OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 42 NO. 3 SUMMER 1992

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. S A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included President James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 incorporated non profit organization. Vice President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 BACK ISSUES Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, (614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home) Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 OH 43068, (614)861-0673 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $20.00 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 6.00 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 6.00 Immediate Past Pres. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-9477 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office for prices and availability.

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Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road NE, Pleasantville, OH ASO CHAPTERS 43148, (614) 536-7855 or (800) 736-7815. Aboriginal Explorers Club President: John M. Rose, R.D. #1, Box 12, Chester, WV TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH President: John C. McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 45662, (614) 354-1454 (work) Blue Jacket Chapter 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Box 1, Seaman, OH President: Jacque F. Stahler, 115 S. Mill Street, DeGraff, OH 45679,(513)386-2375 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High Street, Mantua, OH 43050, (614)393-2314 Flint Ridge Chapter 1994 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081, 770 S. 2nd Heath, OH (614) 297-2641 (work), (614) 846-7640 (home) Fort Salem Chapter 1994 Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, Mt. Orab, OH (614)459-0808 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 1994 Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, President: Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ashland, OH (614)653-6642 King Beaver Chapter 1994 S. A. (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH President: Ronald Richman, Box 23, Clay Street, Edinburg, PA 43085, (614)885-0665 Lake County Chapter 1994 Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastem Road NW, President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH Pickerington, OH 43147, (614) 837-7088 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Will Storey, 1820 Dexter, Portsmouth, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH President: Raymond E. Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Joe Johnson, 108 Erwin Avenue, Follansbee, WV Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Valley Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: James E. Milum, 1 7306 CH 113, Harpster, OH

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Every member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio has a friend or acquain­ tance who is interested in the prehistory of Ohio and the Midwest. They may be a collector, surface hunter or just some­ one interested in our rich archaeological heritage who wants to help preserve Ohio's past. Give this membership application to that friend or acquain­ tance. He or she will be rewarded by receiving four yearly issues of The Ohio Archaeologist as well as attending meetings and joining one of our many chapters. It is an opportunity to share his or her interest with our nearly 3,000 members. TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE In Search of "New Town" I would like to begin my first President's Column by extending by Jeff Carskadden and Gary Felumlee 4 my sincerest thanks to Jim Hovan and all the past officers for the Artifacts from the Mike Williams and fine job they have done for the Society. I would also like to thank Bob Johnson Collection 8 all the chapters and their officers for their support over the past two years. It was a pleasure working with you and I know you will Map of West Mound by Kathryn M. Wood 9 continue to give our new Vice-President Steve Parker your sup­ Artifacts from the Knisely Mound by JimHahn 16 port. A Miniature Axe From Darke County The presidency of the ASO is both a great honor and responsi­ by Elaine Holzapfel 18 bility. As your president, I pledge my support for the objectives Hardstone Artifacts by Jerry Ball 19 and traditions of our Society. With your help and the guidance of the Board, our Society will continue to grow and prosper. Early/Middle Archaic Occupations of the Sandusky River, Green Creek, and North Ridge Survey Tracts in Sandusky I would like to welcome to the Board new members, Jim Hahn, County, Ohio by Jonathan E. Bowen 20 Charlie Fulk and Bud Tackett, and to thank all those who ran for office. The following people have agreed to accept the following Production Sequence of Blocked-End Tubular Pipes responsibilities: by Gary Fogelman 26 A Fort Loramie Pipe by Robert N. Converse 27 Program Committee Martha Otto The Greenville Monument Pipe by Elaine Holzapfel 29 Exhibits Committee Frank Otto Further Evidence for a Calendar System Don Casto Expressed in the Adena Tablets by J. William F. Romain 31 Vince Fleak Ice Age Elephants and Fluted Points in Ross County, Ohio Charlie Fulk by Claude Britt, Jr. 37 Ground Stone Tool Clusters of the Middle Toussaint Creek Recent Field Finds Committee Frank Otto by David J. Snyder 38 Bob Converse A Brief Analysis of Upper Mercer Flint by David W. Reed 38 Bob Mikesell Dave Reed An Anchor Pendant by Jerry Ball 39 Mike Schoenfeld The Archaic of West-Central Ohio: A Discussion 25 Years After a Masters Thesis by Claude Britt, Jr. 40 Fraudulent Artifacts Committee Jim Hahn "Sacred Enclosures" and Platform Mounds of the Steve Puttera Ohio Hopewell by Phillip R. Shriver 42 Don Potter Pipes from the Wilkins Collection by Mel Wilkins 47 I would like to express my appreciation to you for accepting A Newly-Found Anchor Pendant by John Rodgers 47 these responsibilities. Artifacts from My Collection by John A. Zakucia 48 I would also like to THANK the members for their support and I A Fluted Geniculate from Darke County look forward to seeing all of you at our meetings! by Ronnie Thiebeau 49 Larry L. Morris A Gneiss Axe from Fairfield County by Don Casto 50 Meeting Notice 51 Letter to the Society 51 Letter to the Governor 51

ARCHAEOLOGY UNDER ATTACK During the excavation of a section of the wall 2. That the task-force or special committee be 5. That because the Ohio Historical Society of the Great Circle at the Newark Earthworks, a comprised of individuals within the scientific find is currently expending State funds in further­ letter was received by Dr. Brad Lepper from historic community and others not currently ance of some of the activities in question, time John Sanchez, President of The Ohio Center for members of the Ohio Historical Society is of the essence. Therefore it is requested that Native American Affairs. In this letter Mr, Associate Organizations and that at least 50 per­ the Governor respond to this request on or be­ Sanchez states that ". . . under no circum­ cent of the task force or committee members be fore Friday, July 17, 1992. Response may be stances does the Center for Native American Native Americans selected from a list of Native made to the Ohio Center for Native American Affairs condone, authorize or approve of any Americans provided by the Ohio Center or Affairs who will transmit it to the interested and dig, excavation, survey or any type of scientific Native American Affairs which will include Native affected constituents." investigation of any burial, ceremonial, past liv­ Americans from a variety of tribes and geo­ As your President, I sent the following letter ing, or trash sites or mounds ..." graphic locations within the State of Ohio. (page 51) to Governor George V. Voinovich. I en­ In a separate letter to August B. Pust, Advisor 3. That a moratorium be declared on any courage you, the members, to contact the to the Governor on Multicultural Affairs, this State funding of activities involving Native Governor's Office and your State Repre­ group requested the following: American remains, artifacts or sacred sites until sentatives and express your feelings on this mat­ "1. That the Governor appoint a task-force the task force or special committee has com­ ter The Governor's address is: or special committee to review the purposes, pleted its review. The Honorable George V. Voinovich activities and funding of the Ohio Historical 4. That at the conclusion of the review, pro­ Governor of the State of Ohio Society for the purpose of addressing the cedures will be developed to implement any State House above issues on behalf of the Native American recommendations of the task force or special Columbus, OH 43215. community and other interested Ohio taxpay­ committee including but not limited to revisions His telephone number is: (614) 466-3555. ers. Such review will include specific recom­ to the Ohio Revised Code regarding the Ohio mendations as appropriate. Historical Society Larry L. Morris, President ASO

Front Cover: Shown are some fine examples of drills from the collection of Dick Coulter, Delaware, Ohio. The Coulter collection is one of the premier groups of drills in the Midwest.

3 IN SEARCH OF "NEW TOWN by Jeff Carskadden, Zanesville, Ohio and Gary Felumlee, New Concord, Ohio

Introduction found in the Zanesville Times Recorder generally took this side of the river when In early May 1871 workers excavating for newspaper files by local historian Norris F. traversing the rapids. a gas line along Water Street, which ran Schneider and given to the authors for Church notes that the middle falls were along the west bank of the Muskingum use in this article. the longest and swiftest. This set of River at Zanesville, unearthed human The pits were discovered as workmen rapids extended from the "lower bridge" bones. The bones were found at a depth tunneled about six feet below street level, (the old Third Street Bridge) upstream to of three feet. At the time it was thought according to the 77mes Recorder newspa­ just below the mouth of the Licking River that the bones had originally been dug up per article that announced the discovery and the present Y Bridge, Zanesville's fa­ from an old cemetery located nearby. (Anonymous 1959). The first pit found mous landmark. The upper falls, which This cemetery had been located on the contained a "tomahawk, fish bones and had the greatest drop (about four feet) ex­ edge of a gravel bank that years before clam shells," according to the newspaper. tended from just above the Y Bridge to had been mined for fill, which in turn had A second pit discovered later in the after­ the foot of Keen Street, where the burials been dumped along the river. The bones noon at the same location contained and pits were noted. The upper ford were left in place and work on the gas "more and larger bones" as well as "flint crossed the Muskingum at the head of line continued. tools" and fresh water clam shells. A celt, these falls. Church (1877a) commented An anonymous contributor to the animal bones, and a clam shell can be that "... a person could easily cross at Zanesville Daily Courier wrote the next seen in the photograph. Both pits were the head of the falls, in low water, either in day, however, that the bones had been about three feet wide and two feet deep. wagon, on horseback, or by wading." The found below the gravel fill, not in it, and Mays identified the pits as being storage total drop of the river from above the up­ the writer speculated that the workers or refuse pits, and suggested that a large per falls to the foot of the lower falls, a had actually dug into an Indian burying Indian village once stood on the site. distance of approximately a mile, was ground. The article states: No further discoveries were apparently about ten feet. We hear it rumored, now, for the made at the site. The Ohio Archaeological In 1762 a small Delaware Indian town first time, that human bones have Inventory designation 33-MU-111 was was situated along the river bank at the often been picked up along the given to this locality in 1977, and a brief west end of the upper ford (see Figure 2). bank before the stone wall was mention of the 1959 discoveries was in­ That year Thomas Hutchins, on a tour of constructed, that had been washed cluded in an article on the archaeology of Indian country for the English Department out by the water. Perhaps we are the city of Zanesville published that year of Indian Affairs, apparently visited this desecrating the resting place of the (Carskadden 1977). Because of the pres­ town. This was two years before Colonel first families of old Muskingum, the ence of relatively large pits, good bone Bouquet's march to the Indian towns Indians, or the mound builders. preservation, and stone tools, it was around Coshocton. Hutchins wrote a de­ In fact, a complete human skull had noted at that time that this was probably scription of this town in his "A Description been found at or near this same site just the site of a Late Prehistoric, probably of part of the Country Westward of the seven months prior to this latest discov­ Fort Ancient, village. River Ohio, with the Distances Computed ery (Anonymous 1870). The stone flood from Fort Pitt to the several Indian Towns wall that the writer mentions was con­ "New Town" by Land & Water." This manuscript ap­ structed in the mid-1850s to protect the In prehistoric times, and up until around pears to have been written in 1764 Central Ohio Railroad shops, located a 1840 when the Muskingum locks and preparatory to Bouquet's expedition block to the south. Starting just above dams were built, the site along Linden (Hanna 1911:192). where the Licking River entered the Avenue where the burials and refuse pits Following the "Muskingum Trail" along Muskingum, this wall ran along Water were found was situated on the west side the west side of the Muskingum River Street and the Muskingum River for about of the "upper ford." This ford crossed the south from the Shawnee town of twelve hundred feet. Portions of this wall Muskingum River just above what early Wakatomika at Dresden, Hutchins came had washed out during a flood in 1860, explorers and settlers had long referred to to what he describes as a "small Delaware however, and had never been repaired. as the "upper falls." There were actually town . . . Situate in a fork where a creek two sets of rapids and a waterfall in the empties into the Muskingum [the Licking 1959 Discoveries Muskingum River at Zanesville, known as River at Zanesville], and has 8 houses in it, In early November 1959, eighty-eight the "lower falls," "middle falls," and "up­ and about 12 warriors and 30 women and years after this first discovery was re­ per falls." The best description of these children. Their cornfields are close to the ported, workers were again digging along features was written by Elijah Hart town. Muskingum and the creek that runs Water Street (by then called Linden Church, who was born in Zanesville in into it are both fordable here." This is the Avenue), this time for a city sewer line. At 1809 and often played along the river earliest mention of the upper ford across the intersection of Keen Street and Linden (Church 1877a, 1879). the Muskingum at Zanesville. Avenue, at about the same location where Going upstream, the lower falls began This town is labeled as "New T", mean­ the human bones had been found earlier, at the mouth of Slago Run, near the lower ing New Town (a newly established town), two prehistoric refuse pits were encoun­ end of the present-day canal, and ex­ on Hutchins' "A Map of the Country on tered. Work on the sewer was halted and tended nearly to Fifth Street. Near the up­ the Ohio and Muskingum Shewing [sic] the Ohio Historical Society was notified of per end of these rapids was a large island the Situation of the Indian Towns with the discovery. Asa Mays, a student assis­ or sand bar, which was quite pronounced Respect to the Army Under the Com­ tant from the Society, arrived in Zanesville during stages of low water. The water on mand of Colonel Bouquet" printed in that afternoon to examine the finds, and a the north (downtown Zanesville) side of 1765 (Smith 1765). This town also ap­ photograph of Mays and the artifacts can the river was, according to Church, the pears, although just as an unlabeled sym­ be seen in Figure 1. This photograph was deepest and swiftest, and small boats bol, on Hutchins' "New Map of the

4 Western Parts" printed in 1778, although crude road crossed the Muskingum at nally surveyed and the legal settlers ar­ the town was abandoned long before what would later be the site of Zanesville. rived. Hughes settled near Bowling Green this later map was published. In fact, this Zane, who was already a large land in Licking County for a while. Delaware village may have been aban­ holder in the Wheeling area, gave his One further note might be warranted doned shortly after Bouquet's expedi­ square mile of land on the Muskingum to on Elias Hughes, since he had probably tion. In April 1773 Moravian missionary his brother Jonathan Zane and brother-in- built his 1797 cabin at the site of the old John Heckewelder and twenty-two ca­ law John Mclntire for their help in blazing Indian town at the west end of the ford. noes full of Christian Indians ascended the Trace. Hughes had fought with Lewis at Point the Muskingum River on their way to In the fall of 1797 the first official set­ Pleasant in 1774 during Dunmore's War. Schoenbrunn. On April 29th, Heckewelder's tlers arrived at Zanesville. They were He was eighteen years old at the time, party ". . . had to pass three bad rapids, William McCulloch and Henry Crooks. and may have lived to be one of the last which gave us much trouble because we Jonathan Zane and Mclntire had leased survivors of this campaign. Originally had to tow up our canoes" (Mahr 1952). these two men land where the Trace from Clarksburg, Virginia, Hughes had a This was the rapids and falls at crossed the Muskingum on the condition reputation for hating Indians because Zanesville. Heckewelder makes no men­ that they bring their families and operate they had murdered his fiancee. Local his­ tion of the presence of an Indian village a ferry across the river for five years. This torians (for example Schneider 1959) at the head of the falls, nor does he first ferry, consisting of two canoes lashed have written that Hughes had killed one mention two other towns along the together, crossed the Muskingum be­ hundred Indians during the border wars. Muskingum River below Zanesville that tween the middle and upper falls, at the Further research, however, indicates that were also described by Hutchins. These site of the present Y Bridge. McCulloch this number is in error (see Howe 1891). included a small unnamed Shawnee vil­ built a cabin on the east bank of the As Hughes grew older he gradually be­ lage near the mouth of Jonathan Creek Muskingum, and Crooks built a cabin on came blind. He is said to have always two miles below Zanesville, and Wills the west bank, just below of the mouth of complained in later years that he could Town, a Delaware village at the mouth of the Licking. no longer see well enough to kill just one Salt Creek (present-day Duncan Falls), Arriving about the same time as the more Indian, in order to make it an even ten miles below Zanesville. Both of these McCulloch and Crook families, were Elias hundred. Hughes died in 1845, at age 90, towns had also probably been aban­ Hughes and his nephew John Ratliff, and was buried in Utica. doned shortly after the Bouquet expedi­ who, according to Muskingum County tion in 1764. (See Carskadden and historians, squatted on the west bank of 1990 Excavations Morton 1980 for a discussion of these the Muskingum just above the mouth of For years we had waited for the oppor­ other two Indian towns). the Licking. In all likelihood, this would tunity to excavate in the area of the Linden Heckewelder arrived at the Shawnee have been in the old clearing at the west Avenue/Keen Street intersection, because Town of Wakatomika just above present- end of the upper ford. In addition to his of the likelihood that under the yards and day Dresden, 15 miles above Zanesville, nephew, Hughes was accompanied by streets was a probable Late Prehistoric at noon the next day. Wakatomika, the his wife and twelve children. The Hughes Fort Ancient village, the site of a 1760s last remaining Indian town within the lim­ cabin was the first known cabin to have Delaware Indian town, as well as the sites its of present-day Muskingum County, been built on the west bank of the of late 18th-century cabins, including that was burned down a year later by an army Muskingum River above of the mouth of of frontier notable Elias Hughes. of Virginians. the Licking, in what is now the Linden In early 1990 a building on the south­ The next mention we have of any his­ Avenue area of Zanesville. west corner of the intersection was torn toric Indian activity at or near the west end With such a large number of people in down. This building, owned by Porter of the upper ford is found in Heckewelder's one cabin, it was not long before Ratliff Welding Incorporated, had no basement, journal for 1788. Heckewelder was visiting built his own cabin nearby, as did John and from studying the 1866 city map the Marietta settlements during the month Channel, who arrived on the west bank of (Beers 1866), and 1895 Sanborn insur­ of November of that year. On November the Muskingum shortly thereafter. By the ance maps for Linden Avenue (Sanborn- 21st Heckewelder wrote: "Mr. Wilson and year 1800 there was apparently a fairly Perris 1895:25), it appeared that their Lovelass arrived from the camp of the sav­ large number of families on the west might be an undisturbed area under this ages on Licking Creek, with a letter from bank of the Muskingum, above the building in what would have been the Joseph Brandt . . ." (Wallace 1958:228- mouth of the Licking. The first school in back yard of a 19th century house (see 229). Accounts vary, but it appears that the Zanesville area was built on the west Figure 3). We secured permission from the famous Iroquois chief Joseph Brant, bank that year, at the corner of what the property owner and excavated two 5 along with fifty followers, mostly Mohawks would later be Linden Avenue and Lee foot wide by 15 foot long test trenches in from Ontario, were camped near the Street. This was just one block south of what we suspected to be the undis­ mouth of the Licking River at Zanesville. the Linden Avenue/Keen Street intersec­ turbed back yard. The only condition put This was just prior to the signing of the St. tion. About 25 or 30 pupils attended this on our excavations was that any work Clair's "Muskingum Treaty" in January school, and only five of these children we did on the property had to be done 1789 at Fort Harmar. The most likely loca­ were from the east side of the with hand tools. tion for this camp would have been the Muskingum, and only two were from the We abandoned both of these trenches, old clearing along the Muskingum River west side south of the Licking River however, after shoveling to depths of seven just above the mouth of the Licking, which (Church 1877b). The rest of the children feet and coring with a hand auger an addi­ marked the site of the old Delaware town were from squatter families living in and tional two feet, yet still encountering his­ and cornfields. around the old clearing at the west end of toric fill. Stratigraphy consisted of about the upper ford. So many families had set­ one foot of gravel at the top, then two feet Early Settlement Near the Upper Ford tled here because the east side of the of bricks, gravel, cinders, and other debris, Muskingum had already been surveyed Zane's Trace was completed across including some historic ceramics, and fi­ by Zane and Mclntire into house lots, and southeastern Ohio in the summer of 1797. nally a dark clay layer, nearly devoid of his­ these families were unwilling to pay for In payment for his work on the Trace, the toric material except for an occasional brick lots. Many of these squatters, including Federal Government granted Ebenezer fragment and three pottery sherds. Coring Elias Hughes and family, simply moved Zane a square mile of land where the indicated that this last layer went down to farther up the Licking River valley when Trace crossed the Muskingum River. At at least nine feet below the present ground the west bank of the Muskingum was fi­ first nothing more than a bridle path, this surface, and probably deeper.

