OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 39 NO. 1 WINTER 1989 Back Issues Publications and back issues of the Archaeologist: Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse $ 500 TERM Ohio Stone , by Robert N Converse $ 4.00 EXPIRES O.A.S. OFFICERS Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse $10.00 President Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Ct„ Lancaster, OH The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N Converse . $15 00 43130-Tele: 614/653-9477 Back issues —black and white —each $ 4.00 Vice President Gary Davis, Box 133, Bainbridge, OH 45612 Back issues —four full color plates-each $4 00 Tele: 614/634-2761 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior o 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to Exec. Sect. Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick- time Write to business office for prices and availability. Eastern Rd. N.W., Pickerington, OH 43147 Treasurer Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH 43130-Tele: 614/653-6642 ASO Chapters Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd., Canal Winchester, OH 43110-Tele: Bus. 614/898-4116 Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Chuck Henderson, 1244 North Union, Salem, OH Immediate Past Pres. Martha Potter Otto, Ohio Historical 44460 Society, Columbus, OH 43211 -Tele: 614/297-2641 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Chapter OH 43064-Tele: 614/873-5471 President: Franklin Smith, 5727 CR 21, Lewistown, OH 43333 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter President: Bill Mitchell, 153 Sterling Ave., Orrville, OH 44667 Fort Salem Chapter TRUSTEES President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, Mt. Orab, OH 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45154 45662 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 1992 Larry Morris, 901 Evening Star S.E., East Canton, OH President: Mark Hersman, 608 Logan Road, Mansfield, OH 44730 44907 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Seaman, OH 45679 King Beaver Chapter 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Rangeline Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: Charles Withers, 206 Cecil Ave., New Castle, PA 43050 16105 1990 John J. Winsch, M.D., 41 Dorsey Mill Rd., Heath, OH 43056 Lake County Chapter 1990 Dana L. Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd. 206, Mt. Victory, OH 43340 President: Bill King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH 44060 Tele: 513/354-3951 Lower Valley Basin Chapter 1990 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, President: Timothy Selb, 316 Gray Street. Ironton, OH 45638 Strongsville, OH 44136 Mound City Chapter 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr., 4696 Hillside Rd., Seven Hills, OH President: Carmel Bud" Tackett, 97 Musselmann Mill Rd., 44131 Chillicothe, OH 45601 Painted Post Chapter BUSINESS MANAGER President: Harry Blair, 613 Virginia Ave., Midland, PA 15059 S A (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthmgton. OH 43085-Tel 614 885-0665 Sandusky Bay Chapter President: Gene Edwards, 434 W. Market St., Sandusky, OH Regional Collaborators 44870 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave . Portsmouth, OH 45662 Seneca Hunters Mark W Long, Box 467. Wellston, Ohio President: Frank Findlay, 2465 CR 36, Kansas, OH 44814 Steven Kelley. Seaman Ohio William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave , Lakewood, Ohio Six Rivers Chapter James L Murphy, University Libraries. 1858 Neil Avenue Mall. President: Frank W. Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, OH Columbus. Ohio 43210 43081 Gordon Hart, 760 N Main St . Blutfton, 46714 Standing Stone Chapter David J Snyder. PO Box 388, Luckey, Ohio 43443 President: Steve Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH 43130 Dr Phillip R Shriver. Miami University, Oxford. Ohio 45056 Robert Harter. 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware. Ohio Sugar Creek Chapter Jeff Carskadden. 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North President: Garry L. Summers, 8170 Sharon Ave., NW, North Canton, OH 44720 Zanesville. Ohio 43701

All articles, reviews, and comments regar e Ohio Archaeolo- gist should be sent to the Editor Membe requests for back issues, changes of address, and other in should be sent to the Business Manager PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; hus­ band and wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quar­ terly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization.

• • TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Column The Archaeological Society of Ohio Excavation of Mound D at the Philo Mound Group by Jeff Carskadden 4 and West Virginia Archaeological So­ ciety will be holding our very first joint A Paulding County Modified Tubular Pipe by Edward P. Fisher Jr. 9 meeting on June 18th 1989 at the La­ fayette Hotel in Marietta, Ohio. Doors An Intrusive Mound Ceremonial Pick by Ned and Mark Shaw 10 will be open to set up at 7:30 A.M. The meeting will , for the first time, The Unique Shell Runtees and Shell Figure Pendants of the all fifteen of our state chapters display­ ing archaeological material from their Northwest by Gary L. Fogelman 11 respectful areas. Ron Moxley, President of West Virginia Archaeological Society, A Late Mississippian/Proto-Historic Stone Pipe by Phillip ft Shriver 14 will ask their eight chapters to partici­ pate. Two tables will be reserved per Stark County Finds by Dale Richards 16 chapter one table per family or individ­ ual will be on a first come basis. Be Col. John Johnston by David M. Askins 18 warned, if you bring fake artifacts to this meeting you will be kicked out. Every Fort Tyler—Wayne County, Ohio by Roger Rowe 19 table other than chapter tables will be checked and rechecked by the Fraud u- The Nussbaum Cache by Robert N. Converse 20 lant Committee. Displays will be in one large room. In a separate room, The Copeland Cache by Robert N. Converse 21 four programs will be presented at vari­ ous times during the day. Two programs Save The Mounds by Thomas C. Grubb 22 will be presented by West Virginia Soci­ ety and two by the Ohio Society. A Popeyed Birdstone by Lester Tolliver 23 Some of us will be at the Lafayette An Ashtabula Point and an Adena by Carl stori 23 Hotel Saturday the 17th. We will have an informal get together starting at 7 ACoshOCton Flint Blade by Steve Fuller 24 P.M. At 8 P.M. Robert Converse (Editor Ohio Archaeologist) will give a slide A Tabulation and Analysis of Stolen Antiquities From the presentation on The Glacial Kame In­ dians. You might want to bring some of Historic Ottawa Cabin at the Fry Site your Glacial Kame artifacts to share with by David M. Stotthers and Timothy J. Abel 26 us. This will be a good time to greet old friends and meet some new ones. The Hueston Pipe Tomahawk by Phillip R. Shriver 38 All Ohio and West Virginia Archaeol­ ogical Society members will receive The E.C.C. by Mark A. Hersman 42 special room rates at the Lafayette Hotel in Marietta, Ohio. A $72 double is An Unconventional Trophy-Shaped Three-Quarter Grooved $47. A $59 single is $37. Toll free num­ ber from Ohio 1-800-331-9337, from out From Little Indian Creek by Phillip ft Shriver 43 of state 1-800-331-9336. Rooms are limited so don't wait. If you call and they Statewide Historic Preservation Conference April 28-29 44 are booked, they will get you a room in a nearby motel. Marietta which was the A.S.O. Chapter Representatives: 1988-89 45 first settlement established in Ohio, was chosen to host our first annual joint Officers of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, January, 1989 45 Ohio and West Virginia archaeological meeting. This is a good time to bring ASO Award Winners, May 1986-November 1988 46 your spouse to an archaeological meet­ ing. Marietta is an Ohio heritage town Policy Statement Relative to Gifts, Memorials, and Requests 47 at its best and has two fine museums, a paddle river boat and much more. Business Manager Joe Redick to Retire 47 This should be a fun time but it will only be as good as you make it. Donald Casto President Front Cover This notched ovate is made of gray banded slate and was found in Jersey County, , between Otterville and Grafton. As with most highly developed notched ovates, the areas surrounding the notches is ridged or panelled. It was reportedly found with a cache which included BACK COVER another complete notched ovate, a broken ovate, two slate pick banner- This large % grooved axe was collected in Highland County Ohio by stones, and flint blades, type or types unknown. This is at least the the late Max Shipley of Columbus, Ohio. It is 8 inches long and is second reported occurrence of a cache from Illinois. made of speckled granite. Knoblock (1939-33-34) stated that a cache of twelve knobbed lunate , along with copper and skeletal remains, were found in a mound on the Standard Oil Company property at Woodriver, Madison County, Illinois. It is interesting to note that Woodriver is located only about twenty miles from the Grafton-Otterville area. Excavation of Mound D at the Philo Mound Group Muskingum County, Ohio By Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio Introduction—The Philo Mound Group component. In order to save a large tree Adena mound building in the Ohio Val­ Late Hopewell in the Muskingum Val­ (which was later bulldozed down any­ ley, which was thought to have begun ley of eastern Ohio is characterized by way by the drillers) only about 980 around 600 to 500 B.C (c.f. Griffin 1974; groups low mounds occurring on ridge- feet of the mound area was Hemmings 1978). In the Tuscarawas tops or high terraces overlooking open excavated, out of a possible 1300+ Valley of eastern Ohio, for example, this habitation sites (Morton and Carskadden square feet (Figure 2). The artifacts thick has been found associated 1987). One such group, located along recovered during the excavations and with Transitional Archaic-Early ­ the Muskingum River south of Zanes- the field notes have been in storage for land Ashtabula points, and equally early ville in southern Muskingum County, is the last fourteen years. radiocarbon dates (Brown 1986 and the Philo Mound Group (33-MU-77). pers. comm.). The Philo Mound Group is situated Pre-Hopewell Activity at the Mound Site Thus because of the number of occur­ on a flat hilltop immediately overlooking At least one and possibly two Early rences of this pottery with early radio­ the river. The mound group consists of Woodland features were encountered carbon dates on other sites, we believe a cluster of five low Hopewell mounds on the floor of Mound D. A number of that the large stone-filled basin yield­ (designated mounds A through E) to­ other sub-floor features had no diagnos­ ing the 1290 B.C. date and the concen­ wards the front of the hill facing the tic artifacts and could not be associated tration of pottery sherds are associated river, and a six mound (Mound F), the with any particular component with cer­ with each other, and predate both the largest and probably Adena, farther tainty. There is some difficulty, there­ Adena and Hopewell activity on the back from the river (Figure 1). From the fore, in interpreting what was going on hilltop. Some would argue, and probably summer of 1974 through the fall of 1976 at floor level during the initial Hopewell rightly so, that the use of the type name the five low mounds in the front were activity at the site. Fifty-three post Fayette Thick is inappropriate for this excavated, each yielding Hopewellian holes, five circular pits measuring two early pottery type, and that Fayette artifacts* Based on a radiocarbon date and a half to three feet in diameter and Thick should be restricted to Early from Mound B (Morton 1977), it is be­ one to two feet deep, three smaller pits, Adena ceramics. There is, in fact, some lieved that the Hopewell mounds in the and two large stone-filled basins, prob­ confusion regarding what pottery should Philo Mound Group were constructed ably features, were found on be included as Fayette Thick even on around A.D. 300. the floor of the mound (Figure 2). Early Adena sites (Clay 1985; Tune Evidence of a substantial Early Wood­ The largest of these stone-filled 1985). So for the moment at least the land occupation (Adena and pre-Adena) basins (feature 22), measuring seven use of the type name Fayette Thick on the front of the hilltop is indicated feet by six feet in diameter and three for the ceramics under Mound D is by a number of Early Woodland features inches deep, was centrally located un­ provisional. encountered under three of the Hope­ der the mound and was at first thought Feature 21 was another large stone- well mounds, Mound E, in fact, had to be the main Hopewell feature asso­ filled basin right beside feature 22, and been constructed over part of an earlier ciated with the mound building activity. may represent another Early Woodland Late Adena house pattern. The entire However, a radiocarbon date of 1040 cooking feature. A pit on the edge of front portion of the hilltop was bulldozed B.C. +/- 80 (TX-2347) was obtained the mound excavations (feature 29) in the summer of 1977 to provide ac­ from charcoal samples taken from this produced a large sandstone , cess roads and a level area for a gas pit. The MASCA tree ring conversion an artifact more common on Adena sites well, which was drilled on the site of for this date is 1290 B.C. in the area than on Hopewell sites. No one of the mounds. Two feet from the edge of this basin other definite Early Woodland or Adena Reports on mounds A and B have on the mound floor was a concentra­ artifacts occurred in any of the other been published in this magazine (For- tion of thick plain grit tempered pottery subfloor features under Mound D. aker 1975; Morton 1977), and photo­ sherds, including seventeen body Earliest Hopewell Activity at the Mound graphs of some of the Hopewell artifacts sherds and one rim, representing prob­ from mound C have also been illustrated ably a single vessel. The rim was straight Site (Converse 1981). Detailed reports on with a flat to slightly rounded lip. Pro­ The initial Hopewell activity at the site the excavations of mound C, the largest truding 1.5 cm from one of the body of Mound D appears to be represented of the Hopewell structures, await pub­ sherds was a circular truncated lug han­ by an incomplete ring of sandstone lication. A steatite gorget, recovered dle, 2.8 cm in diameter (Figure 3). The slabs, all lying flat on the mound floor. from one of a number of Late Adena fea­ body sherds ranged in thickness from These stones, as well as some post- tures under Mound E, has also been 1.3 to 1.0 cm (mean = 1.1 cm). Temper holes, dilineated an oval area roughly discussed (Carskadden 1982). A de­ particles (crushed granitic material) 25 feet by 35 feet in diameter (see Fig­ tailed report on the Hopewell artifacts were as large as 5 mm. ure 2). The southwestern portion of this found in Mound E, as well as the Adena The thickness of the body, the coars- area remained unexcavated because of occupation under the mound, is in press ness of the temper, the plain surface, the large tree. A gap in the stones on (Carskadden n.d.). The excavation of and the lug handle are traits which make the south side is marked by a distinct mound D will be the focus of this pres­ this vessel fall into the range of the Early arch of post holes. A rectangular 2-hole ent article. Adena pottery type "Fayette Thick slate gorget was found in one of these Mound D was the second largest Plain" (Dragoo 1963:185). It appears, post holes (Figure 5). Hopewell mound on the hilltop, measur­ however, that similar pottery has been We do not know what took place in ing 40 feet in diameter and 2 feet and 8 associated with a number of early radio­ this "sacred" area, but eventually a low inches high. Excavation of this mound carbon dates (1300-1000 B.C.) in the mound was constructed over it. This was carried out in the fall of 1975, re­ Ohio Valley, which are summarized in "primary mound" began just outside the vealing a two stage structure with an Seeman (1986). These dates are hun­ ring of stones and reached a height of underlying Early Woodland (pre-Adena) dreds of years prior to the advent of one foot six inches in the center. About

