Illustrated Holocene Era Timeline: Human Achievements, Advancements, Innovations, and Understanding in Science using EMILIANI’s HE calendar Ruthie S. Premack Author / Compiler Technical Advisor Paul Premack Phone Edition 12,019 HE I dedicate this book To: the wonderful man who is my husband Paul Premack, our adult children Tiffany and Benjamin, his wife Kira, my mother Jo Ann Simons Stier for their love, brains, attention to detail, laughter, and thoughtfulness and to my dad Herb Stier; To: CESARE EMILIANI, who first had the idea for the Holocene Era (HE) calendar; and To: any human who can open their mind to seeing the (HE) flow of human accomplishment and to being enchanted, shocked, disappointed, or amazed by the wonders and realities of science. © 2019 (12,019 HE), Ruthie S. Premack, all rights reserved. Any portion, but not the entirety, of this book may be reproduced without permission from the author so long as this book is cited as the source and entries are not altered. Some text in this Timeline is from or based upon entries in Wikipedia. Use is permitted because we have provided credit to the authors by including a URL to the page or pages used. All entries based upon Wikipedia materials is released under CC BY-SA: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Table of Contents ABOUT THE HE CALENDAR AND FORMATTING ............................... 7 AUTHOR / COMPILER’S PREFACE ........................................................ 10 CHAPTER ONE APPETIZERS ............................................................. 12 CHAPTER TWO BEFORE THE HOLOCENE ERA: THE BIG BANG TO THE STONE AGE .............................................. 45 CHAPTER THREE 1 HE: BEGINNING OF THE HOLOCENE ERA ..................................................................................... 152 CHAPTER FOUR THE BRONZE AGE: CIRCA 6,401 HE - CIRCA 9,001 HE (LASTING CIRCA 2,600 YEARS) . 175 CHAPTER FIVE THE IRON AGE: CIRCA 9,001 HE- CIRCA 11,543 HE (LASTING CIRCA 2,760 YEARS) ..................................................................................... 293 CHAPTER SIX THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: CIRCA 11,543 HE - NOW (LASTING, SO FAR, LESS THAN 600 YEARS) ............................................... 567 CHAPTER SEVEN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: CIRCA 11,760 HE - NOW (LASTING, SO FAR, LESS THAN 300 YEARS, PART OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION) ....................................................... 780 CHAPTER EIGHT THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC ERA: CIRCA 11,859 HE (LASTING, SO FAR, LESS THAN 175 YEARS) ................................................................... 1037 ABOUT THE AUTHOR / COMPILER ................................................. 1772 About the HE Calendar and Formatting This eBook, Illustrated Holocene Era Timeline: Human Achievements, Advancements, Innovations, and Understanding in Science using EMILIANI’s HE calendar uses HE (Holocene Era) to count years. The word “Holocene” means “entirely recent”. The Holocene Era (HE) encompasses the growth, history, and impacts of the human species worldwide. Some argue that the period should be referred to as the “Human Era” instead of the “Holocene Era”, but when the HE Calendar was first proposed by scientist CESARE (Chay-se-ree) EMILIANI in 1993 (think 11,993 HE) he chose the label “Holocene”. We’ll stay with Holocene instead of Human in order to be consistent with EMILIANI’s proposal. EMILIANI died before he was able to make his proposal a reality. We want to help bring his proposal into wide-spread use. The HE calendar places year 1 at a time when humans were settling into agricultural communities. It loosely matches the beginning of the “Holocene epoch” of geology. Admittedly, the choice of a particular moment in time must be arbitrary, but a point must be chosen. EMILIANI for his calendar reform idea chose a point that would make the current AD/CE year numbers match with the addition of 10,000. Conversion from AD/CE years into HE is done by adding 10,000 to the AD/CE year. The year 2015 AD/CE is 12,015 HE. Conversion from BC/BCE years to HE is done by subtracting 10,001 from the BC/BCE year. The year 2015 BCE would be 7,986 HE. My husband, Paul Premack, the technological advisor for this undertaking, built an Excel calculator to do the math. Find it at: www.premack.com/timeline.html • Note that in the Gregorian calendar there is no year “0”; it went from 1 BC/BCE to 1 AD/CE with no intervening year. Hence, the year 1 BC/BCE is 10,000 HE and the year 1 AD/CE is 10,001 HE. • The years before recorded human history are “Before Holocene Era” (BHE). BHE begins with the Big Bang, and all of the listed items are estimations based on research, evidence, and conclusions refined by modern scientists. • BHE and HE dates are in bold. • Books and texts are bold, italicized, and underlined. • SCIENTIST NAMES are in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. About the confusion of using the standard calendar now in use: John Cleese said of his early experience teaching history before his Monty Python days, “I still got confused how dates with 16 on the front could occur in the 17th 1 century. That’s about as basic as history gets.” 1 Autobiography of