky. Some of those arti­ The collection also has flint arrows and also collected miniature sea shells facts are shown in Figures 1 through 8. In spears from all prehistoric cultures (dredged from the ocean floor), dated addition,the collection contains several except Paleo, some of which are shown railroad tie nails, coins, lanterns, guns shell-tempered and grit-tempered pottery in Figures 9 through 12. In addition, the and cartridges, while Mrs. Stalder col­ vessels from Southern Ohio, over 500 tri­ collection contains 138 birdpoints and lected salt and pepper shakers. Sgt. angular points, 174 Ft. Ancient drills, numerous other larger arrows and Stalder served in the Signal Corps during numerous sandstone and pottery dis- blades.

Figure 1 (Kuhn) Ft. Ancient Culture pipes. Top left is red sandstone Figure 2 (Kuhn) Ft. Ancient Culture artifacts from the Feurt Site and and is engraved. All others are red and gray Ohio pipestone. Pipe at the Hardin Site. The granite discoidal in the center is 2%" in diameter. lower right is engraved and is 2%". All pipes were surface finds at the Feurt Village Site in Scioto County and at the Hardin Village Site in Greenup County, Kentucky.

-4 Figure 3 (Kuhn) Ft. Ancient Culture bone awls made of the ulna of the deer and the tarso-met- atarsus of the wild turkey. The longest is 7%". All are from Figure 4 (Kuhn) Ft. Ancient Culture bone implements (hairpins, the Feurt Site and needles, flutes, fish hooks and drilled raccoon penis bones) from the Hardin Site. the Feurt Site and the Hardin Site. The longest hairpin is 6%".

20 •4 Figure 5 (Kuhn) Ft. Ancient Culture necklace of 22 cannel coal effigy claw pen­ dants, 6 marginella shell spacers and 16 mussel shell disc spacers and 1 circular cannel coal disc bead. The longest can­ nel coal claw pendant is 2".

Figure 6 (Kuhn) Ft. Ancient Culture necklace of 26 mussel shell disc beads, 20 wolf teeth, 4 bear or mountain lion teeth and 2 cannel coal claw pendants. The longest tooth is 2".

Figure 7 (Kuhn) 33 Ft. Ancient Culture drills from the Feurt Site and the Hardin Site. The T-drill in the center is 1%". 4 V ?> v Figure 8 (Kuhn) Ft. Ancient Culture triangular points. The longest is 2%"

Figure 10 (Kuhn) Adena Culture spear Figure 9 (Kuhn) Three superb spearheads from made of Coshocton the Stalder collection. The point on the left is black flint with a made of Indiana hornstone, and the two points slight mottle of gray. on the right are made of Flint Ridge flint. The It was found in Pike center point has a quartz inclusion in the center County, Ohio, and is and is 5'A" long. The Hopewell point on the right 5'A" long is made of amber colored, translucent flint.

•4Figure 11 (Kuhn) Five different types of bevels. The longest is 4%". The spear Figure 12 (Kuhn) Twelve points of various cul­ on the left was found at Stockdale in tures and types. The longest point is 3A". Flint Pike County, Ohio, in 1917, and is types represented are Coshocton Carter Cave, made of a light brown flint with mot­ Flint Ridge and Delaware Chert. tles of orange. 21 TWO IROQUOIS PIPES by Steve Fuller Box 891 Wooster, Ohio 44691

The two pipes in the accompanying color plates were originally collected from the Grand River Iroquois in the late 18th century. Both appear to be made from maple wood. The rum drinker (Fig. 1) is 3'/ inches high and the bowl and stem hole are lined with tin. It would have had a remov­ able ash wood stem with a lead or pewter mouthpiece. The pipe in Figure 2, I believe, repre­ sents the British Lion reaching out for, or trying to grasp, a small Indian man or boy who is looking back over his shoulder. The pipe is 33/ inches high and would have had a stem similar to the first pipe. Many such objects were sold by early Indians to collectors.

M Figure 1 (Fuller) Indian pipe representing a rum drinker.

Figure 2 (Fuller) Effigy pipe showing the British Lion and an Indian.

22 FLINT RIDGE FLINT by Ron Helman Sidney, Ohio

The color plate shows the wide diversity of color and quality in Flint Ridge flint. All pieces were surface found in Ohio.

23 A COMPARISON OF OHIO AND MINNESOTA PIPESTONES by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47874

Introduction originally a clay deposit which became were platform types, many being in effigy In 1994 I re-visited Pipestone National compacted into solid stone due to the of various animals and birds. It has been Monument in Minnesota, not having been weight of the overlying Sioux Quartzite speculated by some that the pipes were there since a superintendent friend of formation millions of years ago. placed in that mound "as an offering to mine left a number of years ago. I asked a the Hopewell craftsman who fashioned lady ranger at Pipestone for some infor­ Ohio Pipestone them". One of the best-known pipes from mation on mineralogy of Minnesota pipe­ Like the Catlinite of Minnesota, the this site is the "Otter pipe". Figure 3 stone so I could compare it to Ohio pipestone quarried in prehistoric times shows a replica of this pipe. Such pipestone. She kindly got into their files (notably by the Hopewell) in the Scioto replicas can be purchased from the OHS and furnished me with a copy of a chem­ Valley of southern Ohio is basically an and the Eastern National Parks and ical analysis of the pipestone, as well as agglomeration of various clay minerals Monuments Association. some information on geology. which got hardened into stone a long time The Hopewell quarried Ohio pipestone ago. I have checked with some of my 2,000 years ago. The quarries at Minnesota Pipestone geologist friends in Ohio, and as far as we Pipestone, Minnesota have been in use for The most obvious difference between know, no studies on the chemical or min- slightly more than 400 years, originally by Ohio and Minnesota pipestones is the eralogical composition of Ohio pipestone ancestors of the Oto and Iowa Indians. In color. Minnesota pipestone is red or have ever been done. An obvious differ­ historical times, Plains Indians and others orange color, some being almost blood ence in chemical composition of the Ohio sometimes traveled more than 1,000 miles red. Although George Catlin was not the pipestone would be a general lack of iron on foot or by horse to quarry the sacred first white man to visit the quarries at minerals as indicated by the buff, light red pipestone. Today, Native Americans Coteau des Prairies (Pipestone, tan, or cream color of Ohio pipestone, still quarry the Minnesota pipestone, both Minnesota), he was the first to collect which one would not expect with the for their own personal and ceremonial samples of the stone for chemical presence of iron compounds. use and also to make crafts for the analysis. In 1836 he sent samples of it to A large hand specimen of Ohio pipe­ tourist trade. Red Catlinite fertility turtles Boston for analysis. This pipestone was stone which was given to me is shown in are commonly made by the Plains named "Catlinite" in honor of him. The Fig. 1. Using Moh's Scale of Hardness, Indians (Fig. 4). The fertility turtle shown chemical analysis done on Minnesota this specimen has a hardness of approxi­ in Figure 4 was made by a Sioux named pipestone for Catlin in 1836 is shown in mately 5.0. This is not in line with the Winona in 1970. Also shown in the same Table 1. hardness of kaolinite-like minerals which illustration are two specimens of raw Later, in 1938, samples were analyzed average about 2.5 on Moh's scale. I have Catlinite which can be purchased at the University of Minnesota (Table II). never checked the hardness of a "fresh" through the Pipestone Indian Shrine Although there are several types of clay piece of Ohio pipestone immediately after Association. (A mail-order price list of minerals, all of them are essentially it was quarried. It seems like I have heard crafts is available from the Association). hydrated aluminum silicate, formed by the it mentioned by some workers that Ohio Two of the currently-active quarry pits weathering or other alteration of feldspars pipestone is softer when first quarried. at Pipestone, Minnesota are shown here and many other minerals of similar com­ I am aware of no geological reports (Figs. 5 and 6). The pipestone bed lies position. Except for the presence of minor dealing with the geologic age or mode of below thick deposits of very hard amounts of magnesia in the samples, origin of Ohio pipestone. I believe that quartzite (which is used locally as a these analyses indicate that Catlinite is Ohio and Minnesota pipestones may building stone). No photos are available of basically the mineral kaolinite with pos­ have had similar geologic origins, perhaps the area where Ohio pipestone was quar­ sibly other similar species (ie., beidellite, as weathered clay deposits in ancient ried. Small samples of Ohio pipestone are montmorillonite) of clay minerals mixed in. lake beds. The clay particles later were for sale at Mound City. The presence of Ferric oxide (see Tables I forced together and cohered, which References and II) is undoubtedly the compound forced much of the original water out. Anonymous giving Catlinite the red color. 1994 Data on Chemical Analysis of Catlinite The hardness of Catlinite (based on Additional Discussion courtesy of a ranger at Pipestone Moh's Scale) varies somewhat, but aver­ The most famous burial offering of National Monument. Soubier, Clifford ages about 2.5. Studies made at the pipes made from Ohio pipestone ever 1971 Pipestone: A Guide through the University of Minnesota in 1938 found no recovered was the result of Squier and Pipestone National Monument. 20 pages. Davis' (1848) excavation of the "Mound difference in the hardness of Catlinite Nicollet Press, Inc. when first quarried or wet and after it had of the Pipes" at Mound City (Fig. 2). Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis dried out. Approximately 200 pipes made from 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi As far as geological origin of the Ohio pipestone were removed from that Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to Minnesota Catlinite, apparently it was mound by Squier and Davis. Those pipes Knowledge, Vol. 1. Washington D.C.

