SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY B ULLETIN 131

PEACHTREE MOUND AND

ILL IT V AGE S E , CHEROKEE COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA

By

K Z FRAN M . ET LER S" AND

JESSE D . JENNINGS

WITH APPENDIX SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE

PEACHTREE SITE , NORTH CAROLINA

E A B y T. D . ST W RT

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

W ASH INGTO N 1941

" in on D n For sale b t he S u erin enden of D ocum n W ash . C . Price 40 ce s y p t t e t ; g t , t

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

M ITH SON IAN N STIT TI ON S I U , B U REAU OF M ERI CAN TH N OLOGY A E , W ashin ton D (1 W 20 g , . , J , S IR : I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled c N r Pea htree Mound and Village Site , Cherokee County, o th Caro ” lina , by Frank M . Setzler and Jesse D . Jennings , with appendix “ ” i c N l entitled Skeletal Rema ns From the Pea htree Site , orth Caro ina , c a by T . D . Stewart, and to re ommend that it be published as bulletin B of the ureau of American Ethnology . c Very respe tfully yours, IR hie T LI N G C . M . W. S , f AB ROT Dr . C . G . , S ecretar o the mithsonian Institution y f S .

CONTENTS

PAGE

Foreword Introduction General archeological picture in the Southeast Taxonomy of ab original cultures Historical b ackground Excav ations Peacht ree Mound The secondary mou nd Floors and w ooden step s or ramps The primary m ound The village site m r Su ma y " Material culture - Architectu re and hou se life Costume and dress Customs and ceremonies Pipes and tob acco Warfare and hu nting Games Description of manufactured object s n Sto e _ B one and antler Shell Copper Textil es Pottery

Ware B — l Ware C — Ware C l Ware D Archeological implications Conclu sions Bibliography A end x A D a n s r r pp i . i g o tic t aits from Peacht ee A end x B Com r n f h ree nd se en o her s es pp i . pa iso o traits from Peac t a v t it A nd t in es ppe ix C . Provenience of specimens illustra ed plat A nd r l na e x D . The sk ele al rema ns from the Peach ree s e Nor h Ca o pp i t i t it , t i , b T D . t y . S ewart Description of sp ecimens Summary Conclu sion Literatu re cit ed Index D AN D LLAGE S TE N . VI PEACH TREE M OU N VI I , . C

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES PAGE

1 A The sec on of Nant ahala Moun a ns b e w en Frankl n and . , ti t i t e i 4 o No 6 . B il n C k N C on U . S . R u e . The fert e Shooti g ree , . t , n ach ree Cre k and the H wass e R v valley at the j unctio of Pe t e i e i er. C Clear n and surve n the Peach ree Mound , i g yi g t — A Profile L l show n the ar ou s s a es of cons ruc on. B Pro , , i g v i t g t ti ,

file 15 show n lensed a earance and the charcoal s rat a. 0 , i g pp t , Profile 13

A Fea ure 16 show n 14 hor on al oles l n u on a s ra um of , t , i g iz t p yi g p t t b rown sand loam the rema ns of a ser es of s e s u on a ram lead n y , i i t p p p i g

t o the t o of the r mar mound . B Profile 16 show n the b e n p p i y , , i g gi

n n of fea ure 16 in the lef cen er. 0 Profile 1 7. The hin sand i g t t t , t — — line from R 2 t o L 5 extends a distance of 70 feet A The first nd cat on of fea ure 29 B La er of fl n boul ders in , i i i t . , y i t ect n 17 1 and 19 Th clear n of feature 2 s o s 8 . C e 9 i , , , i g A Anoth er ew of feature 2 B Show n fea ure 2 af er it had been 9 . 9 , vi , i g t t completely ex cav ated A how n the recons ru ed ou tl n of fea ure 2 B Show n S c e 9 . . , i g t t i t , i g feat u re 29 com le el uncovered the lo molds full raced p t y , g y t A The cleared n er or of feat ure 29 B Close v ew of the cent er 7 . , i t i . , i block after the earth and stones had b een removed A Fea ure 29 com l e el cleared and recons ruct ed B ur 2 8 . . Fea e 9 , t p t y t t after the stones had b een remo v ed A Fea ur 18 a mall ir ular fir full of harco l B Small ir 9 . e s c c e c a . c , t , pit , - cular flint lined fireplace cont aining pot sherds h m n a n n r S ell orna e s b e ds a d s . (P ov en ence see . 72 t , , pi i , p ) n Co er and b rass ob ects. Pro e ence see . 72 pp j ( v i , p ) Euro ean rade ar cles ron brass and lead Pro en ence see 72 p t ti , i , , . ( v i , p . ) B one awls and ns antler rd ectiles b one fishhook and roo ed can ne pi , p j , g v i h t oo . Pro en ence see . 73 t ( v i , p ) M scllaneous o c of ton and cl a r n e b e ts s e . P o e ence see . 73 i j y ( v i , p ) A B To and s de V ew of nt rus ve flexed b ur al Pm—42 fea ure 21 , , p i i i i i , t , — — squ are l 3 L 6 A St n -l n — f — o e ed ra e Pm 57 ea ure 30 . B F exed b ur al Pm 58 , i g v , , t , l i , , featu re 35 A Flexed adul b ur l in n ul Pm—2 f u r B Th mos a s o e va 0 ea e 10 . e , t i t t , , t , t m or an b ur al Pm—41 s uare l 5—L—l i p t t i , , q A Poorl r s r d dul fl xed b ur l P — r 12—L— B e e ve a e a m 39 s ua e 6 . , y p t i , , q , In rus e flexed b ur al Pm—30 s uare 16—R— 1 t iv i , , q Cla and s on — e es. Pro en ence see . 73 74 y t pip ( v i , pp ) Fragments of pottery pipes showing v ariations in form and decorations Unusual es of s one es. Proven ence see . 74 typ t pip ( i , p ) Representativ e selection of chipped proj ectile points A Crudel mad n h n nk r M sc llaneous e o c ed stones or et s e s . B e , y t , i , i stone ob ec s: axes roo ed clu b head mauls celt s ad es round j t , g v , , , z , g hema — e . Proven ence see . 74 75 tit ( i , pp ) Cel s and ad es . (Proven ence see . 75) t z i , p A B S on d sk , , e s. Proven ence see . 75 t i ( i , p ) otter disks ed e sm m ad from a ar t of o h rd P P y s ooth e e ts e s. ro , g , v i y p ( i — ven ence see . 75 76 , pp ) ILLU S TRATION S VII

PAGE

h ll mort ar — —1 A Gr nd n s one or s a ow . S u are 6 R below mound , i i g t q , el B conca e B Gr nd n ston or shallow mortar Found n le . . i v i v , i i g e . b oulder stratum on eas s de of mou nd B conca e t i . i v u n Som t m all d nu n dr ll r B C sto es . e es c e tst o es or es s Pr A . o , , p i i t ( v ni n e 76 e e c see . , p )

St eat e vessel fra ment s. (Pro en ence see . 76 it g v i , p ) m t on s Fra men s of stl r -us d for ound n A H am ers e . e es e e or , g t p p i g n n A rad n or r nd n to . r n n crush . B b s es P o e e ce see . 76 i g , i g g i i g ( v i , p ) m nt ndant and nk n n Dr ll ed orna e s e s s ers. Pro e e c see . 76 i , p , i ( v i e, p ) - v l r v n n Po er esse s of wa e A. Pro e e ce see . 76 77 tt y ( i , pp ) A r A Po t er essels of ware . B Pot e essels of ware B . Pro e , t y v , t y v ( v m n e ce see . 77 i , p ) i fr ment s ware A rov n n r ou r m a . e e ce see Va s P . 77 i g , ( i , p ) n b o oms and feet of otter vessels ar A n n Rou d t . e . Pro e e ce t p y W ( v i ,

see p . 77) A B Rim sherds llust ra n nc sed tra lin and stam ed des n , , i ti g i i , i g , p ig m n A r n — ele e ts . are . P ove ence see . 77 78 W ( i , pp ) A B A more s ec ali ed treatment of nc sed and s am ed des ns on , , p i z i i t p ig m h rd are A r v n n s ri s e s. . P o e e ce ee . 78 W ( i , p ) n a rom en ral r n ur — l Pa ed r . F c o t o feat e 29 . are B i t j t p i , W Ne a e a n ed la w th a w de ou t u rv n rim addle-st am ed g tiv p i t p te i i c i g . P p — exter or . are B l . Feat ure 13 . Proven ence see . 78 i W ( i , p )

Ser es of essel fra ment s llus rat n ware B . Pro en ence see . 78) i v g i t i g ( v i , p

Two restored otter essels ll us rat n ware 0 . Par of feature 13 p y v i t i g t ,

a lar e refu se b elow mound le el . Pro en ence see . 78) g pit v ( v i , p — Selected rim sherds of ware C and C 1 . Proven ence see . 78) ( i , p M scell aneous sherds of wares A B and C show n secondar feat ures i , , , i g y m n li n n of ri a d . Pro e e ce see . 79) p ( v i , p V essel fra ment s ll ustrat n var ou s es of decorat ons su ch as g i i g i ty p i , b asketr ex le ware D and a n ed ware 0 Pro en ence y , t ti ( ) , p i t ( ( v i , se e p . 79) — Side and t op views of sk ull Pm 4 in Frankfort p osition showing ty pe of deform t u en l e i y . J v i Three lower j aws showing a pointed cont ou r formed by the biting edges of the incisors caused apparently by early loss of the u pper median incisors — Side and t op views of skull Pm 14 in Frankfort position showing type of d eform t l k ha h wn in lat 45 Old female i y i e t t s o p e . S de and t o v ews of skull Pm—2O in Frankfort os t on show n i p i p i i , i g e of deform Adul mal ty p ity . t e S de and t o v ews of sk ull Pm—53 in Frankfor os on show n t e i p i t p iti , i g y p of deform t Adul mal i y . t e S de and t o ews of kull Pv—2 in Frankfort os t on show n t e i p vi s p i i , i g yp of deform t Adul al i y . t m e

FIGURES

1 Ma of ou l na Inset es l oca on w h re . p s thwest ern North Caro i . giv ti it gard t o the S ou theastern States 2 Locat on o h hin the Cherok e Coun r . i f t e Peacht ree site wit e t y 3 Sec on 5 b i h area b etween the 5 and 6 l nes of the . ti (X ) a o v e s all t e i grid ; (Y) is the left half of section 8 VIII IL LU STRATION S

h h m draw n show n er ods of mound on ruc on t Sc e atic i g i g p i c st ti 1 0 Schematic cross section of mou nd through the long axis (not drawn to

Mound structure plan Mound floor plan Ground plan d r h r A and B from ur al Pm—41 Woo en disks cov e ed wit copp e . b i — C from burial Pm 20 10 Decorated co er bracele w th shallow ndent at ons . pp t i i i

1 1 . Po er forms of wares A B and C tt y , , 12 T cal rim sec ons of wares A and C . ypi ti FOREWORD

As liaison officer between the Smithsonian Institution and the e Civil Works Administration, my duties wer equally divided among all of the archeological projects under the supervision of the Smith ni e 19 r 1934 so an in lat December 33 and the fi st half of . I was par

l l . e ti u ar s in N. c y intere ted the work near Murphy , C , but had littl to do with the actual excavations at the Peachtree site . I assisted r S ec c Mr . Jennings du ing the analysis of the p imens after they rea hed the Museum , and would have been assigned to write the report from his field notes if Mr . Jennings had not desired to use them for a “

c . l thesis at the University of Chi ago His thesis , entit ed The ” c ce c as Signifi an of the Pea htree Site in Southe tern Prehistory, served c r c as the basis for this report . It has been hanged f om a theoreti al c c discussion to a descriptive report, ertain se tions transposed and

c . c in enlarged , others redu ed The bulk of the manus ript has been

cor orate c S . p d and due redit hould rightfully be given to Mr. Jennings This final r eport embodies the opinions and conclusions of both authors 1935—36 c c c in , although s attered referen es are made to publi ations c 3 um lat appearing sin e 19 6. We are well aware of the rapidly acc u ing data from the Southeast which in a few years may modify some f of the comparisons and reconstructions of ered in our analysis .