5 Two whiteware chamberpot handles Consultants in 1987 at the site of the pro­ Bennett, U.P. and another whiteware pottery sherd posed Zanesville Riverfront Park revealed 1852 Muskingum County (Map). Drawn by were found in the lowest level, indicating historic period fill to depths of ten and George C. Eaton; engraved by H. that this deposit probably dated some­ twelve feet (Skinner et al 1987). Skinner Anderson, St. Clairsville, Ohio. time after ca.1830. In the middle level notes that their backhoe trenches usually Carskadden, Jeff were two green edge decorated white- had to be abandoned because they filled 1977 Archaeology of the City of Zanesville. ware plate fragments (ca.1830-1840) as with water or the sidewalls collapsed, and Ohio Archaeologist 27(4):14-19. well as two annular decorated whiteware no prehistoric material was ever found. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton pottery sherds (ca.1830-1860), one red Unfortunately we did not see this contract 1980 The Historic Indian in Muskingum County transfer printed whiteware pottery sherd report until after our 1990 excavations. and the Central Muskingum Valley. (ca.1830-1850), and several unidentifiable Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley bottle fragments. One marked whiteware Conclusion Archaeology 11. The Muskingum Valley sherd from this middle layer (J.W. The presence of streets, alleys, 19th- Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. PANKHURST), could have not have been century basements, sewer lines, buried Church, Elijah Hart deposited before 1850. This Staffordshire cables, and modern buildings have left lit­ 1877a Early History of Zanesville. Zanesville pottery was in business from 1850 to tle in the way of open undisturbed land Daily Courier, January 22. 1882 (Godden 1964:481). Unfortunately around the Linden Avenue/Keen Street in­ 1877b Early History of Zanesville. Zanesville no late 18th-century ceramics were found tersection on which to conduct archaeo­ Daily Courier, February 2. in our excavations. logical excavations. Even when the op­ 1879 Early History of Zanesville. Zanesville Bennett's 1852 map of Zanesville portunity presented itself, it turned out Daily Courier, April 12. shows that by that date streets and alleys that the historic fill covering the original Godden, Geoffrey A. had been surveyed along Linden Avenue ground surface was too hard and too 1964 Encyclopedia of British Pottery and starting at the Y Bridge and extending deep to be excavated by hand. We are Porcelain Marks. Schiffer Publishing, upriver for a distance of two or three confident, however, that we were digging Exton, Pennsylvania. blocks past the Linden Avenue/Keen on top of the Late Prehistoric village, and Hanna, Charles A. Street intersection. Although there is no probably the 18th-century Delaware town 1911 The Wilderness Trail. G.P. Putnam's indication from this map that houses were as well. The late prehistoric village proba­ Sons, New York (2 volumes). present along Linden Avenue by 1852, bly extended for 300 or 400 feet along the Howe, Henry the 1866 city map (Beers 1866), which river bank in the vicinity of the Linden 1891 Historical Collections of Ohio. Henry was drawn to a much larger scale, does Avenue/Keen Street intersection, and Howe and Son, Columbus. show houses lining the west side of probably an equal distance away from the Mahr, August C. Linden Avenue. The ceramics recovered river, if the size and configuration of this 1952 A Canoe Journey from the Big Beaver to from the middle level of our excavations village was anything like other Late the Tuscarawas in 1773: A Travel Diary of suggest that this layer was comprised of Prehistoric sites along the Muskingum (for John Heckewelder. Ohio State rubble and everyday living debris from example Philo II, Richards). Archaeological and Historical Quarterly these houses, which had probably been The depth of the 19th-century fill en­ 61 (3):283-298, Columbus. built by the early 1850s, but at least be­ countered during our excavations sug­ Sanborn-Perris Map Company fore 1866. The presence of whiteware gests that portions of the prehistoric and 1895 Zanesville, Ohio (Map). Sanborn-Perris pottery sherds in the lower level indicates late 18th-century ground surfaces may Map Company, New York. that this fill was dumped there sometime have been buried deep enough to have Schneider, Norris F. between ca.1830 and 1852, the date escaped some of the more modern distur­ 1959 Elias Hughes Camped at Mouth of Bennett's map was published. It is possi­ bances. However, it will take a major bull­ Licking. Zanesville Times Signal, August ble that the river bottoms along Linden dozing operation over a much larger area 30. Avenue were raised with fill dirt in the than we tested to locate these undis­ Skinner, Shaune M., Jeffrey Darby, and Rae early 1840s, shortly after the dam was turbed surfaces. Norris built on the Muskingum just above the Y 1987 Phase I and II Archaeological Survey of Bridge. This dam permanently raised the References the Proposed Riverfront Park, the City of river level along Linden Avenue and Zanesville, Muskingum County, Ohio. caused an increase in the danger of Anonymous Report submitted by Archaeological flooding during periods of high water. 1870 No title. Zanesville Weekly Signal, Services Consultants to Robert F. The hardness of the bottom-most layer September 23. Guentter, Jr., Associate Planner, City of due to the nature of the clay, and the dan­ 1871 City News. Zanesville Daily Courier, May 4. Zanesville. ger of bricks from the top layers falling in 1871 The Bones in West Zanesville. Zanesville Smith, William on us, prohibited us from digging these Daily Courier, May 5. 1765 An Historical Account of the Expedition test pits any deeper than seven feet. From 1959 Excavation Halted - Sewer Workers May Against the Ohio Indians, in the Year information in the 1959 newspaper ac­ Have Unearthed Indian Tomb. Zanesville 1764. William Bradford, Philadelphia. count, we expected to find the prehistoric Times Recorder, November 6. Reprinted 1868 by Robert Clarke & ground surface no deeper than about six 1959 Indian Pits Identified as Storage Bins - Company, Cincinnati. feet, and should have at least encoun­ Excavations Indicate Big Village Site. Wallace, Paul A.W. tered it by coring the additional two feet. Zanesville Times Recorder, November 7. 1958 Thirty Thousand Miles With John On the other hand, just across the river on Beers, F.W. Heckewelder. University of Pittsburgh the east end of the upper ford, backhoe 1866 Atlas of Muskingum County, Ohio. Beers, Press. excavations by Archaeological Services Soule and Company, New York.

6 Fig. 1 (Carskadden and Felumlee) 1959 newspaper photograph showing Asa Mays of the Ohio Historical Society (left) and Kenneth Hall, engineer on the sewer project, examining the artifacts found in the refuse pits along Linden Avenue.

Fig. 2 (Carskadden and Felumlee) A portion of Thomas Hutchins' 1765 Fig. 3 (Carskadden and Felumlee) A portion of Beers' 1866 map of map of the Ohio country showing the Muskingum River and the location Zanesville. The arrow marks the location of our excavations along Linden of New Town ("New T "), the newly established Delaware village at the Avenue (then Water Street). The Licking River is the stream which enters site of present-day Zanesville (arrow). the Muskingum River just south of this arrow.

1 ARTIFACTS FROM THE MIKE WILLIAMS AND BOB JOHNSON COLLECTION

Fig. 1 (Wlilliams and Johnson) This banded slate birdstone was found near Plymouth, Huron County, Ohio, in 1961.

Fig. 2 (Williams and Johnson) The Flint Ridge dovetail on the left was found near Van Lue, Hancock County, Ohio, in 1986. The center Flint Ridge dovetail was found near Waterloo in Lawrence County in 1990. The Paleo lanceolate was a personal find of Mike Williams near Meeker, Ohio, in 1991.

8 MAP OF WEST MOUND by Kathryn M. Wood Cleveland Museum of Natural History

INTRODUCTION approximately above the east end of the a very unusual profile, with a base much West Mound in Highland County, Ohio red area shown on the map in Fig. 2. smaller in area than the mound floor di­ was excavated by Tom Porter and Don Porter and McBeth reported small inner mension. Many measurements had been McBeth in 1956 and 1957. They reported mounds over Features 1, 2, and 10 (Figs. 5 taken of this feature so that it was possi­ their findings in two articles which de­ and 6). The lines showing the outer limits ble to draw a detailed profile. The bases of scribe West Mound as 100' long, 60' wide, of these inner mounds on the map and the profiles in Fig. 3 show the position and 6' high, covered by a layer of small stones profiles are estimates, made from a few the extent of the cremations and skele­ about 6" deep, and surrounded by a fac­ measured dimensions and observations of tons to scale. The bases frequently con­ ing 4'-42' wide made of flat sandstones photographs. A photograph of a bulldozer tained several layers of material. Thick­ (Porter and McBeth 1957,1958). The arti­ cut shows what appears to be a larger nesses were recorded in only a few cases cles give detailed descriptions and mea­ mound over the central portion of the and are indicated, if known. Layers of ma­ surements of sub-floor features (some mound floor. An estimate of the outer terial in the other profiles were "thin lay­ containing burials and some without buri­ boundary of this larger mound is shown by ers" with no dimensions given. Blue clay als), post holes, areas of burned earth, a short line east of Feature 5 in Fig. 2. was used in many of the burials beneath charcoal, and artifacts. Photographs taken the remains and/or over them. Remains of during the excavation are also included. ARTIFACTS logs and poles were reported found in Radiocarbon dates for the site are A.D. 60 A finely worked piece of pipestone was Features 7, 8 and 9. The poles found in ± 200 (Lab. No. M-650) and A.D. 120 1200 found in a 1" layer of charcoal and ashes Feature 9 dipped at an angle indicating a (Lab. No. M-928) (Prufer and McKenzie on the mound floor 9 1/2' east of stake 8. possible cave-in of the feature. 1975). Based on these dates and the ear- The only other artifacts were three intact Four of the Features (No. 2,9, 11, and spools found with one of the burials, West and three partial copper earspools found 13) contained no visible human remains Mound can be described as belonging to in Feature 10 (Fig. 7) and a row of small although Porter and McBeth believed the Hopewell Culture. oblong shell beads found with the crema­ Feature 11 had contained a burial Field notes made during the work, tion on the mound floor north of Feature 4. (1958:30). The remaining three had some photographs, and a survey (Fig. 1) made These artifacts are currently in the collec­ elements in common, that differed from before the mound was excavated have tions of The Ross County Historical features with burials. Features 9 and 13 been in the care of Alva McGraw, who has Society. The earspools are discussed in a were the only two sub-floor features not in recently loaned them to Dr. N'omi Greber study of Hopewell earspools by Katharine line with the main axis. Although the exact at the Cleveland Museum of Natural Ruhl(1992). angles were not recorded, Feature 9 is de­ History. The field notes contain, in addition scribed as oriented S.W. to N.E., and to the published data, many additional FEATURES Feature 13, S.E. to N.W. Each contained measurements made by Porter and The shaded areas in the center of the stones on the base of the feature and lay­ McBeth for the purpose of making a map map of the mound floor (Fig. 2) show the ers of different materials in the upper fill. of the site at a later date. Under the direc­ extent of the burned area of the floor (Fig. Feature 13 (not previously described) had tion of Dr. Greber, I have used these care­ 8) and the smaller area into which the an unusual bowl shaped depression in its fully made measurements and the pho­ charcoal had been swept. North of the interior made of layers of black bark and tographs to draw a map of the mound burned area was a narrow strip of reddish blue clay, and Feature 9 had two layers of floor (Fig 2). During excavation a line of sand or clay, 1" thick and partially under blue clay separated by clay and ashes. stakes was placed along the main North- the charcoal area. Feature 2 contained some fragments of South axis of the mound every 10 feet. With the exception of one cremation on bark as did part of the fill in Feature 13. Distances from a point or points on each the mound floor (near Feature 4) and pos­ The profiles (Fig. 3) show these details. feature to two stakes defined the position sibly one to three others (near stake 6), all Feature 14 was the pit which extended of the feature. Measurements and de­ the burials were found beneath the mound under the stone facing around the mound scriptions of the shape of each feature has floor, unusual for a Hopewell Mound. and was therefore not completely exca­ made it possible to sketch the outlines of Human remains were found in nine of the vated (Porter and McBeth 1957). Feature each on the map and to draw profiles of Features (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,and 12). Cre­ 15 (not previously reported) was a bowl most of the features (Fig. 3). mations were discovered in seven features shaped pit 26" in diameter and 9" deep and disarticulated skeletons in two. The filled with ashes and charcoal in the up­ MOUND STRATA sketches in Fig. 3 show the profiles of the per part and dark soil and humus in the Porter and McBeth reported little infor­ longest dimension of each feature, as well lower part. A depression in the mound mation about the upper part of the mound. as details of the base of each. Features 1, floor north of Feature 3, is mentioned in A drawing of a pit of stones, found at the 2, 3, 8 and 12 all had distinct ledges or the field notes and is clearly visible in a very top of the mound, (Porter and McBeth shoulders below floor level (Fig. 9). photograph (Fig. 10). However, as indi­ 1957:107) was part of the original survey Feature 4 is described as having base di­ cated in the notes, nothing was found and is shown in Fig 1. Another pit was mensions smaller than those at the when it was examined. found later when a tree was removed from mound floor, so the assumption is that the the central area of the mound. The field walls were sloped. For Feature 12, dug at POST HOLES notes record that when tree roots were re­ the end of the season, only the dimen­ The post-holes were all found in the moved, a layer of flat stones 10"-20" be­ sions at the mound floor level and the fea­ northern part of the mound (Figs 11,12 neath the surface of the mound was dis­ ture's depth are given in the field notes. and 13). The post-holes whose exact loca­ turbed (Fig. 4). Under the stones was a pit The size of the base as indicated on the tions are given in the field notes are shown described as 43" x 18" at the bottom and map and in the profile, was estimated in black in Fig. 2. Locations are given in the 43"deep. A portion of a child's skull was from a photograph showing a cremation notes for only the outermost post-holes in found at the bottom of that pit at a location of known size on the base. Feature 9 had the row of large holes between Features

9 10 and 11, and the rows of small post- not mentioned in the notes. They have the were made by Cleveland Museum of holes east and west of Feature 10. The to­ appearance of excavations of large post- Natural History photographer Dan Flocke tal number of post-holes in each row is holes, but appear to be marked by white from 1957 negatives. He also offered valu­ known from the notes. Photographs were stakes. Porter and McBeth, in the caption able help in selecting the best pho­ used to estimate their placement on the of a photograph (1958:31), indicate that tographs for publication. Artists Laura map. The large post holes are described white stakes mark the positions of "pits." Pompignano and Mike Virosteck prepared as 31 "-36" deep. Stones and charcoal the drawings for publication, and their were found in the row of large post-holes ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS careful work is much appreciated. between Features 10 and 11. The other This map and the profiles could not large post-holes contained only subsoil. have been made without the careful and REFERENCES The small post holes east and west of complete measurements made during the Porter, Tom and Don McBeth Feature 10 were 5"-6" in diameter and entire excavation. The uncertainties men­ 1957 Preliminary report on the West Mound, thought by Porter and McBeth to have tioned in the above paragraphs are few in Ohio Archaeologist 7(3): 106-110. been there before Feature 10 was dug number and only illustrate the complete­ 1958 Report on the West Mound, Ohio (1958:30). It is unclear from the notes ness of the majority of the data which per­ Archaeologist 8(1 ):28-31. whether the entire area was excavated to mitted the drawing of an accurate map. I Prufer, Olaf H. and Douglas H. Mckenzie the base of the mound. The map (Fig. 2) am most grateful to Porter and McBeth for 1975 Studies In Ohio Archeology, revised edi­ shows two areas that appear, from pho­ their thorough work and recordkeeping. I tion, The Kent State University Press, tographs taken late in the season, to have wish to thank Alva McGraw for suggesting Kent Ohio. been unexcavated. This raises the possi­ that a map could be made from the field Ruhl, Katharine bility that the rows of post-holes could notes, and Dr. N'omi Greber for allowing 1992 Copper earspools from Ohio Hopewell have extended into these regions. The two me to work on the project, and for all her Sites, Midcontinental Journal of unshaded circles on the map are the loca­ valuable guidance and advice during it's Archaeology 17(1). tions of features seen on photographs but completion. The black and white prints

The Ohio Archaeological Council Presents FIRST DISCOVERY OF AMERICA A CONFERENCE ON OHIO'S EARLY INHABITANTS November 20-21,1992 at The Ohio Historical Center Columbus, Ohio

The 1st Annual Conference on Ohio as investigations into Paleo-lndian and Council's mission includes providing aid Archaeology will be held on Friday, Archaic populations of Ohio and the upper and service about archaeology to any and November 20 and Saturday, November 21 Ohio Valley and lower Great Lakes. The all citizens and local, state, and federal at the Ohio Historical Center, Columbus, Proceedings of the Conference will be pub­ agencies; promoting the conservation and Ohio. The primary objective of the First lished by the Ohio Archaeological Council preservation of archaeological sites; and, Discovery of America conference is to in the Spring of 1993. developing among the public an under­ expand our knowledge of Ohio's earliest The Ohio Archaeological Council is a standing of and an appreciation for the known inhabitants. The Conference pre­ non-profit organization of professional unique and irreplaceable nature of Ohio's sents recent research into paleo-climate, archaeologists, avocational archaeologists, archaeological record. paleo-vegetation, and paleo-fauna, as well and students. Incorporated in 1975, the Agenda Conference Registration Friday Evening, November 20 Conference registration covers the Keynote Address, Opening 7:30 p.m. Keynote Address Reception, and Plenary Session. Please complete the following form Dr. Christopher Ellis, the University of Western Ontario indicating whether you are a student or non-student. Please print. Enclose this form and a check or money order for either $5 (student) or "The Earliest Human Occupation of the Eastern Great Lakes: $10 (non-student) and forward to Ohio Archaeological Council, First A View From Southern Ontario" Discovery of America Conference, P.O. Box 02012, Columbus, Ohio 43202. Make checks payable to the Ohio Archaeological Council. 8:30 p.m. - 10:30 p.m. Opening Reception (cash bar) Name Student Non-Student Saturday, November 21 8:45 a.m. Opening Remarks Affiliation. 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Plenary Session (see schedule) Address _ Registration Method of Payment: Check # . Money Order It is necessary to register for the Conference. Registration may be avail­ I Will Be Attending: Keynote Address . Opening Reception. able at the door, but seating is limited. Student Non-Student Plenary Session. Pre-registration (till Nov. 2) $ 5 $10 I Wish My Name to Be Added to the Publication Mailing List Late registration (after Nov. 2) 15 15 I Cannot Attend the Conference But Wish To Have My Name Added to For additional information on accommodations or the Conference, The Publication Mailing List please call Bill Dancey, OAC Conference Coordinator (614) 292-9770 or fax him at (614) 292-4155.