24 Figure 1 (Britt) A specimen of raw Ohio pipestone. Weight of this Figure 2 (Britt) "Mound of the Pipes" at Mound City, Chillicothe, sample is approximately 2 pounds. Ohio. Squier and Davis uncovered nearly 200 pipes made from Ohio pipestone here in 1848.

Figure 3 (Britt) Replica of the famous Hopewell Otter pipe. Figure 4 (Britt) A Sioux-made "fertility" turtle manufactured from Minnesota Catlinite in 1970 for the tourist trade. Also shown are two samples of raw Catlinite.

Figure 5 (Britt) One of the currently-active quarry pits at Pipestone, Figure 6 (Britt) Another of the quarry pits at Pipestone, Minnesota Minnesota. Rock in the foreground is very hard Sioux Quartzite. from which Indians quarry Catlinite for their personal use and for The pipestone bed lies below the quartzite. crafts for the tourist trade.

Water 8 4% 49 0 % 35.17 28 2 3 06 6 0 0.23 Carbonate of Lime 2.6 •4 Table 1 (Britt) 0.05 Soda 0 06 •4 Table 2 (Britt) Oxide of Manganese 0.6 An 1836 chemical 5 62 Chemical anal­ 99.0% analysis of pipestone Water 5 63 ysis of Catlinite. collected in Min­ Water 0.24 Analysis done by Loss (probably magnesia) 1,0 nesota by George 0.44 , 0.16 Dr. El lest ad at Catlin and analyzed Ignition. Less total water 0.24 University of Min­ 100.0% in Boston. Q0 Q 1 % nesota in 1938. 25 Plate 1 A view (looking WSW) of the central platform of the Great Mound and its surrounding ditch and embankment.

Plate 2 A view (looking N) of the gateway leading onto the central platform of the Great Mound. (Photo by John Cleary)

26 A HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EARTHWORKS AT MOUNDS STATE PARK IN MADISON COUNTY, INDIANA by Chet Green 2708 Tamara Lane Anderson, Indiana 46012 Approximately three miles east of from the 18th century up to and during structure of the earthworks - "The Anderson, Madison County, Indiana, is a the time of settlement by Europeans. draught appears to be a map of Saturn. group of earthworks that from a bluff They claimed only scant awareness of the There are five of these mounds and they seventy-five feet above, overlook the earthworks themselves and had no are all built on the same plan with open­ meandering west fork of the upper White knowledge of their origins or use. It is ings toward certain now well established River. The White River flows through the interesting to note that while Moravian astronomical points. All of these open­ state of Indiana as part the drainage missionaries established a settlement ings are to the North and are on the pre­ basin for the Ohio River (Mohow 1992). near the site around 1800, no mention of cise angle with the North Star. All of Protected and preserved within the con­ the earthworks is made in their extensive these mounds are built on the same plan fines of the smallest state park (254 diaries recorded at the time. and vary only as to size." The article fur­ acres) in the Hoosier State, this group of The earthworks were identified as such ther speculates that a network of under­ earthworks is one of the better kept in the first land survey performed in 1821 ground chambers connect all of the secrets of the archaeological world out­ by Bentley. The survey shows the desig­ earthworks, due to the existence of a side of the east central Indiana area. nation of a mound on the line of Sections small cave that ran directly parallel to the The physical properties of the major 15 and 16 in Township 19 North, Range 8 Great Mound. Entry could be made only earthwork of Mounds State Park, more East, 255.55 chains north on the section a few feet within the entrance of the cave commonly known as the Great Mound, are line, recorded on October 11, 1821 as "a because a cave-in had occurred. During as follows: the diameter of the earthwork is mound and circular intrenchment" located subsequent years, the Bronnenbergs 394 feet; the surrounding embankment is 77 chains north of "a Branch 4 Iks. wide allowed no exploration of the cave and it nine feet high and 63 feet wide at the base; course W." (Figure 1) This was what is was later filled in by a caretaker during the ditch is 10 feet deep and 60 feet wide now known as the Great Mound. Also the early years as a state park, due to (1). During tests performed in the late shown on this survey are two Delaware safety concerns, after an eleven-year-old 1980s it was determined that the ditch sur­ villages located northeast and southwest girl had wandered into the cave and was rounding the central platform of the Great of the Great Mound. The village to the lost for 18 hours. Mound was at one time 15 feet deep but northeast was called Bucktown and the Another cave was extant, also along fill from leaf and topsoil over approximately one to southeast was designated Little the banks of the White River. A story two thousand years since its construction Munsee Town. This was the former mis­ from the July 19, 1968 edition of the has left the ditch in its present state. A sionary settlement of the Moravians who Anderson Herald mentions that the two gateway with a causeway entrance leading had settled the area from Pennsylvania, caves were believed to have been used to the central platform is 30 feet wide (2). which remained occupied by the Delaware by those who constructed the mounds as The central platform of the Great Mound is after the Moravians abandoned the settle­ either tombs or storage areas. One cave, 138 feet in diameter and before the 1968- ment. There is no historic evidence of near the top of the bluff, led 60 feet back 69 excavations had a four foot high central occupation of the park area, although and opened into a circular room around mound 30 feet in diameter. Unfortunately, there is some evidence of a number of 12 feet in diameter. Beyond this room this smaller capping mound was not Archaic campsites within the park area was a passage leading towards the restored to its original state after the com­ (Buehrig and Hicks 1982). direction of the Great Mound. Early pletion of the excavations and one may The land that currently comprises the explorers of this cave stated that it was only hope that some future archaeological southern part of the park was purchased "littered with pottery, axes and arrow­ project might bring the Great Mound back in 1822 by Frederick Bronnenberg, a set­ heads of the type made by the Mound to its original status. tler also from Pennsylvania. This land later Builders." This same story claimed that Less than a half dozen excavations came under the possession of Frederick the eleven-year-old girl retrieved "a beau­ have been performed at the earthworks Bronnenberg, Jr. who established a tifully chipped arrowhead." What sup­ at Mounds State Park and only a few of homestead less than 250 yards from the ports the theory that the caves were the mounds have actually been thor­ Great Mound site in 1853. Fortunately, constructed rather than produced by oughly examined through state and uni­ Bronnenberg had a great deal of respect nature is the fact that the local topog­ versity sponsored projects. This article for the Native American culture and raphy and geological make up of the will briefly examine a chronological order refused to let the earthworks fall to the White River area near Anderson is not of the archaeological investigations at the plow. He also refused to allow any exca­ conducive for the existence of cave sys­ Mounds State Park earthworks. They vations to take place. An anecdotal tems. Further investigations are neces­ reveal the results of investigations that account is referred to in the September sary to either prove or disprove the have progressively educated those inter­ 20, 1879 edition of the Indianapolis News theory that a cave system exists under­ ested in more concise information about of Bronnenberg chasing off persons neath the northern mound complex. the mounds, the uses and meanings for attempting to perform a "midnight dig" as However, the northern portion of the park those who originally constructed them early as 1853. Those responsible for the owned by E. McClanahan was used for and for those who wish to understand unauthorized excavation managed to dig agricultural purposes just prior to 1880 them better in the future. deep enough to reveal fire-reddened clay and the earthworks in this area were The first written report of the mounds and charred bones. destroyed to a great extent. The earth­ works were identified by Cox in 1875 but was presented to General Arthur St. Clair, It is quite interesting that this anony­ not readily recognized until the early Governor of the Northwest Territories c. mous article mentions the archeoastro- 1930s when Eli Lilly commissioned aerial 1803 (Buehrig and Hicks 1982). There nomical possibilities that existed with the photographs to be taken of the park exists little information derived from the Great Mound and surrounding earth­ area. It should also be noted that a small Delaware tribes that occupied the area works in that mentioning the physical