4 References five inches above the floor within this these dimensions are probably close to primary mound, and near the center of the original size of the mound when it Brown, Jeffrey D. was finally completed. 1986 Johnson Site II: A Transitional Ar­ the sacred area, we encountered a con­ chaic Component in Tuscarawas centration of burnt skull fragments (from Other than the burial offerings, the County, Ohio. Paper presented at a single individual). Also in the fill of only other artifacts associated with this the semi-annual meeting of the the primary mound, within the area second stage of construction was a Ohio Archaeological Council, delineated by the stone slabs, we found cache in the mound fill consisting of 13 Columbus. two matching pieces of a large (4% flint chips, a crude biface, and a Hope­ Carskadden, Jeff 1982 An Adena Steatite Gorget. Ohio inches) Hopewellian of wellian parallel-sided bladelet (Figure Archaeologist 32(1 ):4-5. Flint Ridge flint (Figure 4). These two 6), allot Flint Ridge flint. n.d. Excavation of Mound E at the Philo pieces were about three feet apart. A Mound Group, Muskingum County, cache of 26 flint chips was encountered Summary Ohio. Manuscript in press. on the floor of the mound, but outside The excavation of Mound D proved Clay, R. Berle interesting in several regards. The early 1985 Peter Village 164 Years Later: 1983 the area covered by the primary mound. Excavations. In Woodland Period This chippage was all of Flint Ridge radiocarbon date from the rock filled Research in , edited by material and appeared to be wastage cooking feature on the mound floor and David Pollack, Thomas Sanders, from the initial stages of the manufac­ the associated thick plain grit-tempered and Charles Hockensmith. The ture of some biface. pottery complements a number of simi­ Kentucky Heritage Council, Frank­ larly dated Early Woodland (pre-Adena) fort. The top of the primary mound was Converse, Robert N. covered by a thin layer of red earth and sites in the Ohio Valley, yielding this 1981 Caches of Hopewell Artifacts. Ohio occasional lenses of charcoal, indicating same pottery type. Archaeologist 31(1):16-17. that a had burned on top of the Burials in stone-lined pits were not Dragoo, Don W. structure. This burnt layer was then encountered in the other Hopewell 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis mounds on the hilltop. However, this of the . Annals of the caped with a layer of sandstone slabs, Carnegie Museum 37, Pittsburgh. most measuring roughly two feet in seems to be a common mode of inter­ Foraker, Linda diameter and two inches thick. Several ment farther down the river, where it 1975 Excavation of a Hopewell Mound artifacts had been placed within the appears to be a Late Hopewell trait. in the Muskingum Valley. Ohio Ar­ (See the accounts of Willard Davis' chaeologist 25(1):10-14. burnt layer under the stones, including Griffin, James B. a cache of two Lowe or Chesser points mound excavations along the lower 1974 Forward to the new edition. In The and one basal fragment of a possible Muskingum in Murphy 1986). Partial Adena People by William S. Webb Late Archaic point, all of black Upper rings of stone, however, delineating and Charles E. Snow. The Univer­ Mercer flint (Figure 6). At another lo­ some sort of a sacred area or special sity of Press, Knoxville. activity area also occurred in mounds Hemmings, E. Thomas cation in the burnt layer a rectangular 1978 Exploration of an Early Adena 2-hole cannel coal or black shale gorget A, B, and C on the hilltop. Mound at Island, West Vir­ was found (Figure 5). None of these Regarding the artifacts recovered in ginia. Report of Archaeological In­ items showed any evidence of being the mound, copper items are relatively vestigations No. 7. West Virginia common in Early Hopewell mounds in Geological and Economic Survey, burnt, and were apparently deposited Morgantown. on the primary mound long after the fire the Muskingum Valley (for example the Mortine, Wayne A. and Doug Randies had been extinguished. Martin Mound in Coshocton County; 1978 The Martin Mound: an Extension Mortine and Randies 1978). However, of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere Later Hopewell Activity at Mound D copper is extremely scarce on Late into the Walhonding Valley of East­ At some point in time after the con­ Hopewell sites in eastern Ohio, and the ern Ohio. Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology 10. struction of the primary mound, a shal­ rat tail dagger found in Mound D is the The Muskingum Valley Archaeol­ low hole five and a half feet long, by only copper item recovered from the ogical Survey, Zanesville. four and a half feet wide, and nine Philo Mound Group. Willard Davis found Morton, James and Jeff Carskadden inches deep, was dug into the top a few copper beads in his excavations 1987 Test Excavations at an Early Hope­ of the mound and lined with sandstone along the lower Muskingum. Mica, on wellian Site Near Dresden, Ohio. slabs. In this stone-lined hole we found the other hand, was still apparently a Ohio Archaeologist 37(1 ):8-12. the poorly preserved remains of a flexed readily available Interaction Sphere Morton, John 1977 Excavation of Mound B, a Hope­ burial, lying on its right side. Under­ item well into Late Hopewell in the wellian Site in the Muskingum Val­ neath the remains of the skull was a Muskingum Valley. Sheets of mica were ley. Ohio Archaeologist 27(1 ):22- copper "rat tail" dagger or hair orna­ found in mounds A and C on the hilltop, 24. ment and a large irregular sheet of mica, and mica has also been found in Hope­ Murphy, James measuring roughly 6 inches by 4% well pits at the open habitation site on 1986 Willard H. Davis: Nineteenth Cen­ tury Archaeologist of the Lower inches. Lying on a sandstone slab right the river bottoms below the mounds. Muskingum Valley. Muskingum beside the skull was a projectile point We are currently studying the artifacts Annals 2:59-76. The Muskingum (Archaic ?), a small sandstone tablet found during the excavation of the larg­ Valley Archaeological Survey, with yellow ochre stains on it, and a est of the Hopewell mounds on the Zanesville. worked piece of siltstone which may Seeman, Mark F. hilltop—Mound C—and a report will 1986 Adena Houses' and Their Implica­ have been a pendant or gorget fragment soon be submitted for publication. At tions for Early Woodland Settle­ (Figure 7). that time we hope to be able to tie to­ ment Models in the Ohio Valley. In After the individual was placed in this gether the Hopewell activity taking Early Woodland Archaeology, stone-lined pit, more sandstone slabs place at the various mound sites on the edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson. Center for were placed over the top of the body, hilltop, as well as on the open sites in American Archaeology Press, and a secondary mantel of earth was the valley below. Kampsville, Illinois. placed over the entire primary mound, Tune, Teresa W. widening the mound substantially and Acknowledgements 1985 Fayette Thick: A New Vessel Form raising the height of Mound D another Special thanks go to the property for an Old Ceramic Type. In Wood­ owner for allowing us to excavate the land Period Research in Kentucky, one foot two inches (for a total height edited by David Pollack, Thomas of 2 feet 8 inches). Since the hilltop was mound, and to Linda Foraker, John Sanders, and Charles Hockensmith. used as a pasture and orchard, and was Kackley, James Morton, and John Mor­ The Kentucky Heritage Council, never plowed prior to our excavations, ton for their help at the site. Frankfort. v V UV}JjillilillliiiLiiiiU|

,"/////iininiiun\wNN • 1 100 ft. Fig. 1 (Carskadden) Map of the Philo Mound Group, Muskingum Fig. 2 (Carskadden) Floor plan of Mound D. The inner dotted line County, showing the location of Mound D in relation to the other represents the extent of the primary mound. mounds (after Morton 1977).

I 2 Fig. 3 (Carskadden) Thick plain grit tempered pottery sherd with lug handle from the Early Woodland component under Mound D. Fig. 4 (Carskadden) Hopewellian projec­ tile point found in two pieces several feet apart in the fill of the primary mound.

Fig. 5 (Carskadden) Top, slate gorget from a post hole on the mound floor; bottom, cannel coal gorget found in the burnt layer on top of the primary mound. Fig. 6 (Carskadden) Top row, cache of projectile points from the burnt layer on top of the primary mound; and bottom, a Hopewellian parallel-sided bladelet from the fill of the secondary mound.

Fig. 7 (Carskadden) Arti­ facts placed under and near the skull of the burial in the stone-lined pit dug into the top of the primary mound, including the cop­ per "rat-tail" dagger.

0 12 3 4 A Paulding County Modified Tubular Pipe By Edward P. Fisher, Jr. 27236 Lake Rd., Bay Village, Ohio 44140

According to D. W. Dragoo, modified Mound in Fayette County, Kentucky. dentation circling %" below the bowl. tubular pipes make their appearance in In his book on the Meuser Collection, In profile, the tube of the pipe resem­ the archaeological record in the Adena Mr. Converse pictures three pipes of 1 bles late Archaic/Glacial Kame pipe period. W. C. Mills used this term for this type, one each from Wood, Hamil­ forms. The pipe is made from a soft the first time in his study of the Tremper ton and Ross Counties.3 Although reddish brown stone exhibiting some Mound to describe a pipe form with a limited in terms of the number found similarity to Ohio pipestone. short stem set at a 90° angle to a long to date, the modified tubular pipe ap­ 2 The writer would be interested in cylindrical bowl. Although many writers parently had a broad geographic dis­ learning of more examples from the ascribe the Tremper Mound to the late tribution in Middle Woodland times. collection of other Society Members. Hopewell period, the modified tubular The pipe pictured was stated to have pipe appears to generally be a Middle been found in the 1920's in Paulding Woodland form. This is substantiated by County, Ohio. After passing through 'Don W. Dragoo, Mounds for the Dead, 1963, the fact that two of these pipe types different family members, the pipe was Annals of Carnegie Museum Vol. 37. were found at the Wright Mound in Ken­ purchased by the writer from M. George 2W. C. Mills, Explorations of the Tremper tucky, one from the Natrium Mound in Minor in 1988. It is 4%" long. The bowl Mound, Ohio Historical Publications, Vol. 25. 3 West Virginia and two pipes of the type has a diameter of %". The stem projects Robert N. Converse, The Meuser Collec- were discovered in 1947 at the Fisher Ve" from the tube. There is a slight in­ tion, 1977.

Fig. 1 (Fisher) Two views of a modified tubular pipe from Paulding County, Ohio.

9 An Intrusive Mound Ceremonial Pick By Ned and Mark Shaw 64 McClain Ave., New Holland, Ohio 43145

This Intrusive Mound pick was origin- collections. Although picks of any sort ally collected by the late Dr. Gordon are scarce, the classic type made ot Meuser from Marietta, Washington hardstone with a square cross-section County Ohio. It is 8J4 inches long and design have been found in only a hand- is square in cross-section. Such artifacts ful of instances with Intrusive Mound are extremely rare there being only a burials, dozen or so in museums and private

10 The Unique Shell Runtees and Shell Figure Pendants of the Northeast By Gary L. Fogelman Rd. 1, Box 240, Turbotville, PA 17772 As often happens, the acquisition of succeeding Leibhart Site (c. 1665-1675), solid container. Inside this container a new artifact form has led to research and Conestoga Site (c. 1690-1763), all was: 16,927 shell and glass beads, 6 about it. In this case the artifact form is have produced runtees and shell figure tubular brass beads, 1 large columnella shell runtees and the shell figure pen­ pendants, and are all Susquehannock tube or hair pipe, and 24 carved dants which are associated with them. sites. The Susquehannocks were a shell objects or pendants. Being a surface collector, items of branch of the which migrated The cache was dated 1720-1750 shell and other perishable goods I've south from New York c.1550, and ob­ based on the type of glass beads which never found. However, with lots of read­ viously are closely related to the Seneca were present which fits into the previ­ ing and collector and museum visita­ of western New York, as both areas ous dates mentioned, although at the tions, even those forms which I've never produce identical artifact forms. Sites later end. The 24 carved shell objects found are recognized. Such was the in New York, such as the Dann Site, were in the form of runtees, turtles, case here. Prior to this past year (1988) Pompey and other related sites, have birds (swallow?), beaver, fish, ducks I had never seen any of these items up produced these in great quantity. and crescents. All of these forms were close, with the exception of casts of the During the middle to late 17th century known from previous finds in New York Sarf Cache material in the archives of the Dutch had become a dominant force and Pennsylvania, but seldom are the the State Museum in Harrisburg, PA. in the manufacture of wampum. The de­ shell pieces in such good condition as More on the Sarf Cache in a moment. signs on the runtees, being non-Indian these. Generally, time and soil condi­ Then, a collection which I acquired in in nature for the most part, indicate that tions have taken their toll and the shell late 1988 contained some of these rare they were probably made by the Euro­ has begun to disintegrate, the designs forms, although these were much pean wampum makers since many of often obliterated or very indistinct. eroded specimens. Shortly thereafter, the designs appear over and over again. Although the cache had been cleaned friend and fellow collector, Richard Further, the circles and floral patterns and washed before authorities ex­ Johnston, obtained some material from were made using scribing tools, and the amined it, it is surmised that it consisted New York state which contained more holes were drilled with steel bits. One of: unstrung wampum, several wampum of these unique items, most in a very reference states that some Indians ob­ belts, and several wampum necklaces good state of preservation. As always, tained the fine tools necessary for this with the shell pendants as center pieces. through research, information was kind of work, thus some of these have Obviously the owner wished to preserve garnered. to be considered as Indian made. The this material and no doubt intended to word runtee is derived from the French Runtees recover it. Remains of the leather pouch word arrondi, meaning round. which contained the cache were also Runtees are shell discs usually the Shell Figure Pendants and Spacers recovered. size of a quarter, some larger and some Even more intriguing than the runtees Shell discs, up to 3-4 inches in diam­ smaller, and approximately one quarter eter, are known not only for the north­ inch thick. The usually short two drilled are the shell figure pendants. These appear to be more "Indian" in nature, east, but for a wide area of the country, holes, although some will have one and shell being a readily available material some three. The holes are very small yet still exhibit decorations and fine work apparently done with scribing to many cultures, if not first-hand, and run parallel through the disc, often through trade. While early examples are oriented top to bottom. tools. Many forms are known, including: head, human figure, beaver, owl, plain, later specimens will often exhibit These shell discs are often decorated engraving and designs. Just how far with designs consisting of circles, fish, porpoise or killer whale, serpents, swallows or other birds, turtles and the back into antiquity the use of shell goes crosses, star shapes and floral patterns. is not known, but early man in Europe These patterns are scribed or etched duck form. Shell claws, talons, beaks and teeth are also known. Other related is known to have made use of shells for on the piece, and are usually accom­ beads. We do know that the use of the panied by small dot decorations. Black shell forms are crescents, triangles, and other odd forms, probably used as conch was widespread, and perhaps was often rubbed into these culminated with the engraved shell cups designs to accentuate them and they spacers, as well as long, thin "hair pipes" made from the conch columnella. As and conchs of the Southern Cult at such are usually well executed and uniform. places as the Etowah and . Runtees, and the shell pendants to previously stated, some of these may be discussed, were probably center also have been rendered in bone and Wampum other shell varieties. pieces on wampum necklaces and were Wampum is first noted in Pennsyl­ made from the conch shell, Busycom These figures are often decorated vania at the Keller Site, dated c.1600- Perversom, although apparently some with lines and dots, and blackened in 1625, but is scarce at this time. Suc­ were made of bone and other shells. for accentuation. Most of them probably ceeding sites show correspondingly The, two ends of a necklace were fed served as center pieces for wampum more wampum present and on some down through the two holes, and per­ necklaces, while the triangles, crescents sites (i.e. Leiphart, c. 1665-1680) wam­ haps additional shell beads, or glass and less ornamental bead forms were pum is more numerous than glass beads. trade beads, were added to finish it off. used as spacers as just noted. Wampum is found in both white and A third hole would allow still more drops The Sarf Cache purple with purple being the more or trailers to be used. In 1964, during bulldozing opera­ valuable. Runtees and shell pendants have tions in the Wyoming Valley of Luzerne Later, in the 18th century, the use of their greatest occurrence in Iroquois County, Pennsylvania, a unique and wampum as a monetary unit declined, contexts during the late 1600s and unusual discovery was made. Found but it was still used in belts in a mne­ early to mid 1700's. In Pennsylvania, were two brass kettles of slightly differ­ monic fashion (i.e. the wampum belts they begin to appear in numbers at the ent sizes which had been forced to­ were used to record happenings, events, Strickler Site in Lancaster County, gether at the open ends, then ham­ treaties, etc.), and great significance c.1645-1665. The Strickler Site, and the mered together, thus forming a nice, and ceremony was placed on them. In

11 the mid-1600s, European wampum makers began producing the more tu­ bular shaped wampum for commerce with the Indians. While wampum de­ clined, larger shell barrel beads and round shell beads experience their heaviest occurrence during the 18th century. Shown are examples of runtees and shell pendants, and illustrations of other known forms.