10 Fig. 1 (Wood) A drawing taken from the original survey made by Dave Webb, Jr. Sept. 30, 1956.

100 ASSUMED ELEVATIONAT WELL ff GROUND LEVEL = B.M

Fig. 2 (Wood) Map of the mound floor of West Mound, excavated in 1956 and 1957 by Tom Porter and Don McBeth.

Base of Feature

I Burned Area

I Charcoal # Post Holes Measured i | Red Area O Post Holes Estimated Locations MAP OF | Stone Facing O Pits or Post Holes Estimated, WEST MOUND FLOOR Estimated Edge of Inner Mounds ISJ Depressed area 10 20 30 FEET Burned Bones C Cremation

••••aB

j^y r

Fig. 3 (Wood) Profiles of the sub-floor features =Q^ BWHB pussir of West Mound showing materials found in '^r'' each. FEATURE 5 'lT*-*Jl6iIfS'

''^"'•"•i"" SS^R r-Qv m iwr

'. Wait Hound showing

11 Fig. 4 (Wood) Stones found beneath the surface of the mound as tree roots were removed.

Fig. 5 (Wood) Feature 10: A portion of the mound over feature was left intact during excavation.

Fig. 6 (Wood) Feature 2: Cave-in of roof and the mound strata.

12 Fig. 7 (Wood) Feature 10: Floor of feature showing cremation and earspools. The dark narrow area at the side shows possible log mold.

Fig. 8 (Wood) Burned area north of Feature 4.

Wr *': '

.-.. •" ::

Ry. 9 (Wood) Feature 2: Excavated feature showing ledge above the floor.

13 Fig. 10 (Wood) Feature 3 and depressed area north of feature.

Fig. 11 (Wood) Overall view of the excavation from the north.

Fig. 12 (Wood) Overall view of the northern section of the excavation taken from the west.

wkwmtfK. • •

14 Fig. 13 (Wood) Overall view of northern section of the excavation taken from the east.

Fig. 14 (Wood) Feature 4: The results of a cave-in of the strata over feature.

15 ARTIFACTS FROM THE KNISELY MOUND by Jim Hahn Pres. Flint Ridge Chapter 770 S. 2nd Street Heath, Ohio

The Knisely Mound was partially exca­ Adena, have been kept together by the agent who would make the artifacts avail­ vated as a family project in 1966-67. It is lo­ landowner, Mrs. Knisely. able to any serious persons for study. cated south of Utica, Ohio, in Licking In May of 1992, Mrs. Knisely called a An agreement was reached in which the County. meeting with Flint Ridge Chapter members Flint Ridge Chapter was named the legal Occasionally Ray Baby, Mike Kish Tom Debolt, Fred Groseclose, and me. She guardian of the artifacts. (past president of the ASO), and I worked wanted to donate the artifacts from this Thanks to Mrs. Paul Knisely for this most on the site. mound, along with the collection of her late gracious gift, and to Tom Debolt and Fred The artifacts recovered, which were husband, Paul Knisely, to a responsible Groseclose, two fine chapter members.

Fig. 1 (Hahn) Scenes from 1966-67 excavation of the Knisely mound.

16 Fig. 2 (Hahn) Artifacts found in the Knisely mound and mound fill.

Fig. 3 (Hahn) Artifacts found in the vicinity of the Knisely mound.

17 A MINIATURE AXE FROM DARKE COUNTY by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

The miniature three-quarter grooved axe small axes and miniatures, the difference (Converse 1977). in Fig. 1 was found around 1900 by my being one of proportion - true miniatures Any information about genuine minia­ great-aunt, Flora Cotterman. She lived near are delicately made, and are faithful repro­ ture axes which have good provenience Union City, Ohio, in Darke County, adjacent ductions of large axes (Converse 1973). data is invited. to the Indiana state line. The ones on which the bit is blunt, as The axe is made of greenish-black this one is, seem to have originally been References diorite. sharp, then deliberately rounded later. Converse, Robert N. Miniature axes are rare; Bob Converse Also, some miniature axes appear to be 1970 Miniature Axes. Ohio Archaeologist, says that in his 35 years of examining ar­ made from broken or damaged pieces of 20(3):220. tifacts he hasn't "seen 10 of them." They other stone tools and are rarely well-made 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, p. 30. Archaeological date from the Archaic (1000 to 7000 B.C.) or highly polished (Converse 1970). Society of Ohio. and might have been made as toys for So far, no full-grooved examples have 1977 The Meuser Collection, p. 111. Privately children. been reported. published. Most miniatures are under 3 inches long. Steve Schenck (1981) found a miniature Schenck, Steve The axe in Fig. 1 measures only 1 7/8 in Franklin County, and eight similar axes 1981 Miniature Three-Quarter Grooved Axe. inches long. There is a difference between are pictured in The Meuser Collection Ohio Archaeologist, 31(3):34.

Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) Miniature axe from Darke County. Shown in full size.

18 Fig. 1 (Ball) Hardstone artifacts from Ohio.

HARDSTONE ARTIFACTS by Jerry Ball 3796 Mt. Zion Road Lucas, Ohio 44843

Hardstone artifacts have long held a comprehend. Pictured are four hardstone County, Ohio. Green granite pendant with fascination for many collectors. The pre­ artifacts from my collection. (Left to a pronounced depression pecked into historic Indian's patience and skill at Right) Tallied pendant from Franklin the lower face of one side. Discoidal of working such difficult material with his County, Ohio. Expanded center Adena granite from Licking County, Ohio. primitive tools is hard for modern man to gorget from Jefferson Twp., Fayette

19 EARLY/MIDDLE ARCHAIC OCCUPATIONS OF THE SANDUSKY RIVER, GREEN CREEK, AND NORTH RIDGE SURVEY TRACTS IN SANDUSKY COUNTY, OHIO by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

INTRODUCTION Abel (1991). Previous studies in the blades of the Savannah Lakes-variety This study focuses on the Early/Middle Sandusky County area include Bowen Nettling points and the later, smaller bifur­ Archaic (8000-4000 B.C.) human occupa­ (1990, 1991). cates. tions of three survey tracts (Fig. I) in Following the principle of Occam's Sandusky County, Ohio. Prior to 5000 Pre-Bifurcate Period (pre-6900 B.C.) Razor, which cuts away all unnecessary B.C. the region probably supported a No Fluted or Hi-Lo (Transitional) points complexity, the writer usually accepts the pine/oak-dominated forest in a relatively are present in the sample. Kirk Corner least complex hypothesis. If the writer cool and moist environment. The final Notched points (Fig. 5) are the oldest type (Bowen 1991) was correct in placing portion of the study period may have reported from the survey tracts. Only Savannah Lakes-variety Nettling points been relatively warm and dry, and the three such points have been recorded. before the bifurcates, it suggests that conifers were probably gone. It is impor­ Most researchers accept the hypothe­ there was a dramatic population increase tant to remember that, during this time sis that Nettling points (a small corner at the inception of the Early Archaic, and a span, the Sandusky County area was lo­ notched, serrated type) were made and similarly dramatic decrease by 6900 B.C. cated far from Lake Erie, which was much used in the later pre-bifurcate period. when the bifurcates were being produced. smaller than its present size. Until recently (Bowen 1991), the writer On the other hand, the Savannah Lakes- The Sandusky River survey tract (Fig. 2) also accepted such a temporal place­ variety Netting points occur in numbers includes the area around Wightmans ment. Since that time, however, he has similar to what one would expect after the Grove. A sample of fifteen Early/Middle changed his mind, now suggesting that end of the bifurcate period (post-5000 Archaic bifaces has been recovered from they are local analogs of Amos points, B.C.). Thus, the writer now suggests that this area by Tim Abel of the University of which date to about 5000-4000 B.C. in the Savannah Lakes-variety Nettling Toledo as well as by Dallas Dauterman of West Virginia (Youse 1983). Although he points were produced during the fifth mil- the ASO Seneca Arrow Hunter Chapter. realizes that such a temporal placement lenium B.C., and that the large base The Sandusky River flows between low is considered by many to be wrong, the camps may have been a response to de­ banks through the flat lake plain in the sur­ writer accepts if for two major reasons, creased productivity of the uplands as the vey tract. In the Green Creek survey tract abundance and narrow haft width. climate became warmer and dryer. Of (Fig. 3) the creek flows through a similar Savannah Lakes-variety Nettling points course, what is sorely needed is the re­ landscape. A sample of nine Early/Middle are half as abundant as all of the other covery of such points in absolute strati- Archaic bifaces has been reported from Early Archaic points combined in the three graphically datable context. this tract by Mr. Winters of Washington survey tracts described in this paper. They A cluster of seven Savannah Lakes-vari­ Township as well as by the writer. Sandy are also nearly half as abundant as all ety Nettling points were recovered from knolls occur in both survey tracts. other Early Archaic points combined in the 33SA317 on the Sandusky River. All but The North Ridge survey tract is located area of the upper rapids of the Sandusky one are made from-Pipe Creek chert, in a very different setting. It is located on River just north of Tiffin, Ohio. Although which is available about 25 kilometers to the fossil beach ridge of the Ice Age Lake Early Archaic remains are not particularly the east. Another six such points were Warren. It is the first such beach ridge up­ abundant in the Savannah Lakes area at found on North Ridge. No Savannah stream from the present shore of Lake the head of the Vermilion River (Bowen Lakes-variety Nettling points have been re­ Erie. The North Ridge tract is a sandy I990b), nearly 100 Savannah Lakes-variety ported from the Green Creek survey tract. area which rises about 15 meters above Nettling points have been reported there. the lake plain. A sample of twenty-two Also, since his recent analysis (Bowen Large Bifurcate Period Early/Middle Archaic bifaces has been 1991), two additional base camps have (6900-6500 B.C.) recorded from this tract by Dan Fox of been reported to the writer, one (Chapman) A total of five MacCorkle points (Figs. The Ohio State University, Will Rife of on the Sandusky River near the Wyandot- 8-9) have been reported from the three rural Green Springs, Peggy Watt of the Seneca County line, one on Keller's Ter­ survey tracts, fairly evenly spread ASO, as well as by the writer. All data race at the upper rapids of the Sandusky through the area. All but the one found used in this study are available in the River. Dozens of such points have been on North Ridge are made of Upper Ohio Archaeological Inventory and/or the found at both localities. Mercer material. Two St. Albans points county archaeological files of The Ohio Savannah Lakes-variety Nettling points (Fig. 8) of Upper Mercer chert have been Historical Society. have narrow haft widths, similar to those of found on the Sandusky River, along with The typological/chronological frame­ many of the smaller, later bifurcates a single specimen of Pipe Creek material work used in this paper has been drawn (Kanawha/Stanly). They occur in about from North Ridge. from Broyles (1971), Converse (1970), equal numbers at the Sandusky River up­ Ellis, Kenyon, and Spence (1990), per rapids. Kanawha/Stanly bifurcates do Small Bifurcate Period Hothem (1986), Hranicky (1987), Justice not, however, occur in significant concen­ (6500-5000 B.C.) (1987), and Youse (1983). For additional trations at the other base camp areas, ex­ Three LeCroy points (Fig. 10) have background/overview sources the reader cept for the one near the Wyandot-Seneca been found in the three survey tracts. is directed to Gardner (1989), Reinhart County line (Chapman- 33WY258). Finally, They include a Pipe Creek specimen from and Hodges (1990), and Stothers and the writer sees similarity between the Green Creek, as well as single Pipe Creek

20 and Upper Mercer specimens from North Other Types REFERENCES CITED Ridge. None have burinated ears as do Many of the long, slender, serrated side many LeCroy points from the greater cen­ notched points with ground bases (Fig. Bowen, Jonathan E. tral Ohio area. In fact, only one of dozens 14) which are sometimes called Fishspear 1990a Early Archaic of the Lower Sandusky of LeCroys from northwestern and north- points may be Early Archaic in age. Two River Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 40(3): central Ohio examined by the writer ex­ such specimens of Upper Mercer material 32-36. hibits such basal burinations. and one of white chert have been re­ 1990b The Paleo-lndian and Early Archaic of Only four Kanawha/Stanly points have ported from North Ridge. Only a single the Mohican River Drainage. Ohio been reported from the three survey specimen attributable to the Piano com­ Archaeologist 40(1): 30-33. tracts. Three of them are of the small va­ plex, which some attribute at the terminal 1991 The Early Archaic Savannah Lakes Phase riety (Fig. 10). All are of local cherts, and Paleo-lndian period, has been recovered of North Central Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist were found on North Ridge. A single from the survey tracts. It is a Nellie-variety 41(1): 24-28. large-variety specimen of Upper Mercer Upper Mercer lanceolate tip fragment Broyles, Bettye J. chert was found on Green Creek (Fig. from the Reichert property on North 1971 The St. Albans Site, Second Preliminary 11). Although small-variety Kanawha Ridge. No Fluted points have been found. Report. West Virginia Geological and Stanly points are abundant in north cen­ Economic Survey Report of Archaeo­ tral Ohio, those of the larger variety are Conclusions logical Investigations No. 3, Morgantown. extremely scarce. With the exception of the Savannah Converse, Robert N. The single Kirk Stemmed point (Fig. 11) Lakes-variety Nettling points from 1970 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological from the area is a specimen of Upper 33SA317 on the Sandusky River just Society of Ohio, Columbus. Mercer chert found in the Green Creek above Wightmans Grove, no concentra­ Ellis, Chris J., Ian T. Kenyon, and Michael W. tract. Such points probably date to about tions of pro-4000 B.C. points have been Spence the small bifurcate period. Kirk Stemmed recorded from any of the three survey 1990 The Archaic, in The Archaeology of points are thinly scattered throughout tracts. Nor have any other such concen­ Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, ed. by north-central Ohio. trations been recorded in other, interven­ C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 65-124. ing areas, although a few Early Archaic Occasional Paper of the London Chapter, Thebes/Side Notched Group points and numerous later bifaces have Ontario Archaeological Society No. 5. Justice (1987) places Archaic Bevels been found there. Gardner, William M. and Dovetails in his "Thebes Cluster" of The Savannah Lakes (ca. 5000-4000 1989 An Examination of Cultural Change in the point types. The writer has suggested B.C. ?) encampment at 33SA317 is lo­ Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene that Archaic Side Notched points may cated on one of the several natural lev­ (circa 9200-6800 B.C.). in Paleoindian have been a regional counterpart of ees of the Sandusky River near the Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, ed. by Archaic Bevels. These points probably mouth of Bark Creek. It does not appear J.M. Wittkofski and T.R. Reinhart. pp. 5- date to somewhere in the span of 8000- to be as intense a concentration of points 52. Archeological Society of Virginia 6000 B.C., the evidence being especially as that on Keller's Terrace (33SEI, 33, 48 Special Publication No. 19, Richmond. good for Archaic Bevels and Dovetails. vicinity) at the upper rapids of the Hothem, Lar A total of five Dovetails (Fig. 12) have Sandusky River, about 30 kilometers up­ 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio. Hothem House been reported from the three survey stream, where as many as 400 Savannah Books, Lancaster, Ohio. tracts. They are rather evenly distributed, Lakes point and 1000 endscrapers, most Hranicky, W. Jack and are made from either Upper Mercer of Pipe Creek chert, have been found. A 1987 Suggested Dates for Twenty-eight Middle or Vanport materials. Although wide­ similar large base camp area may have Atlantic Projectile Points. Archeological spread, Dovetails do not seem to occur in existed at the lower rapids of the Society of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin 42 significant clusters anywhere in north­ Sandusky River in Fremont, 8 kilometers (4): 188-192. western or north-central Ohio. upstream from 33SA317, although no Justice, Noel D. Archaic Bevels are even less abundant supporting data have been recovered. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the in the area than are Dovetails. Only three The Chapman base camp area at the Midcontinental and Eastern United Archaic Bevels (Fig. 13) have been re­ mouth of Sycamore Creek is about 20 States. Indiana University Press, ported from the area, two of local cherts kilometers upstream from the Keller's Bloomington. from the Green Creek tract, one of Upper Terrace base camp area, and the lower Reinhart, Theodore R., and Mary Ellen N. Mercer material from North Ridge. Only a rapids at Fremont are about 20 kilome­ Hodges (eds.) single Archaic Side Notched point has ters downstream from Keller's Terrace. 1990 Early and Middle Archaic Research in been reported from the area. It is an Although several late prehistoric settle­ Virginia: A Synthesis. Archeological Upper Mercer specimen (Fig. 14) from ments have been excavated at the lower Society of Virginia Special Publication North Ridge. rapids, no adequate samples of surface No. 22, Richmond. Early Archaic Side Notched are difficult found points have been available for ex­ Stothers, David M., and Timothy J. Abel to diagnose from Middle and Late Archaic amination. The smaller Savannah Lakes 1991 Earliest Man in the Southwestern Lake forms. They do not appear to be abun­ encampment at 33SA317 seems to be Erie Basin: A 1990 Perspective. North dant in the three survey tracts. The only more similar to the one reported from the American Archaeologist 12 (3): 195-242. obvious example is an Upper Mercer Art Schiller property on Toussaint Creek, Youse, Hillis J. specimen from North Ridge (Fig. 14). about 20 km to the northwest. 1983 Charlestown Town Center (46KA165). West Virginia Archeologist 35 (1): 54-56.

21 Kirk Corner Notched: 3 (2 Upper Mercer Sandusky River; 1 local chert Green Creek) MacCorkle: 5 (2 Upper Mercer Sandusky River; 2 Upper Mercer Green Creek; 1 unidentified chert North Ridge) St. Albans: 3 (2 Upper Mercer Sandusky River; 1 Pipe Creek North Ridge) LeCroy: 3 (1 Pipe Creek Green Creek; 1 Pipe Creek, 1 Upper Mercer North Ridge) Kanawha/Stanly (small): 3 (local cherts North Ridge) Kanawha/Stanly (large): 1 (Upper Mercer Green Creek) Kirk Stemmed: 1 (Upper Mercer Green Creek) Dovetail: 5 (1 Upper Mercer, 1 Vanport Sandusky River; 1 Upper Mercer Green Creek; 2 Vanport North Ridge) Archaic Bevel: 3 (2 local cherts Green Creek; 1 Upper Mercer North Ridge) Archaic Side Notched: 1 (Upper Mercer North Ridge) Fishspear: 3 (2 Upper Mercer, 1 local chert North Ridge) Nettling: 14 (6 Pipe Creek, 1 Upper Mercer Sandusky River; Q & 10 IS 20 25 30 Kil 5 Pipe Creek, 1 Upper Mercer, 1 Vanport North Ridge) Piano Lanceolate: 1 (Upper Mercer North Ridge) Fig. 1 (Bowen) Locations of the Sandusky River, Green Creek, and North Ridge Survey Tracts in Sandusky County, Ohio.

Table 1. (Bowen) Early/Middle Holocene Bifaces from the Sandusky River, Green Creek, and North Ridge Survey Tracts in Sandusky County, Ohio.