27 mound 710 feet east of the major site DePauw) University performed a test on inferred "to indicate a mound of habita­ was destroyed when a public road was the Great Mound to a depth of four feet tion or at least a mound built up of mate­ built. (At one time it was State Road 67 and subsequently reported the soil in the rial removed from a village site surface." now State Road 232 or more commonly center of the mound had been baked and No cultural material was found in the known as Mounds Road.) reddened by intense heat and that a other two earthworks. Black and his The first known written reference to any small mound had been erected over it associates also tested the large subrec­ excavation at the Mounds Park site is (Buehrig and Hicks 1982). Small animal tangular a half mile to the north — nothing from 1874, in Hardin's History of Madison bones were found in the fire affected was found of note — along with the two County, Indiana where a small dig is area. In 1884 Brown reported evidence circular mounds that flank its gateway. referred to and revealed fire reddened not unlike that of Cox and Collett from Black was of the opinion that the village clay and half charred bones: "A few years the large panduriform earthwork immedi­ site was located in the field just east of ago a few persons made an opening in ately adjacent to the Great Mound, pos­ the earthwork location, but all efforts to the center of the mound, for the purpose sibly because Brown's information is prove his theory are unsubstantiated. of making some discovery, as the suppo­ derived from Walker and Tingley's work In 1937, Eli Lilly published Prehistoric sition had long existed that the remains of on the "Fiddleback Mound" as it is com­ Antiquities of Indiana making note of the some ancient race lay buried here. The monly known. fact that very little archaeological investi­ result of this undertaking seems to have Beginning in 1897, and after the death gations had been performed at the confirmed the above supposition." While of Frederick Bronnenberg Jr., came a Mounds State Park site. In his descrip­ Hardin is not specific, it may be assumed period in the site's history that very well tion of the earthworks, Lilly mentions a he was speaking of the individuals per­ could have destroyed all of the earth­ stone burial vault that had been opened forming the mercenary dig that Bron­ works at the site. The land encompassing and was located between the Great nenberg interrupted. the earthworks were at that time already Mound complex and the three northern In May of the next year, Professors Cox a popular area for local people to picnic earthworks. He states that the remnants and Collett performed a survey of the and enjoy "the great outdoors." An of the mound were still extant at the time mounds site and recorded data on the Anderson firm, the Union Traction of the writing of his book but offers no eleven earthworks known at that time. Company, bought the property and built further information. The burial mound Out of the eleven earthworks, they paid an interurban railroad line to the site of was rediscovered by a member of the particular attention to the Great Mound, the earthworks. During the construction Mounds State Park staff in December of Fiddleback Mound and a subrectangular of the rail line, Union Traction was con­ 1988. This mound has been referred to earthwork one-half mile north of the main verting the site into an amusement park, as a Newtown burial (Dalman 1989). concentration of earthworks (see Figure complete with a roller coaster, skating Lilly's better contribution to the Mound 2). Cox and Collett also mention that a rink, bowling alley, shooting gallery, State Park site was identifying the sub- small mound had the State Road running dance pavilion, among the many ementi- rectangular earthwork in the northern through it by this time. It is ironic to note ties offered to the general public. A section of the park through an aerial that while Cox, in his 1878 report, testifies miniature railroad was constructed to run reconnaissance of the site (Figure 3). to the excellent state of preservation the its way around the Great Mound. It may Lilly hints at an archeoastronomical earthworks were in at the time of his never be known how much actual connection in the earthworks in stating survey, he comments (in reference to the damage, intentional or unintentional, was that the cocentric arrangement of the cir­ Great Mound): "Carriages may enter at caused during the nearly thirty years of cular mounds are suggestive of a sun the gateway and drive around the mound this phase of the site's existence. In any symbol, but certainly his comments are (the central platform) as the ditch termi­ event, the amusement park was closed unwittingly based on conjecture and not nates on each side of the gateway." shortly after the Stock Market Crash of fact. Lilly does theorize that with the exis­ (Forkner 1914). Cox also mentions the 1929, at which time the state of Indiana tence of natural springs in the immediate destruction of two small mounds at the purchased the land and converted it to a area of the mounds complex the location gateway of the other panduriform mound state park officially on October 7, 1930. was ideal for the site being chosen for one-half mile to the north of the main No work had taken place at the ceremonial rites. complex of earthworks: "With the excep­ Anderson earthworks for nearly fifty The next important excavations per­ tion of the two mounds at the gateway, years, until Glenn A. Black, along with formed at the mound site were in the late which lie in the cultivated side of a sec­ Warren K. Morehead, William R. Teel and 1960s and 1970. Indiana University tion fence, and have been cut down by E. Y. Guernsey performed tests at the archaeologists Claude White in 1968 and the plow, the remainder of this antiquity is site in 1931. Black reported that a test pit Kent Vickery in 1969 excavated the cen­ in as good state of preservation as when dug in the Great Mound revealed an ash tral mound located in the center of the deserted by its original occupants." Cox and burned earth bed 12 inches below mound enclosure of the Great Mound. further states valuable information con­ the surface of the platform in the center In their excavations White and Vickery cerning the mounds northeast of the of the Great Mound, extending down to revealed that the central platform had second panduriform. He describes a cir­ 25 inches, the lower limit of the test pit. two phases of construction. The first was cular mound 150 feet in diameter and at Black also tested three other earthworks in an oval platform made up of three indi­ that time lying in a cultivated field and the southern group, which are believed to vidual layers of burned clay and ash. A "fast being obliterated." He goes on to be the large panduriform, the small open- 4 foot-high central mound 30 feet in describe an oblong structure (later ended panduriform and the second largest diameter was used to cap the central described by Lilly) being 106 feet at its penannular enclosure. Unfortunately, platform. Evidence of rows of post holes longest diameter and forty-eight feet Black's diagram of these is apparently were discovered on the east and west across at each end. The wall was two feet missing and any valuable information that edges of the central platform, thought at in height and the ditch inside was fifteen was included is lost. the time to be postholes for the support feet wide. Unfortunately, the western part Unlike Brown, Black found no evidence of a roofed structure. A log tomb was of this earthwork also lay in a cultivated of fire in the large panduriform, but some revealed containing a bundle burial of a field and the wall was nearly leveled in potsherds were recovered. He also 50-year-old male and a redeposited cre­ this section. reported that sherds, flint chips and mation. A platform monitor pipe and mica were included with the burials. Thirteen In 1883 F. A. Walker of Anderson and unworked flakes of banded slate had split deer metatarsal awls were found in R. Joseph Tingley of Asbury (now been found on the surface, which he