RAN K . ETZLER F M S .

P AC H M U N D AND V I I E T R E E O L L A G E S T E . H K C UN Y N H I C ERO EE O T , ORT CAROL NA

B Y FRAN ETZLER AND ESSE . ENN NGS K M. S J D J I

INTRO DU CTION

In December 1933 the Civil Works Administration assigned 11 archeological projects to the Smithsonian Institution for supervision w Of and scientific direction . This as part a large Government pro he Institu gram for reducing unemployment . For several reasons t tion was pleased to accept the responsibility this u nusual opportunity ff he . as a orded First , it was eager that the results as extensive and c c c te c w ec O f e s ientifi ally omple as onditions ould permit ; s ond , it f er d its c t r e ar heologis s an oppo tunity to ext nd their research , especially in t a ch ee ec the Sou he st , whi previously had b n sadly negl ted . The choice of sites was necessarily limited by climatic and eco c 2 ao nomic factors . All projects were laun hed within weeks and c B N ounted for the employment of laborers . esides this orth c t dir c Carolina proje t , seven were in Florida , under the immedia e e t t B c ion of M . W. S irling, Chief , ureau of Ameri an Ethnology , and

c and . one ea h in Georgia , Tennessee , California r c Har y L . Hopkins , Julius Stone , and espe ially the late Morton M . c c Milford , all Federal CWA offi ials , greatly fa ilitated the work by c o n c their interest and o peration here in the Washi gton Offi e . This report deals only with the excavation of the Peachtree Mound

S e N . . c and village it near Murphy, . C (fig Work began De em

21 1933 1 1934. c ber , , and ended April , The proje t was under the m f c o B . . ad inistration W. Colburn His ability as oordinator in n c r e em keepi g the proje t functioning smoothly pe mitt d Jesse D . J nin gs to devote his entire time to directing the excavations . Coop eration c c ffic was re eived from the State and lo al CWA o ials , who 4 ckn l s furnished 10 men . A ow edgment are due to William Moore , i B r who perm tted the excavation on his property , u nham S . Colburn ,

. . c c F O S roggs , R . Teems , Hobart Hughes , and other lo al men ff fi — whose interest was a large factor in e ecting a rst class job . The foremen and laborers performed their duties willingly and became c 1935 onsiderably interested . In Hobart Hughes and Dale Lee again t c r c c assis ed by making two smaller ex avations, giving a fu ther he k B U LL 1 31 B UREAU OF AMERICAN ETH NOLOGY [ . m zm a- mnm es S r J i EA H TREE OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N C . P C M VI I , . 3

cc r c c . N s on the o ur en e of ertain pottery types Jane oyes Cha e , Dale Lee c , and Carl Gudat ompleted the drafting and sketches used in this

. c s O f A report The pi torial survey, e tablished in the Department n thro olo c - p gy at the University of Chi ago under Prof . Fay Cooper

Cole , provided funds for Mr . Jennings to make the necessary study and analysis O f the material after it reached the U nited States N e ational Mus um .

GENERAL ARCHEOLOGICAL PICTURE IN THE SOUTHEAST

Except for the work in Florida by the B ureau Of American Eth nolo O f c e c e c gy , no definite program ar h ologi al res ar h in the South east had been undertaken by any Of the larger research institutions explorations had been more or less haphazard with the exception Of f cc s O f c B the pioneer ef orts and a omplishment the late Claren e . c h c Moore . Mr . Moore , asso iated for a time wit the A ademy of c c e c c Natural S ien es of Philadelphia , sampl d pra ti ally every impor S c a tant ite , parti ularly along the navig ble streams , in South Caro lina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana, Arkansas , c s 1892 Tennessee , and Kentu ky . His publi hed reports (Moore , 0 1 12 3 1 c S . 1 1 1 14 6 espe ially the eries (vols , , , , , and ) in the O f c Of N c c Of e Journal the A ademy atural S ien es Philad lphia , have served as a basis for most of the subsequent explorations . Through f c c c his ef orts and interest in this pra ti ally untou hed field , numerous aboriginal cultures were revealed by the unexcelled illustrations in

c c c . his publi ations . A few men pre eded Moore , su h as Charles C r Jones , Jr . G . P . Thruston and Cy us Thomas e c each contributing valuabl data , but none as extensive in s ope or B n O f a ce a c . . amou t explor tion . Sin then v rious men , su h as C S rown B 1919 1920 1922 B D . I . ushnell , Jr . ( , , , H . . Collins ,

. w . r 1935 F ke . . . e s . Jr J W J A Fo d ( , G w Fo k 1910 2 . H e 192 . . ( , , M . R Harrington G G eye , 1 84 1918 . 8 F . W . Hodge, and George H . Pepper ( ) W . H Holmes ( , 1 6 88 6 1 89 1894 . . 189 . 8 , , J Mooney ( , , W K Moorehead

. N . . . N . W . E Myer C elson F M Setzler

1933 . c . . . ( ) F . G . Spe k M W Stirling J R Swanton 1911 22 193 19 . 8 ( , , W. M . Walker and W . S Webb ( ) have contributed to the reconstruction Of various phases Of the c s c iz aboriginal ultures . For the most part the e men spe ial ed on certain problems within one or another of the Southern States. Numerous ethnologists and historians have also materially assisted in the elucidation of aboriginal problems. NO c c a c e o Of ar heologi al rea , ex ept p rhaps the Puebl region our r c c c Southwest, is more blessed with di e t ethnologi al and histori al accounts pertaining to the organization and movements of Indian B ULL 1 31 4 B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETH N OLOGY [ .

n e f tribe s than the general Southeast . For this reaso every f ort Should be and is being made to interpret archeological data from c these early historical reports . This pro edure is the only sound method for determining the ancestors of our historic Indian tribes and properly interpreting the few remaining indestructible frag ments O f their material culture .

Archeological techniques have improved within the past 10 years . The work thus far completed has now put us in a position to glimpse in a very general way the outline of c ertain aboriginal tribal move Of t ments and cultures in the region . A large part the earlier work lef t much to be desired . However, details, so essential at the presen o t c c i time, would easily be overl oked withou on eption of the variat on and relationship O f these prehistoric peoples . Within the past 5 years a chronology for these aboriginal inhabitants has been tentatively outlined : “ ” 1 l moid c t the The Fo so artifa ts represen earliest hunting group . The historic discovery of chipped flint implements definitely associ New in 192 c c 5 . ated with extin t animals was made at Folsom , Mexi o , Of e e c s R r s 1935 (For a brief review th s important dis overie see obe t , , 3 N e Of ec c c pp . umerous exampl s similar proj tile points hara ter isticall c t in u c c y fluted ame to ligh vario s olle tions , and others have subsequently been discovered on the surface and in creek beds within o t c f c i the Southeast . N defini e asso iation O extin t an mals with these Folsomlike c points has been established , nor have any su h artifacts been discovered in any Of the archeological horizons east of the Missis - i. cc so c F ol om id sipp It is generally a epted , however , that these alled s o c s c s e s v c O f huntin cul artifa t on titut the earlie t e iden e an aboriginal g . ture in the area and that the necessary corroborative evidence will

’ eventually be found .

e t ~ The more sedentary, at l as seminomadic people , partly repre - r sented by the mound building group , and other p ehistoric and proto i c c . histor Indians, onstitute the problem before us When we attempt to s solve the origins of the e rather diversified groups , we naturally c e c c look farther south to Mexi o , Central Am ri a , and South Ameri a , c the enters of highest aboriginal civilizations in the New World . The three general elements in common are the building Of truncated c mounds, agri ulture, and the presence of pottery ; agriculture nuques tionabl a y originated farther south . In the Southeast the trunc ted

1 “ ” T he term F ol somoid is used t o indicate projectil e points h aving a concave base and a es remo ed on bot f a es ormin s al l ow annel s Of aryin l en t f rom th e base fl k v h c , f g h ch v g g h “ t o t he t i simil ar h p, t o t ose ound at F ol som New Mexi o. O u r reason for not usin t e h f , c g “ ” t erm F ol som is th at t he eastern specimens are u su all y somewh at l ong er and so f ar a e ne er een oun i e t b d asso at ed wit x tin t au na. (S ee S et rone 1 936 f or t he ype h v v f c h c f h , , and istri u tion in O i —1 h d b o : H ow ar d 1 9 35 . 1 1 9 2 1 ; Robert s 1 9 35 . 8 S in e t e h , , pp , , p ) c abo e statement was w ritten the Int ernat ional Sym osium on E arl y Man el d . in P ila v , p h h d el ia 1 9 37 a ree t at al l u ted oint s oul b esi nate a F ol som ph , , g d h fl p c d e d g d s . s m -J mu m cs i EA H TREE O D P UN AN D LLAGE S TE N . C M VI I , . C 5

’ m c 1 ound , used as a foundation for temples and hiefs houses, s well

n . c k own Among the Maya and Azte , however, such mounds are c c cut mu h more elaborate , usually fa ed with stone or even plaster . r c c c The underlying p in iple, ex ept for stri tly burial mounds, was

the . c c same Carvings, espe ially on opper and shell , and sometimes O f h effi ies on pipes, uman or animal g , found among certain of the c agri ultural groups in the Mississippi Valley, would seem to point c e to a more southern origin , espe ially those from the states of Mixt c

c . Of and Puebla , Mexi o However, none the early prehistoric com plexes in the Mississippi Valley have produced artifacts as comparable to those from Mexico as those specimens whi ch have been described c c s c from ar heologi al horizon whi h appear to be, in point of time, just pi ior to historic contact . Recent archeological explorations in central Louisiana have devel

a e c c c l . oped tentativ hronologi al series of u tures The earliest , s designated at pre ent as the Marksville or Southern Hopewell (Setzler, 193 c 3 and manus ript) , seem to be related , especially insofar as pottery H o wellian n design is concerned, to the pe Phase in the orthern Mis i i siss i . c c n pp Valley This basi omplex , whether it developed the e e ec lower or upp r Mississippi Valley , s ems entirely too sp ialized in its If c s to e . e artisti de igns have originated ind pendently _ indig nous, certain developmental stages must have preceded the design element c e c c now re ognized , yet nothing has be n dis overed whi h would indi O f e cate a link with any the culture cent rs farther south in Mexico , or in the Pueblo region . S v fi Other ites in Louisiana , Mississippi , and Florida ery de nitely c i s onta n pottery with these Marksville design element , and wherever e c c the Sites have be n inhabited long enough , new de orative te hniques on pottery appear which are somewhat related to the Marksville and s r yet Show contact from o ther culture centers . The e new featu es 1935 might make up an aspect known as the Coles Creek (Ford , , In northern Florida the Coles Creek seems to form the basis a t ewkes 1924 for a horizon known as the Weeden Isl nd Componen (F , ; s T Stirling, In Louisiana Missi sippi , Arkansas , and exas, they N c seem closely linked to such protohistoric groups recognized as at hez , as ct a c Caddo , and Tunica, the latter in turn serving the dire n estors s O f historic tribes by the same name . Another important prehistoric complex contemporaneous with the Coles Creek but thus far centering in the Yazoo River district O f west central Mississippi is the D easonville (Coll ins, According to 1935 c c Of ec Ford ( , this phase ontains ertain elements d orations out O f which some of the Caddo and Tunica pottery design elements W co developed . Three Of the sherds from the Deasonville site ere de ih n c s rated a man er omparable to the general Mark ville type (Collins , 1939 , p . B U LL 1 31 6 B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETHN OLOGY [ .