22 Fig. 5 (Bowen) Kirk Corner Notched Points (two on left from 33SA317 and 33SA148 on Sandusky River, both Upper Mercer; right from north of 33SA43 on Green Creek).

cm H 3

Fig. 6 (Bowen) Savannah Lakes-variety Nettling Points and Endscraper from 33SA317 on the Sandusky River. All except for the Upper Mercer point in the lower right corner are of Pipe Creek chert.

cm

Fig. 7 (Bowen) Nettling Points from the North Ridge Tract. The large Upper Mercer specimen on left and top center burinated Pipe Creek specimen were found northeast of 33SA118. The rest are from the McClory property. The top McClory specimen is of Vanport chert, the four bottom specimens are of Pipe Creek.

23 Fig. 8 (Bowen) MacCorkle (top) and St. Albans (bottom) Points of Upper Mercer chert form 33SA317 on the Sandusky River.

Fig. 9 (Bowen) MacCorkle Points (two on left Upper Mercer from 33SA9 and north of 33SA43 on Green Creek; right glossy gray/brown mottled from northeast of 33SA289 on North Ridge).

Fig. 10 (Bowen) Points from the North Ridge Tract (left, Upper Mercer LeCroy form 33SA121 and Pipe Creek LeCroy from 33SA123; right, matte white Kanawha/Stanlys from the McClory property. Fig. 11 (Bowen) Points from the Green Creek Tract (left, Upper Mercer large Kanawha/ Stanly from 33SA131; right, Upper Mercer Kirk Stemmed from north of 33SA43).

Fig. 12 (Bowen) Dovetails (two on left, Upper Mercer and Vanport chert from 33SA148 on the Sandusky River; right, Vanport chert from the McClory property).

Fig. 13 (Bowen) Archaic Bevels (two on left, glossy brown and glossy gray from north of 33SA43 on Green Creek; right, Upper Mercer chert from northeast of 33SA118 on North Ridge).

Fig. 14 (Bowen) Points from the McClory Property on North Ridge (left, Upper Mercer Archaic Side Notched; two center, Upper Mercer Fishspears; right, matte white Fishspear).

25 PRODUCTION SEQUENCE OF BLOCKED-END TUBULAR PIPES by Gary Fogelman R.D. 1, Box 240 Turbotville, Pennsylvania

This three-pipe set was pictured by smaller end with a large-diameter hole, and known. Pipestone was obtained near Mayer-Oakes (1955) and Dragoo (1963). a small-diameter hole in the blocked end. Portsmouth, Ohio, and Clearfield County, They are out of a cache of six found eight Drilling was done while the piece still re­ Pennsylvania. feet below surface at Kinzua, Warren tained considerable bulk, allowing for wall These may well have been medicine County, Pennsylvania during sewer con­ thickness to be controlled by abrasion. tubes used by shamans for blowing smoke struction for a hotel (Hart 1978). Apparently Apparently some specimens were com­ or sucking disease out of bodies. Some the cache consisted of six pipes - two pletely sized and finished before being have been found with a small pebble in­ roughly shaped, two roughly shaped and drilled, since such finished, drilled exam­ side, perhaps to stop or impede the flow of drilled, and two finished. The present loca­ ples are known. tobacco into the mouth. tion of the other three is not known. This The final step in the progression was to set came into my possession upon pur­ sand and smooth the outside surface, fin­ REFERENCES chasing the remains of the E.M. Parker ishing with thin walls and high polish. collection in 1990. Sometimes the blocked end will flare Dragoo, Don W. The three pipes clearly show a sequence slightly, as this one does. Occasionally the 1966 Mounds for the Dead. Annals of the from rough-shaped, undrilled preform to mouthpiece area may be flattened or flared. Carnegie Museum, Vol. 37, Pittsburgh. finely-finished product. Abrasion, scraping Blocked-end tube pipes are Early Wood­ Hart, Gordon marks, and scratches which run in all di­ land, belonging to the Adena/Middlesex 1978 Hart's Prehistoric Pipe Rack. Privately rections, are evident on the two unfinished cultures in Pennsylvania. Tubular pipes or printed, Bluffton, Indiana. specimens. The left one is roughly-shaped fragments are found throughout Ohio and Mayer-Oakes, Wm. B. only. The middle specimen, in addition to the Northeast. Average length is 4-8 inches 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley. being roughly-shaped, is drilled from the but smaller and larger examples are Carnegie Museum.

Fig. 1 (Fogelman) Top view of tubular pipes

Fig. 2 (Fogelman) End view of tubular pipes.

26 A FORT LORAMIE PIPE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Pipes are rare surface finds in Ohio. Few any sort are carved in bas-relief as this one Fort Loramie figured prominently in the of them are found in farm collections, and is. Three finely-sculptured salamanders are early historic period. The trading post, pos­ often those that are found are broken by depicted as though they are climbing to­ sibly the first in Ohio, was built by a farm implements or weather. ward the lip of the bowl. Each is positioned Frenchman, Peter Loramie, who traded The pipe shown in figure 1 was found on equidistantly around the bowl. Although with the Indians in the early eighteenth the surface near Fort Loramie, Shelby the sculpturing is not detailed, there is no century. The fort area was a center of ac­ County, Ohio, in the spring of 1992 by Bill doubt that these are salamanders. tivity for the Indians, and many of them Jacob of Sidney, Ohio. It is a conical type The salamander motif is seen on other camped near there during their trading and is made of dense black slate. pipes of the late prehistoric/historic period, sessions. It may have been one of these Not only is the pipe a rare find, its design and this is probably the era in which this bands who lost the Fort Loramie pipe. is unique in several respects. Few pipes of pipe was made.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Three views of the Fort Loramie pipe.

27 CARTER CAVE FLINT by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Carter County, Kentucky, about forty the county - the flint is a high quality stone orange or orange red with porous streaks. miles south of Portsmouth, Ohio, was an quarried from Paleo times to the Fort Some of the latter variety is of striking qual­ area which furnished prehistoric Indians Ancient period. There are two variants of ity and color. with a major source of flint. Known as the stone - one cream colored with orange Carter Cave flint - named after the caves in inclusions; the second, and major variety, is

28 THE GREENVILLE MONUMENT PIPE by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) The Greenville Monument Pipe. (Photograph provided by Bob Wilson)

The pipe in figure 1 is not well-known al­ possibly have been one of the pipes used times; they melted musket balls and though it was found in the middle of in the ceremonies of the occasion." pewter ornaments or utensils to obtain in­ Greenville, Ohio, about fifty years ago. It could have been. It is probably about lay materials. Harold "Boone" Falkner, now 86 years the same age as the famous pipe used at An elaborately carved wooden stem old, remembers it well. He and Mike the signing of the Greenville Treaty, and would probably have been attached to the Gasper were working in the Greenville City both are made of inlaid catlinite. pipe. Park in the 1940's when that area was still The Treaty Pipe, pictured in color in the The animal portrayed is thought to be a a woods. Gasper unearthed the pipe as he summer 1989 issue of the Ohio Archae­ bear. Bears seem to have had special sig­ was planting flowers near the newlycon- ologist (Shriver), is in the Ohio Historical nificance to the Indians in historic as well structed Girl Scout Little House (Fig. 2). Museum in Columbus. as prehistoric times, as the bear motif is Mr. Falkner bought the pipe from Gasper Catlinite, a hard reddish clay also known common, particularly in Ohio Hopewell. for five dollars, and it was in Falkner's pos­ as Minnesota pipestone, is still quarried by The bear in this pipe faces the smoker. session until he sold it to H.C. Wachtel Indians in Pipestone, Minnesota. Similar pipes in which the figure of an ani­ from Dayton, Ohio. Catlinite was imported into Ohio from mal faces the smoker have been found in Wachtel published the pipe in the Ohio early Hopewell times (250 B.C.) even the region of the upper Great Lakes on his­ Archaeologist in 1957 and called it the though high-quality tan and pink pipestone toric Indian sites. Monument Pipe because at that time it was available from the Feurt deposits in The kinds of grasses or leaves the was believed to have been excavated dur­ Scioto County, and other materials used for Indians smoked are not known for sure. ing construction of the Altar of Peace, a pipes, such as slate, sandstone, cannel Indians lived on this continent for at least monument built to commemorate the coal, limestone, and steatite were locally 12,000 years, so their knowledge and use signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 accessible. of its plants must have been vast. (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The stem is inlaid with lead or pewter. Pipes are not common artifacts, indi­ Wachtel wrote, "It is probably only a co­ Inlaying was a popular decorating tech­ cating that Indians did not smoke habitu­ incidence, but I always wonder if it could nique used by Indians during early historic ally or recreationally. Smoking was appar-

29 ently reserved for ceremonies or other special occasions. From 1806 to 1808 Tecumseh and his followers lived on the northwest edge of Greenville at the confluence of Greenville and Mud Creeks. The village of The Prophet, brother of Tecumseh, was also nearby. The pipe could have been associ­ ated with a burial from either of these groups, although this flood plain is an un­ likely place for burials. The Altar of Peace, the monument where the pipe was originally purported to have been found, is easily visible across the Greenville Creek from the Girl Scout Little House. Whether the pipe came from the monument area or the Girl Scout House is not absolutely certain, but since the two are closely situated, the name Greenville Monument Pipe is still appropriate.

Fig. 2 (Holzapfel) The Girl Scout Little House on Park Drive in Greenville, Ohio. REFERENCES

Falkner, Harold 1992 Personal communication. Shriver, Phillip R. 1989 The Ordeal of Mishikinakwa, The Little Turtle of the Miamis, at the Treaty of Greeneville. Ohio Archaeologist, 39(3):27. Wachtel, H.C. 1957 Two Interesting Artifacts. Ohio Archaeologist, 7(2).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to Bob Converse not only for provid­ ing me with information about pipes in general, but for making me aware of the very existence of the Monument Pipe. Fig. 3 (Holzapfel) The Altar of Peace on Memorial Drive.

t*ri3*&£i~***.:-JZ£

Fig. 5 (Holzapfel) Bronze tablet denoting site of Fig. 4 (Holzapfel) Plaque at the Altar of Peace. Tecumseh's village.

30 FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A CALENDAR SYSTEM EXPRESSED IN THE ADENA TABLETS

by William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive, #502 Brooklyn, Ohio 44144

In an earlier article (Romain 1991a), I extend diagonally across the upper part of the tablet, identifying the piece as be­ suggested that calendric and astronomi­ the same square. Again, these two sets of longing to the collections of Meuser cal information may be expressed in the engraved lines are perpendicular to each (1/245), McBeth (M-98), Wachtel (B-713), engraved Adena tablets. Since that arti­ other. Berner (J267B), and Tiell (T-604). cle, another engraved Adena tablet has Surrounding both square designs are The Wamsley Tablet is pictured in been brought to my attention. This arti­ two engraved lines that extend parallel to Who's Who in Indian Relics No. 2 fact, known as the Wamsley Tablet also the outline of the tablet itself. (Wachtel 1968). And, in 1979, the tablet appears to incorporate calendric infor­ The line designs engraved in the sides of was shown along with several other arti­ mation. More specifically, the Wamsley the tablet are shown in Figure 2. facts in a full page color layout in the Tablet appears to incorporate information Essentially, these designs are simple paral­ magazine Artifacts (Tiell 1979). relevant to the solstices, as well as the lel lines. Each side has four of these paral­ Notably, the 1979 article presents a length of the synodic, or lunar month, lel lines, except for one side which has two slightly larger than life size color photo­ and the moon's phases. sets of two parallel lines, separated by graph of the tablet. In that photograph, two, parallel curvilinear lines. the tablet's appearance is identical to Description of the Wamsley Tablet what is represented in the present article. The Wamsley Tablet, shown in Figures 1 History of the Wamsley Tablet In short, given the provenience, his­ and 2, is in the private collection of William According to hand-written notes which tory, design, and certain internal char­ M. Tiell, of Lakewood, Ohio. The tablet is accompany the artifact, the Wamsley acteristics of the artifact, I think it is made of fine grained Waverly sandstone. It Tablet was found in 1913, by Mr. Jesse very likely that the Wamsley Tablet is measures two and three-eights inches in Wamsley. These notes, made by Mr. Jack yet another example of an engraved length, by one and seven-sixteenths Berner from his conversations with Dr. Adena tablet. Certainly, its history is as inches in width, and about nine-sixteenths Gordon Meuser, state that the tablet was well-documented as most of the other of an inch in thickness. found by Mr. Wamsley on his farm which fourteen or so previously recognized The face of the tablet is engraved with was located near Brush Creek, in Adams engraved Adena tablets (see Penny mirrored geometric designs, divided down County, Ohio. Recent inquiry of the Adams 1980). My guess is that the tablet dates the middle by a series of horizontal lines. County Recorder's Office (pers. comm. 6- to sometime between about 200 B.C. - All four sides have simple line designs en­ 4-92) revealed that in 1913, Mr. Jesse 100 A.D. graved in their surfaces. No engraving, or Wamsley owned a 126 acre farm in grooves appear on the back of the tablet. Jefferson Township, on the east side of Possible Solstice Information No traces of ochre or other aboriginal pig­ Brush Creek, near Turkey Creek, in Adams The hypothesis presented here is that ments are evident on any part of the tablet. County, Ohio. several ways of keeping track of time are Regarding the design on the face of the As shown by Figure 2, the statement referenced in the Wamsley Tablet. First, it tablet, the most prominent features are the "found near mouth of brush creek, Adams is proposed that the sun's summer and two engraved squares. These squares are Co., Ohio" appears on the back of the winter solstice rising and setting posi­ separated from each other by a series of tablet. Appropriately enough, the source, tions are represented in the proportions seven engraved lines which extend per­ or "mouth" if we can call it that, of the of the tablet. Next, the number of days in pendicularly between the two facing sides South Fork of Scioto Brush Creek is only a synodic, or lunar month seem to be of the squares. two miles distant from the former Wamsley represented by certain of the engraved (It will be noted that the top line of the farm. The Wamsley farm was located near lines on the face of the tablet. And lastly, left side square extends just a fraction of the confluence of Turkey Creek and Brush successive phases of the moon as occur an inch past the perpendicular right side Creek. Today, the tiny village of Wamsley, during the course of a synodic month ap­ of this square. This appears to be an un­ Ohio, (pop. less than 100) is located at that pear to be represented in at least two dif­ intentional result of engraving the top line confluence. ferent ways. and probably was not intended to be in­ In any event, in 1925, the tablet was pur­ Let us first consider the summer and cluded in the series of lines that sepa­ chased from Mr. Wamsley by Dr. Gordon winter solstices. At 39 degrees North lati­ rates the squares.) Meuser. Sometime later, Dr. Meuser traded tude, it happens that on the date of the Within the right side square, a series of the piece to Mr. Don McBeth for slate arti­ summer solstice, the sun will rise at a six, parallel lines extend diagonally across facts. (According to Berner's notes, Dr. point on the horizon that is 59.6 degrees the lower portion of the square; while an­ Meuser later stated to Berner that he east of north. In other words, the sun will other series of seven, parallel lines extend (Meuser) regretted having made the trade.) rise at an azimuth of 59.6 degrees. On diagonally across the upper part of this In any event, Mr. McBeth sold the piece to this same date, the sun will set at a point same square. The two sets of engraved Mr. Hubert C. Wachtel. Mr. Wachtel in turn on the horizon at an azimuth of 300.4 de­ lines are perpendicular to each other. sold the tablet to Mr. Jack Berner. And grees. Similarly, on the date of the winter Within the right side square, a series of lastly, in 1978, the tablet was purchased solstice, the sun will rise at a point on the nine, parallel lines extend diagonally from Mr. Berner by Mr. William M. Tiell. horizon at an azimuth of 121.9 degrees, across the lower portion of the square; As shown by Figure 2, several acces­ and it will set on that same day at an az­ while another series of five parallel lines sion numbers are found on the back of imuth of 238.1 degrees.

31 These figures are derived from Aveni's days from the new moon to the next full period which includes the moon's waning (1972) tables. These tables are entered by moon, then there will be 15 days between gibbous and last quarter (or half moon) interpolated latitude, horizon elevation, the full moon (inclusive of that full moon) phases. Combining the moon's 3 day full date, and celestial event. For the purposes and the next new moon. phase with the next 7 days of the moon's of this analysis, a latitude of 39 degrees waning gibbous phase gives us a total of North latitude was used. (Jefferson Waxing and Waning Periods 10 days - hence, the second number in the Township in Adams County, Ohio, is lo­ One of the interesting things about the series 5-10-6-8. cated at about 38 50° North latitude). A representation just discussed is that the di­ Continuing then from the first day after one degree horizon elevation was as­ vision of the 29 spaces into two groups of the moon's last quarter (or half moon) sumed; and the date used was A.D. 1. 14 and 15 spaces can be correlated with phase, there is a period of 6 days which Rising and setting events were considered the moon's waxing and waning. is the moon's waning crescent phase - to occur at the instant of the sun's lower As the reader will recall, when the moon hence, the third number in the series 5- limb tangency with the horizon. (For further is in conjunction with the sun, the dark side 10-6-8. details regarding the parameters just dis­ of the moon is facing the earth. At this The waning crescent phase is followed cussed see Romain 1991a, 1991b.) time, the moon is invisible from the earth. by a 1 day period of invisibility, or the new Curiously enough, the angular relation­ This phase is known as the new moon and moon. Counting from and including the ships just noted seem reflected in the is considered to last for 1, 2, or 3 days day of this new moon, through the moon's proportions of the Wamsley Tablet. Figure (Marshack 1991:143). The moon next ap­ next first quarter (or half moon) we find that 3 shows this correspondence. As can be pears as a waxing (or growing) crescent. there are 8 days in this period - hence, the seen, the tablet's upper right corner The moon continues to grow through its last number in the series 5-10-6-8. matches the sun's summer solstice rising first quarter (or half moon) and waxing gib­ Figure 6 shows how the lunar model just azimuth. The tablet's lower right corner bous phases until it reaches its full phase. presented is in fact reflected in certain corresponds to the sun's winter solstice After a day in its full phase, the moon then phase sequences in any given year. In this rising azimuth. The lower left corner of appears to shrink in size through its wan­ case, it will be seen that the moon's day- the tablet matches the sun's winter sol­ ing gibbous and last quarter (or half moon) count for the period May 10 - June 7, stice sunset. And, the upper left corner phases. Finally, the moon appears as a 1992, corresponds exactly with the phase corresponds to the sun's summer sol­ waning crescent and soon thereafter, again sequence proposed in the model. stice sunset. returns to its invisible new phase. The Of course, there are other lunar models As is the case with a number of the point here is that the division of the tablet's and other ways of counting that will result other engraved Adena tablets (see design into two squares, each of which en­ in the series 5-10-6-8. What is especially Romain 1991a), if the proportions of the closes either 14 or 15 spaces, could be in­ interesting about the model just offered, Wamsley Tablet had been any different, terpreted as representing the moon's two however, is that the first half of the se­ the solstices' angular relationships would major periods - i.e., waxing (increasing, quence, i.e., 5-10, corresponds to the not be reflected. new, light) and waning (decreasing, old, moon's gibbous stages, while the second dark). In a 29 day month, each of these half of the sequence, i.e., 6-8, corresponds The Synodic Month two lunar periods will alternately be 14 and to the moon's crescent stage. Considered Next to be considered are the en­ 15 days in length. in this context, it could be that the right graved lines on the face of the tablet. side square was meant to represent the Central to the interpretation presented Gibbous and Crescent Phases moon's gibbous stage, while the left side here are the spaces between these lines. The patterns just discussed are fairly square represents its crescent stage. What I propose is that each of the spaces simple. Somewhat more complex, how­ between the diagonal lines within the two ever, is the pattern or sequence of five Eight Phases squares represents one day in the syn­ spaces extending in one direction within Information related to the moon's odic, or lunar month. the right side square, with ten spaces in phases appears incorporated into the de­ sign of the Wamsley Tablet in yet another As the reader will recall, a synodic, or lu­ that same square extending in another di­ way. In this instance, however, it may be nar month is defined as the time between rection; while in the left side square six that each space between the horizontally successive new, or full moons. This time spaces extend in one direction, while the engraved lines extending between the period is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes remaining eight spaces extend in yet an­ squares was meant to represent one of the and 2.8 seconds (Bowditch 1966:362). other direction. The numeric sequence for eight phases of the moon. Usually, however, this time period is the two squares therefore is 5-10-6-8, or counted as either 29 or 30 days. This is any combination thereof. As Figure 7 shows, the moon's monthly because it is not possible to visually ob­ Interestingly enough, the series 5-10-6- cycle can be divided into eight phases. serve the one-half day in the twenty nine 8 can be found in a count of the number These phases are: waxing crescent, first and one-half day cycle. Accordingly, some of days occurring within each of the quarter (or half moon), waxing gibbous, full cultures count 29 days in a lunar month, moon's phases through the course of a moon, waning gibbous, last quarter (or half while others count 30 days. month. One such way of counting is moon), waning crescent, and new moon. Turning to Figure 4, which presents a shown in Figure 5. As mentioned earlier, the new moon's pe­ line drawing of the Wamsley Tablet, it will What is presented in Figure 5 is a riod of invisibility can be counted as either be noted that there are a total of 29 spaces schematic representation of a lunar month 1, 2, or 3 days. between the diagonal lines occurring comprised of 28 days of visibility, plus a 1 Turning now to Figure 8, it will be seen within the two squares. The likelihood of day period of invisibility, for a total of 29 that each of the spaces between the hori­ this particular number of spaces being rep­ days. The model works thusly. Counting zontal lines which extend between the resented strictly due to chance is remote. from the first day after the moon's first squares can be correlated with one of the What I am suggesting is that each of these quarter (or half moon), there is a period of moon's eight phases - starting at the top 29 spaces represents one day in the syn­ 5 days before the moon reaches its period with the waxing crescent phase, and pro­ odic, or lunar month of 29 days. of fullness - hence, the first number in the gressing downward through the first series 5-10-6-8. quarter (or half moon), waxing gibbous, The fact that the left side square has 14 full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter As represented by Figure 5, the moon's spaces while the right side square has 15 (or half moon), and waning crescent. full phase is then counted as 3 days. This spaces is accounted for by the observa­ When we reach the last space desig- tion that in a 29 day month, if we count 14 period of fullness is followed by a 7 day

