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Nevada Archaeologist Volume I 3 1995 o 10 , ' Ceatlmeten (Approu..ate) NEVADA ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME I 3 1995 NEVADA ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION NEVADA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEMBERSHIP ASSOCIATION The Nevada Archaeological Association is an incorporated, non-profit organization registered in the THE DESIGN OF THE NAA LOGO WAS State of Nevada, and has no paid employees. ADAPTED BY ROBERT ELSTON FROM A Membership is open to any person signing the NAA GARFIELD FLAT PETROGLYPH Code of Ethics who is interested in archaeology and its allied sciences, and in the conservation of NEVADA ARCHAEOLOGICAL AsSOCIATION OFFICERS archaeological resources. Requests for membership and dues should be sent to the treasurer whose President Colleen M. Beck ................. 895-0418 address is shown below. Make all checks and money las Vegas, Nevada orders payable to the Nevada Archaeological Association. Membership cards will be issued on the Secretary Pat Hicks ...................... 482-3691 payment of dues and the receipt of a signed Code of Tonopah, Nevada Ethics. Active members receive a subscription to the Nevada Archaeologist and the NAA Newsletter. Treasurer Robin McMullen ................. 796-7800 Subscription is by membership only; however, las Vegas, Nevada individual or back issues may be purchased separately. Editor, Volume 13 Colleen M. Beck .............. 895-0418 las Vegas, Nevada DUES Jim Wilde, Brooks AFB, TX .. 210-536-6546 STIJDENT ............. " $ 5.00 BOARD of DIRECTORS ACTIVE .................. 12.00 ACTIVE FAMILY .......... 15.00 SUPPORTING ............ 25.00 The Board of Directors of the Nevada Archaeological SPONSOR ............... 50.00 Association is elected annually by the membership. PATRON ................ 100.00 Board members serve one year terms. The Board of Directors elects the Association's officers from those FlITURE ISSUES members elected to the Board. The Board of Directors also appoints the Editor of the Nevada Archaeologist Manuscripts submitted for publication in the Nevada for a term not to exceed three years. The Board of Archaeologist should follow the style guide of the Directors meets five times a year, once in November, January, 1979 issue of American Antiquity. Manu­ once in March, and twice in May immediately prior to, scripts should be typed and double spaced and immediately following, the Annual Meeting. throughout, including notes and bibliography and illustrations should be camera-ready with a caption Member Colleen M. Beck ... Las Vegas,Nevada typed on a separate sheet of paper, also double­ spaced. Submissions from avocational as well as Member Oyvind Frock .......... Reno, Nevada professionals, are encouraged. Member Mark Henderson ......... Ely, Nevada Manuscripts should be submitted to Nevada Archaeologist, c/o Susan Murphy, 9785 Tropical Member Patricia Hicks. .. Tonopah, Nevada Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89129. Member William G. Johnson Henderson, Nevada GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE Inquires and general correspondence with the Member Robin McMullen ... Las Vegas, Nevada Nevada Archaeological Association should be directed as follows: Member Susan Murphy .... Las Vegas, Nevada c/o Susan Murphy Member Tina Reuwsaat ........... Ely, Nevada Nevada Archaeological Association 9785 Tropical Parkway Member Skip Scroggins ...... Eureka, Nevada Las Vegas, NV 89129 © COPYRIGHT, NEVADA ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DECEMBER 1995 Nevada Archaeologist Volume 13 1995 EDITOR'S CORNER This thirteenth volume of the Nevada Archaeologist contains three papers, each exploring very different and important research areas in Nevada archaeology. Bryan Hockett's preliminary report on the Spring Creek Mastondont is an excellent example of how observant individuals can further scientific research. Several people realized the significance of bones encountered inadvertently during construction of a waterline near Elko and brought these finds to the attention of paleontological specialists. Their efforts led to the scientific excavation of the site, discussed in Hockett's article. The variability in artifacts and features found at Fremont sites has led to the postulation of several strategies by which the Fremont adapted to their environment. Marc Kodak develops hypotheses for two of these strategies. His hypotheses focus on toolstone and lithic technology and their representation in the archaeological record. He then applies these models to extant archaeological data sets by elevational and biotic zones. Marc Kodak gives us much to think about and, as often is the case, his article makes us want to find more Fremont archaeological sites on which to continue testing his ideas. Interest in prehistoric rock art increases every year and with more