28 an upright position around the tomb sug­ dumped there along with quantities of for nearly four years. Herbst was primarily gesting a skin covering, a trait noted in flint, animal bone and potsherds. The interested in the materials' location there­ the Seip Mound in Ohio which is cremated remains of one individual were fore he did not request its return. This Hopewell (Buehrig and Hicks 1982). The also found in this area. In his report, takes the story back to the beginning when platform monitor pipe is distinctively Vickery assumed that this may have been Shrader had requested information from Hopewell (Dragoo 1963). a village site. Mounds State Park concerning the loca­ Two crematory basins were found in A scandal of some proportions fol­ tion of the materials. Shrader was referred the central mound, but no cultural mate­ lowed the work of Vickery immediately to Herbst who replied that the materials rial was discovered associated with them after his investigations were completed. were not in the museum's possession. as has been frequently noted in Adena Through a series of colossal miscommu- Shrader made the assumption that the burial mounds (Webb & Baby 1957). Four nications and the state's apparent apathy materials were missing at this point and additional burials were also found in the towards its smallest state park (yet per­ wrote his letter to Governor Bowen. It was central platform which were found to be haps most historically significant) the arti­ also learned shortly after this that the Eli intrusive, a practice typical of Late facts retrieved from these excavations Lilly Endowment Inc. grant for $100,000 Woodland cultures in the Ohio Valley. were found to be missing for nearly a six had been designated for Angel Mounds The intrusive burials did not have any year period. During a visit to the park near Evansville, not Mounds State Park. artifacts associated with them. Four addi­ some time after the excavations took There had been one meeting with the Lilly tional individuals are believed to be place, Dr. W. John Schrader inquired to Endowment to discuss the possibility of buried in the central platform, but these the reason why the artifacts from White funding a display center at Mounds State individuals are only identified in the form and Vickery's work were not on display Park, which Kellar attended, but the dis­ of scattered bone fragments, possibly for the public's edification. Schrader had cussion ended there and the idea was from mound fill, a feature also noted in worked as a park naturalist and guide scrapped. Adena earthworks. during the digs. No one at the park was With all of the confusion concerning All other artifacts were found in dis­ certain of the location of the artifacts the artifacts from the late 1960s digs turbed mound fill. Among the artifacts which prompted Dr. Schrader to write a finally settling down, the materials were identified at the site were ten sherds that letter to then Governor Otis Bowen. He returned to the custody of the state had no designs and three that were New demanded a full investigation to the museum which is where they remain to Castle Incised with the Adena nested whereabouts of the artifacts and why the this day. It is quite unfortunate that a diamond design. Also recovered were allocation of a $100,000 grant from the suitable, yet economical display center, three effigy bone pendants and three Eli Lilly Endowment Inc. that he believed has not been established for Mounds split bear canine pendants which have was meant for Mounds State Park for the State Park through the auspices of the been noted in both Illinois and Ohio construction of an artifact display center state legislature or the philanthropy of Hopewell cultures. Stone artifacts found had also vanished. private donations. It is hoped that some include a rectangular slate gorget, ham- By October of 1976, the pieces of the time in the near future one may be estab­ merstones, scrapers, knives, points, puzzle were falling into place. It was lished for the pleasure and education of flakes, calcined bone and shell (Buehrig learned that Dr. James Kellar, an Indiana those who choose to enjoy a visit to and Hicks 1982). University professor who had supervised Mounds State Park. On the outer part of the central plat­ the excavation, had taken 11 boxes of Excavations resumed in 1974, when B. form, a circular pattern of smaller post- material to the Glenn A. Black Archa­ K. Swartz began a project to salvage two holes were found. The existence of these eological Laboratory at the Bloomington burials which were discovered to be postholes were thought to indicate a campus for further study. Among the washing from the river bluff located 800 fence to prevent outsiders from viewing materials Dr. Kellar had taken were soil feet to the northeast of the Great Mound. activities within. samples, cracked rock, snail shells and This is now referred to as the Mounds' The earthworks were described as pottery sherds. Three additional boxes Bluff Site. The burials were found to be a belonging to the New Castle Phase, a were taken to the Indiana State Museum 19-month-old infant and a 12-year-old marginal persistence of Late Adena with for storage, as no proper facilities existed juvenile. Seven test pits were also made Hopewell Interaction (Vickery 1970). Two at the park. The boxes contained the in the immediate vicinity. Swartz's inves­ radiocarbon dates were obtained from skeletal remains of a woman, a skull, sev­ tigation revealed a bellshaped pit mea­ carbonized plant material recovered from eral tools, a broken pipe, clay pottery suring 22 inches deep and 24 inches postholes in the primary platform: 60 b.c. sherds and additional soil samples. wide, containing bright dark red clay with +/-140 and a.d. 230 +/-130. Using Clark's Approximately four months after the mate­ charcoal flecks. While no cultural material calibration table, these correspond to cal­ rials were stored at the Indiana State was found with the burials or the bell- endar dates of approximately 20 B.C. and Museum, they were loaned to Vickery. By shaped pit, this type of structure is A.D. 265. Related sites include New this time, a professor at the University of indicative of the Archaic culture (Buehrig Castle, Spruce Run, Mound Camp, Cincinnati, Vickery had borrowed the and Hicks 1982). In addition to the Bertsch, Hayes Arboretum, Waterworks, material to assist in the preparation of his burials, one Early Archaic point and Whitehead and Glidewell sites. Archaic doctoral thesis and was given the under­ another point from the Middle to Late occupation of the central area of the standing that the materials would not have Archaic period was found. to be returned to the museum until he was enclosure is suggested prior to its con­ Several more projects took place in the notified to do so. In time, the State Parks struction by the presence of Archaic tools late 1970s and early 1980s. These pro­ Division Director, David Herbst, was deter­ in the area. jects were to investigate areas of planned mined to ascertain the whereabouts of the Vickery also excavated a test trench in construction within the park area. Two materials. In 1974, he contacted Dr. Kellar the large panduriform in a low mound in areas of artifact concentration were at Indiana University and learned about the the western lobe. It was Vickery's conjec­ located with Archaic and Late Woodland 11 boxes that were at the Glenn A. Black ture that the low mound was located in artifacts found in the area known as the Laboratory. Herbst was informed that the the center of the lobe and was approxi­ Bronnenberg ditch. mately 28 feet in diameter. Vickery's remaining boxes were located at the state museum. At this time Herbst discovered Hicks (1981a, 1981b) investigated the excavation was 5x10 feet and eight two badly damaged subrectangular inches deep. Two areas of ash were that the boxes were not at the museum but had been in the possession of Vickery earthen enclosures in the northern of the found and appeared to have been park, initially reported by Cox in 1875

29 and specifically shown by Lilly with the are eight other mound sites in which 1937. Many of the New Castle earthworks use of aerial photography. Hick's excava­ Cochran's investigation found 25 sepa­ had already been destroyed by this time tions confirmed that substantial traces of rate alignments, some of them within one and only indefinite patterns were found to the earthworks, though badly damaged, degree of accuracy. Ten of the sites were exist. With the destruction of many of the still existed and confirmed that the within two degrees of accuracy (see table earthworks, the sites on Lilly's map (see smaller of the two works once had a low 1). Cochran also determined that the Figure 6) are no longer verifiable. Precise mound near its center. This mound had postholes discovered during the excava­ relationships between the earthworks at at least one layer of burnt earth similar to tions of the late 1960s had a precise pat­ New Castle are difficult or impossible to that found in the Great Mound. Auger tern of alignment with various celestial establish (Cochran 1992). probes were used in the central area of objects. With Cochran's findings, the Another site, for the most part destroyed the larger mound and these produced conclusion may be inferred that the by the plow, is the Fudge Mound site in flecks of burnt clay. No artifacts were Hopewell were capable of determining Randolph County. Using a site map done located in this area and radiocarbon the movement of celestial bodies with a in 1931 by Setzler (Figure 7), Cochran was dating proved unreliable. good degree of accuracy and aligning able to find alignments similar to those at Hicks also performed an excavation in their mound complexes, as much as forty Anderson and New Castle with the 1980 on the southern of two small miles apart, through dense woods and absence of any equinox alignments. mounds reported by Cox that flanked the rivers. Cochran is currently doing an One major point Cochran makes is that entrance of the Circle Mound. Hick's work overview of the mounds systems in the the Mounds Park earthworks are a conti­ demonstrated that the mound was actu­ Ohio Valley and would be interested if the nuity of Adena and Hopewell cultures, ally a D-shaped embellishment of the astronomical connections extend into unlikely to be two distinct entities. The earthwork, not a free standing structure Ohio and Illinois. stratigraphy of the earthworks demon­ as was previously thought. Radiocarbon Using the astronomical tables pre­ strate not a gradual combination of the dates were taken of deposits of car­ pared by Aveni in 1972, Cochran used two cultures but a sequential progression bonized wood found near the base of the them to verify the alignments with of the chronological usage between mound and provided a date of construc­ depressions in the embankment of the Adena and Hopewell. tion of the mound at around the second mound. The survey demonstrated that Cochran also states that the cosmolog- century A.D, contemporary with the earth­ the embankment was constructed to ical relationship between the three basic works of the northern section of the park. determine solar movement between the forms of earthworks — the circular, the Some of the most recent, and possibly solstices. The eighteen postholes discov­ subrectangular and the panduriform — is most important, work at the mounds site ered by Vickery in 1969 (see Figure 5) clearly demonstrated by the alignments has been conducted by Dr. Donald R. were checked for alignments in a system of a variety of astronomical events. He Cochran, director of the Archaeological of checking posts against all other posts, calls for further investigations of align­ Resources Management Services at Ball once again using Aveni's tables cali­ ments as only the more obvious ones State University. During the summers of brated for 0 B.C./A.D. A precise pattern have been measured. He finds that since 1987 and 1988 Cochran was leading a of alignments with additional astronom­ only alignments used from the Aveni team to determine the ages of the ical objects was verified (Table 2). tables have been tested, additional align­ mounds and to verify the accuracy of an Furthermore, radiocarbon dating shows ments are quite likely through more earlier survey. While standing on the that the postholes were erected approxi­ measurements. In linking the Adena and outer wall of the Fiddleback Mound, mately one hundred years after the con­ Hopewell use of astronomical alignments Cochran noticed that he could observe struction of the mound and then later with their mortuary practices, Cochran members of his team who were posi­ burned. Cochran states that once the states that more documentation is nec­ tioned on or about the central portion of posts were burned they obviously could essary for other Adena and Hopewell the Great Mound. This should not have not have been used for alignment, there­ sites in the eastern United States as he been possible as the outer wall of the fore this constituted a change in the suggests that the astronomical systems Great Mound is substantially higher than observations of astronomical events the Adena and Hopewell cultures created that of the Fiddleback Mound. Cochran (Cochran 1992). are far more complex than the recent determined that there existed in the outer Cochran found evidence of more align­ investigations reveal. wall of the Great Mound indentations, ments existing in the three subrectan- What is apparent is that much work ever so slight, that allowed this phenom­ gular earthworks one-half mile north of remains to be done in the hope of better enon to exist. His suspicions of astro­ the main complex, the largest work understanding the Hopewell and Adena nomical alignments began almost named the "Circle Mound". Radiocarbon cultures. Too little work has been per­ immediately, and in June of 1988, dating infers the construction of the formed in Indiana, in particular at the Cochran discovered that the sun set Circle Mound at around 5 B.C. Mounds State Park site. With the revela­ through the highest part of the embank­ The Circle Mound demonstrates align­ tions of Cochran's recent work, more ment of the outer wall. Further investiga­ ment with the equinox sunrise and sunset interest needs to be generated in the tions by Cochran showed that the through its gateway and with the summer archeoastronomical possibilities of the Mounds State Park complex aligns with and winter solstices through the comers east central Indiana mounds sites and the winter solstice and the movement of of its embankments. Cochran concludes the correlation that can be made various stars. by saying that additional survey work between them. Few village sites have been identified in this area, although local Cochran then took his discovery a step needs to completed with the Circle Mound to ensure absolute alignments. surface hunters have found a wealth of further and decided to test the correlation materials ranging from Paleo to Preliminary investigations of astronom­ of the Mounds complex with other Mississippian cultures in the area's local ical alignments were performed by mound complexes nearby (Figure 4). cultivated fields and stream banks. Within forty miles of Mounds State Park Cochran using the map done by Lilly in