32 nated as new 1, we enter a three day pe­ cussed is not unusual. Indeed, lunar cal­ greater evidence for horticulture and a riod of the moon's invisibility. The second endars wherein days and lunar phases correspondingly greater interest in lunar day of invisibility is represented by the are recorded by notched notations, or cycles - as evidenced by the alignment space designated new 2. And lastly, the lines are known for historic Indians in­ of sites to significant lunar events. third day of invisibility is represented by cluding the Winnebago and Chippewa Perhaps, this association of lunar phe­ the space designated new 3. On day (Marshack 1989), and for very early pre­ nomena with horticultural efforts had its three of the moon's invisibility, as is sug­ historic peoples (Marshack 1991). origins in recognition of the symbolic cor­ gested by the dotted line, we can follow Second, the complex nature of the nu­ relation between the moon's phases and around the tablet, back to the top, and meric series found within the tablet itself the periodic growth, death, and rebirth of again begin counting the moon's next se­ argues against a chance occurrence. In floral resources. In other words, the quence of eight phases. fact, the statistical probability that a se­ Adena-Hopewell may have associated What is symbolically appropriate about ries of lines would just happen to be di­ the moon's phases of waxing, full, wan­ this interpretation is that the moon, which vided into 29 spaces, with subdivisions ing, and invisibility - with the horticultural in this case is represented by the two large into two groups of 14 and 15 spaces, cycle of birth, growth, fullness, decay, squares, can be thought of as being sus­ and further subdivisions into four groups and disappearance. pended in an area of blackness, like the of 10-5-6-8 spaces is remote. Interestingly enough, in later Ft. night sky, as symbolized by the two lines of On the other hand, the calendric hy­ Ancient - Mississippian times, however, invisibility that surround the squares. pothesis just offered fully explains this with the advent of full-fledged agricul­ complex and perhaps otherwise unintelli­ ture involving corn, beans, and squash, Discussion gible series of lines and spaces. emphasis appears to have shifted from For the Adena, Hopewell, and most Finally, many of the correspondences predominantly lunar-related to more so­ other groups of early man, what probably just noted for the Wamsley Tablet are lar-related representations and orienta­ mattered were such things as the sun, also found in the Cincinnati Tablet and tions. This change is reflected by the moon, annual seasons, water, wind, fire, other engraved Adena tablets. observation that most Mississippian plants and animals, and other things in As discussed earlier (Romain 1991a) sites are aligned to the sun rather than the natural world that we tend to now be and as shown by Figure 9, for example, the moon (see Sherrod and Rolingson isolated and protected from. Given this the Cincinnati Tablet uses a notational 1987). thought and the assumption that the system based on a lunar count to reckon In this regard, it is interesting to note cognitive abilities of the Adena-Hopewell time between summer and winter sol­ that the progression from a lunar calen­ were probably much like our own, I think stice events. This notational system ap­ dar to a solar orientation seems to have it would be surprising if we did not find pears to have been referenced to the been characteristic of many developing evidence that these people were using phases of the moon - i.e., new moon, agricultural societies. There are strong in­ some sort of calendar system to keep waxing moon, full moon, and waning dications, for example, that Egyptian track of time. moon. Notably, the Cincinnati Tablet also time-keeping had its origins in a predy- That such a calendar may have been incorporates in notational form, recogni­ nastic lunar calendar; clearly the first cal­ predominantly lunar oriented might also tion of the fact that there are 13 lunations endars of Mesopotamia were lunar; the be expected - given that the regular cycle in a typical solar year. early Hindu calendar was lunar; and, the of the moon's phases provides a very nat­ The point here is that the finding of a ancient Chinese calendar was in part lu­ ural and predictable way of noting the lunar based calendar system expressed nar based (Marshack 1991). Given these passage of days and months. Unlike the in another one of the Adena tablets - observations, the apparent correlation sun which is almost constant in its daily namely in the Cincinnati Tablet, further between the beginnings of food produc­ appearance, the moon's cycle provides an supports the idea that the notational sys­ ing horticultural economies among the immediate and certain visual reference tem evident in the Wamsley Tablet is not Adena-Hopewell, and the development showing exactly how far along in time the just a one time, chance occurrence. of a lunar calendar with subsequent pro­ month has progressed. In fact, when the information contained gression to a solar orientation in As already demonstrated, the monthly in the Wamsley Tablet, Cincinnati Tablet, Mississippian times is consistent with cycle of the moon's phases can be de­ and other engraved Adena tablets is con­ similar developments throughout man­ lineated in several different ways. From sidered as a whole, it becomes evident kind's early history. what can be inferred from the Wamsley that the Adena people had a rather de­ To return to the matter of the Wamsley Tablet, it appears that the Adena recog­ tailed understanding of the moon's ap­ Tablet, however, the special significance nized and divided the phases of the parent behavior. Interestingly enough, of this tablet, as well as the earlier dis­ moon into: 1) two major periods - i.e., this lunar awareness seems to have been cussed Cincinnati Tablet, is that these ar­ waxing and waning; 2) eight phases - expanded upon by the Hopewell who tifacts appear to represent the earliest i.e., new, waxing crescent, first quarter aligned many of their sites to lunar stand­ notational calendars yet noted for east­ (or half), waxing gibbous, full, waning still events (see Romain 1991b, 1992a, ern North America. gibbous, last quarter (or half), and wan­ 1992b). ing crescent; and 3) perhaps, another series of two periods - i.e., gibbous and Horticulture and Lunar Calendars Acknowledgements crescent. I suspect that the Adena's incipient in­ I would like to thank William M. Tiell for The Adena also appear to have con­ terest in lunar phenomena and later allowing me to examine and photograph sidered a synodic, or lunar month to be Hopewell elaborations to include lunar the Wamsley Tablet. Bill was also kind 29 days. And, it seems likely that by de­ aligned sites is directly related to the enough to provide the excellent photo­ signing the tablet to specific proportions, beginnings of horticulture by these peo­ graph of the Wamsley Tablet shown in expression of the sun's solstice positions ples. More specifically, in Adena times Figure 1. was intended. we see the beginnings of a horticultural Thanks are also extended to Joyce At first glance one might argue that food-producing economy and a corre­ Blanton of the Adams County Recorder's the correspondences just suggested are sponding incipient interest in solstice Office for her search of the Adams County fortuitous. Several considerations make and lunar calendric phenomena as rep­ land title records relevant to Jesse such an argument unlikely, however. resented in the Adena tablets. In some­ Wamsley. And, thanks are extended to First, the notational system just dis­ what later Hopewell times, we see even Kris Brown of the Adams County

33 Engineer's Office, Map Department for her Marshack, Alexander Adena Tablets. Ohio Archaeologist records check relevant to the Wamsley 1991 The Roots of Civilization. (Revised and ex­ 41(4):41-48. 1991 b Possible Astronomical Alignments at property. panded.) Moyer Bell Ltd., Mt. Kisco, N.Y. 1989 North American Calendar Sticks: the Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio References Evidence for a Widely Distributed Archaeologist 41 (3):4-16. Tradition. In World Archaeoastronomy, Sherrod, P. Clay, and Martha Ann Rolingson Aveni, Anthony edited by Anthony Aveni, pp. 308-324. 1987 Surveyors of the Ancient Mississippi Valley: 1980 Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. University Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Modules and Alignments in Prehistoric of Texas Press, Austin. Penny, David W. Mound Sites. Arkansas Archaeological 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for Use in 1980 The Adena Engraved Tablets: A Study of Survey Research Series No. 28. Astroarchaeological Studies. American Art Prehistory. Mid-Continental Journal of Tiell, William M. Antiquity 37(4):531-540. Archaeology 5(1 ):3-38. 1979 Esthetics in Sandstone. Artifacts 9(3):79-80. Bowditch, Nathaniel (original author) Romain, William F. Wachtel, Hubert C. 1968 Who's Who in Indian 1966 American Practical Navigator: A Epitome of 1992a More Astronomical Alignments at Relics No. 2. Privately printed at Clinton, Navigation. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio Indiana. Archaeologist 42(1):38-47. Office, HO. Publication No.9. U.S. Govern­ 1 day of invisibility, for a total of 29 days.) model pre­ ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1992b Hopewell Inter-Site Relationships and sented in Figure 5. Drawing by the author, based on Glusker, Irwin Astronomical Alignments. Ohio Glusker 1991. 1991 Phases Of the Moon 1992 (Calendar). Archaeologist 42(1):4-5. Davis, Delaney, Arrow, Inc., N.Y., N.Y. 1991a Calendric Information Evident in the

Fig. 1 (Romain) The Wamsley Tablet. Photograph courtesy of William M. Tiell.

34 Fig. 2 (Romain) Back and sides of the Wamsley Tablet. Photograph by the author.

SUMMER SUMMER SOLSTICE SOLSTICE SUNSET SUNRISE 300°. 4 59°.6

WINTER WINTER Fig. 3 (Romain) Solstice azimuths SOLSTICE SOLSTICE incorporated in the Wamsley Tablet. SUNSET SUNRISE 238°. 1 121°.9 Drawing by the author.

Fig. 4 (Romain) Line drawing of the Wamsley Tablet showing how the 29 spaces between the diagonal lines on the face of the tablet correspond to the number of days in a lunar or synodic month. Drawing by the author.

35 HALr FLI 1 IALF NEW HAL 4 • P b o o o a I L I i I J I I I II 1.1 ' ' ' I I I I J_J I I I I I I I I

Fig. 5 (Romain) Model of the lunar month showing how the numerical series 5-10-6- 8, which is found in the Wamsley Tablet's squares can be derived. (Model is based on an observational month of 28 days of visibility plus 1 day of invisibility, for a total of 29 days.

MAY 199? o O O ' * It It 12 13 14 14 16 W 18 1» 90 VI V> fi Z* ZS ZS Y< "i ™ 3« II i I I I I l_L I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 II k • 9 7 Fig. 7 (Romain) Synodic cycle showing the moon's eight phases. Drawing by the author, after Aveni u 1980:Fig. 28.

Fig. 6 (Romain) Lunar phases and days for the period May 9 - June 7, 1992, showing how the day count in this period corresponds to the model presented in Figure 5. Drawing by the author, based on Glusker 1991.

Fig. 8 (Romain) Line drawing of the Wamsley Tablet showing how the spaces between the horizontal lines and the lines extending around the tablet correspond to the moon's 8 phases, including the 3 days of the new moon's period of invisibility.

ONEW MOON • FULL MOON 7 FIRST QUARTER C LAST QUARTER

Fig. 9 (Romain) Solstice azimuths and lunar notation system evident in the Cincinnati Tablet After Romain 1991a:Fig. 3.

36 ICE AGE ELEPHANTS AND FLUTED POINTS IN ROSS COUNTY, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. 1233 Dolphin Street Chillicothe, Ohio 45601

The discovery of the exceptionally well- documentation is inadequate on many of old Cincinnati collection. It was given to preserved Burning Tree Golf Course the items obtained many years ago. Of the me and was illustrated in the Ohio Mastodon in Newark, Ohio in 1989, which 35 elephant specimens in the collections, Archaeologist as part of my old teaching was featured as one of Discover maga­ only 4 items had accession numbers. Three collection (Britt, 1974). zine's top 50 science stories for 1991, has numbers give the same locality (J. E. Higby In the past, emphasis on Ross County renewed considerable interest in Paleo- farm in Jefferson Twp.). Although each archaeology has been on Adena and Indians and the late Pleistocene fauna of were found by different workers on different Hopewell. This is understandable consid­ Ohio. While working on the information dates in a gravel pit in 1947, these three ering the number of mounds and earth­ desk at Mound City, I met Jon Sanger and finds may be part of the same animal. works that were present in Ross County at he told me of his work on this mastodon at Another find more recent (1985) than one time. It is interesting to note that Mills Newark. He gave details on his work on Forsyth's work was the discovery of a (1914) reported 370 mounds for Ross the oldest living bacteria associated with mammoth tooth on the Meade paper County. There had probably been even this discovery and he also described to me property in Chillicothe. It is difficult to de­ more originally. Perhaps as interesting are the evidence that the Burning Tree Golf termine how many different animals are the finds of Ice Age elephants and fluted Course mastodon had definitely been represented in the local RCHS collections, points in the county (no correlation im­ butchered by the Paleo-lndians. due to the fact that there are no accession plied). As final note, I will mention that early From information on Clovis kill sites in numbers with the majority of specimens. I excavations at Mound City revealed a the West, it had been well known all along estimate that there are at least 3 number of mastodon (or mammoth) bones that the Paleo-lndians were hunting mam­ mastodons and 2 mammoths represented that the Hopewell had buried in one of the moths, especially in Arizona. It was gener­ in these collections. Along with the 3 addi­ mounds. The Hopewell must have been in­ ally assumed that the western Paleo- tional finds already reported by Forsyth, trigued with the fossil elephant bones, but lndians' counterparts in the Eastern this gives a total of at least 8 Ice Age ele­ we'll probably never know their reason for United States were hunting mastodons. phants for Ross County. This figure is in their placing them in a mound. Until fairly recent years there was little real line with 5 for Pickaway County and 6 for evidence to support this assumption. Now Pike County which she reported. Acknowledgements with new evidence from the mastodon Interestingly, Forsyth reported two other discovery at Newark, excavations in types of Ice Age animals found in Ross Thanks are extended to Phil Egan of Missouri and other areas in the East, it is County, a horse skeleton (modern ?) from Chillicothe for getting me interested in the now firmly established that the Paleo- Union Township and a Peccary found elephant finds of Ross County. I appreciate lndians actually were engaged in somewhere in the county in 1898. the time spent by Jon Sanger in discussing mastodon hunting activities in this area. Due to the uncertainty of how reliant the with me his work on the Burning Tree Golf Therefore, it was decided to make a study Paleo-lndians were on the exploitation of Course mastodon. Finally, I wish to thank of finds of mastodons and fluted points mastodons, as Murphy (1989:70) points Brian Hackett for granting me permission from surface collections in Ross County. out, one should be cautious about corre­ to study the RCHS collections and acces­ When Jane Forsyth (who was formerly lating mastodon distribution with Clovis sion records. on my Thesis Committee) worked for the point finds. In any event, mention will be Ohio Division of Geological Survey, she made of the fluted point finds in Ross References published (1963) an article and map of County. Prufer and Baby (1963) applied the Anonymous Ohio showing the distribution by county of name "Ross County" point to a type of 1992 One of 50 top science news stories for all known finds of Ice Age animals known Clovis point occurring in the Scioto Valley 1991: Oldest Living Bacteria Tell All. at that time. Her work was used as a refer­ drainage area. Converse (1973) further dis­ Discover magazine, January. ence, as well as data on fossil elephant re­ cusses this type in his Ohio Flint Types Britt, Claude Jr. mains that are in the collections of the book. It would be interesting to know how 1974 Flint From the Britt Teaching Collection. Ross County Historical Society in many fluted points have been found in Ohio Archaeologist 24(3): 27. Chillicothe. Mr. Brian Hackett, director of Ross County. I am considering running a Converse, Robert N. the society, gave me permission to exam­ survey of documented specimens in the 1973 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society. ine the collections and the old accession hands of private collectors. Forsyth, Jane L. records of the Ross County Historical The Ross County Historical Society 1963 Ice Age Census. Ohio Conservation Society Museum. Museum has on display a total of 7 fluted Bulletin 27(9): 16-19,31. Forsyth (1963) reports 3 fossil elephants points, including one Cumberland Point Mills, William C. from Ross County (Table I). An examination and one "Ross County" type. In addition, 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Columbus. of the bones, teeth, and tusks in the RCHS two finely-made lanceolate points are on Murphy, James L. Museum collections indicates that these display. Clovis type fluted points are 1989 (Revised Edition) An Archaeological finds came from at least two localities that known to be in local Ross County collec­ History of the Hocking Valley. Ohio were unknown to her (see Table II). The tions. While working at Mound City, sev­ University Press. Athens. RCHS Museum in Chillicothe has a total of eral local collectors have mentioned to me Prufer, O. H. and Raymond S. Baby 35 specimens (teeth, bones, and tusks) in that they own Paleo-lndian fluted points 1963 Paleo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Historical their collections. As is the case with most from the county. At one time I owned a Society. local county historical societies in Ohio, "Ross County" type fluted point from an