References Beauchamp, William M. 1901 Wampum and Shell Artifacts Used by the Indians. Bulletin of the New York State Museum. No. 41. Vol. 8. Cadzow. Donald C 1936 Susquehannock Indians of Pennsyl­ vania. Safe Harbor Report No. 2. Kent, Barry C 1970 American Antiquity, Vol. 35, No. 1. An Unusual Cache From The Wyo­ ming Valley. PA. 1981 Susquehanna's Indians. Orchard. William C 1975 Beads and of the Amer­ ican Indians, Reprint, Heye Foun­ Fig. 1 (Fogelman) Necklace with European wampum, 2 crescents, 2 runtees, 3 ducks and two dation. additional duck forms. Necklace shows one method of utilizing crescents, runtees and figure Parker, Arthur C pendants. Also 4 additional runtees showing range of size and decorations. Necklace, authors 1920 Archaeological History of New York l-ll. collection, others R.P Johnston coll. The five nicest runtees and three nicest ducks are from the Powell, J. W. Dann Site, New York State, others, Lancaster County, Penna. 1880- Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnol- 81 ogy.

Fig. 3 (Fogelman) Clock­ wise from left, and en­ circling 2 shell crescent forms: 3 claw or talon forms, decorated tooth form, 4 spacer forms, 2 turtles. Turtle at left made of purple shell. Dann Site, New York, R.P. Johnston collec­ tion.

Fig. 2 (Fogelman) Runtees on edge to show holes. Dann Site, New York. R.P. Johnston collection.

Fig. 4 (Fogelman) Four 'hair pipes' or tubes from the col­ umnella of conch shells. Four triangular and/or barrel shaped beads of good size. Dann Site, New York, R.P. Johnston collection.

12 Fig. 5 (Fogelman) Upper left—strand exhibiting European wampum, shell disc beads, shell tubular bead. Five marginella shell beads in center. Upper center—Indian shell wampum, conch columnella bead, shell pendant. One engraved bone button, probably European. Upper right—Necklace shown elsewhere. Lower left- Three teeth beads. Center specimen is an elk tooth 'effigy' rendered in bone and was centerpiece on elk tooth necklace. Lower right— Two bear canines, wolf canine, beaver or groundhog incisor. All the above from Lancaster County, Penna., except center shell duck and larger runtee. Author's collection.

Fig. 6 (Fogelman) Additional forms of shell items. Top-two spacers, pendant, lizard, owl, turtle w/designs, and a beaver. Bottom-fish, spirit face, swallow tail. All but the swallow tail are from Beauchamp, the swallow tail from the Sarf Cache.

13 A Late Mississippian/Proto-Historic Stone Pipe By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University James B. Griffin has observed that survives to this day out of that tradition Mississippian in cultural context. It may the most prevalent pipe in the Ohio and culture. As Roseboom and Weisen- be early historic . Regrettably, Valley during the late prehistoric Mis- burger have pointed out, by 1750 the though the collection of which it was a sissippian era (circa A.D. 1000-1650) were firmly established in part was assembled in Warren County followed a stemless form, was made of the Scioto Valley, with their sphere of in southern Ohio, data respecting the stone, and might be ovoid, conoidal, influence extending into the central part pipe, including its specific provenience, rectanguloid, vase, or keel-shaped. The of Ohio. "A fierce, aggressive, proud are unavailable. Notwithstanding, it is next most common form, he noted, was people, they offered the most desper­ an appealing testament to man's crea­ the short-stemmed elbow pipe, also of ate and prolonged resistance of all the tivity. Ohio tribes to the white man's advance. stone. Replaceable stems of wood or Acknowledgements reed in each instance made it possible Among their outstanding chiefs were for them to be smoked. (See Griffin, , who led the Indians in the Appreciation must be expressed to 1943: 201; Shriver, 1983: 18.) Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774; Blue the Audio Visual Service of Miami Uni­ versity for quality photographic repre­ More recently, C. Wesley Cowan, in Jacket, the war captain of the Indian forces at the in sentation of the pipe featured in this his First Farmers of the Middle Ohio article, as well as to Joseph E. Meyer Valley: Societies, A.D. 1794; and , the great leader of the tribes against the American from whose collection this artifact was 1000-1670 (1987: 29), has called our obtained. attention to the fact that "Tobacco was armies in the War of 1812." (1976: 14-15.) considered a sacred plant by many Na­ References tive Americans. Recreational smoking Attempting to identify an artifact by of tobacco was uncommon. The Shaw­ cultural affiliation and time frame using Baby, Raymond S„ Martha A. Potter, nee considered the smoke from that diagnostic form or style as well as mate­ and Asa Mays, Jr. plant one of the best ways to send a rial poses a challenge to all interested 1966 "Exploration of the O. C. Voss Mound, Big Derby Area, message directly to the world of powers. in pre-history as well as proto- (or early-) history. Fortunately, the available liter­ Franklin County, Ohio." Papers in So strong was their belief in the sanctity Archaeology, Ohio Historical Soci­ of the tobacco plant that stone and clay ature is extensive, and it is growing. ety, Number 3. Cited here because pipes were thought to be animate ob­ One of the more useful aids, as far as two right angle elbow pipes of lime­ jects. The care and attention Fort An­ this author is concerned, is D. R. Gehl- stone were found in this Late Wood­ cient artisans lavished upon their pipes bach's "Ohio Pipe Chronology Chart," land site, both significantly different tends to reinforce this information. . . . which was published in this journal in in form and proportion from most The pipes fall into two categories: those 1982. In it Gehlbach has noted the elbow pipes of subsequent Missis­ that are small and may have been pri­ convergence of Fort Ancient/Mississip- sippian tradition. Useful for com­ parative purposes. marily meant for personal use, and those pian pipe forms into those of proto- historic peoples of the Ohio area. Bender, Harold D. that are large and may have served a 1971 "The Goldcamp Site: A Multi-Com­ wider audience during village-wide With the recent dispersal of the ponent Site in Lawrence County, ceremonies...." Joseph E. Meyer Collection, a short- Ohio." Ohio Archaeologist, 21(3): Richard G. Morgan has written (1952: stemmed right-angled elbow pipe of 20. Features an elbow pipe of red­ 98) that the Fort Ancient people "lived greenish-brown, highly polished Ohio dish gray Ohio pipestone. in circular houses in permanent villages pipestone came to my attention. (See Converse, Robert N. [such as the Anderson Village site near Figure 1.) Its flaring bowl is nearly circ­ 1975 "The Collectors Corner." Ohio Ar­ Fort Ancient, the Madisonville site near ular, measuring VA inches in diameter chaeologist, 25(1): 27. Shows a and 111/i6 inches in height, with a bowl decorated steatite elbow pipe. Cincinnati, the Baum and Gartner sites 1977 "Some Interesting Pipes." Ohio Ar­ in Ross County, and the Feurt site in opening of % inch. The outer rim of the chaeologist, 27(1): 15. Pictures an Scioto Councy] that were surrounded bowl is decorated with 17 incised elbow pipe of black steatite. by stockades, . . . buried their dead in notches at nearly equal quarter-inch Cowan, C. Wesley cemeteries or mounds," and used the intervals. (See Figure 2.) The stem is 1 1987 First Farmers of the Middle Ohio in place of the and inch long and tapers from 1Vie inches Valley: Fort Ancient Societies, A.D. atlatl. Contrary to Cowan, he believed to % inch in width, but curibusly flares 1000-1650. The Cincinnati Museum 3 that Tobacco was in everyday use, and back from the bowl from % to 1 /ie of Natural History, 1987. was smoked in conoidal or elbow pipes inches in height. The drilled perforation Gehlbach, D. R. of stone . . . White trade goods at one for accommodation of a stem of wood 1978 "Two Remarkably Similar Effigy site [Madisonville] show that some of or reed is % inch in diameter. (Interest­ Pipes From Ohio." Ohio Archaeolo­ ingly, that perforation is dramatically off- gist, 28(1): 23. these people were probably still in ex­ 1978 "Prehistoric Pipes, A New Fascina­ istence as late as the last quarter of the center in its intersection with the bowl.) tion." Ohio Archaeologist, 28(1): 28. seventeenth century." The overall length of the pipe is 2% 1982 "Ohio Pipe Chronology Chart." Ohio The object of Iroquois raids, the Fort inches. The base of the pipe is flat. Archaeologist, 32(4): 8-9. Ancient people were driven from the Of particular interest is the inscription Griffin, James B. Ohio Valley in the 1650's, 1660s, and of what appears to be a vertical, inverted 1943 The Fort Ancient Aspect in Cultural 1670s, not to return until about 1720 arrow intersecting a pair of "X's" on the and Chronological Position in Mis­ right-hand side of the bowl. (See Fig­ sissippi Valley Archaeology. Univer­ when some of them reappeared in the sity of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. upper Ohio Valley with the historic ure 1.) On the opposite side of the bowl Kelley, Stephen Indian name of Shawnee. appears what may be a stylized version 1987 "Relics From Adams County, Ohio." "Late Mississippian'' and "Fort An­ of a flying bird, with a small indentation Ohio Archaeologist, 37(2): 26-27. cient" are thus names denoting prehis­ or dot on either side of its wings. (See Kuhn, David W. toric tradition and culture, while "Shaw­ Figure 3.) 1971 "Artifacts From the Portsmouth, nee" is the historic tribal name that I believe this pipe to be Fort Ancient/ Ohio, Area." Ohio Archaeologist,

14 21 (3): 25. Shows a sandstone elbow Ochsner, Eugene E. Shriver, Phillip R. pipe found on the Feurt site. 1978 "Artifacts from the Ochsner Collec­ 1983 "Fort Ancient/Mississippian Pipes." Miller, James W. tion." Ohio Archaeologist, 28(3): 35, Ohio Archaeologist, 33(2): 18-19. 1961 "Five Ft. Ancient Pipes." Ohio Ar­ 40. Item #6 is an elbow pipe of fine­ 1983 "Proto-Historic or Mississippian?" chaeologist, 11(2): 57. One of the grained sandstone, a surface find Ohio Archaeologist, 33(2): 45. Fea­ elbow pipes was from the Feurt site from Blennerhassett Island. Pos­ tures a black steatite elbow pipe and was made from Ohio pipestone. sibly historic Delaware in culture, with a human face inscribed at the Morgan, Richard G. it shows a turtle inscribed on one outer end of the bowl. 1952 "Outline of Cultures in the Ohio side of the bowl with crossed lines West, George A. Region." Archaeology of Eastern at its outer end. 1934 Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Cus­ United States edited by James B. Roseboom, Eugene H. and Francis R toms of the American Indian. Public Griffin. University of Chicago Press. Weisenburger Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 1976 A . The Ohio His­ See particularly pipe #2, Plate 201. torical Society, Columbus.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Short-stemmed, right-angled elbow pipe of greenish-brown, highly polished Ohio pipestone. On the right-hand side of the bowl there has been engraved what appears to be an inverted arrow and a pair of "X's" which it intersects. Formerly part of the Joseph E. Meyer Collection, Warren County.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) View from above of the same pipe, showing 17 incised notches or tally marks cut into the outer rim of the bowl.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) View of the left-hand side of the same pipe, showing what may be a stylized version of a flying bird inscribed on the side of the bowl.

15 the notching where the work on the Stark County Finds piece stops. Because the tip of both is By so far off center, I assume that they were Dale Richards made by the same hand. The unfinished 628 Bellflower Ave. S.W., Canton, Ohio 44710 piece is a low grade chert and I have always wondered if it may have been There are fifteen pieces being pre­ ever, not like a recent break. They are found unsuitable and therefore dis­ sented. Of these fifteen, thirteen pieces rounded on the front with a cross cut carded. are from Marlboro Township and the and flat on the back with a wide Another find in 1987 is shown in Fig­ remaining two pieces are from Mas- notch. These were also taken to the ure 6. This find also shown to the Sugar sillon City. Both Marlboro Township and Sugar Creek meeting but were unidenti­ Creek Chapter, was considered Paleo. I Massillon are located in Stark County, fiable. It was suggested that I simply identified it to be a Paleo blade Ohio. call them problematicals. (Converse, 14). Although small, it is The first time I took my fiancee, Pictured next (Fig. 4) are one triangu­ made from a high quality, translucent, Jeanne, out to hunt artifacts in April of lar point and four pentagonal points. honey colored flint. It is beautifully 1980, I found a trapezoidal pendant The triangular point was found by my worked with a percussion bulb on the (Fig. 1). Being the only pendant I have father, C. Ralph Richards. I was told by top end of the reverse side. The obverse ever found, I was very excited. It is well- Sugar Creek members, however, that it is fluted the entire length and shows made of grey hardstone, drilled from was too large and too heavy to be con­ secondary chipping of the entire edge. both sides, and has minor damage to sidered a triangular. The next artifact is another unknown the bottom. Similar pendants are de­ The four pentagonal points are all of (Fig. 7). It is made of granite and ap­ scribed as being rare in hardstone (Con­ high quality flint and all very thin. They pears to have been used as an abrading verse, 82). were found in the same site. The two stone. It shows some polished surfaces On the morning of June 17, 1987 pictured on the right are flakes that are as well as the deep angled groove. these four artifacts were found (Fig. 2). only worked on the edges. The two on A granite hammer stone found in 1987 They were part of a dozen pieces that the left are finely worked on the sur­ is pictured in Figure 8. Both sides shows were all found close together within faces as well as the edges. These four use as platforms for working and the about 15 minutes of each other. points do not share any common char­ edge is worn flat around the circum­ The drill is the finest I have found. It acteristics except for being five sided, ference. was taken to the Sugar Creek meeting thin, and the same general size. They where it was speculated to be Paleo. do not appear in any book I have read. References The tip appears darkened from possi­ Could these be reworked pieces? Converse, Robert N. ble . I found the artifact on the right sev­ 1973 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological The broken crescent is a heartbreak­ eral years after the finished point. Both Society of Ohio, Columbus. ing find. The piece is rounded into the are from the same site in Massillon, Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, A Special Pub­ shape of a perfect horn. Ohio. This piece (Fig. 5) is an early archaic side notched point. It is well lication of the Archaeological So­ The remaining two pieces (Fig. 3) are ciety of Ohio. Ohio Stone Tools was interesting. The larger piece is of a red made of a high grade dark gray flint and originally published as volume 16, and gray banded slate and like the other shows heavy basal grinding. I have al­ number 4, in 1966 of the Ohio appears to be broken on one end. The ways imagined that this piece as an Archaeologist. smaller one is of a light brown, fine unfinished early archaic point. Placing Converse, Robert N. grained, softer stone, but is harder than the finished piece on top of the unfin­ 1978 Ohio Slate Types, A Special Pub­ slate. On both pieces the end appears ished piece, you find that the unfinished lication of the Archaeological So­ to be broken looking quite worn, how­ piece is identical down to the start of ciety of Ohio.