research, more ideas on its meaning to its makers come to the forefront. Bob Krautz, Don Tuohy and James Hutchins' article discusses a most unusual cupule (pit-and-groove) petroglyph which is in the shape of an effigy head. (Cover illustration by Jerry W. Oothoudt). This petroglyph is discussed within its archaeological context, an often overlooked component in discussions of rock art sites. The effigy head originally was located outside of Reno. Through the authors' efforts and the Washoe Indian tribe, it now resides at the Nevada State Museum in Carson City. We thank the authors for their contributions to Nevada prehistory and for their patience, understanding and cooperation during the preparation of this volume. All errors and omissions are ours alone. Thanks are due to Evelyn Faulkner for preparing this volume for publication and to Diane Winslow for her review comments. Thanks also to the members of the Nevada Archaeological Association. This volume exists because of your participation in the organization. Colleen M. Beck James D. Wilde Nevada Archaeologist Volume 13 1995 CONTENTS The Spring Creek Mastodont: A Preliminary Report 1 Bryan Scott Hockett The Elusive Fremont of Eastern Nevada 13 Marc Kodack A Saurian Effigy from Washoe County, Nevada 42 Robert R. Kautz, Donald Tuohy, and James Hutchins II Nevada Archaeologist Volume 13 1995 THE SPRING CREEK MASTODONT: A PRELIMINARY REPORT by Bryan Scott Hockett Bureau of Land Management, Elko, Nevada In April, 1995, bones of the American people that live near the construction site Mastodont (Mammut americanum) reported hearing loud snapping noises (spelling of 'mastodont' after Kurten and during the excavation of the trench. Upon Anderson 1980; Haynes 1991 :4) were closer inspection they noticed large bones inadvertently uncovered in the Spring in the backdirt pile and protruding from Creek area of northeastern Nevada, the sidewalls of the trench. At least three approximately 6 miles southeast of Elko individuals collected bones and bone (Figure 1). These bones, as well as those fragments from the site. recovered during later excavations, are currently being cleaned and pieced One of those individuals was Beverly together. They will be placed on Brothers, who subsequently took the permanent display in the Northeastern bones that she had collected to a Nevada Museum in Elko sometime in museum in Montana. Museum personnel 1996. This paper discusses the discovery tentatively identified the bones as either of the bones, the subsequent mammoth (Mammuthus sp.) or giant paleontological excavations conducted at ground sloth (Megolonyx sp., the site, and some of the preliminary Nothrotheriops sp., or Glossotherium sp.). conclusions that have been reached Based on Olsen (1979), I identified a about the site. The interpretations in this single carpal and several phalanges as report are tentative because identification elephantid and assumed them to be and analysis of the bones is continuing. mammoth. During a subsequent visit to A more complete report on the bones and Mrs. Brothers' residence, I examined their geological setting is also in progress. several complete and nearly complete carpals that she had collected from the backdirt pile of the discovery trench. Background Closer comparisons of these bones to the mammoth and mastodont bones Bones of a large animal were illustrated in Olsen (1979) revealed that discovered in April, 1995, during the the Spring Creek bones most closely backhoe excavation of a small trench for resembled those of the mastodont. the installation of a waterline. Several 1 Nevada Archaeologist Volume 13 1995 t ... !::j'" ~ ..,'" ... "'~ ~ £j Soil/Sediment Trench Figure 1. General location of the Spring Creek Mastodont Site. 2 Nevada Archaeologist Volume 13 1995 Over the next several weeks, Mrs. The site was excavated between June Brothers assembled all of the bones 5 and June 11, 1995. An arbitrary datum collected from the discovery trench. In was established to the southwest of the early May, 1995, I showed six carpals, discovery trench (see Figure 2). North­ several metacarpals, numerous south and east-west lines were phalanges, right and left distal radii and established, the immediate region was ulnae, and a partial right humerus to Dave gridded into 2 m x 2 m units using the Gillette, Utah State Paleontologist. We letter-number system. The vast majority took the bones to the College of Eastern of in situ bones were found in units 126, Utah Prehistoric Museum in Price, Utah, J26, and J27 (Figure 2). and compared them to those of the Huntington Mammoth, one of the most The excavation procedure is briefly complete Columbian Mammoths discussed here. The soil and sediment (Mammuthus columbia) found to date that was backfilled into the discovery (Gillette and Madsen 1993). The Spring trench was removed by shovel and Creek bones did not closely resemble screened.
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