37 GROUND STONE TOOL CLUSTERS OF THE MIDDLE TOUSSAINT CREEK by David J. Snyder 3144 County Road 704 Lindsey, Ohio 43442

Sixteen years of surface hunting nu­ In this study area, the ratio of grooved various notched Archaic period styles. merous sites in Wood and Sandusky tools to the various celt-type forms is ap­ Two Archaic bannerstones have also counties of northwest Ohio has revealed proximately 3.4:1. If the celt forms are a been recovered in the survey area. emerging patterns of artifact clusters in Late Archaic/Early Woodland refined evo­ This area is located within the Black varying areas. lution of grooved tools, it would appear Swamp of northwest Ohio that once Ground stone tools (grooved axes and from these limited samples that the ear­ reached from the Sandusky River to near hammers, celts and related forms such lier Archaic periods have a better repre­ Fort Wayne, Indiana. The region once as adzes) are quite common in most of sentation along this stretch of the supported an extensive oak/hickory/wal­ this area's many surface collections. Toussaint. However, if celts, as many nut/beech/maple forest until the mid to Unfortunately, these collections often are think, evolved earlier in the Archaic se­ late 1800's which introduced drainage not documented beyond the county or quence, then this conclusion would be ditching and intensive agriculture and ul­ township level. Therefore, while it is cer­ invalid. The majority of the flint projectile timately the demise of the great swamp. tain that ground tools are numerous in the point/knives picked up at these sites are survey region, precise site locations for the majority of these tools are unknown. Most of my personal experience has LII-IAM uUtj'Nl'l j been in the middle Portage River and SA239 JL Toussaint Creek locales in Wood and Sandusky counties. Ground stone tools nAm?j£ have been recorded from both areas. j£ M2W However, in an approximate 30.5 kilometer &Jm /^ 'JA2C1 (18.3 miles) section of the Toussaint, they t •*• are especially abundant. This span, which ^ HA at 6 flows through Troy Township of Wood County and Woodville Township of Sandusky County has, to date (December 1991), produced 60+ forms from 19 sepa­ rate sites. Recovered specimens from "f! these individual sites have ranged from 1 iC0230 tfo^Ofc to 15. Two sites (33W0219 and 33SA51) have each produced 13 or more examples. The breakdown of recovered types in­ clude 48 three-quarter groove axes and hammers (both are included because many of the hammers appear to be worn or reworked axes), 1 full-groove axe/ hammer, 1 preform axe, and 15 celt-form tools including adzes. Also included are 3 pitted stones and 1 cupstone. Of the 15 Fig. 1 (Snyder) Ground stone tool sites along a 30.5 kilometer section of the middle Toussaint celt-type tools, 2 have come from Creek. 33W0219 and 8 from 33SA51.

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF UPPER MERCER FLINT by Bob White Thomville, Ohio

Upper Mercer flint is common in Ohio. The Upper Mercer flint vein extends blue limestone with or without flint nod­ Almost every private and museum col­ across Ohio from Columbia and ules. In its extension southwesterly into lection in Ohio contain flint artifacts man­ Mahoning counties on the east, then the east central part of the state in ufactured from Upper Mercer flint. travels southwesterly to Scioto and Coshocton, Muskingum, Licking, Perry, Prehistoric Indians from Paleo to Wood­ Lawrence counties on the Ohio River. In and Hocking counties the common ma­ land used this flint for artifacts and deb- the northern part of the vein in Columbia, terial is noted as being black flint overlain itage can be found in flint workshops Mahoning, Stark, Wayne, Tuscarawas, occasionally with deposits of iron ore. across the state. and Holmes counties, the vein is hard This vein of Upper Mercer flint continues

38 into Vinton, Jackson, Sioto, and Upper Mercer flint occurs at the fa­ there is evidence that all aspects of the Lawrence counties, where iron ore oc­ mous Warsaw deposits in Coshocton flint industry were carried out in the same curs with occasional nodules of flint. County, where the flint was extensively workshop. This is unlike the flint indus­ Upper Mercer flint ranges from pre­ mined by pre-historic man. Quarries of tries at Flint Ridge, where each individual dominantly shiny black to slate blue and flint similar to those at Flint Ridge State step in the industry was carried out in shiny gray. Minority types are mottled Park exist along the Walhonding River, separate shops, i.e. mining, slabbing, gray and white, as well as banded blue about three miles from Warsaw. The flint blade manufacture, core and blade man­ and gray, ochre and white, translucent as originally deposited formed a continu­ ufacture, and tool manufacture. However, and dirty white materials. The dominant ous layer of varying width about ten or it must be noted that in some cases, two colors are in the black and blue-gray twelve miles long. There are many sub- or more Flint Ridge industries are present range. A dull flint known as Nellie Chert, veins that are present in the Upper in the same workshop site. a common type found and mined in the Mercer vein as it makes its way from The author has found, after having Warsaw and Nellie area, is also from the Columbia and Mahoning counties to the surface-hunted many workshops, that Upper Mercer vein. Zaleski flint is also in­ Ohio River. Local collectors often refer to many such sites contain both Upper cluded in the Upper Mercer vein. The local flint as a separate type. Nellie Chert Mercer and Flint Ridge debitage. This Zaleski member reaches its maximum and Zaleski flint are examples. Upper has been true in Perry, Muskingum, development in central and southern Mercer flint has also been referred to as Fairfield, and Hocking counties. However, Vinton County and in northern Jackson Coshocton flint. this phenomenon of multiple component County. Zaleski is characterized by its The Upper Mercer quarry sites seem to flint industries in one workshop does not deep brownish-black color and is very differ somewhat from the workshops at hold true in all workshops. hard and lustrous. nearby Flint Ridge. At the Warsaw site

AN ANCHOR PENDANT by Jerry Ball 3796 Mt. Zion Road Lucas, Ohio 44843

Shown in the accompaning photo is one of the favorite pendants from my collection. Made of green and black banded slate this anchor style Adena pendant is a fine example of prehistoric craftsmanship. Found in Knox County, Ohio - length is five inches.

£7 •

=«

Fig. 1 (Ball) Anchor pendant from Knox County, Ohio.

39 THE ARCHAIC OF WEST-CENTRAL OHIO: A DISCUSSION 25 YEARS AFTER A MASTERS THESIS by Claude Britt, Jr. 1233 Dolphin Street Chillicothe, Ohio 45601

Background ing a summary of the Shell Mound Archaic types considered to be archaic. In more re­ Back in the 1960's I did research on the of Kentucky, publications such as this were cent years, Justice (1987) has written a very Archaic of West-Central Ohio. My findings not available for study at the time of my detailed and comprehensive flint type book were submitted as requirements for thesis work. Another more recent work, al­ which has become a standard reference for Masters Thesis No. 1313 at Bowling Green though outside of Ohio, is Custer's (1984) types found in the Mid-continental and State University (Britt, 1967). As far as I was Delaware Prehistoric Archaeology: An Eastern United States. Back at the time of able to determine at that time there had Ecological Approach. This publication dis­ my research books such as Justice's (1987) been no previous formal studies of the cusses diagnostic artifacts associated with and De Regnaucourt's new (1992) were not Archaic in this section of the state. These the emergence of Holocene environments available for study. studies were basically typological in nature and adaptations in Delaware, including There were many difficulties in trying to in order to determine culture and chronol­ such point types as St. Albans, Le Cray, classify points from Ohio surface sites 25 ogy of artifacts from surface sites in the and Kanawha. years ago, especially in dealing with mor­ area. The sites studied were mainly located Three years after my thesis work was phologically similar items some of which in Auglaize, Shelby, and Miami counties. In completed, Blank (1970a) finished his Ph.D. may or may not have a similar cultural ori­ addition, part of this work involved studies dissertation on "The Ohio archaic: a study gin. Prufer and Long (1986: 22-25) give a of geomorphology and site locations. in culture history". Also, the same year, good discussion of problems encountered Upon completion of this degree I was Blank (1970b) published his article on the in such studies. Considering the state of away from Ohio for many years, but contin­ Archaic Component of the Welling Site in knowledge in 1967, I realize that some of ued to publish short articles in the Ohio the Ohio Archaeologist. Since that time, the point types identified as Archaic in my Archaeologist. One article gave a brief Converse (1976) has applied the name thesis might not even be considered summary of the thesis findings (Britt, 1969). Miami Valley Archaic Complex to the Archaic today. Most of the other articles, published back Middle Archaic in the drainage system of In addition to chipped flint artifacts, in the 1970's, were chiefly concerned with the Miami Rivers (which is in the heartland ground-stone tools are common in all artifacts and additional sites in the western of my thesis research). Georgiady (1986) counties of West-Central Ohio. Converse's part of the state. further discusses this complex in an article (1973, 3rd printing) of Ohio Stone Tools de­ in the Ohio Archaeologist. More recent scribes a total of 19 ground-stone tools Nature of the Archaic studies on the Ohio archaic include Tony used during Archaic times. All types, with Prufer and Long (1986:1) make the state­ De Regnaucourt's (n.d.) research on the the possible exception of "net sinkers", are ment that "the Archaic of Ohio is poorly Archaic of West-Central Ohio and East known from West-Central Ohio counties. known". This statement certainly applied to Central Indiana. This research is for a The "Miami River axe" which Converse il­ the West-Central part of the state back in Masters Thesis at Ball State University. lustrates is fairly common in Shelby, 1967 and still applies 25 years later. In addition, a few short articles written Auglaize, Mercer, and Logan counties. Originally, much of my site material was mostly by amateurs on the Ohio Archaic Concerning pestles, Converse mentions compared to material from the Raisch- have appeared in the Ohio Archaeologist that while the conical pestle was virtually Smith Site in Preble County which was the from time to time. A good example of this is the only variety found in the Kentucky only Archaic site in Ohio that had been Converse's (1991) article on the Florence Archaic, it is mentioned elsewhere that studied in detail. At that time it was gener­ Site which is remarkably pure Archaic. pestles of the bell type were the only kind ally accepted that Raisch-Smith repre­ Most studies have in the past dealt with ty­ recovered from Raish-Smith. Conical pes­ sented an extension of the Indian Knoll of pology and establishing chronology. Little tles are fairly common in some counties in Kentucky. The same year my thesis was has been written concerning the actual the area, and on some sites, such as the completed, McKenzie (1967) considered people, ie., the lifeway of the Archaic. To Zirkle site on Mosquito Creek in Raisch-Smith to be Laurentian. date, little has been published concerning Champaign County, both types occur to­ gether. The question of mortars is also in­ As to the nature of the Archaic, ie., hunt­ the Archaic of the Auglaize-Shelby-Miami- Mercer-Logan County area except what lit­ teresting. Converse mentions they are ex­ ing-gathering subsistence, little information tremely scarce in Ohio. I have knowledge appeared in print 25 years ago. General tle I have written. That's the way it stands at present, 25 years later. of only two from this area, both being from discussions of the Eastern Archaic now ap­ Shelby County. In addition, Long (1991) pear in such books as Snow's (1989) The discusses two mortars from the Hardin- Artifact Typology Archaeology of North America. Twenty-five Allen County area. I know of no others Studies pertaining to the classification of years ago one turned to discussions in having been found in the West-Central part prehistoric projectile points have certainly such books as Ritchie's (1965) The of Ohio, yet there is an abundance of pes­ come a long way in the past 25 years. At Archaeology of New York State. In recent tles. I do not know if ethnographic records the time of my thesis research, most of my years, Winterhalden and Smith (1981) have or experimental archaeology (Coiles, 1973) identifications were made by using refer­ published a book, Hunter-Gatherer have demonstrated the possible use of ences available at the time such as Foraging Strategies, in which such topics wooden mortars. If this were the case, it Converse's "Ohio Flint Types" published for as the Optimal Foraging Theory are dis­ would help explain the presence of pestles the first time in 1963, and other publica­ cussed. This book is a study of hunter- on sites along with absence of mortars tions such as Ritchie's book on New York gatherers from the ethnographic and ar­ made of stone. chaeological record. Another book, dealing projectile points which was reprinted in entirely with the Archaic, is Archaic Hunters 1989. My original research centered around Artifacts made of slate are common in and Gatherers in the American Midwest 15 point types which Converse (1963) con­ this section of Ohio. Converse (1971) lists (Phillips and Brown, 1983). Although deal­ sidered to be Archaic. Converse, more re­ a total of 21 slate types as being made ing with the Archaic outside of Ohio, includ­ cently (6th printing, 1973), lists a total of 31 by Archaic or Glacial Kame. My thesis

40 research area lies in the heartland of the Chronology River and along the Great Miami River and Glacial Kame. As would be expected, slate My thesis work 25 years ago compared its tributaries and (2) numerous small tem­ artifacts attributed to Glacial Kame are fairly this part of Ohio to Raish-Smith and the porary food/gathering/processing stations common on sites in this area. Kentucky Archaic which are now known to which are located near springs. be Laurentian. Consequently, from my pre­ It is unlikely that I will continue research Paleoenvironment vious studies, much of which were based on the Archaic in western Ohio which I As 1 recall, few statements were made in on old farm collections, I identified a Middle started more than 25 years ago. De my thesis concerning paleoenvironment, al­ and Late Archaic for West-Central Ohio, Regnaucourt is now doing Archaic research though Blank (1970b) questioned my opin­ but did not recognize Early Archaic compo­ in the same geographic territory and I am ion on this subject. I simply stated that a nents at that time. It was noted, however, looking forward to seeing his findings when forest cover was general over this part of that such items as "Archaic Bevels" he publishes. His studies will undoubtedly the state, and noted that there were local (Thebes) were present in local artifact as­ shed much additional light on the thorny areas of prairie grass. This still applies, al­ semblages. Therefore, it is now known that problem of the archaic in West-Central though I had generally assumed that the the Archaic peoples were present in this Ohio. Archaic peoples were living in the forest. I part of Ohio at least 2,000 years earlier than now realize that the areas of prairie grass I suggested in the thesis. For example, see References may have been of equal importance for the Provisional Temporal Framework for Blank, J. E. 1970a The Ohio Archaic: a study in culture history. Archaic occupation. West-Central Ohio is Indiana and Ohio prepared by De Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of part of a natural transition zone between Regnaucourt (1992: XIII). Part of my diffi­ Massachusetts, Amherst. hardwood deciduous forests of the east culty in establishing an Early Archaic 25 1970b The Archaic Component of the Welling site, 33Co3, Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 20(4): and a finger of prairie extending from the years ago was my reluctance to assign 269-281 west. Some of the presently-existing prairie type names and make comparisons to ar­ Brayton, A. M. 1882 Report on the Mammals of Ohio. In: Report of the Geol. grass areas are now preserves of the eas sometimes hundreds of miles away Surv. of Ohio, Vol. IV Zoology and Botany. Columbus. ODNR. Goode Prairie in Miami County is an from Ohio. Britt, Claude Jr. example. For discussions of prairie grass­ 1967 Archaic Occupation of West-Central Ohio. Unpublished Masters Thesis #1313. Bowling Green State University. lands, there has been much written such as Glacial Kame 1969 The Archaic Occupation of West-Central Ohio: A the book by Cushman and Jones (1988) My thesis includes fairly detailed discus­ Summary of a Masters Thesis. Ohio Archaeologist 1 which discusses both shortgrass and tall- 19(20): 44-50. sion of the Glacial Kame which I consid­ Coles, John grass prairies. I had previously assumed ered to be Late Archaic. Twelve years later, 1973 Archaeology by Experiment. Charles Scribner's Sons. that it was mostly the forest that was being New York. Converse (1979) compiled data and pub­ Converse, Robert N. exploited in archaic times. Irwin (1984) lished a very comprehensive book, The 1966 Ohio Stone Tools. Ohio Archaeologist 16(4). gives a good discussion of the hunting and 1971 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. Glacial Kame Indians. Of special interest is 1973 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. fishing methods of the historical Indians. Converse's map of page 9 showing the nu­ 1976 A Montgomery County Archaic Site. Ohio Archaeologist Many of these methods and techniques clear Glacial Kame area. This is the same 26 (3). may have had their origin back in Archaic 1979 The Glacial Kame Indians. Archaeological Society of geographic area as the sites I interpreted Ohio. times, although the bow and arrow were for my thesis. Converse illustrates and dis­ 1991 The Florence Site. Ohio Archaeologist 41(1):4-10. unknown then. Coughlin Sean P. cusses numerous artifacts and information 1991 Prehistoric Population and Land Utilization in the Central Perhaps of equal importance to the as to locations of all known sites believed Scioto River Valley: An Analysis of the Robert L Harness, Jr. Collection. Thesis for General Honors. Kent Archaic peoples of West-Central Ohio were to be Glacial Kame. One of the conclusions State Univ. the grassland environments. There were an reached in my original thesis work regarded Cushman, Ruth Carol and Stephen R. Jones estimated 300 prairie grass areas in Ohio, 1988 The Shortgrass Prairie. Pruett Publishing Company, site locations. Because too few sites were Boulder, Colorado. chiefly in the western part of the state. It analyzed 25 years ago it was not at all pos­ Custer, Jay F. was not considered 25 years ago, but I sible to shed light on possible settlement 1984 Delaware Prehistoric Archaeology: An Ecological Approach. Associated University Press. Canbury, N.J. now think it likely that the Archaic people patterns Coughlin (1991) has recently done DeRegnaucourt, Tony may have added bison to their diet on oc­ by analyzing site distribution in the Central 1992 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana casion, thus supplementing plant resources Scioto River Valley. Instead, I arrived at the and Ohio. Occ. Monographs of the Upper Miami Valley. Archaeological Research Museum, No. 1. Ansonia, from the forest. There is ample evidence of conclusion that the locations of springs, or Ohio, the former existence of bison in Ohio (see where springs may have occurred formerly, n.d. Masters Thesis research. Ball State University. Forsyth, Jane L publications such as Brayton, 1882), but could be correlated directly to areas of high 1963 Ice Age Census. Ohio Conservation Bulletin. Vol. 27 ,No. were they present during Archaic times? artifact concentration. This is interesting 9, pp.16-19, and 31. Georgiady, Jeffrey Jane Forsyth (1963), in her studies of the now as I look back, because Converse 1986 The Miami Valley Archaic Complex. Ohio Archaeologist, Pleistocene fauna of Ohio, reports only 5 (1979) has discussed the fact that in addi­ 36(2): 26-30. bison for Ohio. tion to swamps and prairies in the area, he Irwin, R. Stephen 1984 Hunters of the Eastern Forest. Hancock House Since I am not a soil scientist, I do not notes that springs were once numerous in Publishers. the area, but ditching and drainage have Jaehnig, Manfred know if it would be possible to determine n.d. The Paleoenvironment as Interpreted from Snails. the locations of former prairies based on dried most of them up. He further makes Northwestern Archaeological Program. soil studies. Ritchie (1973) lists the princi­ the observation that even today there are a Justice, Noel D. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental pal soils in Shelby and Auglaize counties number of towns in the area with "spring" and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press. as being "Blount-Morley-Peuamo" and in their name, ie., Springfield, Spring Hills, McKenzie, D. H. Big Spring, etc. 1967 The Archaic of the Lower Scioto Valley, Ohio. Crosby-Brookston-Celinan. Furthermore, Pennsylvania Archaeologist. 37(1 -2): 33-51. "lacking excavatable sites in" this terri­ Phillips, James L and James A. Brown (Ed) tory, I see no possibility of interpreting 1983 Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest. Summary Academic Press. paleoenvironment based on snails as All known Archaic sites in this part of the Prufer, Olaf H. and Dana Long Jaehning (n.d.) describes. Also, pollen 1986 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. Kent State Research state are for the most part multi-compo­ Papers in Archaeology. profiles in West-Central Ohio are virtually nent and all are surface sites. Lacking fau- Ritchie, A. non-existent except for studies in Darke nal and floral inventories from archaeologi­ 1973 "Know Ohio's Soil Regions". Map Revised 1973. Ohio County. If it were possible to determine Dept. of Natural Resources, Div. of Lands & Soil. cal excavations, my analysis was based on Columbus. locations of Archaic prairies, then studies tool inventory and site location. As it now Ritchie, William A. of artifact concentrations could possibly 1965 The Archaeology of New York State. Natural History appears, 25 years later, I believe there are Press. Garden City, N.Y. shed some light on settlement patterns in basically two types of sites in the area: (1) Wintemalder, Bruce and Eric Alden Smith the area. "base camps" located on the Auglaize 1981 Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies. University of Chicago Press. Chicago & London.