fl In Georgia and Alabama this Coles Creek in uence is less evident, e but may have affected some of the proto or even prehistoric Cr eks . i c The most important site in Georgia , from the point of v ew of hronol o c 3 ogy, is the Hollywo d Mound in Ri hmond County, miles east of the 94 317 18 . town of Hollywood (Thomas , , pp This mound has produced what appears to be a definite stratification of two seemingly Of c unrelated cul tures . The basilar levels the mound ontained pottery l 1905 very closely related to the Moundville type in A abama (Moore , ) The upper stratum was composed mostly O f a sandy micaceous loam “ ” c c c crawfish 3 feet thi k, while the lower level was a ompa t land c c e vegetable earth which had been piled on very bla k, ri h vegetabl m S . I c c s mold , evidently the village ite n this upper sandy mi a eou loa - were fragments of pottery decorated with a carved paddl e stamp . c c With this pottery, histori iron and por elain fragments were asso iated c . The stamped pottery designs are more usual in the eastern part of the Southeast , extending from Pennsylvania south to about the middle of the Florida peninsula and west to the Mississippi River . c c ct c Of the The extensive ar heologi al proje s in Georgia , and mu h c c signifi ant work in Tennessee, Alabama , Kentu ky, Arkansas , Lou isiana o , and Texas will go far t ward making these general statements can more specific. Within the next few years we hope to outline and perhaps establish the centers and distribution of what now seems merely a heterogeneous aboriginal mixture .

TAX ONOMY OF AB ORIGINAL CULTURES

Archeologists in the northern Mississippi Valley have inaugurated McKern the Of c c a taxonomy ( , for analysis prehistori ultures, based entirely on the material Objects and constructional features Of c the mounds and village sites . Old ex avation reports together with c c re- fi 1935 the spe imens re overed are being analyzed (Grif n , ; Deuel , 1935 1937 c com , ) and all omparable traits grouped together by sites ( onents c c r Of c c p ) to form fo i , phase , aspe t , and patte n a basi ulture . in c This is deed an advan e, and as other scientific excavations are com leted c c can p in the South the same general lassifi ations , we hope , be

. S N applied there This report, on one ite in orth Carolina , has been ’ w W written ith this eventuality in mind . Even though e are unable c c t i c c ct to pla e this omponen defin tely in a spe ifi aspe or phase , the data and subsequent analysis can be used for this classification in the t Southeas . HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The culmination of all archeological explorations is primarily his ori al t c . Historians have long had an interest in connecting bistor icall r c c S y known g oups with ar heologi al ites, and the archeologists

B U LL 1 31 B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETH NOL OGY [ . m ema-m mm s EA H T EE D S i R OUN AN D LLAGE S TE N . P C M VI I , . C 9 time gives an unexcelled opportunity for those primarily interested in pure classification . The site is also important because it so well fits the description

' of the town O f Guasih visited by Hernando De Soto in 1540 (Swan

1932 . o c c r S ton , , As Dr Swant n has indi ated , the Pea ht ee ite is geographically and topographically more accurately Situated for c O f Guasili N c c the lo ation than either the a oo hee or Etowah mounds, e u ili both of which had previously be n considered as the site of G as . 1918 1894 (Heye, Hodge, Pepper, ; Thomas , ; Willoughby, S h O f B feasi This ite in t e midst the lue Ridge Mountains , where the bilit c c c y of trails is limited, oin ides more nearly with the expe ted S c c c c ituation as des ribed by the hroni les than any other lo ation . S c However, the ignifi ant point in this report is not whether this is S c o O f nasili c Of the ite of the an ient t wn G , but whether the artifa ts c the site can be culturally allocated . Whether the Pea htree site is c Guasili is - a tually or not, it near a well known Indian trail, and the deviation of such trails in this rugged mountainous region is 1928 at — i extremely limited . Myer ( ) shows least one trail of mpor c c tance whi h passes the site , while several others are conne ted to it . It is essential that we here present the historic evidence with regard é é f to e cc O f the . O c the Cheroke o upation site A r sum this se tion , in the t c e c c s viewed ligh of ar h ologi al omparison , will appear on 5—5 pages 5 7. 2 c Figure , reprodu ed from the Nineteenth Annual Report of the c h 3 S a Bureau of Ameri an Et nology , plate , hows map of the Chero kee territory , giving the fullest , original limits of the Cherokee dom ination 1 8 c c in 7 0 and the boundaries at final ession . This learly indicates that the Peachtree site was approximately in the center O f h the area during t e entire Cherokee domination . Its spatial central c its c ity, ombined with topographi isolation deep in the mountains , makes it highly improbable that it was alternately occupied by can Cherokee and other Indian groups . Thus we partially rely on c cc the lo ation to insure that the o upation was by the Cherokee . The historic towns mentioned and located by Mooney and Royce

c c c r . r cannot be ac urately as ribed to the Pea ht ee site However, fou c S : hestua histori ally known towns are hown on the Hiwassee River C , i i e Tl anu s . B assee Great Hiwassee, Hiwasse , and y oth Hiw and Tl n i e a us i N . u . y are near M rphy, C , and are now repres nted by Of mounds . A short distance to the south these last named two is Nottel y , where a large low mound now stands . Though no mention is c c at c S made spe ifi ally of a town the Pea htree ite, the last three Tlanu si i Nottel mentioned towns , Hiwassee , y , and y, are no more 5 than c . _ miles distant from Pea htree An important trail , however , ran n e from the Te nesse River up the Hiwassee River , through all the 10 B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETH N OLOGY

- l c above mentioned towns except Notte y , whi h is south of Murphy on c e c the Nottely River . The trail forked above Pea htre , one bran h going

C. N. northeast up Shooting Creek toward Franklin , , and the other c branch following the Hiwassee to its headwaters , rossing the ridge tecoee a to the Cherokee towns of Echota , S , and Tallul in the north It v east corner Of Geor gia . seems likely, therefore, that more illages

or settlements would be found al ong the river than are listed . Ex tensive village sites occur at such places where the valley is wide

enough to accommodate a semisedentary group, along the entire c c length Of the Hiwassee River, yet no histori towns were lo ated 1900 O there by Mooney . He (Mooney, ) does not ften mention the e c c Hiwassee sites by name , but refers to th m olle tively as the “ ” “ ” 3 Hiwassee Valley Towns or the Valley Towns . On page 3 he — states in the winter Of 1715 16 a detachment pene ‘ ’ ’ u on ashee Tlanu si i trated to Q e ( y on Hiwassee , about the present 63 “ Murphy) On page , The valley towns on Hiwassee ” continued hostile . However , on his map , Mooney shows , to the

O c e c . northeast f Pea htree Mound , a sit alled Valleytown It is pos sible that Valleytown is the town which was historically located at

Peachtree Mound and was improperly located on the map . This idea is strengthened by the statement on page 107 where Mooney says a mission was established at ‘ Valley-towns’ on the north ” S s e c c e . the ide of Hiwa se River, just above Pea htree re k This is

exact location O f our excavated site . Possible identification O f the c cc Valleytown on the map , whi h is o asionally mentioned in the text , is made less positive by Mooney ’s further statement that the mission “ was established in 1820 on the site of the Old Natchez town on the ” a north Side of the Hiwassee River . His st tement that this is an O ld N c r an t c of N c at hez town is refer ed to in ar i le , The End the at hez , r 1899 o c l 1 . v S . published in the Ameri an Anth opologist ( , . , n . , pp 517 His location of the town is on a tributary of the Hiwassee c River south of the Pea htree site . Additional evidence against the assumption that this was one of the histor ic Cherokee towns is tacitly secured from two references in Mooney (1900 ) on page 23 :

H arr Smith halfbreed born abou t 1815 f ath er of th e l ate ch ief of the y , a , ’ Eas h rok t e ee [N. J . Smith one of oone s chief inf ormants inf ormed C , , M y ] the author that when a boy h e h ad been t old by an Ol d woman a t radition of a race of ver smal l eo l e erf ectl white wh o once came and l i ed f or so e y p p , p y , v m t m on the sit of the ancien mound on the north rn side Of H iwassee i e e t e . at th e mouth of e h P ac tree creek a f ew mil es abo e the resent u r h N . . , v p M p y , C This would imply that no Cherokee Indians were living there or near there . Another similar myth regarding the Site at Murphy “ ” itself indicates the visit Of the little people to h ave been prior to Smrzm —m m cs l A E H TRE E OUN D AND VILL GE srrn N . P C M A , . c 1 1

h t e . cc to the advent of whites A ording Mooney , therefore, there is little historical evidence for the continuous occupation by the Chero or an c kee , y other group , during the histori period . Opposed to these data is the testimony of loc al residents who affirm that the Peachtree Mound and village site is the exact location of a Cherokee village described by their fathers and grandfathers c a when settling the region . This eviden e m y not be reliable . Also ’ ss it is a erted by Sibbald Smith , the son of Mooney s informant , “ ” N. . c c J Smith , that his people had lived at Pea htree sin e the Revo lution h . One of the workmen employed during excavation of t e - c c site was one fourth Cherokee and he stated that , a ording to his was e the the father , his grandmother buried somewher in field near mound . Added to this is the very important evidence at the mound c e all c e cc c itself (whi h , aft r , is in ont stable) of o upation sin e the se c C s advent of Europeans by the pre n e of glass beads , opper and bra s , i r w c . c ron , and other artifa ts as g ave furniture Su h materials ere also prolific in the surface soil of the village site . Further evidences of quite recent occupation are the two spring pocket knives found as ff Pm— 19 Pv— 3 grave o erings with intrusive burials and , and the cu t P - —4 metal p wi h burials v 3 and Pv . Regardless of certain legendary statements and the lack of indis

utable c c the c s c p do umentary eviden e, fa t observed during ex avation make it seem certain that the site was historically occupied by the

Cherokee . The evidence indicates that it was inhabited from the s c c c c prehi tori to a very re ent histori period , and is lo ated in the c c r enter of the Cherokee country . Sin e the Cherokee we e notoriously i r s zealous in keep ng strangers well outside the Cherokee bounda ie , c c l the tumulus and its asso iated village site may be al ed , with some i r i c . degree of erta nty , Cherokee in o igin Th s assumption , though a c c n by no me ns iron lad or un o tested , seems now to have the most c c c in onvin ing eviden e its favor . Space will not permit a discussion as to whether the Cherokee 2 . N . built mounds Sibbald Smith states that his father, . J Smith , c u laimed the Cherokee b ilt mounds along the Tennessee River , but did c r not ere t the F anklin or Peachtree Mounds . He did not know about r Nottel the la ge one at y nor did he mention the one near Murphy , the Tlanusi i site of old y . To bring this discussion to a close it seems best to summarize the c : 1 I n c eviden e for our hypothesis , t has been i di ated that the Chero e o i kee probably lived her historically , alth ugh th s precise location is c t c c 2 e nowhere indi a ed spe ifi ally ; , in identifying this sit with a c c histori group aution must be taken . It is not asserted that Chero

2 Wil lia “ - m S . W e u n er S e ul a tions 37 0 h m r il bb d p c (pp . as so e w o th w h e suggestions on t is oint h p . B UL 1 31 12 BU RE AU or AME RICAN ETH NOL OGY [ L.