30 References Anderson Herald-Bulletin Dalman, Karen Anderson Herald 1990 "Mounds Park Mysteries", by Carole 1989 Earthworks, Outdoor Indiana, April. 1875 "The Mounds", author unknown, June 25. Carlson, February 27. Forkner, John Anderson Herald, Buehrig, Jennette E. and Ronald Hicks 1914 History of Madison County. 1968 "Girl's Rescue From Cave at Mounds 1982 A Comprehensive Survey of the Archeo- Hardin, Samuel Park Recalled", author unknown, July 19. logical Resources of Mounds State Park, 1874 History of Madison County. Anderson, Indiana, Archeological Resources Anderson Herald Lilly, Eli Management Service, Ball State University. 1976 "Mounds Park Mysteries Include Missing 1937 Prehistoric Antiquities of Indiana, Indiana Carlson, Carole Relics, Museum Grant", by Jeff Evans, Historical Society. 1991 Solving the Mysteries of the Great October 2. Mohow, James Mound, Madison County Monthly, May. Anderson Herald 1992 A Brief Overview of Early Archaic Cochran, Donald R. 1976 "Officials Still Seek Mound Relics", by Settlement in East Central Indiana, Native 1992 Adena and Hopewell Cosmology: New Jeff Evans, October 6. American Cultures in Indiana, edited by Evidence from East Central Indiana, Native Ronald Hicks, Minnetrista Cultural Center Anderson Bulletin American Cultures in Indiana, edited by and Ball State University. 1976 "Missing' Relics Found", by Steve Smith, Ronald Hicks, Minnetrista Cultural Center October 8. and Ball State University.

MM

y0,0O /^sfajy, /i^y^Lo^/l^ir^u U-ZJjktis

J7.2&X. h, fatten -• "

Figure 1 Map and notations taken by Bentley of what was to become the Figure 2 Levette's Map showing the main complex of earthworks Mounds State Park area. Note the inclusion of the two Delaware villages - in the northern section of Mounds State Park, including the Great Bucktown to the northeast and Little Munsee Town to the southwest. Mound and Fiddleback mound, (from Lilly 1937)

31 Figure 3 The aerial view of the rectangular earthwork commis­ sioned by Lilly through the Bowman-Park Aero Co. of Louisville, KY. (from Lilly 1937).

MOUND GROUP ON GROUNDS s e crion OF THE EAST COLONY OF THE EPILEPTIC VILLAGE NEAR NEW CASTLE, HENRY COUNTY, INDIANA MA

1-2-1-4-6 toe A still evident- others destroyed tooft .•...U Ht*ck -160ft 11'tin iM^ttn tmUiMfi tf Suit IfilmtkHOHm SmfHU—iMimtl fiSCiKOljggiwSS f

Figure 6 Lilly's map of the New Castle complex used by Cochran to determine alignments with the Anderson complex.

Figure 4 Earthworks located in east central Indiana (from Cochran 1992).

CASTOR SETy SUN SET \ SUMMER \. \ SUN RISE SOLSTICE \^ SUMMER SOLSTICE yS JUDEBARAN SUN SET SUNWEB SOLSTICE l PROCYON ^-\ SET -^ ^-N^ 1/ ALTAI B —1^*>^ SET ~~ *- \. -'/I

\-^^~^~~^ li 1 ^\SUN RISE WINTER v\ / SOLSTICE RIGEL SET ^^-^^^ ?-^JS*n /, \\ /I SUN SET

Figure 5 Using the data from Vickery (1969) Cochran deter­ mined the locations of the posts and the log tomb on the pri­ mary mound of the central platform of the Great Mound. Using Figure 7 Cochran's demonstration of alignments at Fudge Mound table 2, Cochran determined the alignments of the posts with (from Cochran 1992). specific celestial occurrences. 32 PLATE A.

AocW Evtlivwkl BWtll (ran Cambridft Citj, Wayne count?, Ind J. C. M*CPHKk*OK.

nea SECTION THROUGH A. B.

Fif-.i

Figure 8 Diagram of earthworks that were used for regional align­ ments in Cochran's study, (from Cochran 1992)

Xe.j. PLATE C.

Ancient Earthwork I mil* N. E. from New Gairlen, Wayne county, Indiana.

• ,A',?1 9'*D> »*••«'•*» acroaa. F. (!, H, plleU ftcl aires*. Embankment 6 feet high and 60 fact through at ba>«. I, openloa SO fret wide. Prof. J-. C. HACPHSXJOH. 1 //ir A »s oo yy.

Figure 9 Bertsch Earthwork by MacPherson (1878) used by Cochran as a site of regional alignment with It! the Mounds State Park complex.

t; o () IS!

/ //v. = soo rj

Figure 10 Graves Earthwork by MacPherson (1878) used by Cochran as a site of regional alignment with the Mounds State Park complex.

Regional Alignments memm . Post Alignments

13 8 297 Regulus Set MM, rop tt 14 SII* 6 261 Procyon Set Alignment Rig.1 H.» Anderson Mound* 128 ; 14 3 291 Pleiades Set Anderson Mounds B1 Altair Rise(-1) 14 15 312 Arcturus Set Anderson Mounds 33 68 PlslaOss Rue 14 16 316 Anderson Mounds Castor Set 81 59 15 Anderson Mounds 95 Epsilon Ononis Rise EquJnOBC Sunns* 1 &3 250 Castor Set Anderson Mounds 104 Rlgel Rise (-2} 15 2 237 Mars & Jupiter Set Winter it MB Ri[)Bl Rita Maw Castle JUb Jupiter. Mars or Venus Set {+2} 15 New Castle 5 236 Venus Set Winter Kg Moonsat(-2) B9 Naw Castle 1.10 Moonrise (-1) AlHir RIH 15 7 129 Moonrise Winter a New Castle 29 CapellaRiM(-l) li 110 15 10 145 Fomalhaut Rise 56 New Castle 35 Vega Rise 82 16 2 231 Moonset WintBr New Caitle 50 Moonrise (-1) 16 9 Newcastle 68 Equinox (+2) Bill Centnuri Stt 144 Fomalhaut Rise s Bertsch Mm VkoeM 16 17 84 Betelgeuse Rise Bertsch •111) Pollux Set {-1) 17 3 249 Sinus Set Bertsch 35 Vega Rise 17 4 245 Moonset Spring 57 Sunrise Summer Solstice J 55 Windsor 43 Castor Rite •pin ran 17 2S5 239 Sunset Winter Solstice Windsor Equmo> Sunut BO Altair Rise (-2) 17 6 230 Moonset Winter Kitselman xw 24li Sinus Sel m Mat Sat Kit sal man 210 Fomalhaut Sel Mounnin Wintsr Kit sal men 192 Beta Cutis Sel( 2) CapwiaSM Kitselman IrM Beta Crucis Riae (+2) 124 Fudge 231 Moonsel(H) Ma* MM 296 Jupiter. Mars or Venus Set (-1) » ! Procyor Snt Table 3 Fudge IS8 Beta Cantaun Rise (*2) Bwwfiauaa Sal 165 Beta Cruets Rise (-H PlMMMSol Baxter Setelgeuse Sel 2T7 BwigunS* ,'.!>, 251 Sinus (+2) 217 Fomainaut Set (-2) 110 2S7 Regulus Set 2a PWKWaSM Graves .'Ii9 Equinox (+1) " is MB Dense** %2£.tm .'.!» Pollux Sat « « g set 5 i ttaVSM Table 1 Table 2