S-flO

s=-«D

=-m

' it* v. 2 c CO

|||||||||||||||||||||||||||H^ =TN ?,,, ?CMS4 J. 5 L^J 1 ft 11 , 12ci1 Fig. 1 (Richards) Hardstone rapezoidal pendant 4liKirucc ST i O T A I I i fM from Stark County. Fig. 2 (Richards) Drill and broken crescent from Stark County.

16 Fig. 4 (Richards) Five Stark County points identified by Robert N. Converse as an Intrusive Mound.

Iiiii|iiii|iiiifiiii|iiii)iiii|itii|iiiiliiii|iiii|iiii|iiniiiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|ini|i 2 3ruc4 5 8 7 8 0 10 Fig. 3 (Richards) Obverse and reverse views of broken tubular banners or geniculates with salvage from Stark County.

ii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|iiii|ini|i\ii|impiim|n 2 , 3r.»s4 5 § L

Fig. 5 (Richards) Early Archaic points from Stark County. Fig. 6 (Richards) Obverse and reverse of Paleo uniface blade from Stark County.

iiiiliiilliiiilhiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiinnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiuii--:-.!' h1ll|l|M ?CMSJ X 8 ? 10 11 I •* I turuin S"1 " i O ! A \ H 1 r- -yr -i[ S-*^-«T^ Fig. 7 (Richards) Granite abrading stone from Stark County. Fig. 8 (Richards) Granite hammer stone from Stark County.

17 Col. John Johnston By David M. Askins 1510 South St., Piqua, Ohio 45356

Col. John Johnston's story is one of siderable danger for Johnston and his in 1907 while workmen were opening a the most interesting narratives in early family, although General William Henry gravel pit at the south end of the farm Ohio history. Col. Johnston's home has Harrison did have his army and head­ and behind the Johnston cemetery, been restored and remains much as it quarters there for about a month in many Indian graves were discovered. did when it was an Indian Agency house. 1812. By 1912 twenty eight Indian skeletons Col. Johnston knew George Washing­ The barn on the farm has much histor­ had been found along with several re­ ton and Daniel Boone and was a close ical interest. It was built in 1808. During fuse pits. The largest skeleton, that of a friend of William Henry Harrison. Johns­ the war of 1812 it was used, at least Shawnee Indian, measured six feet six ton was appointed Indian Agent in 1802. part of the time, to store large quantities inches. Most of the other Indian skele­ During the war of 1812-15, fear that the of public goods and supplies. tons measured from five feet seven Indians might join the British and go on About three hundred feet southwest inches to five feet ten inches. All of the the war path gripped the people of Ohio. of the barn is a small prehistoric mound burials were found in a sitting position Many councils were held at the Johns­ or circular enclosure about one hundred not more than 40 inches deep. Only a ton Farm Indian Agency at upper Piqua. feet across. The height of the walls in few graves contained stone imple­ General William Henry Harrison, Gov. some places is six feet above the bot­ ments. Some of the graves did contain R. J. Meigs, Jeremiah Morrow, and Col. tom of the ditch on the inside. In the perforated shells, broken pottery, Johnston represented the government, fields to the northeast along the Great bones and bone implements. According Chief Blackhoof represented the Miami River the Indian villages date to newspaper accounts many "Schanoe" Shawnees, and Chief repre­ from three different time periods. Also chiefs were buried there including Old sented the Miamis. By order of Pres­ on what is now the Johnston Farm Gen­ Blue Jacket and Corn Stalk. ident Madison all of the Ohio tribes and eral Anthony Wayne built Fort Piqua in Col. Johnston also played a very im­ some of the northern Indiana tribes 1794. portant part in bringing about the sign­ were assembled on the Johnston farm The Johnston Farm has long been ing of the last treaty in Ohio, the Treaty at upper Piqua. They were placed under considered one of the most historical of Succession, which brought about the the control of Col. Johnston and it has locations in Ohio. Many Indians were removal of the last Indians still remain­ been estimated there were six to ten buried on the farm when Col. Johnston ing in Ohio and was signed in 1842. thousand Indians on the reservation be­ served as Indian Agent. As long as Col. Johnston was also instrumental in the tween 1812-15. Col. Johnston's assign­ Johnston was alive he would not allow building of the Miami Erie Canal which ment was to provide food for the Indians the burials to be disturbed. The burials ran through the back of the Johnston which in itself must have been a colos­ are probably numerous since Col. farm. Col. Johnston was also the grand­ sal assignment. Johnston also was to Johnston was Indian Agent for some father of John H. Patterson, founder of act as mediator and doctor, and to try time. He also mentioned the Indian the National Cash Register Company. and keep the Indians amused with burial grounds quite often in his mem­ Col. Johnston died suddenly in Wash­ sports, dances and contests. During this oirs. After Col. Johnston died in 1861 ington D.C. in 1861 at the age of eighty time there was much unrest and con- the location of the graves was lost, but six, thus ending a long and useful career. Today the Johnston Farm has been reconstructed by the State as the Piqua Historical Site. The photos of the Johns­ ton Farm were taken long before its reconstruction when it was still in use as a private residence.

Fig. 1 (Askins) Air view of Johnston Farm

Fig. 4 (Askins) Johnston Lot in Johnston Fig. 2 (Askins) Rear view of Johnston House Fig. 3 (Askins) Front view of Johnston House Cemetery

18 Fort Tyler—Wayne County, Ohio By Roger Rowe 755 Western Dr., Wooster, Ohio 44691

Many people traveling on State Route judgment of the excavator was, that years later states: "These remains are 95 in Wayne County pass right by the from the time of interment the body had upon a high, gradual elevation over­ site of an ancient earthwork without been undisturbed. Its position was face looking a vast range of prairie, northeast knowing it. Fort Tyler, or as it was some­ upward, indicating a civilized burial, and southeast, as well as the valleys times called Tyler's Fort, has been men­ head lying to the south, and represented westward. The circle is a little less than tioned numerous times in the literature, a human being six feet in length. Drs. one-third of a mile in circumference. At Hill (1877:261), Case (1881:595), Kindig and Armstrong, of Hayesville, present the embankments are from 1 to Thomas (1888:278) and Duff (1931:43) examined it, and pronounced it the 2 feet in height. The area and embank­ for example. The report by Case (1881) skeleton of a male, the "structural inten­ ment are covered by forest growth, is reproduced by Moorehead (1897: tion" and contour being rather massive which is not older than 60 or 70 years, 182). and heavy. The thigh bones femur heads the Indians having burned this region Yet, perhaps Douglass (1878:152-154) and sockets were large. The skull was annually until 1812, for the purpose of best describes the site: This is in pieces, with the exception of the hunting. Years ago the mound was 1,200 feet in circumference in the upper part and frontal section, and di­ opened by unknown persons. In 1876 trench, 300 feet across east and west, rectly underneath where it lay, was a the author visited it, and found that an and 500 feet north and south. The deposit resembling fine sifted dirt. The animal had burrowed into it and brought trench, at this time, is two feet deep, forehead was low, but the general cran­ out a fragment of skull, which is now in and sufficiently wide to drive two horses ial development was full. Ten sections his possession. Sometime after, Mr. abreast in it. What its depth and width of the vertebrae were found in a fair Thomas Bushnell, of Hayesville, made was at the period of its construction is state of preservation. The nasal bone excavations in the mound and found left to hypothesis. The embankment was readily identified, though the teeth only bones, among which was a well retains very marked proportions. Within and jaw-bones were missing. The shoul­ preserved skull. The mound is 25 or 30 this enclosure is a mound, with a base der blades and ribs were present. The feet in diameter and 4 feet in height." circumference of over one hundred arm, hand and finger bones were in an The final destruction of Fort Tyler feet, and a summit, or top diameter, of exceptionally well conditioned state, came in the 1930's, a result of gravel twenty feet, and is situated west and and seemed to be near the center of operations, although local residents re­ north of the center of the circle. The the chest region of the skeleton—a port the site had been badly potted timber growth covering this elevation proof that the arms were folded in death. before its final destruction. is of the character of that which we find The bones lower than the ankle joints growing in what we recognized as the were entirely gone. "Plains" of the country, the largest being Mr. Bushnell says, that, notwithstand­ a wild cherry, fourteen inches in diam­ ing he exercised the most watchful scru­ References eter, though the different , of ap­ tiny, he was wholly unable to detect the proximate size, fourish abundantly." Case, H. B. slightest vestiges of a coffin, either in 1881 [Case Report] in Miscellaneous In describing a skeleton which was the discoloration of the earth or other Papers Relating To Anthropology. exhumed Douglass goes on to state: manifestations. In the clay he observed Smithsonian Report. Smithsonian "Thomas Bushnell, Esq., of Hayesville, two flint scales, and near the body, Institution. Ashland county, Ohio, an archaeologist about a half-bushel of ashes in a sunken Douglass, Ben of local repute, having for half a century hole and some charcoal. A boulder, 1878 History of Wayne County, Ohio. R. had knowledge of this tumulus, and weighing two hundred pounds or more, Douglass, Publisher Indianapolis, believing that the interests of archaeol­ was encountered, lying in the abdominal Ind. ogical science might be promoted by Duff, William A. or pelvic region of the skeleton." 1931 History Of North Central Ohio. Vol. exploring it, resolved to penetrate it, Hill (1877:261) describes the site as 1. Historical Publishing Company. and see if within its depths there was not such: "The work is situated on an ele­ Topeka-lndianapolis. an answer to its own dark mystery. On vated spur of the ridge, on the lands of Hill, George W. the 17th of June, 1877, calling to his Benjamin Tyler; is circular in form, and 1877 Ancient Earthworks Of Ashland aid George C. Blanford and John An­ contains about three acres. When Mr. County, Ohio. In Ancient Earth­ drews, he introduced the work of ex­ Tyler took possession in 1814, he found works In Ohio. Smithsonian Report. cavation. They commenced digging the work destitute of grown timber. The Smithsonian Institution. Moorehead, Warren K. about the center of the mound, and, ridge, in and about the intrenchment, after descending to the depth of about 1897 Report of Field Work. Ohio Archae­ had the appearance of having been ological And Historical Publica­ six feet, discovered a human skeleton, often burned over. He found the em­ tions. Vol.V. Columbus, Ohio. some of the bones of which were en­ bankment about 4 feet high and about Thomas, Mrs. Cyrus tirely gone, others much wasted, and 10 feet in diameter at the base, and 1888 Bibliography Of The Earthworks Of others, again in a fair state of pres­ completely covered with -bush, Ohio. Ohio Archaeological And His­ ervation. about as high as his head." torical Publications. Vol. 1, Colum­ So far as inference is valuable, the Case's description (1881:595), four bus, Ohio.

19 The Nussbaum Cache By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Some time ago I obtained a large late archaic stemmed spear made of Indiana hornstone on which was a notation that it had come from the Nussbaum cache. I thought I had remembered seeing pictures of this cache in an old publica­ tion and after spending a few hours searching, I found it illustrated in an old Illinois Archaeologist given to me by Dr. Meuser many years ago. It is shown in the April 1949 issue of the Journal of the Illinois Archaeological Society on page 13. Ben Nussbaum was a well- known collector from Fairbury, Illinois, and was one-time Secretary of the Illinois Society. This group of blades, which originally numbered at least thirty three, is one of the largest, if not the largest, deposits of late Archaic stemmed ever discovered. The only information on provenience is "southern Indiana." All of them are made from Indiana horn- stone, a nodular flint from Harrison County, Indiana. In fact, this flint is widely distributed over the midwest and a great deal of it has been found in Ohio, most notably the caches of tur- keytail blades from Ross and Brown counties. It is apparent that the craftsman who fashioned these blades made an effort to produce some remarkably contrast­ ing specimens since nearly all of them show streaks of the outer rind of the nodule. Several specimens, in fact, are almost totally made of this tan-gray part of the nodule and are the largest such examples I have seen. Thirteen of the Nussbaum blades are shown—where the other twenty or more pieces are unknown.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Thirteen of the original thirty three or more late Archaic spears from the Nussbaum cache. All are around six inches long or more.

Fig. 2 (Converse) The Nussbaum cache as shown in the Journal of the Illinois Archaeologi­ cal Society April, 1948.

20 The Copeland Cache By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

Fig. 1 (Converse) Eight of a cache of nine piano blades found near Alexandria, Licking County, Ohio. The longest blade is slightly over 5 inches long.

This cache of paleo blades was origin­ County, the cache initially contained Unfortunately, nothing of the circum­ ally collected by the late Dr. Stanley nine blades. They are made of two kinds stances under which the cache was Copeland of Worthington, Ohio. After of flint—Nellie chert, a favorite piano discovered are known. The only pro­ being in a private out-of-state collection stone—and Flint Ridge chalcedony. In venience is Copeland's notation "Lick­ since 1964, the owner of this unique size and chipping technique they are ing County, Ohio—near Alexandria". group of piano-type blades consented nearly identical. All are exceedingly thin Publication of this cache brings to light to their publication. and the six Flint Ridge examples (five an additional example of caches made Found near Alexandria in Licking are shown), are translucent. by piano flint craftsmen.