- N i is kee speaking people alw ays had this type of culture . e ther it stated that only Cherokee had developed the culture represented n —c t the at this site . O the ontrary, many of the trai s listed for

Peachtree component are reported for the entire Southeast . How t s r the e ever, i is a se ted that traits report d here do represent the material culture of a group of Cherokee inhabiting this site . Necessary to our hypothesis is the fact of continuous occupation n cc by the Cherokee of the Peachtree Mou d area . That this o upa tion extends over a long period and has not been interrupted for any appreciable length of time is also essential . The historic Cherokee tribes have been studied extensively by eth i n e c nolog sts and linguists . There has also bee a t nden y to label 3 many differing archeological manifestations Cherokee . Origins or o e migrations of the Cherokee d not int rest us here . Mooney

Thomas Powell Royce and others have , on hn c the e c the basis of et ology and linguisti s, shown Cherok e losely

e o . c relat d , riginally, to a northern Iroquois group They rea hed the B lue Ridge section prior to European contact and had apparently taken over a Southeastern culture pattern by the time 1928 6 3 they were first visited (Swanton , , pp . 7 The significant factor in identifying this site with the Cherokee c i seems to be not that the Cherokee on e inhabited the v llage , but that all the material evidence is the same regardless of level . That the l c c s site has on y one ulture, whi h is probably Cherokee , make this

. c c r f c cc identifi important Where stratigraphi ultu al dif eren es o ur , c c ation is perhaps more tenuous , but here, it seems , identifi ation of an archeological manifestation with a linguistic gr oup is of a far more n definite nature . The assertio is not that any artifacts resembling t these mus have been made and used by Cherokees . It is only as serted that these were made and used by the group known historically as Cherokee . The above remarks should not be interpreted as implying belief e a l that the Cheroke had culture all their own , or that they were cu ll l tura t . c y iso a ed A tually the Cherokee , . as mentioned by Stirling 1 932 . r c c c c l ( , p efle ted the influen e of ontiguous u tures to a large It degree . is possible to state that this particular association of objects and complexes seen at Peachtree is typical of the Cherokee for a

ct . c c c om restri ed area The per entages of influen es , su h as material c parable to that from Moundville, would naturally be less here than at e s Etowah or some other southern site, whil the Tennes ee sites would s have different proportions of these southern trait .

9 “ F or a more detail ed t reatment of the C ero ee ar eol o y see Ar eol o i al Im l i h k ch g , ch g c p ations T i c (p . h s section al so deal s with th e arch eol ogical manifest ations not l abel ed C ero ee h k . ' — S Era R J ENNw os ] EA H TREE OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N c . P C M VI I , . 13

” It seems very improbable that a pure site of any sort will ever be o c fl c - found . N ulture develops or exists without in uen e from neigh a e t c boring peoples . It is equally tru tha the te hnology and material ’ ct t culture (archeology s only data) are subje to the easies change . Thus it is inevitable that in many cases s patially intermediate cultures c c c n e c te influ will refle t influen es whi h origi at in distant en rs , these ences or patterns existing as inte gral parts of the intermediate cul c at c ture . Plac ing this referen e this point is in explanation of a ertain s c mixture of trait found side by side at the Pea htree site . This mix e B ture of basic elements is charted in App ndix . They are definitely f c t c . c oexis ent , with no level or time dif eren es If the artifa ts were c c e e found singly and ompared , the rea tion would be that they b long d but hi c s co c to unrelated groups, in t s a e their ntemporaneity is learly c re cc demonstrable . So it annot be said that there a levels of o upation ; onl y can it be said that diverse and unrelated elements were found to exist together and are equally typical of the Peachtree archeological manifestation . EX CAVATIONS

The Peachtree Mound and village site was selected for excavation

v o : o c V . for arious reas ns First, from the hist ri al point of iew Dr Swan t it i ton felt that this si e , situated as was on an important aborig nal c e c Gu asili Indian trail , might be the lo ation of a Cheroke town alled v in 0 c 154 . c c isited by Hernando De Soto Se ond , from the ar heologi al point of View it was hoped the site woul d give us an exceptionally good cross section in the heart of the Cherokee country and perhaps some f h c . r o t e e stratifi ation Third, f om the point of view original purpos c v e of the Civil Works Administration , it ould pro id legitimate em t c s ploymen for the unemployed in the area , and weather ondition during the winter months were favorable . c cc e it Aside from the histori o upation of the site by the Cherok e , was hoped that some evidence of Yuchi occupation might be encoun

’ ' r lz c e te ed. Whether the village of Guam was lo ated here do s not seem c c to be a question of primary importan e in this report of ex avation , 4 r c not but is of g eat historical interest . Ex avation of the site would c c n but on eivably reveal an artifact indubitably belo ging to De Soto, c ul w o d perhaps have sho n , through the size of the mound and its c c t stru ture as well as the cultural obje ts , that the si e fitted the description of the town visited by De Soto . c l c The site , onsisting of a large mound and vi lage, is lo ated

U No. 64 e miles east of Murphy , on nited States Highway in Cheroke 300 N . s County , C . It is on the north bank of the Hiwa see River,

’ 4 Dr S want on h a li l l un of h is reason f or re onst ru t in De S ot o s . s pub sh ed a fu acco t s c c g rou t e as h e h as in t h e F inal Report of the U nited S tates De S ot o E xpedition Com mi si n 1 9 39 h rman s o of w i e was C ai . , , h ch h B ULL 1 31 14 B U REAU or AMERICAN ETH N OL OGY [ .

yards east of the confluence of Peachtree Creek and Hiwassee River . At this point the river is a swift flowing stream 100 or more feet in width . (See fig. t c N Cherokee County , mos southwesterly ounty of orth Carolina , is bounded on the west and north by Tennessee , while Georgia is its c in limit on the south . Murphy , the ounty seat, lies approximately i Nott l c . ts e e the center of the ounty Of thr e rivers , y , Valley , and

w m c . Hi assee, the latter is of main i portan e It flows northwest to ic the Tennessee River, of wh h it is the fifth largest tributary, draining t 5 some square miles of terri ory , with an average discharge of 6 c . cubic feet per se ond at Charleston, Tenn

c c . 1 A The entire ountry is rough and pi turesque (pl , ) , its steep hills and ridges being typical Southern Appalachian terrain . The broken c c k c ountry is overed with forests of pine , oa , hi kory, poplar, and

c . is can hestnut While now only small game found, one imagine a c ountry rich in game during aboriginal times . Arable land is ex tremel o c c . B . 1 y s ar e Only the flo d plains of the river valley (pl , ) c e c c have suffi iently fertil soil to make farming pra ti able or profitable . 1 As shown in figure , the mound itself lay directly on the bank of c the river. The location was strategi because the river valley here c c n rea hed a o siderable width , thus making a large area available for c ultivation . During seasonal floods all the bottom land is inundated, c c providing the ri h silt whi h annually renews the fertility of the soil .

PEACH TREE MOU ND

The technical procedure involved in the excavation may be briefly 1 c . c mentioned (pl , The rew furnished for the ex avation by the c County Civil Works Administration in luded 104 men . So large a c s number, all of whom must be employed , made ne essary a revi ion of c methods involved in excavation . Approa h is usually made along In c c a single axis . this case, however , approa h tren hes were put — c down on three sides . This three way ex avation proved extremely u c appropriate later, permitting as it did a simultaneo s approa h from

29 c r c . c c three sides to feature , the entral st u ture Sin e a balan e c between speed and careful work had to be attained , the tren hes were n w as first put down rapidly to undisturbed soil . Then the tech ique c c cut c hanged to vertical cutting . The fa e of the was kept verti al and “ ” c c was sli ed down , allowing the ex avation to progress toward the c W c enter of the mound from all three sides . hen the ex avation had so advanced into the mound that a face was too high for effective

n . work, it was terraced and removed i two or more arbitrary levels c c For onvenience in referen e, the arbitrary spatial divisions of the

5 B l 4 K n 1 2 ul etin 3 of th e Tennessee Di ision of Geol ogy . S ee i g , 9 5 . , v 0 U S Geol o i al S ur wate u l a ers un u l is e . . . g c vey r s pp y p p ( p b h d )

B ULL 1 31 16 BU REAU or AM ERICAN ETH NOLOGY [ .

Work had not progressed far when it became evident that there were two natural strata in the site; The mound itself constituted one level ; the old vill age level upon which it was constructed was the second . On the assumption that there might be cultural differences between the c c c material in and on the surfa e of the mound , and that whi h ame c t from the village site, the material from ea h layer was kept separa e . “B ML ” B The village site material was labeled ( elow Mound Level) , “ ” while other material was ML (Mound Level) . c c Laboratory analysis of the material , parti ularly pottery , indi ated ' u iflerenc that slight c ltural d es between levels existed . The analysis 48—4 c given on pp . 9 was se ured by random sampling and showed that f c in ac c t the there was no dif eren e the artif ts, ex ep pottery, between e two lev ls . n it c i i e i was s The mou d self, due to ult vat on and ros on , gently loping 1 was on all but the south side (pl . , This, the river side, very : i steep and abrupt for two reasons F rst , during annual floods the cut a i c its r to the river had away part of this s de ; and se ond , nea ness river plus its steepness prevented cultivation and consequent flatten h - ing. At the time of excavation t e mound was a round topped 1 0 20 e t tumulus slightly less than 11 feet in height , 8 by 2 f e in size . A general outline of the more important structural features will

c . indi ate the type and purpose of the mound Three hard , level , super c c imposed burned floors were un overed near the top . At the enter, se v c c c r ing as a ore or the nu leus of the mound, was a stru ture of stone c and wood (feature over whi h a small primary mound , perhaps 7 60 c feet by feet, had been ere ted . Over this primary mound was a larger secondary mound . The entire primary mound was built at c c c c n one time, as indi ated by the fa t that soil used in the onstru tio c c c no was pra ti ally homogeneous in olor and texture, with separable B e . c strata , although lensing could be obs rved (pl efore the ere c tion of the se ondary mound a layer of white sand, varying in c o c thi kness from 1 t 6 in hes, was put over the primary mound and the adjacent village site until all the area which was to serve as the e c bas of the se ondary mound had this sand mantle . This layer was c t thi kes near the periphery of the primary mound , and was full of c c water laminae , indi ating that there was a ertain amount of erosion c of the sand before the later mound was begun . Constru tion of the c c se ondary mound was intermittent, indi ated by various thin water d 8 eposits up through its structure and 6 refuse strata . The secondary mound was used primarily as a foundation for ceremonial or domiciliary purposes rather than to cover deceased individuals . Even though six burials were placed in the mound