41 "SACRED ENCLOSURES" AND PLATFORM MOUNDS OF THE OHIO HOPEWELL by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Platform mounds, also called truncated pyra­ these mounds have tended to be low and hundred feet. . . .These have always a sin­ mids or flat-topped mounds, were characteristic irregular in shape, with alternate layers of gle gateway, opening oftenest to the east, of large village sites of Mississippian Tradition of though by no means observing a fixed rule late prehistoric times. Some of great size, such earth and skeletal material evidencing rela­ as found at Spiro, Oklahoma, and Etowah, tively haphazard funerary practices in con­ in that respect.... Georgia, have been called "Temple Mounds." trast to the elaborate burials of the earlier The larger circles are oftenest found in But what of the smaller and older platform Adena and Hopewell of Woodland tradi­ combination with rectangular works, con­ mounds occasionally found within the geometric nected with them directly, or by avenues. circles and squares of the Ohio Hopewell of tion. And, again as far as this writer knows, Middle Woodland Tradition? The recent acquisi­ not one of the grandiose platform "Temple Some of these circles are of great extent, tion of the Wilson Mound in Perry County by the Mounds" akin to those at Etowah or Spiro embracing fifty or more acres. They sel­ Archaeological Conservancy and the investiga­ has ever been found in Ohio adjacent to a dom have a ditch; but whenever it occurs, tion of the Capitolium Mound in Marietta, both it is interior to the wall. . . .The walls of Ohio Hopewell platform mounds, have Fort Ancient site. prompted this article. Growing up in Ohio in the era of the these works are, for the most part, com­ Ohio Archaeological (italics mine) and paratively slight, varying from three to In his Introduction to American Archae­ Historical Society and of archaeologists seven feet in height. Sometimes they are ology, Gordon R. Willey has observed that Henry Shetrone and Emerson Greenman quite imposing; as in the case of the great the Mississippian Tradition "was marked and historians Francis Weisenburger and circle at Newark, Licking County, Ohio; by rectangular, flat-topped platform Eugene Roseboom, I early came to believe where, at the entrance, the wall from the mounds which served as bases for tem­ that if a mound were cone-shaped it was bottom of the ditch has a vertical height of ples, chiefs' houses, and other important either Adena or Hopewell and if an earth­ not far from thirty feet. The square or rec­ buildings. Frequently these platform work were geometrical, effigy, or a hilltop- tangular works, attending these large cir­ mounds were arranged around rectangular enclosure it was likely Hopewell. On the cles, are of various dimensions. . . .It is dif­ open plazas. Although burial mounds did other hand, if it were low and flat, whether ficult to comprehend the existence of not disappear entirely in Mississippian cul­ regular or irregular in outline, it was proba­ religious works, extending, with their atten­ tures, they were dwarfed by the platform bly of Fort Ancient cultural origin. While dant avenues [of parallel embankments], mounds and were relatively minor features these simplistic observations were and are like those near Newark, over an area of lit­ at the major sites." (Quoted in Silverberg, still generally true, there are exceptions, tle less than four square milesl We can find 1986: 234.) Among the major Miss­ and as the old adage has it, the exception their parallels only in the great temples of issippian sites were Cahokia in southwest­ oft-times can prove the rule. Abury and Stonehenge in England, and ern Illinois, Angel in southern Indiana, Just such an exception is the infre­ Carnac in Brittany, and must associate Aztalan in south-central Wisconsin, Spiro in quently encountered truncated pyramid or them with sun worship and its kindred su­ Oklahoma, Etowah in Georgia, and platform mound of the Ohio Hopewell. In perstitions." (1847: 48-49.) Moundville in Alabama. Martha Potter Otto their landmark study of 1847, Ancient Concluded Squier and Davis, "we know has noted that "the Mississippian culture as Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, that it has been a practice, common to al­ it existed in the central Mississippi Valley Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin H. Davis most every people in every time, to en­ was characterized by extensive agricultural concluded that aside from burial mounds close their temples and altars with walls of activities which originally came from many of the great earthworks of the Ohio various materials, so as to guard the sa­ Mexico. The intensive cultivation of corn, country could be divided into two major cred area around them from the desecra­ beans, and squash enabled several hun­ classifications: those used for defensive tion of animals or the intrusion of the pro­ dred Indians to live in a single large village - purposes (a conclusion now seriously fane. . . .Among the savage tribes of North a much higher population density than was questioned), such as hilltop enclosures like America, none but the pure dared enter the possible by just hunting and gathering. Fort Ancient in Warren County, Glenford place dedicated to the rude but significant These villages contained numerous rectan­ Fort in Perry County, and Fort Hill in rites of their religion. In Peru none except gular houses arranged around a central Highland County, and those used for reli­ of the blood of the royal Incas, whose fa­ plaza. The main feature of the plaza was gious or ceremonial purposes, primarily ther was the sun, were permitted to pass one or more truncated earth mounds on geometric embankments - circles, squares, the walls surrounding the gorgeous tem­ top of which were wooden temples. The rectangles, hexagons and octagons - ples of their primitive worship; and the im­ communities were enclosed by palisades which could be found in the river valleys of perial Montezuma humbly sought the par­ made of large logs set vertically in the southern Ohio. They called these "sacred don of his insulted gods for venturing to ground. . . The fields in which the Indians enclosures," and made some general ob­ introduce his unbelieving conqueror within cultivated their crops were located outside servations about them which merit our at­ the area consecrated by their shrines.... the villages." (Potter, 1968: 63-64.) tention nearly a century and a half later: [And] what has become of the temples Here in southern Ohio, in the water­ "They are mostly regular in their struc­ and shrines which [the Ohio mound shed of the Ohio River, the principal ture, and occupy the broad and level river builders constructed within their sacred Mississippian culture has long been identi­ bottoms, seldom occurring upon the table enclosures]? It is very obvious that, unless fied as Fort Ancient. In such village sites as lands or where the surface of the ground is composed of stone or other imperishable Madisonville, Anderson, Feurt, Baum, and undulating or broken. They are usually material, they must long since have com­ Gartner in the valleys of the Great and square or circular in form; sometimes they pletely disappeared, without leaving a Little Miami and the Scioto, abundant evi­ are slightly elliptical. Occasionally we find trace of their existence. We find neverthe­ dences of the Fort Ancient way of life have them isolated, but more frequently in less, within these enclosures. . .pyramidal been found, including numerous mounds groups. The greater number of the circles structures (as at Portsmouth, Marietta, and for the burial of the dead. But, at least as are of small size, with a nearly uniform di­ other places) which correspond entirely far as this writer has been able to observe, ameter of two hundred and fifty or three with those of Mexico and Central America,

42 except that, instead of being composed of also to determine once and for all the cul­ enclosure, every part of which is com­ stone, they are constructed of earth, and tural identity of the mound. As suggested manded from its summit. . . . [Both large instead of broad flights of steps, have by Grubb (1991: 50), "professional archae­ platform mounds] are covered with a close graded avenues and spiral pathways lead­ ologists had argued for years whether it turf, and still preserve their symmetry. ing to their summits. If these pyramidal was built by Adena or Ft. Ancient people." Indeed, no erections of earth alone could structures sustained edifices correspond­ With the help of Marietta College students surpass them in regularity. They are per­ ing to those which crowned the Mexican and volunteers from both sides of the Ohio fectly level on the top,..." and Central American Teocalli, they were River, Dr. Greber undertook an excavation To the people of Marietta, the larger of doubtless, in keeping with the comparative all the way to the base of the mound the two platform mounds has been called rudeness of their builders, composed of which, while it revealed no human burials, the Quadranaou or Camp Tupper Earth­ wood; in which case, it would be vain, at did yield "many pieces of unequivocally works, which stands today in a park be­ this day, to look for any positive traces of Hopewell shell-tempered pottery." Con­ tween Third and Fourth Streets. It is the their existence." (1847:102-103.) cluded Grubb, (1991: 50), "The Capitolium one marked A on the map in Figure 2. The Two recent articles concerning Ohio experience illustrates how Ohio prehistoric smaller one (marked B) is known as the Hopewell platform mounds (referred to by mounds should be treated after legitimate Capitolium. Located on Fifth Street, it is the Squier and Davis as truncated pyramidal or reasons are established for their partial or one with the public library constructed on flat-topped mounds) have piqued my cu­ complete destruction..." (1991: 50.) its summit. Fittingly, the cone-shaped riosity about this type of earthwork and its Fortunately, preservation has always mound surrounded by the circle and moat presence in the geometric "sacred enclo­ been a hallmark of Marietta, the oldest or­ has been called Conus and is the central sures" of circles and squares. The first ap­ ganized settlement in Ohio as well as in the feature in the Marietta public cemetery, still peared in the Fall 1990 issue of the Northwest Territory, ever since it was es­ called Mound Cemetery. As noted by Archaeological Conservancy Newsletter tablished in April, 1788. Rufus Putnam and Susan Woodward and Jerry McDonald and described the acquisition of the Wilson other leaders of the Ohio Company who (1986: 67-69), Conus is "the prime surviv­ Mound in Perry County, Ohio, by the founded the town appreciated the signifi­ ing example of a conical mound with an Conservancy on a 99-year lease from cance of the vast complex of earthworks encircling moat and embankment. The Central Silica (a division of Oglebay Norton which they encountered at the confluence moat measures 15 feet wide and 4 feet Company). (See Figure 1.) Considered one of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers and de­ deep. The base of the embankment is 20 of the best preserved of Ohio's platform termined to see them saved as public feet wide and 585 feet in circumference.... mounds, the Wilson Mound is located in properties. (See Silverberg, 1986: 31-32.) (Mound Cemetery, opened in 1801 is the Hopewell Township not far from the famed As shown on a map drawn by Charles burial place for a large number of the early Glenford Fort and Roberts Mound and Whittlesay in 1837 and published by Squier settlers of Marietta, many of whom were nearly equidistant from Glenford and Glass and Davis a decade later (see Figure 2), the veterans of the Revolutionary War. It is said Rock. Covering an acre in size, it stands works consisted of a large irregular square that more officers of that war are buried eighteen feet high. While silica mining will of nearly 50 acres enclosing 4 platform here than in any other single place.)" continue around it (some of the highest mounds; a smaller square of 27 acres with Best known of the early paintings of the grade silica sand in the world can be found 4 small interior mounds, one at each of the Marietta earthworks is one by Charles there), the mound itself will be protected. 4 entrances or gateways; a large 30-foot Sullivan, shown here as Figure 4. One of Records indicate that in 1897 Clarence high cone-shaped mound called by the the real treasures in the collection of the Loveberry of the staff of the then Ohio settlers the Conus, surrounded by a circu­ Campus Martius Museum (on the site of Archaeological and Historical Society (now lar wall and an enclosed ditch or moat; and the fortification of that name constructed the Ohio Historical Society) conducted a a 680-foot-long graded way, called the by Rufus Putnam in 1788 to guard against limited investigation of the mound. Sacra via, leading from the larger square to Indian attack), the painting was completed According to the Newsletter (Fall 1990: 6), the Muskingum River between parallel in 1836 and shows a perspective flip- he sank "two shafts, and found large sand­ earthen embankments 150 feet apart and flopped from that of the Whittlesey map in stone pieces five feet into one of the 20 feet high. Figure 2. As noted by John B. Briley, shafts. The sandstone extended about Of the 4 platform or flat-topped mounds Manager of the Campus Martius Museum, eight feet, and under it Loveberry found a within the large square, the largest have in a recent letter to the author, "The Conus layer of ashes. Below the ashes were three been preserved. As noted by Squier and mound in today's Mound Cemetery is off in inches of red clay covering bone fragments Davis (1847: 74), these merit a "particular the distance to the left, appearing between and mica. The shafts were backfilled, and notice" because of "their resemblances to the two trees. Sacra Via is to the right of there has been no evidence to indicate similar erections in Mexico and Central Campus Martius. The two platform subsequent excavation." America" [at Aztec and Mayan sites]. . . . mounds still extant are the two larger ones The second article appeared in the Fall The principal one is marked A in the plan furthest to the right in the big square in the 1991 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist. [see Figure 2], and an engraving more foreground. The library sits on the one to Written by Thomas C. Grubb, it was enti­ clearly illustrating its features is herewith the left, and the one on the right is in [the] tled "Mounds vs. People: The Capitolium presented" [see Figure 3]. . . . It is 188 feet park called 'Camp Tupper.'" Case." In it Grubb noted the satisfactory long by 132 wide, and 10 high. Midway It was Briley who brought to my atten­ solution to a problem which had arisen upon each of its sides are graded ascents, tion two 1987 articles by Ted Bauer, former when the Marietta Library, constructed in rendering easy the passage to its top. city editor of the Marietta Times, who hy­ 1915 on top of the Capitolium, one of the These grades are 25 feet wide and 60 feet pothesizes that the Marietta earthworks two maor platform mounds within the city, long. The next in size is marked B in the may have been constructed "primarily for was enabled to add handicapped-access plan [see Figure 2], and is 150 feet long by astronomical charting and recording" facilities on the exterior of the building de­ 120 wide, and 8 feet high. It has 3 graded rather than for "worship, burials or de­ spite earlier agreements with the City passages to its top, viz. upon the north, fense." Bauer notes that Squier and Davis Council that no further destruction of the west, and east. Those at the sides are had made only the briefest mention of 7 mound would take place. The solution was placed somewhat to the north of the center small stone mounds on Harmar Hill on the to bring Dr. N'omi Greber of the Cleveland of the elevation. Upon the south side there west side of the Muskingum several hun­ Museum of Natural History to evaluate the is a recess or hollow.... 50 feet long by 20 dred feet above the river, calling them ex­ prospective additional damage to the wide. This elevation is placed upon an cellent vantage points from which to see mound which would result from the con­ easy swell or ridge of land, and occupies the extensive earthworks on the east side struction of an elevator and a ramp and the most conspicuous position within the of that stream. More than mere vantage

43 points, Bauer affirms that the 7 small them have rarely even hinted at any con­ the Muskingum River from the Marietta mounds are in fact "horizon sighting points nection with astronomy, it seems reason­ earthworks complex, did indeed provide for important sunsets and moonsets. To able to believe that the builders spent sighting points from the top of a predomi­ give an example, the Marietta winter sun­ much of their lives studying the sun, moon nant mound such as Conus to help mark set is at an angle of 239 degrees from true and stars and their apparent movement in important sunsets, moonsets, and sea­ north. That is the angle from the top of the relation to the earth. We are convinced the sonal changes. But if so the 7 small mound Conus in Mound Cemetery to the American earthworks, similar to Britain's mounds were ancillary in function to the southernmost stone mound on Harmar Stonehenge, were created primarily to major components of the Marietta earth­ Hill. Notice the long mound on the map of chart those heavenly bodies on whose po­ works, which in the instance of Conus the west of Conus. [See Figure 2.] It runs sitions and changes their life patterns de­ were burial, and in the instances of the 121 degrees from due north, the angle of pended." (See Bauer, April 18,1987.) Quadranaou and the Capitolium were most the sunrise at the December 21-22 In my opinion, Bauer errs in affirming probably religious and ceremonial. (An equinox. Also note that the two small that America's prehistoric earthworks were analogy might here be drawn to a weather- mounds at the left and right of the dia­ built "primarily to chart those heavenly vane on top of a house which does indeed mond structure north of the cemetery bodies on whose positions and changes serve to indicate the direction of the wind mound run exactly east and west." their life patterns depended." Quite possi­ but does not prove the existence of the Concludes Bauer, "Although writers on the bly some, such as the 7 small stone house to have been primarily to provide subject of mounds and those who built mounds on the top of Harmar Hill across support for the weathervane.)

Fig. 1 (Shriver) The Wilson Mound, Hopewell Township, Perry County, Ohio. Less than a mile from the Glenford Fort, this flat-topped platform mound lies south of the extensive Newark Works. Leased by Central Silica to the Archaeological Conservancy, its protection is assured for at least 99 years. Photograph courtesy of Sylvia Ball of the Archaeological Conservancy.

Fig. 4 (Shriver) Charles Sullivan's painting (1836) of "The Marietta Earthworks," shown here courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society, Campus Martius Museum. Sullivan's view of the works was the reverse of the map drawn by Charles Whittlesey, shown in Fig. 2. In the painting, Conus is in the distance to the left, visible between the two trees. Capitolium and Quadranaou appear to the right in the large square in the foreground. Sacra Via can be seen to the right of the fortified initial settlement in Marietta, called Campus Martius. now the site of the Campus Martius Museum.