21 Save The Mounds! By Thomas C. Grubb 1017 Newark Rd., Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 feated these emotional objections. I In a recent broadcast from WOSU's World by the sailors on Columbus' ships, have had the good fortune to work with "News 820 Open Line" several leaders while others contended that the native Mrs. Otto in the excavation of two pre­ of the Columbus Native American Citi­ Indians had transmitted the disease to historic sites (one was a mound that had zens challenged the Ohio Historical So­ Columbus' men. Only by studying the already been "potholed ") where one of ciety Curator of Archaeology, Martha P. bones of many prehistoric Indians the excavators was a full-blooded Otto, to defend the destruction of pre­ buried in Florida was the answer, albeit Shawnee Indian who showed no com­ historic Indian burial sites, especially equivocal, resolved. Several years ago punction or distress while digging up the excavation of burial mounds by the writer published an article in The the bones of his ancestors! And what "hobbyists" to find artifacts. They em­ Ohio Archaeologist (1) entitled The about the 23 mounds that were razed ployed the usual outcry of "How would Curse of Corn" in which he described by the U.S. Army in 1917 to make room you like to have your ancestors' graves how professional archaeologists had for Camp Sherman during World War I. dug up for the hobby of collecting arti­ studied the bones of Indians living be­ Was this justifiable even though the facts? They further stated that no pur­ fore and after corn was introduced from mounds were later rebuilt to make pose was served in digging up the bones Mexico. They concluded that eating Mound City? The Native American Citi­ of more than one individual at a site corn without beans (or other protein zens should know that not all of us are since all of the desired information supplements) caused widespread mal­ "hobbyists" who indiscriminately dese­ could be gained by studying one skele­ nutrition, especially in babies and chil­ crate the graves of their ancestors. Here ton and that the usual practice of pro­ dren. Thus only by collecting bones are two examples: A group of amateur fessional archaeologists was to store the from many subjects (stored in museum archaeologists excavated 12 graves out excavated bones in a box in some mu­ boxes!) and studying them with X-rays of over 160 in a prehistoric Indian cem­ seum for an indefinite time. Mrs. Otto's could a statistically significant conclu­ etery and turned all the bones over to reply to these challenges was that the sion be reached. Those who insist that the Ohio Historical Society while the wanton destruction of mounds by ama­ the study of the bones of one Indian remainder were left to the mercy of the teur relic hunters was indefensible but will provide all of the information nec­ land owners backhoe digging a gravel unfortunately there are no state or fed­ essary are probably ignorant of the sta­ pit! Noteworthy also is the collection of eral laws in Ohio prohibiting the de­ tistical treatment of the data necessary money by the Coshocton High School struction of mounds by or with the to reach a valid conclusion. One of the class of 1982 to buy and erect a large permission of the owner of the prop­ differences between the Adena and granite marker placed at the base of a erty unless the mound has been listed Hopewell Indians is that one group had large mound and engraved with the in the National Register of Historic long and narrow skulls while the other words that this was a burial mound and Places. had more oval skulls. By using an appro­ priate statistical formula (chi square) should not be disturbed. (Grubb-2). The Native American Citizens com­ was it possible to prove that the average In conclusion I feel strongly that the plaints represent the well known phe­ difference in the dimensions of many Indian mounds in Ohio should never be nomenon of mob psychology where skulls of the two groups was real and destroyed because as one drives emotion usually overpowers reason. not spurious. through the countryside seeing these Personally I can emphathize and under­ mounds produces a powerful emotional stand the Indian's feelings about the Several years ago the writer wit­ feeling of knowing that there was once desecration of their ancestors' graves, nessed the excavation of an Anglo- indeed a race of people who lived and especially in mounds, but I do object to Saxon cemetery in England by Oxford died here many thousands of years ago. their contention that excavating more University archaeologists. No outcry than one grave at a site is unneces­ from the surrounding residents took sary. I will cite a few examples for my place even though many of them must objection. have been distant relatives of those References There have been many studies by interred there. On the other hand, the Grubb, Thomas C. professional archaeologists from muse­ excavation of ancient ruins around the 1987 "The Curse of Corn." Ohio Archae­ ums and universities designed to deter­ city of Jerusalem by professional ar­ ologist. 36 (4): 8. mine the cause of death or disease chaeologists raised a national outcry Grubb, Thomas C. among the prehistoric Indians in this from several Hebrew groups because 1980 The Porteus Mound: Burial or Cer­ their ancestor's graves were being des­ emonial." Ohio Archaeologist. 30 country. For many years it was believed (1):12-13. that syphilis was brought to the New ecrated, but the archaeologists de­

22 A Popeyed Birdstone By Lester Tol liver 825 Tolliver Rd., Logan, Ohio 43138 This popeyed birdstone, made of yellow and black granite, was found in DeKalb County, Indiana, in the late 1800's. It was originally collected by Dr. Dwyer of New Plymouth, Vinton County, Ohio, and later it passed to Polly Weaver, a neighbor. I obtained it from Mrs. Weaver in 1938.

Fig. 1 (Tolliver) Popeyed birdstone from DeKalb County, Indiana.

An Ashtabula Point and an Adena Blade By Carl Storti 1519HerrickSt., Newcastle, Pa. 16101 Both of these nice flint pieces were The Adena blade was found by Harry found in Ohio. The Ashtabula point was Cline on the Norris Farm in 1968, and is found by Bruce in the school yard made of blue and yellow Flint Ridge at Warsaw, Ohio, in 1987. It is made from flint. mottled black and red Coshocton flint.

Fig. 1 (Storti) Ashtabula point from Warsaw, Ohio. Fig. 2 (Storti) Adena blade.

23 By Steve Fuller Webrle catalogue was destroyed, prob­ P.O. Box 891, Wooster, Ohio 44691 ably around 1960, thus there is little chance to determine exactly where the This 10% inch flint blade is possibly blade came from. Wehrle, who had one the largest known example of chipped of the largest collections of Ohio ma­ Coshocton flint in existence. It was terial ever amassed, employed a full- originally collected by A. E. Wehrle of time crew who excavated in and around Newark, Ohio, but there was no pro­ Licking County. It may be that this blade venience given for the piece. The is derived from one of their excavations.

24 A Tabulation and Analysis of Stolen Antiquities from the Historic Ottawa Cabin at the Fry Site By David M. Stothers, Director of The Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research Program, and Timothy J. Abel, Research Assistant in Archaeology, The University of Toledo.

Scientific material of great historical plan). The historic china (see accom­ bowls); 2 iron blades (1 clasp and value has recently been stolen from the panying inventory) was analyzed with one rat tail); 1 iron bayonet segment; 1 Archaeological Research and Teaching the help of Dr. Arnold Pilling of Wayne piece of brass wire; 1 brass spoon han­ Laboratory at The University of Toledo. State University and suggests that the dle and 1 iron spoon handle; 1 iron 2 The stolen material consists of priceless cabin dates to the period 1826-1832, a tined fork with hatched bone handle; 1 and irreplaceable antiquities from three few years prior to the 1837 removal of fork/knife bone handle with cross- archaeological sites which The Univer­ the Maumee Valley Ottawa, under the hatching; 2 antler handles (one with sity of Toledo's Archaeological Re­ mandate of The Indian Removal Act. metal awl stub in place); 1 brass orna­ search Program has been actively The faunal material recovered from ment; 1 knife fashioned from researching. Only the specimens from within the sunken cabin floor was ana­ pewter spoon handle; 1 perforated shell the historic Fry Site will be dealt with in lyzed by Heather Nicole in 1978. In­ bead (Goniobasis livescens); 1 brass this article. Two prehistoric items, each cluded were eleven fish species of clip; 1 stone drill tip; 1 brass pin with from a different site will be dealt with in which yellow walleye, freshwater drum wire wound head; 1 lead musket shot; a future article (Stothers, Abel and Ed­ and largemouth bass were most com­ several dozen hand wrought iron nails wards, n.d.). mon. Of the eleven mammal species and tacks. All of the stolen specimens described present, muskrat, racoon, gray squirrel The burial of the eleven year old boy in this report are from the historic Fry and white-tail deer were the most preva­ which was earlier mentioned included: Site (33-LU-165), an Ottawa Indian lent wild species. Domestic species 2 silver armbands on the forearms; a cabin site, located on a floodplain in the included the domestic cow, sheep and silver crescent gorget on the chest; 5 lower Maumee River Valley of north­ pig. The domestic pig was most preva­ silver brooches near the skull (which western Ohio. The cabin site was lo­ lent of these three species. Bird bones had apparently been hair decorations); cated along the north shore of the indicated that eleven species were 165 short tubular indigo glass beads Maumee River within the Twelve Miles present, Black Duck, Wood Duck and (3.0 m.m. long; 1.75 m.m. diameter) on Square Reserve, one of several Indian Ruffed Grouse being the most common the chest (which had apparently been land grant reserves established in the wild species. The now extinct passenger embroidered on a shirt or jacket); and Maumee Valley through various treaty pigeon was represented in the faunal an iron knife by his left side. negotiations with the U.S. government assemblage from the cabin floor. Faunal Both silver armbands had been cut after the in 1795. elements representing the domestic down in size, apparently to accommo­ With the discovery of an extended chicken indicate that it was the most date the diminutive size of the boy's burial of an eleven year old boy in 1977, widely utilized species. The faunal as­ arms. Both armbands have 2 perfora­ further investigation disclosed an asso­ semblage clearly indicates the utiliza­ tions on each end, one near the top and ciated rectangular cabin floor measur­ tion of natural wild resources, as well one near the bottom. One armband ing eight feet in length and six and as domestic Euro-American derived bears an engraved geometric design one-half feet in width (see accompany­ resources. (see accompanying photo), while the ing floor plan). This cabin has a sunken The artifacts from the cabin feature other bears the engraved British coat- sub-surface floor which was flat and set (most of which are depicted in the plates of-arms. The silver crescent chest gor­ 8-10 inches into the hard, sterile, clay that accompany this article) were all get bears an engraved British Crown sub-soil. The walls of this sub-surface stolen with the exception of the iron axe above the embossed initials RC. The RC cabin floor were straight-sided and met head, the iron spoon, the iron hammer is the touche mark of Robert Cruick- the floor at a ninety degree angle. No head, the iron scissors fragment, the shank, a Montreal based silver smith, mortar or chinking of any variety was iron tongs and a few iron nails. who manufactured silver objects for the found, suggesting the use of bark A partial inventory of historic items Indian trade market between 1796 and thatching between the logs that formed recovered from the cabin floor, which 1809. The silver hair brooches, of which the cabin superstructure. were stolen (see accompanying photo­ there were 5, are all identical. They are Two were located within the graphs) include: 4 English blade style all plain and undecorated with a single cabin structure. was pistol flints; 18 brass and pewter buttons attached swivel tongue for attachment excellent and many pieces were found (with attached eye element); 2 circular to hair or clothing. The tongue of one still adhering to metal items. Examples hair brooches (one with tongue; one specimen is missing. The iron knife is a of such preservation are an iron axe without); 1 unidentified silver fragment; tanged rat-tail variety, over the wooden head with part of the wooden handle 2 iron fish hooks; 3 triangular stone handle of which an iron pistol barrel had still preserved and small tanged cut arrow points; 6 brass arrow points: 3 been secured as a handle. brass projectile points with portions of triangular and 3 tanged (one with tang During the summer of 1988 continued their wooden shafts intact. The em­ broken off; 2 with wood shaft remnants excavation at this site investigated 133 placement of hearths on the clay floor, still adhering); 2 brass Jew's harps; 1 square meters of ground through con­ and a lack of floor nails or wooden floor 1814 US Liberty Head silver 10 cent tiguous block units measuring 5 meters board fragments suggests that wooden piece pendant with perforation behind square, and the use of exploratory floor boards were non-existant. Liberty Head; 1 piece of white china trenches measuring 1 meter wide. Im­ The cabin contained numerous his­ with drilled hole; 1 iron lock key; 1 mediately west and inland from the toric items which were located in vari­ vasiform limestone pipe bowl; 1 brass cabin discovered in 1977, contiguous 5 ous places on its floor, apparently just hinge with 3 attachment holes; 1 brass meter square block units disclosed an as they were left when the cabin was lock plate; 8 cut brass kettle fragments; incomplete post mold pattern of large abandoned (see accompanying floor 6 kaolin pipe fragments (stems and square, flat bottomed timber posts set

26 vertically into the ground. These up­ those recovered from the cabin and from The University of Toledo's Archae­ rights had clustered rock wedged listed in the accompanying ceramic ological Research Program, but they are around the base in the footing hole into inventory. stealing from and depriving future which they had been set. These upright The theft of this scientific material will generations who would benefit from the posts may represent the corner posts do a considerable amount of damage to research results. of a rectangular storage shed or animal ongoing research. All of these items are Anyone with information regarding compound. The latter interpretation is unique and bear witness to, and scien­ the theft is urged to contact Dr. David more probable, as the interior floor of tific understanding of, aspects of early M. Stothers, Director of The University this structure disclosed very little in history pertaining to northern Ohio's of Toledo's Archaeological Research terms of any sort of cultural material. native American resident populations. Program at (419) 537-4650 or 537-2791. The exploratory trenches and one 5 The loss of this material and its associ­ Should the person or persons having meter x 3 meter unit, located north and ated information will deprive humanity the artifacts wish to return them, they northwest of the 1977 cabin excavation of the knowledge and understanding of will be gratefully accepted and no ques­ disclosed a few pieces of cut brass, an northern Ohio's past. The theft is com­ tions will be asked. iron clasp knife blade and a few scat­ parable to stealing parts of a jig- Reference tered pieces of china, all within 10 puzzle. The parts can't be duplicated. It meters of the cabin structure. The iden­ Stothers, David M., Timothy J. Abel is as though someone randomly ripped and Gene R. Edwards n.d. tifiable china fragments are all of the pages from a history book. Whoever same types and temporal placement as Northern Ohio Prehistoric Antiquities stole these items is not just stealing Stolen. Manuscript in preparation.

historic archaeology of the ute*tern lane eric region aboriginal European 19O0 crab farm Oets-wo) pipline (.I6SO-IB&0) fuller I - arta z (IB+O IBBO) varchave IXI (IBSO'S) piStol (IMO-IB50) gard island no.2(ca IMO-ISSO)