0 i n S ee p . 48 for d s ussio s of le el s AA A B C D E and ottery anal ysis. c v , , , , , , p LE R— E NNI NGS A T EE D S ET ] E H R OU N AN D LLAGE S TE N . Z J P C M VI I , . C 17

n its c c c duri g onstru tion , this was in idental to the original purpose . c 11 After the mound had been ompleted , more bodies were intrusively c 9 buried in the substru ture . The following structural phenomena were encountered : A rich Village site deposit upon whi ch was constru cted a small primary c mound . Over this mound a larger se ondary structure completed the tumulus . im c a The pr ary mound was built of brown and bla k soil , prob bly n h c it c from the surroundi g abitation site , be ause ontained a certain c i l s amount of artifa tual mater al . On y the e two types of soil were - n a u . It hemis her used i the prim ry mo nd was steep sided , possibly p c to i al , with a gently sloping ramp the east , parallel to the river . The primary mound did not serve as an exact center for the secondary ion mound , but was rather to one side (t

— F IG U RE 4 S emat i rawin s ow in er io s f m un ons ru tion. . ch c d g h g p d o o d c t c

c con The se ondary mound, probably built after some lapse of time , tained f c c many dif erent colored soils , in luding white river sand , bla k

c and i . humus , brown subsoil , various lays, sandy m xtures One blue “ ” c c r ca gray lay layer, extremely compa t, se ved as a p over a portion 1 0 l th s. 2 of e top . The lensed areas show very plainly (p and Since the earth used in the secondary mound was usually natural i e cul c f u . so l, few tural obje ts were o nd therein . Sherds wer rare A “ ” preponderance of the material labeled mound level was found in the surface humus or in the eroded fill at the periphery of the “1 mound .

9 Ten burials were report ed t o have been removed by th e Val entine brothers of Rich mon i 8 n S in e no ra mentar uman ones d n 1 85 from the t op of th e secondary mou d . c f g y h b rr n s were ound in t h e fill of t eir ex a ation t is st at ement ma be e o eous. (Fi . 6 s ow f h c v , h y g h t he ex t ent of ir i t he p t . ) 1 ° T - “ ” P o l w is l u r i l n is 2 and 3 . r fi es L I an L5 s o h b e g ay cap shows very pl a n y i p . d h th e r l h a e th e t of t he mou n g ay ayer wh ich l at er comes t o t e sur f c at op d . 11 n A C S 1 t me t i. e . l e e AA B ee . 6 22 and 48 f o x e t ion t o t is s at e l s pp , , r e c p h , , v , , , , D, A h a E l o u ontain s me s er s. Th nort e st . s t e p eriphery of th e primary mo nd c ed o h d e h ortio f h mou ofi B ows t at he moun was ere t e in la ers p n o t e nd see r l e 1 5 l . 2 s t d d y , ( p , p , ) h h c not by bl an etin the w ol e tumul u s wit new soil but by adding l ayer a ter l ayer on th e k g h h , f one i e r n l l ar h t o rea r er an t o in rease s d . Appa e t y t he int ent ion w as t o en ge t e p a at h t h c th e ei t f h ou h gh o t e m nd . B U LL 1 31 18 BU REAU OF AM ERICAN ETH N OL OGY [ .

c What actually seems to have happened is that the entral feature ,

l . 4 5 6 7 c etc. 29 s the stru ture of stone , (feature , p , , , , and was built — c a and covered with brown and black soil . This first mound a tually — small one only 7 feet high was no more than 60 feet in diameter . This

2 L I . can be seen in plate , A, profile The dome outlined by the sand c c line , whi h had been spread over the mound as a thin and ontinuous

c c c . c layer, is a ross se tion of this first entral mound During a se ond c e period of construction , the diameter of the mound base was in r ased to perhaps 100 feet by the addition of another layer of black and brown soil . The plane of deposition of the lenses in this addition did not conform to that of the primary mound . This first expansion of

' h l at . T er the mound did not increase its height e strata , however, m added intermittently on the east and north sides , raised the sum it ec some 3 feet (fig . The usage of primary and s ondary will remain as follows : The primary mound applies to the earth over the central be r to c feature . The rest of the tumulus will refer ed as the se ondary 1 2 structure . lent c c c etc. i European onta t material , su h as glass beads , iron , , was p

f ul c . N on the surfa e and in the deep peripheral fill one , however , was recorded in or below the mound except in asso ciation with intrusive “ ” c burials . ( Mound here includes primary and se ondary portion . )

Culturally the site seems to have been homogeneous . The sole dif c r 48 49 c c . feren e is in per entages of e tain pottery types (see pp , ) and c c in the presen e or absence of European obje ts in the two levels . Within the mound were a number of unusual features whi ch may prove significant to those interested in comparative treatments of m c ar ound onstruction . Three natural divisions of the site e suggested u 4 : c r in c by fig re First , the ri h village deb is whi h most of the burials c r ma c c were found ; se ond , the p i ry mound, ere ted over a large entral c ir c s stru ture ; th d , the se ondary mound , with two main period of i c c . e n c s be sc onstru tion Thes divisio s , with their ontent , will de r bed : c a in reverse order The se ondary mound , the prim ry mound , and the i V llage site . TH E SECONDARY MOUND

FLOORS AND WOODEN S TEPs 0 B RAM B s

c The two major features of the se ondary mound are the hard , r -c e bu ned lay floors near the top and along the southeast rn side , and c two series of log stairways on ramps . As was indi ated before , the

H A careful anal ysis of t he profil e ph ot ograph s and sket ch es indicates t h at t h ere is a nee f or th e ore oin ara ra s on ernin t he st ru t u re f th m n S e eral s ort d f g g p g ph c c g c o e ou d . v h san l ines o u r at ran r h e o r ru ur T es ma be eit er was d cc dom t h ough t e s c nda y st ct e. h e y h h man o iou sl are — Th s ers y bv y or thin l ayers del iberat el y sprea d ou t . e and l ayer which cov “ t he primary mound is continu ou s and is u su all y re ferred to by th e sand l ine unl ess re e in ontext l earl n i ifi r n en m non p c d g c c y i d cates a d e e t ph o e . m - mm x e s s J i EA H TRE E OU ND AN D LLAGE S TE N C . P C M VI I , . 19 secondary mound seems to have been built intermittently over a rela l tive y long period . c c The hard pa ked , and in some pla es burned , superimposed floors e r c to 2 A l L 1 were very clearly observable . R fe en e plate , , profi e , makes 1 3 their position in the mound and their relation to each other plain . A i 2 c . In plate , , the sand line over the pr mary mound is learly visible e The lowest of these floors originat s below , and to the right of stake r wa 11 (numeral 11 in photog aph) . This floor s about 1 inch thick e c the c x ept in fired areas (the darker, thi ker portions of the floor) , where it is some 4 to 6 inches thick . It was cementlike in hardness

an l c off . t d the soi above it leaved readily Its extent , as well as tha to o of the others, was indeterminable , due the large area previ usly “ . ce dug The Valentine pit had obliterated a great deal of eviden . i c Remnants of the floor left in the first digging, however, ndi ated that 40 the original length was no less than feet . 6 8 c e Another floor lay to in hes above this first one , s parated from c c rc u th it by an unlensed mixture of burned lay , ha oal , and vario s ear s . ff It did not di er in appearance or probable extent .

The last floor was very near the surface . Most of it was destroyed c - through ultivation . It rested upon the thick layer of blue gray clay ca s ( p ) referred to elsewhere . The e floors were probably those of s c building , although no regularly spa ed post holes were located to c t fi 1 5 orrobora e de nitely this reasonable assumption . It should be pointed out in connection with profile L I that directly beneath the lower two floors the first section of the secondary mound is - . e i Visible This wedge shaped zon , beg nning just under the lowest

floor, and lying between it and the sand mantle over the primary c mound , was a darker stratum , the lenses of whi h lay at a slightly dif ferent angle than the horizontal ones of the primary mound . This i c t t e c c c ndi a es that in the earlier s ag s of se ondary onstru tion , floors c n were made and used . A further dedu tion is that followi g an in t of c ca i defini e period use the gray lay p was added, rais ng the level of

‘ 8 Cf . fi . 5 wit l A g . 2 . h p , 1 4 S ee ootnote 9 1 7 f , p . . 15 The moun stru tur l an fi w few s attere ost ol w ose ori n d e ( . 6 s o s a d p es gi s c p g ) h c h , h a era e 2 eet rom the resent su r a e T ese were ro a l t h e oun ation ost s f or a v g f f p f c . h p b b y f d p buil ding but th e early dig in h as made an ert ainty on t is oint im ossibl e t o d et er , g g y c h p p min e. During excavation every effort w as ma de t o l ocat e the post h ol es which w oul d make it possibl e t o reconst ru ct t h e size and outl ine of some superimposed st ru ct u re on t h e t op f h mo b h o t e un u t t e few irre ul ar ol e mentione a o e w ere the onl ones o ser e . d , g h s d b v y b v d T here is a difference of 2 feet in the l evel s of the l ow er fl oor and th e t op of t hese post o i h l es . T h s can be accounted f or by th e f act t hat th e l ast st ru ct ure st ood on eart h more r e entl y added o er the oor or by the a t t at th e s ort ost s were l e t standin c v fl , f c h h p f g and th e next st rat m u of soil appl ied over t h em. o n Ma omb an ol d settl er says t at w en he rst saw th e mound t ere were f our J h c , , h h fi h l ar o t n - h th m n T wer cut ge p s s at or ers of a 20 oot s uare on t e t o of e ou d . ese e , c f q , p h al on wit h e h m n w a u in ul i at io T er w as n tra e t e t r es at t e t ime th e ou s t to t n. e o g h , d p c v h c of t ese osts or f t he os l es h p o p t h o . B ULL . 1 31 AN E THN OL OG [ 20 BU REAU OF AMERIC Y

B ULL 1 31 22 B UREAU or AMERICAN ETHN OL OGY [ . stairway on a ramp leading up to the floor of a temple or house c stru ture. e Twenty feet nearer the center of the mound, beginning at the bas and running from a surface depth of feet to feet feet i 13 26 r se above datum) , we find a similar series of poles (feature ) 1 6 ce lying on the side of the primary mound . This series , as referen c the to the figure of the mound structure plan shows , did not as end S 1 o cc e lope as uniformly as did feature 6 . Post holes als o urred her at n the e ds of the horizontal logs . Under the logs was a thin hard layer p c is of sand, whi h possibly the same as the sand layer over the primary

No c . mound . floor was asso iated with the upper level of this ramp To the north of feature 26 was a thin layer of bark which rested t e conformably on the stratum for h length of the steps, from the mound base to the uppermost log. t to t 26 s Jus the east of fea ure , on a slightly higher level , was a serie c of four poles, whose arrangement was similar, and whose fun tion may 1 6 have been like that of features 6 and 2 . Other post molds and frag ments of wood were encountered at various places through the mound . c These were considered accidental inclusions . Small areas of harred e No grass and cane wer found at various levels . explanation for these c e po kets of mat rial appeared . c 26 was Adja ent to feature , but higher and in another stratum , a c ran c series of three large log molds whi h parallel to , rather than a ross, the c No c slope of the stratum on whi h they lay . explanation ould be found for this structure . These molds were above the base of the c mound . Complete exploration did not reveal any associated stru tural

c . phenomena , so a definite explanation of these logs is la king Another feature of the secondary structure is visible in profile 15