33 A BIFURCATE SITE IN WAYNE COUNTY by Jeff Zemrock 903 Green Township Road 2850 Perrysville, Ohio 44864

This article is an update to a brief piece Most of the bifurcates in Figure 1 were Flintridge flint only % inch long, and is the I wrote in 1988 concerning a site in found in an area of about two hundred smallest I have ever seen. Again, these Wooster Township, Wayne County (Ohio feet in diameter. These nineteen whole or are all of Flintridge or Upper Archaeology-Fall 1988; Boyhood Finds). fragmentary points are personal finds. Of Mercer/Coshocton flint. At least one other At that time, I didn't fully realize the these, there are two points of light gray point, of Flintridge flint, was given to a importance of this site. Upon discussing and tan Flintridge, one of glossy black neighbor (piece not pictured). the artifacts found here with Jeb Bowen Upper Mercer, and fourteen of various Only a few points had serrations. None during his research for the upcoming shades of blue or gray Coshocton flint. had burinated stems, and only a few had publication Lecroy KnifelSpearpoints of Two pieces are tip sections that have the shoulders fractured off. Instead, most had the Ohio Region Ca.6200 B.C. I learned same styling, chipping and thinness as simply been chipped away through that this is the largest group of small the other bifurcates. These are all the resharpening. bifurcates from a concentrated area that same type except for two which are the Because the farm is no-till, further col­ he knows of in the state of Ohio. With that short stem type and possibly the large lection is not possible at the present time. in mind, I would like to offer more infor­ broken point which may be the same. Given the fairly level nature of the site, mation on the site. Lengths of resharpened points are from 1 and the lack of erosion, sub-plow zone The area is approximately two miles to VA inches. Basal width is from 'A to % of features may exist. The adjacent pasture southwest of Wooster, part of the former an inch. One other notable artifact from could also extend the site considerably. Sherrick farm, and known to area resi­ the site is a slate roller pestle although Although still a minor type, these three dents as "the long field". The site itself is this could be associated with one of sev­ successive types of small bifurcates doc­ situated about one hundred yards east of eral other archaic types also found on or ument an occupation period of about one a springfed stream that empties into near the site. thousand years, from 7000 to 6000 B.C. Killbuck Creek west of Wooster. This area The bifurcates shown in Figure 2 are in This may have been a seasonal camp, is the first level plain above the creek the Sherrick family collection. These since amounts of scrapers, drills, and gully. There is one low hill between the points were found within a distance of ground stone tools are small compared to site and the creek which doesn't offer less than one-half mile of the site in any points and knives. much level ground. To my knowledge, direction, although their exact prove­ In closing, I give my thanks to the this area has always been pasture land nience cannot be determined. There are Sherrick family for allowing me to and has never been tilled. The area's an additional nineteen points; four of examine and photograph their collection. proximity to a good water supply and these are St. Albans types that date a sheltered valley has obvious advantages. little earlier in the archaic period at 7000- This farm, over the last hundred years 6800 B.C. These are the only points in the References or so has yielded a large amount of flint entire group made of the duller Nellie Bowen, Jeb chert. Of the rest, five are the short stem Personal communication artifacts, especially archaic types, Converse, Robert N. including pieces in my own collection. variety which seem to go hand in hand with the other small bifurcates on this Ohio Flint Types There is no change in the immediate Hothem, Lar landscape to define or limit use of the site. The one long example is colorful Indian Flints of Ohio site. This was apparently determined by Flintridge flint and has not been resharp­ Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the population of the people that used it. ened. One is a mini-bifurcate of white Division of Geological Survey-Map

34 •ttfft

Wh e r Part b fu cat Mo from wfZJ ^IZ°^J S °i ° n ' [ T- t Figure 2 (Zemrock) Nineteen points from the Sherrick collection. Fifteen AISlSTJZS^ 9' ^ C°Sh0Ct0n Upper Mercer small bifurcates including five short stem types and one mini-bifurcate. mm. r-ersonai collection. Bottom left are four St. Albans types of Nellie chert or black Upper Mercer flint. The rest are of Flint Ridge flint or Upper Mercer Flints.

•4 Figure 3 (Zemrock) View of pasture from the edge of the site looking west into a shallow ravine. The creek lies in a second ravine behind a clump of trees. The land is nearly flat in every other direction. Farm buildings are obscured by trees to the right.

Figure 4 (Zemrock) Topographical map of site and surrounding I |

35 A MIAMI COUNTY CACHE by Ed Levan, Jr. 404 S. Downing Street Piqua, Ohio 45356

Fifty Adena cache blades were found in a cache by Dan Schway in Piqua, Ohio, in Miami County in the fall of 1985. All are made of light blue and white Flint Ridge flint, except for one which is caramel in color. The smallest blade measures 21/ inches long and 1 "A inches 1 wide. The largest measures 4 inches long and 1% inches wide. Ed Levan Sr. and son Roy are presently curating 15 of the fifty blades.

Figure 1 (Levan) Fifteen of fifty Adena cache blades found in Piqua, Ohio.

A MIAMI COUNTY CACHE by Jim Stephan Bradford, Ohio

I contacted Mr. Levan of Piqua, Ohio, as I believed that I had blades from the same cache he described. He kindly allowed me to examine his cache and we discovered that the two of us had blades from the same cache. This kind of co­ operation is of extreme importance among students of prehistory. To elaborate on what Mr. Levan wrote, the cache was found by Dan Schway and a friend when they were surface sur­ veying a plowed field. Several blades appeared on the surface, and fifty were finally recovered in all. The blades are made of translucent Flint Ridge chal­ cedony, which varies from light to medium blue. Several blades have caramel-brown inclusions.

Figure 1 (Stephan) Fifteen more blades from the same cache found in Piqua, Ohio

36 STRANGE POINT NO. 2 by John R. Heath Sullivan, OH, 44880

The two points pictured (Fig. 1) were both found on the same farm in Sullivan Twp. Ashland Co., Ohio. The larger point was reported in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 33, Spring 1983, page 41. The smaller point was found in the spring of 1995, about % mile from where the larger one was found. Both have a very odd basal treatment. Probably the flint knapper had his own idea how a point should be made. This could be a type, but I have never seen any of these in fellow collec­ tors collections. The larger point measures YA inclf long - 3 1 inch wide - /6 inch thick. Both are chipped from mottled grey Upper Mercer flint. Comments anyone? 4 Figure 1 (Heath) Two unusual points I from Ashland Co.

ARTIFACTS FOUND BY JOE WITZMAN by Bob Burns 8415 Upton San Antonio, Texas

A 2.2 inch Miniature Pentagonal Pendant of green banded slate. The pendant is very thin, undrilled but highly polished. The pendant was found by Joe Witzman in Wayne County, Ohio.

A 1.8 inch polished plummet. The plummet surface has been worn about its widest circumference. This worn surface may have been intended by the maker or a result of its Use. One other plummet of this type has been described in Ohio Archaeologist, v. 39, No. 3. The plummet was a surface find by Joe Witzman in a corn field in Wayne County, Ohio.

Two salvaged green banded slate Birdstone "tails". Each is drilled in the typical birdstone method. One tail is a fantail, the other is narrow and vertical. The tails were found in Wayne County, Ohio by Joe Witzman.