1850 dutch road (IBSB- IBM) fuller i -area 1 o«t« H«) patyi-dowling, (IUM -ISII) StrzesynsKi (\»is -1146/47) indian titand no. I (i&so-ieio) riviere au va*e (IHO-IKO) fry (1826-1832) vcrchaceii 0*20-IBSO) qypsy pomtno.a(i&3i-iB») "" '(DUHLAP CABIN) fort meig* (IBIS) furton (mo-iMb) teoo cnderle (1750- IBSO) •fort miamis (rm-iMs) habcrstock (n<»4 - IBZI )

Indian kills (itia* IOO:M2VJ,B) Ifaoo

27 CERAMIC WARE GROUPS FrySite(33-Lu-165) (1826-1832) PLAIN OR UNDECORATED CREAMWARE-(99) BANDED WARE (8) 1.Rims-19 A. Mocha or Brown—(7) 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—8 1. Rims-3 3. Vessel Form—Plates, saucers, bowls, cups 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—3 HAND-PAINTED PEARLWARE-0 17) 3. Vessel Form —Bowls 4. Decoration: Large brown band on exterior just below rim edge, A. Blue Monochrome—(65) followed by an "earthworm" motif. Below motif are two narrow 1.Rims-17 black bands, followed by a larger brown band. One sherd 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—4 shows the fronded or dendritic fern-like motif. 3. Vessel Form—Cup, bowl, saucers 4. Gaudy Dutch Decoration: Narrow dark blue band on interior B.Green-(1) just below rim edge, dark blue petals or leaves in sprays, fruit 1.Rim-1 (Apple?), dark blue stem lines that criss-cross, blue dot 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—1 between intersection of stem lines. 3. Vessel Form—Bowl 4. Decoration: Rim edge and area just below left plain white. Six B. Brown Monochrome—(3) narrow dark-green "grooved" bands that are of the same width 1.Rims-2 encircle the vessel. 2. Estimated No. of Vessels-2 3. Vessel Form—Matching cup 2 saucers LUSTRE WARE-(8) 4. Gaudy Dutch Decoration: Narrow dark brown band on interior 1. Rims-0 [all body and bases (standing ring)] just below rim edge, brown vine-leaf motif encircling vessel 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—2 below band on interior of saucer. Brown leaf motif on interior 3. Vessel Form—Pitchers (bottom) of cup. 4. Decoration: Red earthenware body with seven sherds having C. Blue-Brown-Yellow Polychrome—(4) a black slip or pigment added giving the appearance of a 1.Rims-2 "shiny" or metallic lustre. One sherd has a dark red slip added 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—3 to a red earthenware body. 3. Vessel Form—Cup, saucer, bowl NORTH AMERICAN RED WARE-(9) 4. Gaudy Dutch Decoration: Narrow dark brown band on interior 1. Rims-1 just below rim edge of cup and saucer. Brown stem line, blue 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—3 leaves or petals and mustard-yellow flower. Decoration is on 3. Vessel Form—Flower pots and pitcher exterior of bowl only. 4. Decoration: Pitcher handle of red earthenware body coated D. Blue-Brown-Apple Green-Reddish Brown Polychrome—(30) with a reddish-brown slip. Exterior has six linear grooves. 1. Rims-10 Three sherds have a red earthenware body with a red slip on 2. Estimated No. of Vessels-6 interior and exterior. The interior is channeled. Five sherds 3. Vessel Form—Saucers, cups, plates, bowl have a red earthware body with a yellow-green slip added 4. Gaudy Dutch Decoration: Narrow dark brown band on interior with interior channeling. of some pieces. On others it is on the exterior; while it also TORTOIS SHELL WARE-(1) occurs on some pieces on both interior and exterior. Brown, undulating stem line with apple green petals and a large blue 1. Rims—0 dot that occurs at the junction of stemlines. 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—1 3. Vessel Form—Unknown E. Unidentified-(21) 4. Decoration: Red earthenware body with a yellow-brown slip Unidentified pieces due to small, fragmentary nature of sherds added. Slip is mottled with dark brown patches on the interior. and some destroyed due to burning. TRANSFER PRINTED PEARLWARE-(139) A. OldBlue-(132) 1.Rims-19 2. Estimated No. of Vessels-13 3. Vessel Form—Plates, saucers, cups, tureen 4. Decoration: Scenic and floral views of country-village life, cottages, horses, farm plows, buildings, etc. Acorn and leaves border pattern identified. B. Brown-(7) 1.Rims-2 2. Estimated No. of Vessels-1 3. Vessel Form—Bowl 4. Decoration: Light blue band on rim edge. Brown diamond- shaped motif with dark brown circular dot within motif. Brown flowers with brown petals. SHELL-EDGED PEARLWARE-(12) A. Green-(6) 1.Rims-6 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—4 3. Vessel Form—Platters 4. Decoration: Five rims have scalloped or lobed rims with machined grooves and a dark green band around rim edge and interior just below rim edge. One rim is straight (non- scalloped) with no machine grooving around rim. This rim has a green band along its edge and just below it on the interior. B. Blue-(6) 1. Rims—6 2. Estimated No. of Vessels—4 3. Vessel Form—Platters 4. Decoration: All rims have scalloped or lobed edges with dark blue band and machined grooves.

28 jj^^^ ' IUy to excavation plan—' ^" """ ,,y -»* i bra*6 fragment a, lock key ' g.koolin pipe fragment 22. corn cob a hammer head 23.1814 dime 4jron Knife 2ije»/S harp 5 brass button 25 metal plate A*ilver fragment 46. iron spoon iStone pipe £7. brass points .ftjron fragment e& iron tongs 9. Shell & aboriginal day ceramics w. Stone point 50. Silver brooch Jj-bone refuse 31. antier handle ttjron nail 3j2.fork with bone handle Ji china fragment js.stone drill i jtglass fragment 54 gun fhnr IS, lead musket shot 36. china with drilled hole 16 incised bone handle 3b. iron spoon handle 3 nave 37. brass hinge uxththree holes' A lAcoprolitc 3otbra*S dip 1 Jipw Sfjron bayonet 1 20. metal fork handle m$ mm 35'LU't66 | r97r excavation ~|

Cabin |)irairMs J dark grey

HH yellov sand

H vhite ash /charcoal

gg orange-grey charcoal

niTI humus layer

)p^ excavated yellov-buff subsoil

H unexcavated

©1988DMS/TJA 29 PLATE 1 (Stothers) Historic artifacts from child burial a-b silver armbands; cut to fit forearm c silver crescent gorget d tubular indigo glass beads (165) e silver brooches f iron knife with pistol barrel as handle

30 ::il

PLATE 2 (Stothers) a close-up of crescent gorget engraving — British Crown and initials "R. C.". b close-up of silver arm band (Plate 1, specimen b) —British Coat of Arms c close-up of silver arm band (Plate 1, specimen a) —geometric design.

31 ^gP^ffrBl^ii^

cm *#*®«» r>w

PL^TE 3 (Stothers) v Lustre Ware base segment a, b, c Shell-Edged Pearlware (a — blue, b, c green) g, m North American Red Ware d, e, I, i, r, u Handpainted Pearlware n, q, x Plain Creamware bases f, h, k, t, w, p, s Transfer Printed Pearlware j hand blown bottle fragment

32 PLATE 4 (Stothers) g brass ornament q iron key a-b spoon handles; (b) worked down into a knife j hand wrought iron nail s perforated 1814 dime c English blade-style gunflint h, k, n, p triangular brass arrowpoints; (n) tang broken off t-u brass jews harps d-f, l-m, w-y, u, z brass and pewter buttons r, o iron fish hook

33 PLATE 5 (Stothers) k perforated shell bead (Goniobasis livescens) a-d, f, g — brass and pewter buttons (with eye element attached) I English blade-type gunflint e brass hinge m stemmed brass projectile point (shaft preserved) h perforated china fragment n-p chipped stone projectile points i, j silver brooches q brass lock plate

34 PLATE 6 (Stothers) c iron spoon j iron tongs a iron hammer head d-h hand wrought iron spikes and nails k iron beamer (?) b unidentified iron fragment i, m iron handles (from bullet mold?) I iron wrench

35 PLATE 7 (Stothers) a 2 fined iron fork (hatched bone handle) b-c antler handles; c — has iron awl tip in place d bone fork/knife handle (cross hatched) e iron axe head handle preserved

36 PLATE 8 (Stothers) e iron nail (hand wrought) a-b brass kettle fragments f brass wire c iron scissors g iron rat tail knife blade (tail broken off) d iron spike (hand wrought) h iron bayonet segment (ridged)

37 The Hueston Pipe Tomahawk: An Historic Treasure of the Miami Valley By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

3 Hueston , five miles north of name." (See Benzing, 1957. See also the bowl is A of an inch. Chevrons are Oxford and Miami University, is the last Figure 1.) featured on both shoulders below the significant stand of virgin - That pipe tomahawk remained in the bowl, while the neck of the bowl dis­ forest in Ohio. Its stream-eroded hill­ Hueston family for the next 165 years, plays, in relief, four carefully turned sides and ravines are rich in fossil beds from that night in 1792 until 1957, hav­ circular edge moldings of varying di­ of Upper Ordovician times, attracting ing been passed from Thomas Hueston ameters. Fluting is evident just below geological interest from around the to his son John, and from John Hueston the eye of either side. (See Figures 2 nation and the world. Home of the to his son, Jesse. It was Jesse Hueston and 3.) Raisch-Smith site of Archaic man, it has who, at the age of 82 and having no As for the haft, it appears to be made long been focus of archaeological in­ male heirs, turned it over to the Butler of ash, probably the most frequently vestigation. Since the damming of the County Historical Society in October, used wood for pipe tomahawk handles. waters of the Talawanda in the 1950s, 1957. (See Benzing, 1957.) (See Kuck, 1977: 6.) Over-all, it is 18% to form Acton Lake, it has become a Today that pipe tomahawk is one of inches long and VA inches wide at its mecca for tourists. Indeed, with nearly the Society's most prized possessions widest part. Of particular interest are two million visitors a year, it is now one and is displayed in its museum in Hamil­ four finger grips cut into the haft near of the most popular state parks in Amer­ ton, Ohio, At the time of its acquisition, its mouthpiece, or butt end. (See Figure ica. (See Lafferty, 1980: 22, 208, 306; the museum's curator, Mrs. Howard 4.)Given the condition and appearance ODNR, 1988: 2-15; Long, 1962: 58-68; Shaeffer, and other officials of the So­ of the wood, it is my belief that the haft Moffett, 1949: 428-441; Shriver, 1984: ciety conjectured that the Indian who is probably the original and not a re­ 13.) had presented it to Thomas Hueston placement. Yet, because the forward Who were the Huestons, whose lands "must have been a great chief (because end of the haft was often closed with a these once were and for whom this state of the size and condition of the pipe piece of rawhide or a wood or a metal park has been named? At the time of tomahawk) and that it could have be­ plug which is missing in this particular the American Revolution, they were longed to Chief and Counselor Little piece, I cannot be absolutely certain of residents of southeastern Pennsylvania, Turtle of the Miamis." They reached this the originality of this haft. Missing too living in Franklin County near Mercers- conclusion, they said, after "inquiring is the gasket of paper-thin leather usu­ burg as neighbors of the Buchanan up and down the Anthony Wayne Trail ally found wrapped around that part of family, whose son James would eventu­ by way of museums and historians." the haft which was lodged inside the ally become the 15th President of the (See Benzing, 1957.) eye of the pipe tomahawk head. (See United States. It was William Hueston As so often happens, the conjectures Peterson, 1971: 38.) Instead, the haft who was the first Hueston to head west, of some often become fact in the eyes and the head have been secured tightly taking up lands near the Ohio River of others. Thus, not surprisingly, a cur­ through shims of wood driven between north of Wheeling. It was there in the rent leaflet distributed by the Society them. (See Figure 5.) troubled times following the winning of notes that "Miami Indian Tribe Chief Perhaps the most interesting feature independence that he was shot by In­ Little Turtle protected the land in this of this pipe tomahawk are the eight dians, leaving a widow and six children. area of Ohio for his Indian nation. His notches filed or grooved into the heel, Two of William Hueston's sons, peace pipe with a tomahawk on one side or trailing edge, of the head. (See Fig­ Matthew and Thomas, subsequently is an interesting part of the Indian folk­ ure 6.) Probably tally marks, they were crossed the river to settle in Ohio, lore featured in the Emma Ritchie Me­ explained by the Indian who gave the Matthew going to Fort Washington at morial Auditorium a part of the Butler tomahawk to Thomas Hueston as repre­ Cincinnati in 1791. He was later en­ County's Historical Museum." senting his record of white men's scalps. gaged in 1793 and 1794 to drive pack- Since first examining the pipe toma­ (See Benzing, 1957.) horses for the army of General Anthony hawk several years ago and then re­ Close examination of one of the blade Wayne in the campaign against Little searching the historical data of faces reveals another interesting detail. Turtle and the Miamis and Blue Jacket comparable pieces in other museums Stamped into it are the numbers "9" and and the Shawnees. Thomas arrived in and collections, I have concluded that "2", possibly representing the year southwestern Ohio in 1792, with other it is an authentic late eighteenth century "1792" in which the piece was pre­ members of the family, and made camp historic artifact, that it may well be of sented to Thomas Hueston. Yet there is on the Talawanda (or Four Mile Creek), Miami Indian origin, and that its remark­ no evidence of either a "1" or a "7", a tributary of the Great Miami. able state of preservation is a conse­ though oxidization of both faces has According to family records, as the quence of its long possession by the proceeded to such extent as to make Huestons kindled a fire for their first Hueston family. But was it ever the even the numbers "9" and "2" scarcely night's supper on the lands they in­ personal property of the celebrated legible. tended to settle, they were visited by a Miami Chief Little Turtle? I regard the In searching through Harold Peter­ party of Indians, probably Miami, who answer to that question as "an interest­ son's American Indian Tomahawks (still despite the frictions of that time pro­ ing part of Indian folklore," and no more. the definitive work on the subject) for a fessed friendship for the new arrivals. It Whether or not it was ever the per­ pipe tomahawk of similar size, age, and was after they had eaten together that sonal pipe tomahawk of Little Turtle, it description I came across one pictured they smoked the pipe tomahawk that is an historic treasure of the Miami as photograph number 115 which bears the leader of the Indians had carried Valley. Forged from iron, its head mea­ striking resemblance to the Hueston with him. As the evening concluded, the sures 8 inches in height from the top of piece in the Butler County Museum. leader, possibly a chief, presented it to the pipe bowl to the steel cutting edge Collected in Indiana, it too has been Thomas Hueston as a gift, asking that it of its 2J4 inch wide blade. The outside attributed to the Miami. Now part of the be "handed down from father to son and diameter of both the bowl and the eye collection of the Museum of the Ameri­ 3 that it remain forever in the Hueston is 1 /e inches. The internal diameter of can Indian (Heye Foundation) in New

38 York, it has been assigned identification are present in their most typical shapes several pipe tomahawks are shown number 10/2881 in that collection. With and proportions: the large teardrop which also have considerable resem­ a head height of 8% inches, a blade eyes, the ample bulbous bowl sloping blance to the Hueston piece. One, iden­ width of 2% inches, and a haft length of inward toward the top with an edge tified as #157, is described as a forged 17% inches, it is very similarly propor­ , the concave molding at the piece with relief turned bow, chevrons, tioned to the Hueston pipe tomahawk. base of the blade, the small projection and fluting below the eye. (Kuck, 1977: Consider the following description of from the rear of the blade just below 44.) Another, #98, from Clark County, is this Miami tomahawk from Indiana and the base, and the heavy functional blade shown with indented lines on its blade the parallel it suggests to the Hueston itself with its steel edge." (See Peterson, and chevron shoulders. Yet another, #3, piece: "Pipe tomahawk with head of the 1971: 103.) somewhat heavier in style and form, a classic form for the mid-18th century. In Robert Kuck's useful Tomahawks pipe tomahawk found near the site of All of the normal features for which one Illustrated, which gives primary em­ Fort Greenville in Darke County, also looks in dating a piece of this period phasis to specimens found in Ohio, shows a relief turned bowl, chevrons,

Fig. 1 (Shriver) One of the prized possessions of the Butler County Historical Society is this forged iron pipe tomahawk attributed to the Miami Indians and long in the custody of the Hueston family, original settlers of the area now known as Hueston Woods State Park. Measuring 8 inches in height, with a steel cutting edge 2 inches in width, and with a haft of ash 18 inches in length, it has a total weight of 1 pound 11 ounces. Permission to photograph it has been kindly given by the Butler County Historical Society.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Detail of the Hueston pipe tomahawk, showing circular edge moldings and chev­ rons at base of the bowl.