2 B . . s (pl . , ) Here five dark refuse strata are visible The fir t of these, -C A , lying just beneath the gray lay layer, was followed on through section 14 and was observed to fuse with the lowest of these three floors 11 the e near stake , at sam datum depth as that at which the floor i ' t fl . r . 19 e . orig na ed (See p . depth of first floor ) It is thus demon strated that suflicient time elapsed after the construction of this floor cc c for the a umulation of a ertain amount of debris . The other levels , B r 2 B , C, D , E , were higher and late (pl . , ) . Their origins did not tie he t . 4 in definitely with any other feature in mound (See p . 9 for pottery types in level A . )

Throughout the mound , aside from burned portions of the floors, l c 1 1 6 r smal areas of burned lay, from 12 to feet in diameter, and f om 1 8 c c to in hes thi k, occurred . These were random occurrences and seemed to have no sig nificance or relationship either to the mound as

1° On p. 1 8 a stat ement is made that st ru ctu ral feat u res f rom t h ree nat u ral divisions woul be is u sse i i ion De ri ti rimar d d c d by d v s s. sc p on of p y mound ramp at t his point is a l o i al ex e t i n g c c p o . — S ETZ LER E NNINGS E A H TREE OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N . J ] P C M VI I , . C 23

c encoun a whole or to each other . Artifa tual material was seldom - i tered on these burned clay areas . In the mound fill s ngle boulders cc c were often found . These o urred at no parti ular level nor in any

cc c . degree of order. They are assumed to be a idental in lusions Another feature as interesting as the floors and starw ays just dis f - o r c 17 18 cussed was the colle ction o water b rne boulde s in se tions , , 4 B — 21 in L . I . and 19 along the line (pl , ) This layer of boulders feet “ ” — c length and 13 feet in width formed a lose , evenly laid floor of

c e . boulders , one foot in thi kness , resting on the east rn slope of the mound

It was put in place after the last addition to the mound was deposited .

It also appears that the stones begin at the edge of the mound , at its

c . base . The plane on whi h they lie rises with the mound strata The 19 e 17 depth of the rock stratum at line is about fe t , while at line the c c depth is only foot. This indi ates the depth to whi h erosion had c covered the lower end . Further up toward the enter of the mound , profile 17 showed that some of the mound strata had come to the edge e c c c of the stones , but no evid n e appears whi h indi ates that any later artificial layer had covered the stones . It has been suggested that this regular arrangement of stones was the floor of a sweat house . A few small irregularly spaced post holes near the outer periphery - e would further verify this sweat house theory . Possibly thes post

. 17 . 3 0 in holes were all that remained of a house In profile (pl , ) a th c e sand stratum in whi h were water laminae , is s en , originating at the edge of the rock area . The profile indicates its possible use as a stone

. s c ramp Its nearne s to the surfa e , however, makes it barely possible a that this entire feature was not aborigin l but modern in origin . c In se tion 7, largely obliterated by earlier work , was a series of 20 e post holes, only a foot in d pth , lying under a sand stratum . These were identified with the first stage of the secondary mound c onstruction . They lay on the same stratum as the steps (feature 16 ) on the other side of the mound . Inadequate exploration of this e s ries of post holes makes any definite explanation impossible . “ ” c 6 ce On the mound stru ture plan (fig . ) will be seen the surfa and basal outlines of the pits put down by the Valentine brothers

1885 . area ec 8 9 10 1 12 in This extends over portions of s tions , , , 1 , ,

13 . c c c evi and Fortunately , this digging, whi h obs ured mu h of the

c e etc. c c den e regarding floors , post hol s , , on the surfa e , did little a tual damage to the central feature at the base of the primary mound .

e etc. c Probably a more adequat explanation of the post holes, , ould e have been made if this part of the mound had not b en disturbed . e c How ver, the floors seem fairly good eviden e for assuming that c c stru tures on e existed on the mound , although the exact size and shape can never be determined .

24760 0— 4 1— 3 B ULL 1 31 24 B U REAU OF AMERICAN ETH NOL OGY [ .

PRIMARY M OUND

c 29 The most spectacular and complete stru ture , feature , lay on

ri . cc the prepared floor under the p mary mound This feature , o upying 9 10 11 was c the right half of sections 8, , , and , a large stru ture , built

e c . s of stone and wood , orient d roughly with the ardinal points Thi r 22 t in central st ucture , approximately fee square the interior r o dimensions and 31 feet in exte ior dimensions, possessed a wide st ne bench around the four sides and a timber superstructure containing

separate compartments along its walls . 5 B ea c Reference to plate , , shows the app ran e and distribution of c c the stones as they were found . The canes were pla ed in the pi ture c to indicate the length and dire tion of the log molds, all that remained e of the collapsed roof and wall sections which overlay the ston s . This picture also shows the depth and arrangement of the external e 2 or peripheral stones which made up the wall som feet in height .

I s and onl c . n ide, y inside , this wall there were s attered single stones

No stones were found outside the line of the peripheral wall . The loose central stones were placed on the thick and unshifted

peripheral stones to reproduce the original outline of the structure . e the The ston s of the wall proper lay flat on prepared floor, while all the central stones had fallen into their place with such force that 1 7 their impact with the floor had made shallow indentations . The fact of a forceful collapse was emphasized when the two halves of a

broken boulder were found 10 feet apart inside the enclosure . This e fracture had occurred during the collapse of the wooden structur . c the The larger pie e was found partially embedded in floor , lying

against the stone upon which the break had occurred . It is quite possible that the larger central stones had been placed on the roof

of the wooden structure in order to secure or hold down mats or reeds . The finding of four large corner post holes indicated the main roof r t c 6 supports . These post holes were fi s en ountered feet above the clay floor of the house and extended through the undisturbed soil 2 1 c . beneath the village site . They averaged in hes in diameter Their size and vertical position were doubtless the reasons they stood through The r the collapse . smaller cross beams fo med the molds scattered “ ” among the stones within the edifice . A glance at the mound floor

7 c . plan (fig . ) shows that the dire tion of the collapse was toward the

. No c r c w southwest har ed spe imens ere found , so that joints or meth e ods of fast ning timbers could not be determined . The exterior walls were built of small vertical poles outside the r c 8 A a ea overed by the stones (pl . , ) and served as the outer roof

1" S e e l . 8 B for the smoot oor th wal l n om r p , , beneat e s a d a e wit l . 7 B w i h fl h c p h p , , h ch “ ” s ow s a portion of the entral se tion wit the oul ers ou in in h r h c c h b d g g g to t e floo . L6 L7 L6 L5 LA L5 L2 Ll DI (2 2

MOUND FLO OR PLAN

M O UND

C he r o ke e Co NC ,

Lt N D

Q SCAl l l QLD bl ONl S O DRLViL LS “ CAN NON o II DO) " "OK 4mm or omcm

® bunut o env n u mcu nt o 90 51 son. LOG cm

S al e : = ( 1 s uare 10 eet . q F10 0 “ 7 ° c f 247600 —41

— EN NI NGS A H TRE E OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N C. S M Z L ER J ] PE C M VI I , . 25

m c c . supports . The roof was probably of that h or ane matting So e

ec rml c the c d ayed , fo ess organi material among roof or wall ross members is the basis for this assumption . and 8 B The six vertical yellow clay sand walls , as seen on plate , , l - were reinforce d with l /z inch posts which were sunk deep in the 2 e mound floor . The yellow bands extended feet above the ston e e layer . These transvers walls are not easily explained , but by virtu e c of th ir size , shape, and arrangement, they are onsidered to be parti c c c tions . The relations of these ross walls of lay to the ro k base of the structure is shown in the floor plan of the central feature 29 ; one 1 c c of the bands is labeled 3 . They showed definite olor ontrast to the matrix of the primary mound and to the post reinforcements . A burned area in the center of the square may have served as the c cc at o s firepla e for the building, although burned zones o ur vari u places all over the floor of the mound . Two of these shown on the u h r e gro nd plan run under t e boulders of the stru ctu e . These burn d 1 8 e r areas s em to have no di ect relation to the house itself. This structure collapsed after the primary mound had been built n c n and probably duri g the building of the se ondary mou d . The internal evidence of the arrangement of the ruin itself indicates a c l for ible inward col apse . The sand layer which covered the entire primary mound seemed to dip considerably directly above the struc

t . n t ure I s ead of this sand layer forming a dome, the center and h ranc ighest point slumped , giving the appea e of a geological fold . c hi e The lowest point in this sand line was near the enter, w l the c highest peaks were dire tly above the walls . Since the traces of i t mber found were log molds and small rotten wood fragments ,

° The t eoreti l - a re onst ru tion of eature 29 as a t at o ered w ooden st ru ture 3 h c c c f h ch c v , c , W i t a ontin uou s st one ben agai nst its wal l s and artitions risin ab o e he b n h c ch , p g v t e ch was eri e an i ti l v fi d by den ca st ru cture excavat ed by t he j unior au t h or in December 1 936 and anu ar y 1 93 7 f or th e Tennessee Vall ey Au t ority C i amau a B asin Sur y h J h , h ck g ve . T e eat u re re err ed to was on site 8 H a 1 in H amil t on Cou nty Tenn some 1 5 mile u ri er f f , , , s p v N ( E ) rom C at tanoo a Tenn In l a g , . o tion (i. e . t h e ore of a small mou nd iz e f h c , c ) , s , ener g al orient at ion presen e of a en f i i r i , c b ch o s m l a w dth wit h partitions (of al most i enti al arran ement o d g ) , p st ol es at th e rear of th e b en a ent ral fire it onl y a c h ch , c p ( urne area in Pea t r b d ee) , beams f or roo su ort s wit t at and matt in ro ch f pp , h h ch g of , all onst ru t e o d er a prepared l e el ma es t h e Tennessee find a remar abl y simil ar h c c v v , k k p e nomenon I . t is t rue t at the Tennessee edifi e was dest royed by fi re w i b d h c , h ch ake t o ri l i e ar n h b d ess t e pu ddl ed l ay of it s ben es and oor and artitions t us r r n ck k h c ch fl p , h p ese vi g more etail s of onstru tion d . C arred beams ie es of mat tin and t at r of c c h , p c g , h ch o mate ri al w ere rea il i n ifi e t a l e . d y d b Th e Tennessee manifestation diff ered further in being semi su terranean a in b , g been bu il t in a s al l ow d e ression w i was ob i ously made h v h p , h ch v t o a ommo at th e e st ru tu re. I cc d c t al so diff ered in having an ent rance and a sh ort curved ent r wa “ - ” y y or st orm door ou tside the buil din robabl y t o redu e dra ts insid Th g , p c f e. e en es were not ma e of stone bu t f u l e l a T es b ch d o p dd d c y . h e sh owed evidence of occasional abori inal re air I g p . t is possibl e t at t he Pea tree ben w as o ered wit l y h ch ch c v h c a , but the la o erin was no obser e x a c y c v g t v d at e c vati on because it had not been fired and no istin tion was o ser e d c b v d . The t wo sit es P a t , e ree and 8 B a 1 in th e C i amau a series r n mor ch h ck g , a e o e than 1 50 miles a art ri r n p by ve a d were doubtl ess subj ect t o simil ar or ident ical cul tu ral in uen es fl c . B U LL 1 31 26 B UREAU or AME RICAN ETH N OL OGY [ .

it c c c rather than charcoal and charred wood , seems logi al to on lude that the collapse of feature 29 w as due to pressure rather than fire .

r ffic be An additional featu e , more di ult of explanation , largely r c cause amateur digging had obliterated pa t of the eviden e, was

in c 8. the series of long, slanting post molds se tion Ten of these originating at a surface depth of feet, and extending down

f . e through the base of the mound , of er a puzzling feature Th y were a c r arranged in a gentle arc, their tops sl nting toward the ente of the — c i. e . mound . The mound stru ture was unbroken around them , it — was lensed and contained no changes in material showing that they were in place during the erection of the primary mound , or that they were forced into the mound when the work was partially done . s featIire 25 In section 7 a similar group of post , , originated just above the top of the primary mound and extended through the mound base into the undisturbed soil . It is probable that these post holes represent some part of a temporary structure erected on the se north west edge or slope of the primary mound . No floor or transver e c timbers or other evidence of an edific were en ountered .