44 Believing that the 4 platform or flat- complex known as the Newark Works, one student typist at Miami University, particu­ topped mounds (including the Quadranaou mile west of the town of Newark at the lar gratitude for her assistance in preparing and the Capitolium) within the larger square junction of the South and Raccoon forks of this and many other articles for publication. of the Marietta earthworks quite probably the Licking River. Within the famed supported religious or ceremonial temples Octagon Mound near the western limits of References of the Hopewell people, what other evi­ those works were 8 small truncated pyra­ dences of similar truncated pyramidal mids, each measuring 80 by 100 feet at the Ball, Sylvia mounds within "sacred enclosures" of cir­ base and 5 feet in height and each placed 1990 "Rare Platform Mound Preserved in Ohio." cles or squares do we find in the literature 60 feet from the gateways at the angles of Archaeological Conservancy Newsletter, of the nineteenth century, before many of the walls. (See Figure 6. See also Squier 10:6. the enclosures and mounds, such as those and Davis, 1847: 67-70.) Though destroyed 1992 Correspondence, January 7; telephone at Cincinnati, Coshocton, Circleville and not long before by the construction of the conversation, February 24. elsewhere, were largely destroyed? Ohio and Erie Canal and the subsequent Bauer, Ted In their discussion of the High Bank development of the village of Lockport, a 1987 "Add to Mound Puzzle." Marietta Times, Works 5 miles below Chillicothe on the ninth truncated pyramid associated with April 18; "Search Continues for Evidence right bank of the Scioto River, Squier and the Newark Works once existed on one of About Mounds' Purpose." Marietta Times, Davis make mention of the presence of a the lower terraces "near the point of junc­ May 2,1987. large truncated mound 30 feet in height. tion between the South and Raccoon Briley, John B. (1847: 50.) Also in Ross County and on the forks" where "a great number of mounds of 1992 Correspondence, February 10, February right bank of the Scioto, though this time 5 various sizes" were situated, according to 21. miles above Chillicothe, the same authors Squier and Davis (1847: 71). Brose, David S. and N'omi Greber cite (1847: 52-53) the existence of 2 trun­ Other truncated or platform mounds were 1979 Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference. The Kent State University cated pyramids or elevated squares in as­ observed in Butler County, Ohio, and in Press, Kent, Ohio. sociation with the Cedar Bank Works. (See Montgomery County, Kentucky. In the for­ Carlson, John B. Figure 5.) According to them, the primary mer instance, a truncated mound 10 feet 1979 "Hopewell: Prehistoric America's Golden walls of this work "are about 6 feet high by high was encountered in a group of small Age." Reprinted from Early Man magazine, 40 feet base; the . . . wall upon [the east­ works on a branch of Mill Creek, a tributary Winter issue. ern] side is 1400 feet long. The northern of the Great Miami River, near the south­ Grubb, Thomas C. and southern walls are each 1050 feet in east corner of Butler County (see 1847: 91). 1991 "Mounds vs. People: The Capitolium length, and placed at right angles to the In the latter, as part of a group of earthworks first; the southern extending to the very Case." Ohio Archaeologist, 41(4): 50. on the west side of Brush Creek, 6 miles Lake, D.J. edge of the bluff, the northern terminating southeast of Mount Sterling, Montgomery 1875 Atlas of Perry County, Ohio. Published by within 25 feet of it. It is possible that a County, Kentucky, an elliptical truncated fourth wall originally bounded the enclo­ Fred Bourquin, Philadelphia. Useful for po­ mound 9 feet high by 270 feet in circumfer­ sitioning the Wilson Mound vis-a-vis the sure on the west, which has been de­ ence, surmounted by a smaller conical Glenford Fort and the Roberts Mound. stroyed by the river, in its encroachments. mound, was observed (see 1847: 93). See page 13 for detailed map of Hopewell There are gateways, each 60 feet wide, at Given the host of earthworks once ex­ Township. the centres of the northern and southern tant in the Ohio Valley, the number of plat­ Martin, Paul S., George I. Quimby, and Donald sides. Covering the northern gateway, and form or truncated mounds identified by Collier 200 feet interior to it, is an elevated square, Squier and Davis does not appear large. 1947 Indians Before Columbus. University of 250 feet long by 150 broad, and 4 feet But writing as they did in 1847 they were Chicago Press. high. It is ascended from the ends by able to observe and record the existence Mills, Don, editor graded ways, 30 feet broad, and in all re­ of these few a half-century after the begin­ 1980 History of Perry County, Ohio. Perry spects resembles the truncated pyramids ning of extensive organized settlement in County Historical Society, New Lexington. or 'elevated squares' of the Marietta the valley before some even of these Mills, William C. Works." (See Figure 2, 3 and 5.) would be put under the plow or consumed 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. The Ohio About one-third of a mile south of the by urban or suburban development. State Archaeological and Historical principal work at the Cedar Bank Works, Thanks to the preservation efforts of the Society, Columbus. according to Squier and Davis (1847: 53), Ohio Historical Society, the Archaeological Potter, Martha A. is a "truncated pyramid and a small circle: Conservancy, and enlightened local gov­ 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. The Ohio the former is 120 feet square at the base ernments such as that at Marietta, some of Historical Society, Columbus. and 9 feet in height; the latter is 250 feet in the remaining "sacred enclosures" and Roseboom, Eugene H. and Francis P. diameter, and has an entrance from the platform mounds of the Ohio Hopewell Weisenburger south, 30 feet wide. (See Figure 5, bottom.) may continue to exist far into the future for 1953 A History of Ohio. The Ohio Historical The sides of the pyramidal structure corre­ the speculation and wonderment of gener­ Society, Columbus. spond to the cardinal points... This group ations yet to come. Shetrone, Henry C. is so disposed as to command a fine view 1926 "Exploration of the Hopewell Group of Prehistoric Earthworks." Ohio of the river terraces below it; and the head­ Acknowledgements land upon which it is situated seems to Archaeological and Historical Publications, 35: 5-227. have been artificially smoothed and To John Briley of the Campus Martius Silverberg, Robert rounded. The spot is well chosen. The 'ele­ Museum of the Ohio Historical Society vated square' [or pyramidal structure] has 1986 77?e Mound Builders. Ohio University goes special appreciation for the photo­ Press, Athens. been excavated, but was found to contain graph of the 1836 oil painting by Charles no remains. Upon the edge of the table Squier, E.G. and E.H. Davis Sullivan of the Marietta Earthworks and for 1847 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi land, both above and below this peculiar the articles by Ted Bauer of the Marietta group, there are various inconsiderable re­ Valley. Smithsonian Institution, Times concerning possible astronomical Washington. mains, consisting of small, low-terraces, significance of the Marietta mounds. To Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald and little mounds and circles." Sylvia Ball of the Archaeological Con­ 1986 Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley: Still more truncated pyramids or platform servancy goes my thanks for permission to A Guide to Adena and Ohio Hopewell mounds were found in Licking County in use the photograph of the Wilson Mound Sites. McDonald and Woodward association with the magnificent Hopewell in Perry County. And, to Carolyn Carnie, Publishing Company, Newark, Ohio.

45 Fig. 5 (Shriver) Map of the Cedar Bank Works on the east bank of the Scioto River five miles above Chillicothe showing flat-topped mounds Fig. 2 (Shriver) Map of the Marietta Works drawn by Charles or "elevated squares" in the enclosure above and beside the circular Whittlesey in 1837 and reproduced here from Squirer and Davis, embankment below. Drawn by Squier and Davis, the map appears Ancient Monuments, page 73. Within the larger square can be seen facing page 52 in their Ancient Monuments (1847). four flat-topped platform mounds, the two largest being the Quadranaou (shown here as A) and the Capitolium (shown as B). The Sacra Via, or Sacred Way, is shown here as the "Graded Way" leading between two parallel embankments from the Muskingum River to the larger square. The Conus, or cone-shaped burial mound, is shown on the right-hand side of the map surrounded by a circular embankment.

Fig. 6 (Shriver) Map of the Newark Works in Licking County drawn by Charles Whittlesey in 1837 and incorporated by Squier and Davis in their Ancient Monuments in 1847. The famed Octagon Mound with its eight Fig. 3 (Shriver) Enlarged detail from the map in Fig. 2 showing the flat- small flat-topped mounds at its gateways or openings is shown in the topped Quadranaou of the Marietta Works and the four graded upper left. The Great Circle with enclosed eagle effigy appears in the lower passages or ascents to its summit. center below the pond.

46 PIPES FROM THE WILKINS COLLECTION by Mel Wilkins 155 Seriff Drive Lima, Ohio

Row 1, Left to right Row 2, Left to right Row 3, Left to right Row 4, Left to right (1) sandstone - Creasdale Flats, (1) clay - MicMac - New York (1) green banded slate - northern (1) fired clay - Minnesota. Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. (2) pipestone - Hopewell - Brown Co., Indiana. (2) green banded slate - found near (2) pipestone - Pickaway Co., Ohio. Ohio. (2) pipestone - Intrusive Mound - Pike Morrow, Warren Co., Ohio. (3) pipestone - Auglaize Co., Ohio. (3) steatite - Hopewell - found in mound Co., Ohio. (3) fossiliferous limestone - crinoids and (4) steatite - engraved - North Carolina. in Chillicothe, Peoria Co., Illinois, by (3) Catlinite - disc pipe - Illinois. mica - Knox Co., Ohio - Morris Twp. (5) green banded slate - Ross County, D. Hampton in 1958. (4) steatite - elbow pipe - Grayson Co., 4 '/«inches long. Ohio. (4) catlinite - MicMac - Erie Co., Ohio. Virginia. (4) green slate - human face effigy - (6) steatite - "eared" elbow - cave find in (5) catlinite - MicMac - Kendall Co., Clearmont Co., Ohio. Tennessee. Illinois. (5) steatite - elbow pipe - Tennessee. (7) green banded slate - Logan Co., Ohio.

A NEWLY-FOUND ANCHOR PENDANT by John Rodgers 6491 Elmtree Conover, Ohio 45317

I found this reddish-brown slate an­ chor pendant on February 17, 1992, in Brown Township, Miami County, Ohio. It is the first unbroken slate piece I have ever found. It is slightly over 4 inches long.

Fig. 1 (Rodgers) Anchor pendant found in Miami County.

47 ARTIFACTS FROM MY COLLECTION by John A. Zakucia 216 Kendall Avenue Campbell, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Zakucia) Copper ear ornaments and adze found in Hopewell Mound 25 by Moorehead (Shetrone 1926: Vol 35).

Fig. 2 (Zakucia) Slate objects:

Top: Banded slate pick bannerstone from Edinburgh, Portage, Co., Ohio.

Left: Banded slate Glacial Kame keeled gorget with very fine tally marks incised at the apex and ladder-like engravings on the right side. Richland Co., Ohio.

Center: Banded slate geniculate bannerstone from Richland Co., Ohio.

Right: Banded slate keeled gorget from the Monger Farm, Wayne Twp., Darke Co., Ohio. Meuser Coll. 3207

Fig. 3 (Zakucia) Flint Ridge material:

Cores and bladelets recovered from an extensive workshop 2 miles east of the crossroads at Flint Ridge, Licking Co., Ohio, in 1939 by the writer. In addition, hundreds of broken cache blades and debitage were recovered.

48 A FLUTED GENICULATE FROM DARKE COUNTY by Ronnie Thiebeau 11357 Reed Road Versailles, Ohio

I found this fine fluted geniculate in the Geniculates are made of banded slate Reference cited Stillwater River drainage in Darke County, and date from the Archaic, around 3200 Converse, Robert N. on May 10, 1986. B.C. They are among the rarest of all atlatl 1978 Ohio Slate Types, p. 86. Archaeological It is 1 3/4 inches high, 1 3/8 inches weights and differ from other weights in Society of Ohio, wide, and 3/4 inch thick which makes this that the hole is oblong, rather than round one smaller than most other examples. (Converse 1978).

Fig. 1 (Thiebeau) Four views of geniculate found in Darke County.

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49 A GNEISS AXE FROM FAIRFIELD COUNTY by Don Casto Lancaster, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Casto) Axe found in the city of Lancaster, Ohio, in the late 1800's by the father of William Pairan. Now in the Don Casto collection, this axe is 5 118 in. long. Obverse and reverse shown.

BOOK REVIEW: FANTASTIC ARCHAEOLOGY by David M. Stothers Archaeology Program, The University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio 43606

lished Losf Tribes and Sunken Continents Stephen Williams, Fantastic Archaeology: Sunken Continents"; "Archaeology and by Robert Wauchope, and Frauds, Myths, The Wild Side of North American Religion"; "Across the Sea They Came"; and Mysteries by Kenneth Feder. Like Prehistory, Philadelphia: University of and "Psychic Archaeology," Williams Fantastic Archaeology, these volumes Pennsylvania Press, 1991, pp. 407, $14.95. leads the reader through a series of case were written in an attempt to present a The science of archaeology long has examples. In these, he presents docu­ real and verifiable picture of the past, been, and continues to be, beset with the mented "background, credentials, quality while presenting opposition to the un­ ideas and claims of a "lunatic fringe," which of data analysis, and nature of the pre­ founded claims of a "lunatic fringe." espouses to "have an explanation for sentation" in order to show the reader However, unlike the writings of Wauchope everything"; which utilizes "data and inter­ how fantasy, fraud, ignorance, as well as and Feder, Fantastic Archaeology offers its pretations that will not stand close a political, religious, and racially moti­ readers, in its final chapter, an alternative scrutiny"; which envisions archaeology "as vated agenda have resulted in unfounded to "nonsense." The final chapter, the a game that all can play; no special training but sensational and emotionally charged longest in the book, presents a highly is necessary"; and which betrays truth and fabrications ("nonsense"), which "show readable and popularized, but authorita­ reality through "cult archaeology" founded that some Fantastic archaeologists have tive, account of North American prehis­ upon sensationalism, fraud, fantasy, reli­ as scant a garment of real data as did the tory, proceeding from the first well-docu­ gion, cult belief, racism, and nationalism. Emperor with his new vestments." mented ancestral Native American Explanation and understanding based Because of the magnitude and serious­ populations, nearly 12,000 years ago, to upon any one, or any combination of these ness of the problem concerning the dis­ the arrival of the Spaniards. Finally, criteria, constitute pseudoscience or what tortion of truth through fraud, fantasy, and Williams supplements his summary with a Stephen Williams prefers to call "Fantastic pseudoscience, in conjunction with the very helpful and useful "Selected and Archaeology." susceptibility of the unfamiliar public to Annotated Bibliography." In his introduction, Williams states, "I sensationalism, romanticism, intrigue, Stephen Williams is to be commended value truth" and "I feel a responsibility to mysticism, and other such "New Age" for addressing a serious and highly prob­ condemn nonsense." Fantastic Archaeo­ philosophies, Williams has written an en­ lematic epistemological shortcoming in logy, by Stephen Williams, professor of ar­ joyable and highly readable volume in society. Popular misconception, based on chaeology at Harvard University and cura­ which he takes upon himself "a responsi­ fraud, fantasy, ignorance, and unfounded tor of North American Archaeology at the bility to condemn nonsense." He accom­ claim, needs to be corrected. Fantastic Peabody Museum, focuses exclusively on plishes his task by exposing and elucidat­ Archaeology makes a serious effort to the New World. Williams takes the reader ing documented facts, which fly in the "set the record straight," and in so doing on a historical tour of "Fantastic Archaeo­ face of the unfounded claims which he re­ is highly recommended to anyone wishing logy" in North America, dealing with past views. His style is balanced and gentle, to learn about mankind's "real" past on and present claims and beliefs (Chapters 2- his arguments conservative and well rea­ the North American continent. A highly 12), which have been documented as be­ soned, while a tongue-in-cheek humor readable and valuable addition to the li­ trayals to public responsibility and truth. In pervades throughout. brary of anyone interested in truth, as op­ such chapters as those entitled "The Fantastic Archaeology will serve as a posed to fantasy. American Humbug"; "Catastrophism: companion volume to the previously pub­

50 MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO (Please print or type - Be sure to include zip code)

Name First Name Middle Initial Last Name

Street

City State Zip

Recommended by

Signature THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO 5210 COONPATH RD. PLACE PLEASANTVILLE, OH 43148 STAMP HERE

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO 5210 COONPATH RD. PLEASANTVILLE, OH 43148 MEETING NOTICE

Ohio Valley Chapter 22 of the Society geared to educate the public about ar­ If you would like to participate, please for Pennsylvania Archaeology is conduct­ chaeology and Native American cultures. fill out the enclosed reservation form and ing an Archaeology Fair on Sunday, We also want to encourage cooperation return to: October 4, 1992. It will be held at the and communication between the profes­ Slippery Rock Community Building in sional, avocational, and collecting com­ Slippery Rock, PA (See map on back). munities. Dave McMullen The hours for the Fair will be 9 AM to 4 There is no fee for table space, and ad­ Archaeology Fair Committee Chairman PM. Setup for displays will be at 8 AM. mission to the Fair will be free. Sales of Ohio Valley Chapter 22, SPA We would like to invite you to partici­ books and educational materials are per­ 56 Venango Street pate and display any materials which mitted with no charge; however, we ask Franklin, PA 16323 would be of interest to the general public. that no artifacts are sold. Sales of marked 814 432-7748 The purpose of our Archaeology Fair is reproductions only will be permitted.

LETTER TO THE SOCIETY

Mr. Robert Converse Ohio archaeology. I am privileged to have sites, stabilizing them, and then turning 119 Converse Drive received this coveted award. the sites over to public agencies such as Plain City, Ohio 43064 In connection with the $100.00 that was the National Park Service for permanent included as part of the award, please know curation. Dear Mr. Converse: that on this date I have contributed that It is my hope that through such sup­ money to The Archaeological Conservancy. port we can all continue to learn from our I would like to take this opportunity to As you know, The Archaeological Con­ archeological heritage. thank you and the members of the servancy is a non-profit organization dedi­ Again, thank you. Archaeological Society of Ohio for honor­ cated to saving our endangered archaeo­ ing me with the 1992 Robert N. Converse logical resources. The Conservancy does Sincerely, award for "outstanding contributions" to this by purchasing significant, threatened William F. Romain

LETTER TO THE GOVERNOR

The Honorable George V. Voinovich formation relative to archaeology; to edu­ the nation. They have in the past demon­ Governor of the State of Ohio cate and act in the elimination of fraudu­ strated their sensitivity to the Native State House lent material and data. American citizens of the state of Ohio by Columbus, OH 43215 We are deeply concerned with the cur­ removing all human remains from their rent attack on Archaeology in general displays before it became a political is­ Honorable Sir: and in particular the Ohio Historical sue. The past conduct of the Ohio Society and its excavations at the Historical Society has proven that they The Archaeological Society of Ohio Newark Earthworks. The Ohio Center for are culturally sensitive to the concerns of consists of 2410 members who are col­ Native American Affairs (OCNNA) has all of the citizens of the state of Ohio. lectors, avocational and professional ar­ stated that". . . under no circumstances We, the members of The Archaeologi­ chaeologists, and other interested citi­ does the Ohio Center for Native cal Society of Ohio, respectfully request zens. The objectives of our Society as American Affairs condone, authorize or that you not allow mysticism, supersti­ stated in our Constitution and By-Laws approve of any dig, excavation, survey or tion, religion, or political expediency to are as follows: any type of scientific investigation of any destroy the scientific investigation of our The Objects of the Society shall be to burial, ceremonial, past living, or trash cultural heritage. locate, report and attempt to preserve ar­ sites or mounds ...". chaeological sites and material within the The membership of The Archaeological Sincerely, state of Ohio; to serve as a bond among Society of Ohio strongly opposes the Larry L. Morris those interested in archaeology both pro­ radical objectives of this organization and President fessionals and non-professionals, and to their attack on the Ohio Historical Society 901 Evening Star S.E. encourage and aid in directing their ef­ and its activities! The Ohio Historical East Canton, OH 44730-9537 forts in publishing and disseminating in­ Society has one of the finest museums in (216)488-1640

BACK COVER Ohio Artifacts from the collection of John Spires, Lancaster, Ohio

51 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of'good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.