39 and fluting below the eye. (Kuck, 1977: Lafferty, Michael B., editor from Ohio Fossils, Bulletin 54, Divi­ 32.) 1980 Ohio's Natural Heritage. The Ohio sion of Geological Survey, ODNR. Looking through thirty years of issues Academy of Science, Columbus. Peterson, Harold L. of the Ohio Archaeologist, I found sev­ Long, Russell J. 1971 American Indian Tomahawks. Mu­ 1962 "The Raisch-Smith Site Near Ox­ seum of the American Indian, Heye eral other illustrations of pipe toma­ ford, Ohio." Ohio Archaeologist, Foundation, New York. hawks similar in design and shape to 12(3-4): 58-68. Pohrt, Richard A. the Hueston tomahawk. (See Pohrt, Moffett, Ross 1957 "Two Tomahawks and an Iron Pipe." 1957: 70-71: Diller, Brickman, and 1949 "The Raisch-Smith Site: An Early Ohio Archaeologist, 7(2): 70-71. Dunn, 1964: 89-90; and Grimm, 1977: Indian Occupation in Preble Shriver, Phillip R. 8.) Frankly, I had expected to find more, County, Ohio." Ohio State Archae­ 1984 "An Archaic Bell-Shaped Pestle for the Hueston piece truly represents ological and Historical Quarterly, From the Raisch-Smith Area." Ohio the classic pipe tomahawk of the eigh­ 58(4): 428-441. Archaeologist, 34(4): 13. teenth century. As Harold Peterson has Ohio Department of Natural Resources 1988 "The Pipe Tomahawk of Meshingo- 1988 The Fossils of Hueston Woods. mesia, Band Chief of the Mississi- noted, "Of all the types of tomahawks, Published by the Division of Parks newa Miamis." Ohio Archaeologist, by far the most popular was the pipe and Recreation. Portions adapted 38(3): 17. tomahawk. No other form was made in so many different designs, nor of as many different materials. Excepting for the simple hatchet or belt axe, none was made for so long a period nor in such large numbers. Here the symbols of war and peace were combined in a single instrument, which quickly became a prized possession." (Peterson, 1971: 33.) Certainly the pipe tomahawk featured in this article was a prized possession of the Indian who gave it to Thomas Hueston in 1792 as a symbol of friend­ ship. And certainly it remained a prized possession of the Hueston family until 1957 when it was turned over to the Butler County Historical Society, a So­ ciety which properly regards it as one of its most prized possessions to this day.

Acknowledgements The many courtesies of Mrs. Helen Miller, curator of the Butler County Historical Society's museum in Hamil­ ton, in permitting me to examine and to photograph the Hueston pipe tomahawk are gratefully acknowledged. So, too, is the continued, welcome assistance of the Miami University Audio Visual Service in providing the finished photos used in this article.

References Benzing, Esther 1957 "Seven Mile Resident Can Trace Property Back To Indians; Toma­ hawk Used In Sealing Deal." Hamil­ ton Journal News, October. Britt, Claude, Jr. 1959 "Chief Blackhoof of the Ohio Shaw- nees." Ohio Archaeologist, 9(2): 68-69. Diller, Peter, Gerald Brickman, and Norman Dunn 1964 "Metal Trade Axes." Ohio Archaeol­ ogist, 14(3): 89-90. Grimm, Elmer 1977 "Part of the Grimm Collection. "Ohio Archaeologist, 27(1 ):8. Hothem, Lar 1982 "An Interesting Pipe-Tomahawk." Ohio Archaeologist, 32(2): 17. Kuck, Robert 1977 Tomahawks Illustrated. Privately Fig. 3 (Shriver) Fore-edge and head of the Hueston pipe tomahawk, showing fluting at the base of published, New Knoxville, Ohio. the eye and wood shims used to tighten the haft in the eye. Loosening of the haft through shrinkage, wear, and age is clearly evident.

40 Fig. 4 (Shriver) The carved finger grips and mouthpiece of the Hueston pipe tomahawk are shown at the butt end of the haft.

Fig. 5 (Shriver) Another view of the fore-end of the Hueston pipe Fig. 6 (Shriver) Heel-end of the Hueston pipe tomahawk, showing 8 tomahawk. tally of scalping notches below the spur, the weld at the base of the eye, and the extent of deterioration of the haft through shrinkage, wear, and age, partially exposing the smoke channel.

41 types found throughout Ohio with major you? Like many other teachers, I enjoy The E.C.C. emphasis on the north central Ohio. The discussing and exchanging ideas and skills with others so that they can be By final collection is a general overview to prepare the student for what he might used to benefit all of us (both inside Mark A. Hersman discover on a typical surface collecting and outside of the classroom). And all 608 Logan Road, Mansfield, Ohio expedition (more will follow on this of us are well acquainted with those who teach vs. those who are "gifted" teach­ Over the years we've all enjoyed collection). Because of the volume of classes I ers. Don't we all wish they were one reading about, as well as observed, the and the same with the emphasis on the collections of many fine respectable teach, it's not possible to leave all three collections with each classroom. How­ "gifted". Sadly enough, this is not the collectors. Now, with lots of these case and many kids are still becoming pieces drifting through various auctions, ever, exceptions are made depending on the availability of broken artifacts, disillusioned in classrooms throughout it's even possible to personally view and Ohio. My heart's desire is to challenge handle many of the age-old treasures. the learning enthusiasm level of the students, and the student's availability students' imaginations and bring back And, depending upon the opportunity, to nearby surface-collecting fields. to the classroom a sense of excitement one may even have the rare opportunity When follow-up is requested, the first and joy and an appreciation for new to add some of these fine pieces of his two collections are usually presented knowledge. For "old things" (artifacts own collection. What a dream come to the class. and some teachers with like labels) can true! bring forth new life. Everyone can and Permit me to introduce you to another The third collection, the general over­ view E.C.C., changes from time to time should enjoy themselves while teaching fine old collection. Unlike many of the and learning. Perhaps I come from a others, you've probably not heard much but usually consists of some of the following: strange school of thought which be­ about this one. And yet, like many of lieves that the most dynamic teachers the prizes purchased in various auctions —Shell tempered pot sherd —Grit tempered pot sherd are those who have an inside track on throughout the state, these, too, are laughter. They can entertain and inad­ held in many hands and rubbed with —Thumb —Flake knife vertently take the student to a higher hundreds of fingers until the gloss adds level of learning. a new shine of its own. It's name: "The -Drill I'm also hoping to keep on inspiring Egg Carton Collection ". It's profile: one -"Fired" artifact (displaying various all of us to climb out of "old ruts" and to egg carton plus twelve items for study. characteristics of having been in a try new things. Let's keep on discover­ Out of necessity it was created four "camp" fire) ing the dynamics, the drama and all the years ago to accompany a deep-seated —Tips or sections of projectile points mysteries that surround today's archae­ love of teaching throughout the halls illustrating various flint types: Flint ology with tomorrow's collectors. Per­ and classrooms of many Crawford, Ridge, Coshocton, Nellie Chert, etc. haps some of you have discovered a bit Richland, Huron and Ashland county -Slate of the same joy and would like to share schools, both primary and secondary — Fossil, buttons, dish fragments, gun some of your enthusiasm with another levels. It's even found its way into the flints, beads, etc. teacher. Let's talk! I'd also like to thank hands of many eager adults at Mansfield This collection focuses on what to all of you who for years have supplied Madison's Adult Education Programs. look for, how to recognize it, and how me with broken artifacts. I might add Perhaps its most unusual characteristic to take the proper actions toward a that the need for more broken materials is that it permanently stays in every "discovery". Exposure of possible finds continues to climb. And for those of you classroom throughout these counties to the students' eyes opens many mys­ who maintain these "stashes" around where various archaeological programs teries and definitely gives rise to lots of the house, piled in flower beds or entice the minds of tomorrow's collec­ exciting stories. By first-hand experi­ pushed into heaps in obscure corners tors. A long time ago this author discov­ ence with the E.C.C. they are also ex­ of the garage, please call me. Let's ered that people (young and old alike) posed to proper labelling. Various invest our resources together into the eagerly learn much faster when they broken stone, slate and bone tools ac­ minds and lives of our future pre- can actually handle genuine artifacts company each course. historians. and have a "Base" collection nearby So why am I sharing all of this with with which to compare their newly found pieces. It's far more effective than using chips alone and/or observing someone else's collection under glass, in a frame, or on the wall. Actually, I use several different egg carton collections while teaching a general course and at its conclusion, I leave a broad base general E.C.C. with the group. This tends to generate a longer lasting en­ thusiasm for a new hobby. Upon return over time to many of those classrooms, I was pleased to discover that young 6V M. HftimfM C*xfe»< Gxju=

42 An Unconventional Trophy-Shaped Three-Quarter Grooved Axe From Little Indian Creek By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

"What is it?" is undoubtedly the most viceable and fairly efficient." (1947: 37) quarter grooved trophy axes expand frequently asked question concerning But were/are all prehistoric axes toward the bit, some of them, in fact, prehistoric artifacts addressed by the really axes? Were they all intended to taper toward the bit. curious to those hopefully knowledge­ be cutting instruments? This brings me Given all of the above, what can one able. The answer is not always easy, to the archaeological phenomenon re­ deduce concerning an object that looks even for the most expert, simply be­ ferred to here in Ohio as the "trophy like a three-quarter grooved trophy axe cause no two prehistoric artifacts are axe," a very rare type (perhaps no more but has been subjected to hard use, ever exactly alike and because typo­ than 300 authentic specimens in exis­ apparently through a good deal of cut­ logical labels and descriptions seem at tence-see Hothem, 1962: 66) which ting and chopping? Such an axe was times to be honored about as much in may never have been used as a cutting found recently in the valley of the Little the breach as in the observance. instrument and thus may not even have Indian Creek by David Havens while "What was it used for?" is probably been an axe. Indeed, Converse does excavating steps for a new basement at the next most frequent question, and not include the trophy axe in his book a level approximately 2 feet below again a variety of responses can be on Ohio Stone Tools but rather takes it grade. It was found on the west side of anticipated. up in his work on Ohio Slate Types Section 21, Reily Township, Butler A case in point arose recently with (1979: 92-93.) (See also Converse, The County, Ohio, just south of the Peoria- the question of how easily a primitive Meuser Collection, 1977: 116.) For, Reily Road. Measuring 57/e inches in man could cut down a tree with a stone though the trophy axe is hardly a "slate length, 2% inches in width, 1% inches in axe. To answer that question I made a type," as a possible ceremonial object thickness, and weighing % of a pound, quick reference to Stoutenburgh's Dic­ and symbol of rank in the Archaic period it has been shaped from a drab grey tionary of the American Indian (1960: it may well have had more in common compact granite hardstone, probably 22) and read that Indian stone axes with pendants and gorgets than it had gneiss. (See Figures 1 and 2.) It was were "not very well suited for the cutting with celts and other tools. shown to me by Russell Barlion with of trees." I got a much different answer, Converse (1978: 92) has noted that the permission of Havens. In the same however, in Martin, Quimby and Col­ the trophy axe "seldom shows signs of quarter-section in which it was found is lier's Indians Before Columbus (1947: wear or use," and has "exaggerated a burial mound cited in William C. Mills' 36-37). They affirmed that some practi­ attributes of common axes. It is deeply Archaeological Atlas of Ohio (1914: cal tests had actually been made by G.V. grooved with large ridges. Some may 9-10). Indeed, though the axe appears Smith of Copenhagen, Denmark, and be full grooved but many are slightly to be Archaic, as are most of those H.L. Skavlem, of Kale Koshkonong, flattened on the back with a somewhat found along the Great Miami and its Wisconsin. "With a stone blade fastened three-quarter grooved style. The poll is tributaries, the Indian Creek and the to a wooden handle in primitive fashion, formed into a cone-like point and the Talawanda, the area is also rich in Wood­ Smith was able (1) to cut in two in 45 blade is narrow and flares at the bit. Its land remains, as evidenced by the pres­ seconds a stick of fresh wood . . . strangest characteristic is the blunted ence of some 17 burial mounds in Reily measuring 2% inches in diameter; (2) to or unsharpened bit which on some ex­ Township. cut in two in 10 minutes ... a stick of amples is actually ground at right angles Though the object of gneiss found by pine measuring 4% inches in diameter; to the blade." He has also observed that (3) to cut in two in 8 minutes a pine log David Havens has some of the features most examples are somewhat small, of a trophy axe, with conical poll, exag­ measuring 5 inches indiameter; and (4) being around 5 inches in length, and to two bark-covered gerated three-quarter groove, and ap­ that they are frequently made of a high propriate length, and though gneiss was logs. Smith concluded that it would be quality honey colored quartzite or of much easier to fell standing trees than one of the materials from which trophy colorful granite, gneiss, porphyry, or a axes were commonly made, is it in fact to chop them as he did at a , light limestone material. (See 1986:36.) that not too complicated can a trophy axe? My conclusion is that it is More recently (1988: 49), Converse not, for conventional trophy axes were likewise be easily accomplished, and has observed that "Trophy axes have that a stone blade may be used for ceremonial rather than utilitarian arti­ been found as scattered and isolated facts, with intentionally blunt rather than several cuttings without damaging the occurrences over most of the state of cutting edge to any noticeable extent." sharp bits, made from colorful materials Ohio. In fact, they seem almost to be rather than drab. Consequently, in re­ "Skavlem pecked, grooved, and pol­ an Ohio phenomenon since few of them sponse to the inevitable question, "What ished an axe in four and one-half hours, occur outside the Ohio area." [Note: Of is it?", the best answer I can come up made a crude handle in a short time, the hundreds of stone axes portrayed with is that it is an unconventional and cut down in ten minutes a water in Gale Highsmith's 1985 study of The trophy-shaped three-quarter grooved tree whose trunk measured three Fluted Axe, nearly all of which were axe. And, as such, it is the only one I inches in diameter. The axe manufac­ found in Wisconsin and most of which have ever seen. tured for this purpose was a more were of the Archaic period, not one elaborate specimen than really was appears to have trophy characteristics, Acknowledgements necessary and probably cut no better though a few have polls which tend than one that might have been made in To David Havens and Russell Barlion toward the pointed or conical shape. go thanks for the opportunity they have two hours or less." See examples on pages 21, 75, 76,143, given me to see this interesting axe. Concluded Martin, Quimby, and Col­ 146, 161,339, and 436.] And, to the Audio Visual Service of lier, "it should be clear that a [stone] Modifying an earlier conclusion, Con­ Miami University goes appreciation axe can be produced in a few hours and verse has also recently noted (1988:49) once again for helpfulness in photo­ that, as a cutting instrument, it is ser­ that while the blades of most three- graphing it.