TH E VILLAGE S ITE

Several features of construction in the village site have been hinted at earlier . Refuse pits, burial pits, hundreds of post holes , some un with stones arranged around them, fire pits both lined and e c c c c lined with ston s , a hes of animal bones , pits ontaining har n tc . c e . oal , , appeared at many poi ts Refuse pits were uniformly dug from the original surface into the basic or undisturbed brown w c c soil and ere learly distinguishable, in both verti al and hori

zontal . c c c profile They were filled with ri h bla k soil , in whi h broken

c c c c . cc c bones , har oal , and ultural obje ts were found Their o urren e c and size were irregular . The majority of the burials dis overed r s we e in the village site , inhumed in pit dug from the original sur face . These burial pits varied from a size just large enough to c Or s ontain a flexed infant burial , to long oval pit in which an ex c c tended body ould be pla ed . They varied from to 4 feet in - . c 3 3 34. depth For further dis ussion of burials, see pages In one c Pm-16 a o f u instan e (skeleton ) grave was dug into an lder re se pit . B In profile these two types were easily distinguishable . urial pits - were filled with light colored mottled earth from the surface and

c c . subsoils , while the refuse pits were always filled with bla k , ri h soil c 1 2 3 4 In se tions , , , and a refuse pit was connected to a burial c 20 pit by a tren h feet long, with a depth equal to that of the two

. c w as pits The tren h filled with the usual black soil . No explana t can f ion be o fered .

— E N N S ET LER NI GS ] EA H TRE E OU N D AN D LLAGE S TE N . Z J P C M VI I , . C 27

B eneath and around the mound a profusion of irregularly spaced cc c post holes o urred , whi h justifies the assumption that houses were c destroyed and rebuilt many times, and possibly indi ates a rather long occupation before the building of the mound . The homogene ous nature of the humus on the camp site surface made it impossible to locate the origin of post holes in the first and significant foot of soil . Traces were only visible after the digging had gone below the c W c original humus, at whi h point they ere readily dete ted through c c their ontrast with the brown subsoil . Empty molds or asts were e i u i rarely encount red . Somet mes the b r al pits were dug through c Pm—52 e several post holes . In another ase ( ) a post had b en driven o through the head of a skeleton s me time after inhumation . n c c 13 On the northeast side of the mou d , running a ross se tions 7 to , 1 5 . were two long and regular rows of posts , averaging feet apart

e c . These (fig . 8) do not seem to form ither an en losure or a structure c It has been suggested that they were portions of a sto kade . c c r Seven instan es of learly defined post holes , su rounded by a c e s 21 c 6 c lust r of flint pebble , varying in size from 4 in hes by in hes i c down to nches by 3 in hes appear . These probably served to wedge the posts when inserted in the ground . The fact that floors were never found in connection with the numerous series of post holes in the village makes possible the conjecture that the houses were Slightly

i . raised , the posts serv ng for piles This assumption of pile dwellings , c it based on purely negative eviden e , is not so unreasonable as may S c l l seem , in e the entire Vi lage site is and doubtless was flooded severa 1 9 m c . ti es a year , and a raised house would be a distin t advantage Another phenomenon worthy of mention was the seven instances of c cc r c c small lusters of stones , o ur ing sporadi ally, unasso iated with post “ holes and sherds . Reference to the ground plan shows a pile of ” c ro ks here and there . Their surface depth varies, although usually they were in small holes well down in the old humus zone . It is pos c sible that these flint stones were heated and put in a hole , whi h was c later sealed for some type of ookery . The stones were not , however , c subje ted to regular intense firing, inasmuch as they were neither dis

c c c as . olored nor ra ked , heated stones usually are s c fire- Variou firepla es, sometimes deep , round holes , with reddened l bottom or merely a small flat burned area occurred frequent y .

U sually they had some broken sherds associated with them . One round pit lined with smoothed but unburnt clay and filled with sherds and charcoal was found . This pit was sunk from the original B i 9 . 9 t A . sod level (pl . , ) Another (pl , ) shows a fire p lined with

1” No hist oric descriptions of raised h ouses were encount ered in the S out h east eth no l o i al l iterature g c . B U LL 1 3 1 28 B U REAU or AMERICAN E TH N OLOGY [ .

l c pebbles . Under the pebbles ran a thin layer of ta like material ,

nn a . no more than inch thick , ru ing under the entire burned rea

Its significance is unknown . One other example of a pit lined with c in e cc in c 11 tal , this cas not a fire pit , o urred se tion , shown on “ ” 5 t e ground plan as pipe clay pit . It was about fee in diamet r, and was sunk from the old sod level to a depth of perhaps 3 feet . N t c c it e ce . Possibly it was a s orage or a he p , h n the lining umerous c c c areas or zones of charcoal occurred . One a he or deposit of orn l n cobs was found . It shou d be me tioned here that the village site , o r mound base was not always determinable in the same way . As and e hinted previously, the two levels , mound village site , wer usually separable on the basis of a definite Sand line . This was true c c h m only of the se ondary stru ture . W en the li its of the basilar port ion of the secondary mound were passed and excavation eu croached n h upo t e primary mound, it was discovered that the pri m r 6 ary mound ested upon a hard prepared floor, averaging about inches in thickness . This floor was made of a mixture of sandy c c ash w as lay, burned lay, strata of and of charcoal , and quite hard r 2 0 N he th oughout . ear t center there seemed to have been a smaller c floor, at a slightly greater depth , over whi h the more extensive floor c whi h served as a base for the primary mound was placed . Large 8 11 c . cs. parts of this floor were burned (fig , se and The fa t h c 8 13 50 that t is prepared floor had a wide extent , from se tions to ( 60 to feet) should be kept in mind . On the northeastern periphery of the Village site under the mound e t the l wer a grea number of stones . All these stones lay on origina c c in c in surfa e, whi h some ases was packed and hardened a manner comparable to that of prepared floors . The great number of post c e holes nearby indi at d that several structures existed here successively. t c c Just wha the stru tures were is problemati al . c 13 16 l c c In se tions and a rough y ir ular group of post holes, which t i a ce . originated the old surfa are shown In the v llage site proper, excavations were begun at a burned area which proved to result from a u c fire at the top of a pit in which a double b rial had been pla ed . An attempt to delineate a house structure in the present village site cc was unsu essful . A long double series of post holes was followed for 0 but w 7 as . feet, no explanation of the arrangement found Probably c c c e ce the stru ture was a sto kade , sin e the posts wer not in eviden either c in olor or texture u ntil a depth of 2 feet was reached . Due to the the c e homogeneity of the soil , level of origin annot be stat d ; therefore t the relative age of the structure cannot be postul a ed .

“ E arl ier des riptions indi ate t at t is l arge oor ser ed wit out modi ation as th e c c h h fl v , h fic , floor of eatur 29 f e . fi n n s i m mm s EA H TREE OUN D AND LLAGE S TE N C . ] P C M VI I , . 29

S U MMARY

In summarizing these data it may be said that the Peachtree site consisted of an artifactually rich and extensive habitation site which - ts ts ce was pock marked with refuse pi , burial pi , and eviden of wooden i e was - c ch dwellings . Upon th s village sit built a hard pa ked area whi later became the floor of a large ceremonial structure of stone and c e u -o t 60 wood . This was over d by a small ro nd t pped mound , abou n a feet in diameter . Over this mou d , and separated from it by sand ec ich two stratum , was a larger s ondary mound wh underwent at least e major periods of construction and several minor additions . The s c e cc s e c i as ondary mound had upon it thre su e siv eremonial bu ldings, e i evidenced by the thre super mposed floors .

MATERIAL CULTURE ”1

This brief description must be correlated with the illustrations for c c s i t c a complete grasp of the material eviden e on t tu ing this omponent . 72 (See pp .

ARCH ITECTURE AND H OUSE-LIFE

The evidence on this phase is unfortunately incomplete . As men tioned c c c c in the hapter on ex avations, the hief features onsist of c the numerous post holes, lay floors , fireplaces , and an occasional frag c c c c ment of burned lay whi h arries the imprint of ane wattle work . c The probability is that these houses were made of poles , with that hed “ ” roofs (a few patches of charred grass were found in the mound t and village si e) and walls of wattle and daub (Adair, The arrangements of the post holes were such that no accurate record of the number of houses occupied over a given period of time could

r be ascertained . Histo ically the Indians of the Southeast are known to have had variations of the above type of house . The evidence of c No Pea htree Mound was only corroborative . definite house shapes

e c s c c . or siz s were determined , nor was the type of on tru tion dis ernible i c s The household furnish ngs in luded items of wood , shell , and ve sels c r of stone and pottery . Grain food was largely o n , of which many S c m n l . s. 2 A pe i ens were fou d It was ground on milling stones (p 7, , B 27 . and ) Flesh food was provided by deer , bear , opossum , turtle,

. cc and turkey Mats and skins were in use . Toba o was known and was probably cultivated by the group . There seems little doubt con

a ‘ This di ision coul d h ave been arrange d in se eral ways but t is styl e simil ar to v v , h , A z tal an by B arret t the Pict orial S urvey of th e Mississippi Vall ey (Universit y of C i a l go) , and Co e and Deuel seems more u se ul tendin t o ere t a dire t inter re h c f , g c c p t ation f rom the mate i l r a e iden e l e t by the ab ori ines. The added ease of readin wil l v c f g g , it is o e o er al an e the a mitte int er ret i e nature of t is f r n h p d , v b c d d p v h t ype o o ga ization. A l ist of all t raits appears in Appendix B detailed desc riptions of the ill ust rat ed artifacts wil l b oun — e d in A pendix C . 72 79 . f p , pp B . 1 3 1 30 BU REAU or AME RICAN ETH N OLOGY I m .

r s cerning the fact that these aborigines were ag iculturalist . How a of ever , they lso depended upon the gathering wild nuts and the Th seasonal hunting of wild animals . e dog was probably the only t animal domestica ed . COSTUME AND DRESS

Upon this subject considerable evidence was unearthed . Among the s articles used for dress were beads , ear ornaments , ear ring and ear c plugs , pendants, hairpins , wristlets or bra elets, and rolled metal beads

l 12 14 . 9 s. or jinglers (p , and ; figs and

B eads were largely of shell , although stone and pottery were em c S ployed ; glass beads were common after European conta t . The hell c c c c beads in lude massive ones , made from the olumella of on h shell , O io lla Oliv flat l e and e shells perforated longitudinally, long slender flat tened tubular beads of cut shell (pl . small round beads with e e cut c c e t ned sid s , small shell disk and ylindri al b ads . 12 The glass beads are of all sizes . Plate shows the range and type .