37 PREHISTORIC PIPES — HOW WERE THEY MANUFACTURED by D.R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

In the past 30 years the writer has glossy luster when polished, making the even penetrating the far wall of the studied several thousand prehistoric artifact an attractive and desirable art- drilled bowl. In the pictured example pipes and has collected a number of form and/or religious talisman. The pic­ only about one eighth of an inch of unfinished examples to determine tured piece features finished stem drilling bowl drilling was completed. crafting techniques and in what order through a partially developed curved 5. Fifth, finished grinding and polishing preparation activities occurred during the base, a partially drilled bowl in a pre­ was initiated to achieve final shaping manufacturing process. Always an pared orifice, and what is really unique, and remove unsightly peck marks pro­ impediment to a successful study were examples of both surface pecking, duced in stage two. At this point the numerous examples of only partially fin­ grinding and polishing on the surface of a most interesting suppositions can be ished pipes in an extremely crude stage partially completed pipe. made. John Baldwin, has suggested of preparation or even re-worked by con­ As to the preparation process, it is evi­ that the semi-rounded bowl shown in temporary man to produce a more fin­ dent the pipe maker had nearly finished his the example would have been further ished version of some value. At a recent artifact, and the processes used to reach configured to the classic spool shape show I obtained a fascinating example of this stage are shown in this rare example. (Figure 2) by four single hammerstone the classic Hopewell platform pipe form 1. First, the pipe matrix was "blocked out"; blows at defined points approximately in an unfinished stage demonstrating the That is, rough grinding and chipping half way up the bowl. Of course final crafting technique in a readily observable were simultaneously employed with shaping and smoothing would follow. In manner. Now we have at least one hammerstone and knife to achieve other words, the craftsman would in example that clearly demonstrates how rough shaping. effect minimize his effort and achieve they "could have been made". The reader symmetry through minor modification of will note the "could have been" reference 2. Second, pecking was employed to fur­ the bowl in its current shape and then because the writer's belief is that there ther shape and thin the unfinished piece. modify it to its final form with relatively was no standard or blueprint for pipe 3. Third, drilling was initiated first in the minor effort. manufacturing but instead more of a more difficult curved stem orifice with a In the pictured example both final common sense, "let's see what works thin drill with water and an abrasive and repeat the process" attitude. grinding and the bowl drilling processes compound. If a mistake was made and are underway but were never completed. First, let me describe the pictured the drilling process was inaccurate the Because of this we are now able to learn (Figure 1) example and the uniqueness of unfinished piece could be discarded at more about these skilled craft people and locating a complicated artifact at this this relatively early stage in the manu­ their techniques of artifact manufacturing. stage of preparation. This example was facturing process. The writer has seen If finished, this Hopewell platform pipe discovered in Union County, Illinois and crafting errors corrected by drilling from would probably have been used in special is made of typical greenish - brown Ohio the opposite end. ceremonies 2000 years ago in southern pipestone. Why pipestone? There are Illinois in the Mississippi River watershed. two basic reasons. One the silica-based 4. Fourth, the bowl hole was started in They were able to cope with minimal matrix is very soft when excavated and the more bulbous bowl orifice. Note* availability of resources and demon­ therefore relatively easily crafted in its the finished stem opening was drilled strated an ability to create works of art raw form. Also, the finished product to join the bowl hole at the point of its under the most primitive conditions. hardens with exposure and receives a deepest penetration, in some cases

uurrent unnnisnea H^c

t-snmaieo r-inisnea i-orm -» ', /

im ~

Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Drawing of Hopewell pipe showing final con­ Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Unfinished Hopewell platform pipe, brown pipestone, Union County, Illinois. figuration.

38 NECROLOGY Colonel Raymond C. Vietzen

Colonel Raymond C. Vietzen of Elyria, many Archaeological Society of Ohio at the printer's office at the time of this Ohio passed away quietly on October 1, summer meetings at their large Indian writing. 1995. Colonel Vietzen is survived by his Ridge Museum. Indian Ridge was visited by His many friends will miss him at his lively loving wife of 64 years Ruth Vietzen. thousands of people, both young and old, kitchen roundtables, archaeological meet­ Colonel Vietzen was one of the early from throughout the United States and from ings, and at the auctions he so dearly loved presidents, 1949, and organizers of what is all over the globe. to attend. now the Archaeological Society of Ohio. He Colonel Vietzen's untimely death certainly So-long to a longtime friend. devoted himself, his time, and his resources will leave a large gap in Ohio archaeology to the cause of archaeology in Ohio. and Ohio history in general. He authored 17 James G. Hovan For many years the Vietzen's hosted books on archaeology, and has a final work

NECROLOGY Charles Smith

Charles C. Smith, 82, of Oceanside, Calif., died Wednesday, Aug. 2, 1995, at his residence. He was born Aug. 16, 1912, in Robinson, III., and was a former Modoc resident for 45 years. He was retired as quality control supervisor, Borg-Warner, after 37 years of service in Muncie. He was a member of United Methodist Church of Vista, Calif., and Lions Club International. He was an avid col­ lector of Pre-historic Indian artifacts. Survivors include his wife, Lois C. Smith of Oceanside, Calif.; one son, Charles W. Smith of San Diego, Calif., and two grandchildren.

39 SCENES FROM THE FOURTH ANNUAL NATIVE AMERICAN ARTIFACT EXHIBIT by Brian DaRe Robert A. Kersten 58561 Sharon Blvd. 2907 Femwood Ave. Rayland, OH 43943 Moundsville, WV 26041

Over a thousand Ohio Valley residents Twenty-one exhibitors from the West Special awards were presented to the viewed the Fourth Annual Native American Virginia Archaeological Society and the winners of three categories of exhibits: Artifact Exhibit held at the Delf Norona Archaeological Society of Ohio received Best Table Display - George Armann Museum in Moundsville, W. Va. on August blue ribbons for their participation in the Best Educational Display - Bob Walden 5, 1995. The event was sponsored by the one day event (Figures 1-30). Upper Ohio Valley Chapter of the West Public's Choice - Frank A. Fleahman Virginia Archaeological Society and Grave Creek Mound State Park.

40 41 A NEW THREAT TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND COLLECTING

Printed on this page are excerpts of of this law. Every farmer could have his write and protest. The best way to defeat proposed amendments and changes to property, and the ability to farm it, taken such over-regulation is to get it killed in the cemetery laws of Ohio. These pro­ without compensation. Write your state committee before it is ever presented as a posals go far beyond the intent of the legislator now. Tell them to vote against bill. The bill violates several provisions of original law and are an attempt to all but these amendments. The sponsors of this the Constitution including the amend­ eliminate archaeology in the State of Ohio. ill-advised legislation are listed at the head ments against the taking of private prop­ Every artifact found on the surface of the of the bill - House Bill 432. If he or she is erty and establishment religion. ground would be subject to the provisions one of your state representatives, call or WRITE YOUR REPRESENTATIVE NOW!

As Introduced 121st General Assembly Regular Session 1995-1996

REPRESENTATIVES OGG-LUCAS-HARTLEY-LOGAN-SYKES-PRENTISS-OFFER- DOTY-FORD-TAVARES-BRITTON-BOYD-BOGGS-LEWIS-PRINGLE- VAN VYVEN-GARCIA-TAYLOR