43 Mills, William C. References Farrow, Dave 1986 "A Fine Trophy Axe." Ohio Archae­ 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. The Ohio State Archaeological and His­ Casto, Don ologist, 36(1): 37. Goard, George, Jr. torical Society, Columbus. 1984 "A Fairfield County Trophy Axe. Shriver, Phillip R. Ohio Archaeologist, 34(4): 27. 1982 Trophy Axe From Ashland County." 1985 "Archaic Three-Quarter Grooved Converse, Robert N. Ohio Archaeologist, 32(2): 9. Axes from the Indian Creek and 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeologi­ Highsmith, Gale V. cal Society of Ohio, Columbus, 1985 The Fluted Axe. Privately pub­ Whitewater Valleys." Ohio Archae­ (pp. 28-29) lished, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. ologist, 35(2): 7. Staab, Okla M.R. 1977 The Meuser Collection. Privately Hothem, Lar 1981 "Trophy Axe From Wayne County, published, Plain City, Ohio. (pp. 1982 North American Indian Artifacts. 92-93) Books Americana, Inc., Florence, Ohio." Ohio Archaeologist, 31(1): 24. 1978 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeologi­ . Stoutenburgh, John, Jr. cal Society of Ohio. (p. 116) Martin, Paul S., George I. Quimby, and 1960 Dictionary of the American Indians. 1986 "Trophy Axes." Ohio Archaeologist, Donald Collier Philosophical Library, New York. 36(2): 36. 1947 Indians Before Columbus. Univer­ 1988 "Trophy Axes."' Ohio Archaeologist, sity of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illi­ 38(3): 49. nois.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Same axe, reverse side. Fig 1 (Shriver) Three-quarter grooved axe of drab gray gneiss found by David Havens in the valley of the Little Indian Creek west of Reily in Butler County, Ohio. Its conical poll resembles that of a trophy

Statewide Historic Preservation Conference April 28-29 umbus. The conference is being organ­ "Politics of Preservation" is the theme Ohio Historic Preservation Act, state legislation to foster preservation of his­ ized by the Ohio Historic Preservation of a statewide conference on historic Office of the Ohio Historical Society preservation to be held in Columbus on toric, architectural, and archaeological resources in communities and rural and is cosponsored by the Coalition for April 28-29,1989. The two-day meeting Ohio's Heritage, the Ohio Archaeologi­ will include sessions on characteristics areas throughout Ohio. Tours of down­ town Columbus and surrounding cal Council, the Ohio Association of His­ of an effective local historic preserva­ toric Preservation Commissions, and tion ordinance, mechanics of running a neighborhoods including the newly- rehabilitated Brewery District near the Ohio Preservation Alliance. Regis­ design review commission, contending tration is $40. To register or obtain more with design and legal issues that face German Village will offer opportunities to meet and talk with preservationists information write or call the Ohio His­ commissions, the importance of includ­ toric Preservation Office, Ohio Histori­ ing archaeological resources in local from around the state. Participants also are eligible for special group rate tickets cal Center, 1985 Velma Ave., Columbus, preservation laws, and working with OH 43211, (614) 297-2470. politicians and the public. A special to "Son of Heaven: Imperial Arts of session will introduce the proposed China," which will be on exhibit in Col­

44 A.S.O. Chapter Representatives: 1988-89

Front row L-R: Carmel "Bud" Tackett- Mound City Chapter; Don Weller-Seneca Arrow Hunters; Garry L. Summers - Sugarcreek Valley Chapter; William M. King-Lake County Chapter; Steve Parker-Standing Stone Chapter, Back row L-R: Frank W. Otto-Six Rivers Chapter; Charles H. Fulk-Johnny Appleseed Chapter; Franklin Smith-Blue Jacket Society; Gene R. Edwards-Sandusky Bay Chapter; Clinton McClain-Fort Salem Chapter; Francis Fusco Jr. - Painted Post Chapter (V.P.); Carl R. Storti-King Beaver Chapter. Photo courtesy Bill Pickard Officers of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, January, 1989

Front row —Barbara Motts, Recording Secretary—Martha Otto, Past President—Jim Hoven, Director—Don Casto —President, Bob Converse —Editor, Back row: John Winsch — Director, Walt Sperry —Director, Larry Morris —Director, Steve Kelley—Director, Steve Parker—Treasurer, Gary Davis — Vice President, Mike Schoenfeld —Executive Secretary. Photo courtesy Bill Pickard

45 ASO Award Winners, May 1986-November 1988 Best of Show 7988: August Willard Fought, Presidential 7986: Jan. Sam Speck, groundstone tools award May Fred Fisher, "lizard" effigies March George and Cheryl DeMuth, Sept. Don and Doug Meier, June Col. and Ruth Vietzen, general pottery collection May Richard Shively, Upper Presidential award July Steve Puttera, general Mercer points Nov. Walt and Jared Sperry, collection June Gerald Wynn, trade axes and Presidential award August Lester Tolliver, general tomahawks collection July Steve Puttera, pottery 7987: Sept. Mel Wilkins, general collection August Don L. Ward, flint collection Jan. Michael Decker, Presidential Nov. Ron Gardner, general collection Sept. Don Gehlbach, colorful flint award Nov. Bob Converse, pendants and March Michael Gramley, Most 7987: Educational award Jan. Ronald G. Helman, slate and gorgets May Lower Ohio River Basin chlorite Best Site Chapter, Presidential award March Marvin Seeley, general 7986; June Brian Mickey, Presidential collection May Earl Carnes, Turpin, Farm site award May Billy Hillen, slate June Gene Edwards, Baker #2 site July Tom Pigoti, Presidential award June Col. and Ruth Vietzen, general July Steve Puttera, Sr., St. George Willard Center, Most collection Island site Educational award July Eugene and Virginia Cline, August Jerry Bailey, Bailey site William Carl Fry, Most Nov. Herb Searson, Searson Farm pipes Educational award August Don Gehlbach, Flint Ridge site August Don Potter, Presidential award dovetail points 7987: Charles and Beverly Sept. Jim Hovan, axes Jan. Carol and Danny Carter, Rolf Nov. William Piatt, slate Henderson, Most Lee site Educational award 7988: March Michael Decker, Sally Ray site Sept. Mason Brown, Presidential Jan. Len Weidner, birdstones, May ASO Chapt. #8, Ohio River site award bannerstones, and pipes June Kevin Boos, pottery from Ken and Karen Hicks, Most March Glen Spray, dovetails various sites Educational award May Charles McCorkle, general July Garry Summers, Nobles Pond Richard Terry, Field-Found collection and birdstones site, Stark County Collection award June Col. Raymond and Ruth August David Untied, Longacre site, Nov. Mike Kiel, President award Vietzen, general collection Muskingum County July Edward Richard, general Sept. Donald Weller, Seneca County 7988; collection site Jan. Robison family, Presidential August Perry and Peggy Israel, Nov. Standing Stone Chapter, award general collection Standing Stone site, Fairfield West Virginia Archaeological Sept. Gerald E. Ball, general Co. Society, Most Educational collection 7988; award Nov. Mel Wilkins, general collection Jan. Mason Brown, site 21-A, March Robert and Ella Sterling, Wood County Presidential award Best Type March Ron Moxley, Orchard site, Jack Rosenfield, Most 7986: Mason Co., West Virginia Educational award May Eugene Cline, abraiders May Ed Richard, Kline site, May Larry and Nancy Morris, June William Tiell, gorgets Tuscarawas County Presidential award July Len Weidner, bannerstones June Tim Novak, Rus-Vak site, Gary Summers, Most August Jim Hovan, sandstone artifacts Mahoning County Educational award Sept. Paul Rankin, slate July William Carl Fry, Turner June Brian and Debra Mickey, Nov. Steve and Mary Schenck, earthworks, Hamilton County Presidential award Adena blades August Donald and Shirley Baker, July Sugarcreek Valley Chapter, Mud Run site, Trumbull Presidential award 7987: County Jan. Glen Spray, dovetails August David and Judy Nehus, Sept. Carl T Mooney, Lawrence Presidential award March Paul Fritch, shell artifacts County Rockshelter May Lester Tolliver, bannerstones Harold Dellinger, Most Nov. George DeMuth, Erie County Educational award June Edward Miller, slate artifacts site July John Kohr, colored flint Sept. Lyle Meeker, Presidential artifacts Special Awards award August Kendall Saunders, colored flint 7986: Nov. Stephen and Sue House, artifacts May Carol and Danny Carter, Presidential award Sept. Daniel Kill, hardstone Presidential award Jimmie and Marilyn Lightner, pendants and gorgets June Ken Hicks, Presidential award Presidential award Nov. S.A. Glass, shell ornaments July Bruce Gandee, Presidential Bill and Gwen King, and gorgets award Presidential award

46 Policy Statement Relative to Gifts, Memorials, and Bequests The Archaeological Society of Ohio Columbus, Ohio January 1, 1984 Gifts, memorials, and bequests are a 3. The General Fund A.S.O. Trust Committee time-honored way of extending one's Monies so designated will be used The committee shall consist of 5 influence for good. Hopefully, the for current operating expenses of the members, one of which shall be a cur­ Archaeological Society of Ohio will be Officers. This Fund is administered rent member of the board of trustees. remembered often through such be­ by the Officers and Board of Trustees, The committee shall assist the A.S.O. quests, and that a well-planned Me­ and includes special projects and board with the building and control of morial Funds program will merit the publications. the assets of the A.S.O. trust. This re­ confidence of an ever-increasing num­ 4. Special Property Funds sponsibility will include selecting ap­ ber of members who will place their (Real, Personal) praisers for gifts and management of Society in their plans for gifts and be­ Gifts or Bequests of Real property trust property under control of the quests. The following opportunities shall be funded at the request of the A.S.O. board. exist for members and friends to re­ donor. The Trustees declare they will The committee will make an annual member The Archaeological Society of hold all property, of every type and report to the officers and trustees of the Ohio. Designated Gifts, Memorials, or description, which they are acquiring A.S.O. Bequests may be given in any of the together with the proceeds there of following categories: Life Membership (Other than Honorary) in the named Fund. They will manage I.The Memorial Fund A life member whall be any individual and dispose of the same for the bene­ This Fund shall be used to provide who contributes $300 in a lump sum to fit of The Archaeological Society and the Society with something of speci­ the A.S.O. This individual shall have full in keeping with the intention of the ally needed, useful, artistic or in­ membership status and shall not be bequest of donor. formative value. It is the expressed required to pay membership for life. intention that such monies or objects 5. Donors may designate bequests in This membership is nor transferable. will not be expended to meet current one or more of the above categories. expenses and benevolences. Both However, special categories will be Endowment Membership principal and interest shall be ex­ considered. If no designation is made, An endowment member shall be any pended only upon the authorization the Board of Trustees shall determine individual who has contributed $1000 of the Society Trustees. Suggestions the disbursement. to the A.S.O. The endowment member for use may be made by the donor, 6. The Trustees of the Archaeological will have the membership status of the Trustees, or Officers of the Society. Society of Ohio have sole responsi­ life member. Contributions toward 2. The Memorial Foundation Fund bility for acquiring, holding, manag­ endowment status may be made at Monies constituting the principal of ing, improving, dealing with and any time after life membership is this Fund shall perpetuate and be disposing of property, real and per­ established. expended only upon the authoriza­ sonal wherever situated that is Life and endowment members will be tion of the Board of Trustees. Monies received. The Trustees of the Archae­ recognized at the appropriate annual earned as income from the invest­ ological Society of Ohio shall be meeting of the A.S.O. Publication of ment of the principal may be ex­ governed by the Constitution of the either life or endowment status will be pended for any purpose upon recom­ Archaeological Society of Ohio in the at the discretion of the donor. mendation of the Memorial Funds performance of the above duties. The business manager of the A.S.O. Committee and subsequent approval will keep records of contributions of life of the Board of Trustees. 7. A complete financial report of these and endowment members. Contribu­ The use of this Fund shall reflect as Funds shall be presented each year tions received will be placed in the closely as possible the wishes of the at the Annual Meeting of the Society. permanent trust fund. It is intended that various donors. 8. Names of persons contributing will this fund will perpetuate, only interest be placed in The Book of Record. earnings should be used.

Business Manager Joe Redick to Retire Joe Redick, long time Business Man­ ager for the Archaeological Society of Ohio, announced his plan to retire from the job in the near future. This photo­ graph of Joe, taken in 1960 and supplied by member John Ford of Cen- terville, shows him at one of our picnic meetings. Every member of our Society owes Joe a debt of gratitude for the efficient and business-like job he has done for these many years. Joe is an outstanding person and a gentleman in every re­ spect and his will be difficult, if not impossible, to fill. Even though he will no longer be Business Manager, we look forward to his continuing interest, help and advice.

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State ol Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.