John Cleese, So, Anyway…, 12,015 HE Author / Compiler’s Preface I started a timeline on paper, in 12,014 HE, to align various scientists with the dates they lived, as we learned about various scientists introduced by CERN Scientist PROFESSOR BRIAN COX in the BBC program “The Science of Dr. Who”. It was my husband who researched, sifted through, and presented to me all the different calendars from which we decided that CESARE EMILIANI’S HOLOCENE ERA HE CALENDAR reforming idea was most fair and made the most sense for every human! Thank you, Paul! After a year of compiling information our son said: “You must footnote everything, because you are compiling the work of others.” At the time I was not happy about it. Now it was a fundamental factor in the success of this quest. Thank you, Benjamin! This is by no means a complete list. We consider it a Work in Progress done by amateurs, not professional researchers. It was so exciting for me to have these puzzle pieces of human accomplishments flow together! It makes sense to see Human progress using EMILIANI’s HE Calendar reform timeline! The goals of Illustrated Holocene Era Timeline: Human Achievements, Advancements, Innovations, and Understanding in Science using EMILIANI’s HE calendar are to: 1) Present historical information in a new light through the flowing lens of the Holocene Era, and 2) Perhaps grant a new perspective on the history of human accomplishments. Chapter One Appetizers Details are fun… so Chapter Two launches the body of the Illustrated Holocene Era Timeline. But here are some “Bites of Holocene Era Highlights” to whet your appetite! (Please note: date given for each entry/culture/person is that entry/culture/person’s either circa start date or birth; obviously, their important works were achieved in the years following.) • Circa 300,000 BHE: At a site near Marrakesh, modern miners uncovered fossils which suggest our species may have emerged more than 100,000 years earlier than previously thought.2 2 https://www.history.com/news/how-homo-sapiens-fossils-found-in-morocco-may-rewrite-the-human- story • Circa 39,999 BHE: Sydney, Australia - Aboriginal stone tools.3 • Circa 32,000 BHE: Germany, Paleolithic flute from animal bone.4 • Circa 30,000 BHE: Spain, Altamira Cave, El Castillo, oldest known cave paintings.5 • Circa 29,999 BHE – Current times HE: Africa, San People inhabit the Kalahari Desert.6 3 ISAAC ASIMOV: ASIMOV’S Chronology of the World 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_flutes 5 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/310 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_people • Circa 24,999 BHE: Discovered in the Lebombo Mountains located between South Africa and Swaziland, The Lebombo bone is the oldest mathematical fossil.7 • Circa 23,000 BHE: France, the Venus of Laussel is one of the oldest examples of carved figurative art of a human figure.8 • Circa 22,000 BHE: Republic of Georgia: Twisted rope fibers and flax fibers discovered, which were made by early humans.9 • Circa 21,000 BHE: Domestication of dogs.10 7 http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/Ancient-Africa/lebombo.html 8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Laussel 9 http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/09/oldest-known-fibers-discovered/ 10 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120123152528.htm • Circa 16,000 BHE: Fired Clay; Czech Republic; or between Southern Russia and Spain.11 The Venus of Dolni Vestonice figurine survives.12 • Circa 13,000 BHE: Africa: The Ishango Bone portrays what are believed to be a series of Prime numbers, and a lunar phase calendar.13 • Circa 5,300 BHE: Lascaux, France: cave painting of the Magdalenian Culture.14 11 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/790569.stm 12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice 13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishango_bone 14 http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/francelascaux.htm • Circa 1 HE – Circa 6,401 HE: THE STONE AGE • Circa 1 HE: The End of the Last Ice Age • Circa 1 HE: This is a rough approximation of the start of the current geologic epoch, the Holocene Epoch.15 • Circa 1 HE: The world-wide population of humans is approximately 5 million.16 • Circa 1 HE: Organized agriculture begins.17 15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_calendar 16 https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ 17 ISAAC ASIMOV: ASIMOV’S Chronology of the World • Circa 500 HE: Göbekli Tepe, an archaeological site in the Southeastern Turkey.18 • Circa 2,000 HE: Scotland, Lunar Calendar.19 • Circa 3,000 HE: China: fermentation.20 • Circa 3,000 HE: The Chinchorro culture in Chile and southern Peru.21 • Circa 4,000 HE: Sumeria, beginning of priest-kings and organized religion.22 18 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobekli_Tepe 19 http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-23286928 20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions 21 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchorro_culture 22 ISAAC ASIMOV: ASIMOV’S Chronology of the World • Circa 4,001 HE: China; a canoe-shaped pottery and six wooden oars dating from the 4,001 HE has been discovered in a Hemudu culture site at Yuyao, Zhejiang.