A Bl LL To amend sections 517.02, 517.08, 759.02, 1721.03, 1721.04,1721.21, 2909.05, and 2927.11, to amend for the purpose of adopting a new section number as indicated in parentheses, section 1721.01 (1721.02), to enact new sections 517.01, 759.01, and 1721.01, and to repeal sections 517.01, 759.01, and 1721.02 of the Revised Code to include a definition of "cemetery" in the cemetery laws and the vandalism and desecration laws.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF OHIO: 25 Section 1. That sections 517.02, 517.08, 759.02, 1721.03, 27 1721.04, 1721.21, 2909.05, and 2927.11 be amended, section 28 1721.01 (1721.02) be amended for the purpose of adopting a new 29 section number as indicated in parentheses, and new sections 30 517.01, 759.01, 1721.01 of thi Revised Code be enacted to 31 THE DEATH RITE OR CEREMONY OF THE CULTURE. ARE REASONABLY 149 read as follows: BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN PLACED WITH OR NEAR HUMAN REMAINS, EITHER 150 Sec. 517.01. AS USED IN THIS CHAPTER: 33 AT THE TIME OF DEATH OR AT A LATER TIME, OR ANY OTHER CULTURAL 151 (A) "CEMETERY" MEANS A BURIAL SITE IN WHICH MULTIPLE HUMAN 36 ITEMS REASONABLY BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN MADE EXCLUSIVELY FOR 152 REMAINS OF ANY CULTURE ARE INTERRED. PLACEMENT WITH OR TO CONTAIN HUMAN REMAINS. 153 (B) "BURIAL SITE" MEANS ANY NATURAL OR PREPARED PHYSICAL 39 (D) "HUMAN REMAINS" MEANS ANY PART OF THE BODY OF A 156 LOCATION, WHETHER ORIGINALLY BELOW, ON, OR ABOVE THE SURFACE OF 40 DECEASED PERSON IN ANY STAGE OF DECOMPOSITION. THE EARTH, INTO WHICH AS PART OF THE DEATH RITE OR CEREMONY OF A (a) "CEMETERY" MEANS A BURIAL SITE IN WHICH MULTIPLE HUMAN CULTURE. HUMAN REMAINS AND ASSOCIATED BURIAL OBJECTS HAVE BEEN REMAINS OF ANY CULTURE ARE INTERRED. DEPOSITED. (b) "BURIAL SITE" MEANS ANY NATURAL OR PREPARED PHYSICAL 440 (C) "BURIAL OBJECTS" MEANS CULTURAL ITEMS THAT, AS PART OF 45 LOCATION, WHETHER ORIGINALLY BELOW, ON, OR ABOVE THE SURFACE OF 441 THE DEATH RIGHT OR CEREMONY OF THE CULTURE, ARE REASONABLY 46 THE EARTH, INTO WHICH AS PART OF THE DEATH RITE OR CEREMONY OF A 442 BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN PLACED WITH OR NEAR HUMAN REMAINS, EITHER 47 CULTURE, HUMAN REMAINS AND ASSOCIATED BURIAL OBJECTS HAVE BEEN 443 AT THE TIME OF DEATH OR AT A LATER TIME, OR ANY OTHER CULTURAL 48 DEPOSITED. ITEMS REASONABLY BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN MADE EXCLUSIVELY FOR 49 (c) "BURIAL OBJECTS" MEANS CULTURAL ITEMS THAT, AS PART OF 446 PLACEMENT WITH OR TO CONTAIN HUMAN REMAINS. 50 THE DEATH RITE OR CEREMONY OF THE CULTURE, ARE REASONABLY 447 (D) "HUMAN REMAINS" MEANS ANY PART OF THE BODY OF A 53 BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN PLACED WITH OR NEAR HUMAN REMAINS, EITHER 448 DECEASED PERSON IN ANY STAGE OF DECOMPOSITION. AT THE TIME OF DEATH OR AT A LATER TIME, OR ANY OTHER CULTURAL 449 Sec, 759.01. AS USED IN THIS CHAPTER: 96 ITEMS REASONABLY BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN MADE EXCLUSIVELY FOR 450 (A) "CEMETERY" MEANS A BURIAL SITE IN WHICH MULTIPLE HUMAN 99 PLACEMENT WITH OR TO CONTAIN HUMAN REMAINS. 451 REMAINS OF ANY CULTURE ARE INTERRED. (d) "HUMAN REMAINS" MEANS ANY PART OF THE BODY OF A 454 (B) "BURIAL SITE" MEANS ANY NATURAL OR PREPARED PHYSICAL 102 DECEASED PERSON IN ANY STAGE OF DECOMPOSITION. LOCATION, WHETHER ORIGINALLY BELOW, ON, OR ABOVE THE SURFACE OF 103 Sec. 2927.11. (A) No person, without privilege to do so, 482 THE EARTH, INTO WHICH AS PART OF THE DEATH RITE OR CEREMONY OF A 104 shall purposely deface, damage, pollute, or otherwise physically 483 CULTURE, HUMAN REMAINS AND ASSOCIATED BURIAL OBJECTS HAVE BEEN 105 mistreat any of the following: 484 DEPOSITED. (1) The flag of the United States or of this state; 486 (C) "BURIAL OBJECTS" MEANS CULTURAL ITEMS THAT, AS PART OF 108 (2) Any public monument; 488 THE DEATH RITE OR CEREMONY OF THE CULTURE, ARE REASONABLY 109 (3) Any historical or commemorative marker, or any 490 BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN PLACED WITH OR NEAR HUMAN REMAINS, EITHER structure, Indian mound or earthwork, CEMETERY, thing, or site of 491 AT THE TIME OF DEATH OR AT A LATER TIME, OR ANY OTHER CULTURAL no great historical or archaeological interest; 492 ITEMS REASONABLY BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN MADE EXCLUSIVELY FOR in (4) A place of worship, its furnishings, or religious 494 PLACEMENT WITH OR TO CONTAIN HUMAN REMAINS. 112 artifacts or sacred texts within the place of worship: 495 497 (D) "HUMAN REMAINS" MEANS ANY PART OF THE BODY OF A 113 (5) A work of art or museum piece; 499 DECEASED PERSON IN ANY STAGE OF DECOMPOSITION. 116 (6) Any other object or reverence or sacred devotion. 501 Sec. 1721.01. AS USED IN THIS CHAPTER: 136 (B) Whoever violates this section is guilty of desecration. Violation of division (A) (1), (2), (3), (5). or (6) 502 (A) "CEMETERY" MEANS A BURIAL SITE IN WHICH MULTIPLE HUMAN 138 503 REMAINS OF ANY CULTURE ARE INTERRED. of this section is a misdemeanor of the second degree. Violation of division (A) (4) of this section is a misdemeanor of the first 504 (B) "BURIAL SITE" MEANS ANY NATURAL OR PREPARED PHYSICAL 142 505 LOCATION, WHETHER ORIGINALLY BELOW, ON. OR ABOVE THE SURFACE OF 143 degree that is punishable by a fine of up to four thousand dollars in addition to the penalties specified for a misdemeanor 506 THE EARTH, INTO WHICH AS PART OF THE DEATH RITE OR CEREMONY OF A 144 507 CULTURE. HUMAN REMAINS AND ASSOCIATED BURIAL OBJECTS HAVE BEEN 145 of the first degree in section 2929.21 of the Revised Code. DEPOSITED.

42 ERRATA. Fig. 23 on page 16 in Vol. 45, No. 2, is in error. The cor­ rected figure is shown. Mercer County Historical Society. Inc. 130 E. Market St. — P.O. Box 512 — Celine, OH 45822 — (419) 586-6065 Director — Joyce L. Alig ^•Vv"'*"'"'" *g

Autumn 1995 Dear rritadii

Welcome back Cor another season of seeing old friends and making new ones. I look forward to seeing you again. * - --—o— * 'a*^ First, check out our fall program*. Everyone knows Ohio was a State in 1803, but most people do not know that Mercer -rr • . J. ^^pV County and the rest of Northwest Ohio was not open for settlement until after 1820. . . or even why it was so much later that 1803. Welcomed back by popular request, are three — old friends. Professor Randall Buchman will explain the Treaties with the Indians. Dr. Larry Nelson will explain about the old forts and trading posts and settlement. Ray Schuck will tell stories about local settlements. The programs are made possible by a grant from the Ohio Humanities Council and NBA, and are open to the public.

Second, the Courthouaa 75th Anniversary, 1933-1998, is being planned. If you want to participate in these celebration plans, call me at 586-6065 sr £78-2614.

Third, please be so kind as to remember the Mercer County Historical Museum and your Mercer County heritage when your neighbors visit you about tha Combined Charities this fall. It is not that a donation has to be so great, it is just nice to be remembered a little, by a lot of our friends. 4 Figure 23 East Side Work from the Papers Fourth, stop by and visit the Museum on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday, 8:30 - 4:00. Beginning in October the Museum will of Ephriam G. Squier also be open on Sundays, 1:00 - 4:00. Myron Hartings is working for the Commissioners in putting in a new furnace and (1821-1888). central air at the Museum. The air conditioning this summer was a welcome feature to our guests. This Director, and the volunteers loved it. A big thanks to Myron and Commissioners Ray Cron, Ron Puthoff, and Jerry Laffin.

R—amber to Invite your friends to become members of our County Historical Society.

Your Old Friend,

Tk>M MegalAceel Bt* BUM ^r^ U Meresr Cmuty •I Wnitn Ufcio

NPS ANNOUNCES NEW PUBLICATION ON FIRST AMERICANS

The people who first crossed the Bering served while being used to educate the hopes to preserve what remains of their land bridge and gradually spread across public. The volume, edited by Ruthann world's complexities in the hopes of better North America have long been the focus of Knudson and Bennie C. Keel of the understanding ours. public fascination and scholarly research. National Park Service, was developed The book includes discussion of the Unfortunately, the few traces left of their from a symposium cosponsored by the public trust doctrine in U.S. law, the con­ presence are rare, threatened by develop­ NPS and the university's Center for the cept of responsibility for materials related ment, and prized by collectors. The remains Study of the First Americans. to the first Americans, relationships among of the first Americans, once gone, are gone A crucial part of learning about the researchers, the legal basis for protecting forever. Stewardship of these remains, with people, the way they lived, and the world these resources, and opportunities for their information about our past environ­ around them is an appreciation for the educating the public. ments, is a public responsibility. interrelationships among their remains and The Public Trust and the First The Public Trust and the First the contexts in which they are found. In Americans, 224 pages, paperback, Americans, just published by Oregon the words of the editors, nothing is simple $24.95, is available from Oregon State University Press, addresses the question about understanding the lives of the conti­ University Press, 101 Waldo Hall, of how we should manage these precious nent's first inhabitants. This volume, by Corvallis, OR 97331-6407, (503) 737- resources—and how they can be pre­ promoting ecologically based stewardship, 3166, fax (503) 737-3170.

Back Cover: This double-crescent bannerstone was found in Montgomery County, Ohio, on the Askin Farm many years ago. It is made of red banded slate and was originally collected by Jacob Royer of Dayton. Collection of Bill Cain, Wilkinson, Indiana. It is shown natural size.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.