14 u 12 13 14 15 . N On plate , fig res , , , and are pottery beads ote the biconical shape of 13 and 15 and the centrally constricted cylinder of 4 3 9 40 1 S . 9 14. Figures 3 and on plate how two stone beads Figure is c 40 small and hemispheri al , while figure is long, with tapered ends and c l is made of highly polished h orite . A few European brass beads and 11 12 13 16 17 N buttons are shown in plate , figures , , , and ( ote string e B c l c ce still pres nt in fig . eads served as ne k a es , bra lets , and 17 B P k t . m an le s (pl , , burial

c c . Ear ornaments were made of opper, shell , lay, and stone The c S c opper ornaments are disk haped , made of wood and overed with

c . 11 opper The three examples of this type of ear ornament (pl . ) ifl’ d er . 1 1 slightly from one another The ornament on plate 1 , figure , c is oval rather than round, has a entral perforated boss with a series 13 a c of peripher l nodes . The edge of the opper is turned under the It overhanging rim of the wooden plug and is thus secured in place . c c has a hamfered groove running down the enter of the reverse side . c - c Pm—41 The other two opper jacketed ornaments ame from . Figure 2 11 c c , plate , is round with a entral perforated boss , la king the peri heral but c . p nodes, is held in pla e by the overlapping metal edge (fig 9 A . , ) The third ornament is the smallest of the three . It is round c c it e and la ks the entral boss , although is perforat d . The edge of the c the the opper is not turned under beveled edge of wooden disk , but is held in place by a short wooden peg which was driven through the c e 9 B opp r (fig . , ) . c c c Plugs of lay and stone, whi h were onsidered ear plugs, although

c e w c . they ould well have be n nose or lip ornaments , ere fairly ommon t r u m —I m m es EA H T EE D A D i R OU N N LLAGE S TE N . s P C M VI I , C. 31

C

" — — IGURE 9 . W oo en is s o ere wit o er A and B from urial Pm 4 1 0 f rom burial d d k c v d h c pp . b ; Pm—2 C r l n l rn n e w oo en 0 . oppe p ati g on A and C sh ou d be shown as t u i g under the b aded d

ed e see des ri tion . g ( c p , p B ULL 1 31 32 BU REAU or AMERICAN ETHN OL OGY [ .

e 14 22—26 30—34 c Plat , figures , , are examples of lay plugs ; figures 27—29 and 36—38 are broken plugs made of talc and coal shale (or a 14 1 2 cannel coal) . These last may be hairpins . Pl te , figures and , - c . shows two Clay pulley shaped obje ts , one whole and one fragmentary These are probably ornaments which were inserted or suspended from c the lobe of the ear. Hairpins of shell , made from the olumella of c conch (pl . and double pointed obje ts of polished bone were represented .

— F IGURE 1 0 De orate o er ra el et with s all ow in entations. . c d c pp b c h d

The c c . Pendants , fairly ommon , were of several kinds stone spe i c 31 c c mens , all of whi h are shown in plate , are very rudely exe uted , with the exception of the first two figures on the left . The first figure is a long flat celt-shaped object of yellow slate with crude engraved

. c ct c . c designs It is perforated , with a onstri ed ne k The se ond figure - boatstone- c is a tapering, well polished , double perforate, shaped obje t c ee c sus en whi h has b n grooved around the entral part , possibly for p sion . The remainder of the perforated stones which are considered are c c s pendants rough , rude pie e showing but little attempt at orna c c mentation or areful shaping . Other publi ations have referred to “ c these obje ts as net sinkers . - c c 12 A modern spring ba k knife wrapped in fabri (pl . , upper row , 8 — . Pm 19 th fig ) was found lying on the sternum of skeleton . A frag mentary , almost disintegrated shell , found on the thorax of burial Pm—16 h e , may ave b en a gorget or pendant , but could not be identified .

B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETI—IN OLOGY

P — P —5 16 prevent infiltration of earth but those over m 57 and m 8 (pl . ) had fitted covers which kept the loose earth out of the cysts . The narrow side slabs around burial Pm—58 were battered and splin tered c a i on their upper ends , indi ating th t they had been driven nto c 16 B pla e with hammers or mauls of some sort (pl . , ) , while the h r c r n walls of t e other th ee ysts we e no deeper tha the floor slabs , c apparently having been pla ed alongside . Pm—58 35 c c In burial (feature ) matting, fur, and skins , a on h cu c shell p or dish , and various beads had been pla ed with the body 16 B h Pm—57 30 i (pl . , ) , w ile with (feature ) matting, sk ns , and some c Pi —20 10 c maize leaf were re overed . From burial n (feature ) ame a c - No c c . 9 t opper ja keted ornament (fig , other artifa s were c c dis overed in these ysts . m Pm—28 Pv—3 Pv—4 Aside fro two examples, and and (a double

c c . burial) , no eviden e of a eremony at the time of death was observable c In the two ases mentioned above, however , an intense fire had been i filled-in c h bu lt over the pit at the current surfa e . T is fire seemed to fi c follow immediately after burial . Perhaps the nely made elt with Pm—56 24 1 ce t burial (pl . , fig . ) was a remonial implemen or was a the i c i symbol of ceremonial mportan e of the dead ind vidual . There c m is a possibility , of ourse , that the burials inhu ed in the top of the mound after its completion were persons of high standing in the com No c e c munity . eviden e of a d liberate remation and subsequent burial of the burned bone fragments was present . c c The skeletal material was generally poor, aused by the a idity the o of s il and the intermittent extreme dampness , due to high flood water extending above the level in which the burials were ‘ The e t laid . burials in the mound were almost entirely disint gra ed , because the pits dug for their reception were usually in clay B l fill which prevented immediate drainage of the wat er . uria s P — P - a m 30 m 39 . 18 e and (pl ) are ex mples of this condition . Thes alternate moist and dry periods would easily account for their disintegration .

c see . For a treatise on the physi al type, Appendix D , by Dr T . D . 80 Stewart (pp . PIPES AND TOBACCO

The tobacco complex seemed to play a large role in the life of “ o . these people . N massive stone effigy forms were found Dozens c of small whole pipes and many fragmentary ones were en ountered . c These smaller pipes , made from stone and lay , were uniformly well c c c c c arved and modeled , some ombining te hni al skill with artisti exe ca c ls 19 tion to make obje ts of extreme beauty (p .

“ Two massi e efli i es rom C ero ee Count y a re g u red by W est (1 934 l . v gy p p f h k fi , p

8 6 , p . — N S ET LER ENN I GS ] EA H TRE E OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N C . Z J P C M VI I , . 35

el The predominant type was the bow pipe and its variants . There l rm . were also some stem ess fo s , all from the mound level One Siouan c ac — calumet , two examples of Mi m type one stone and one pottery ffi s r n 2 5 and various bizarre e gy form , all stemless , we e fou d . i s ar d Considerable var ation is ob erved in the equal me styles . In some the stem is longer than the bowl , with various developments of n - the stem collar treatment . A few of the lo g stemmed pipes have the n t i the t h bowl formi g an obtuse angle with the s em , wh le s ems of t e the al e l same length as bowl usu ly form a right angl with the bow . the are c and e In section long stems round, o tagonal , or square, squar U e has a with rounded corners . sually the stemmed pip small bowl c proportionate to the dimensions of modern briers . In some instan es, m e sc . however, ornate bowls with small short st s were di overed Several examples of pipes with highly decorated flaring bowl and l s 19 20 c the short stem (p . and ) are omparable to those from Etowah 1932 92 N c c (Moorehead , , p . ) and a oo hee Mounds (Heye, Hodge, 1918 “ ” Pepper , , pp . Two examples of the bird pipes with conventional bird beak running up the front of the bowl were encountered . e The pipes w re not found with burials, but occurred at random c c r n throughout the site . U sually they still ontained the a bo or “ ” e v c in e cake due to long usage . Som gave e iden e of hav g b en broken n and reworked for further use . One bowl had bee chipped but the e u se c o e the c e pip kept in , as the arb n extended over the edg of fra tur are r to some depth . The stemless pipes not well made , but are c ude and heavy (pl . WARFARE AND HU N TING

r a u c c e c o The t i ng lar, on ave bas proje tile p int is the predominant i . and c type The size, proportions , type of material and hipp ng vary can oi s are over an enormous range . Generally it be said that p nt made either of a core or a large flake in asmuch as all show chipping r T c cc . he over thei entire surface . One or two ex eptions to this o ur mi r no ity of the points are of the stemmed type . These are uniformly chi e c as the i well pp d , though not finished with the same are tr angular examples, although many of the latter are quite rough . The two types , cc e c stemmed and triangular, o ur throughout the sit from surfa e to

c c . c it are c basi lay As indi ated above , is felt that both styles typi al c c re c trian u of the Pea htree component . Points with a less hipping, g cc lar , stemmed , stemmed and notched of every kind o urred at all

s . c level (pl Two antler proje tile points were also found (pl . 13 fi 3 s. 1 14 , g and ) Reference should be made here to the notched and grooved stones i 23 A B 23 . 24 c of plate , , and the ax forms of plate , Celts on plate (ex ept

See . 74 for des ri ti n n r ni n e p c p o a d p ove e c . Smbfifl B ULL 1 31 36 B UREAU or AMERICAN ETH N OLOGY [ .

1 all use in figure ) show and were probably employed hunting, indus

or . c n in try , war The axes and elts were used for weapo s and hunt g the c n in t e tools . Some of elts are u usual tha they have been sharpen d

c c . at ea h end , and may be alled double bitted Although the ax is 3 2 B . rare, it shows great variety in form , as in plate , Of these, only

1 2 3 4 6 7 c e . c figures , , , , , and ould have b en used as axes The not hed 23 A c c stones on plate , , may be onsidered axes , although their la k of wear at the bit seems to make this conclusion doubtful "6

GAMES

Evidence regarding games is restricted to the hundreds of small i l t u c disco da s found . Tha the smaller ones fig red as ounters in hand i games , gambling, or s milar amusements is probable . The larger c chunke 1 65 pie es may have been used in the y game (Timberlake, 7 , 100 h a c t p . ) mentioned by writers on Sout eastern r heology for the las — 1936 . 1 6 generation (Colburn , , pp ) “ ” discoidals co e t The and unt rs are made of stone and po sherds , c 3 i c varying in size from 5 in hes to A of an n h . Some of the stone s c pe imens were given a high polish and are extremely well made . are c Others rudely roughed out and are possibly unfinished , although cc it is likely that they were used in their crude state . O asionally the

are e . e. c c c edges b veled , i , their shape , if proje ted , would be oni al ; c others are biconcave . Most are bi onvex or parallel sided with c c the rounded edges . Some have in ised lines on the flat surfa es , but c greater number are unde orated (pl . i a The sherd d scoid ls or pottery disks (pl . 26) are made of any v c c o t suitable sherd , arying in the are with whi h they are turned u . . 2 7 Some have central perforations .

DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURED OBJECTS

S TONE

The only objects of chipped stone were projectile points and scrap

c . c ers . The predominant te hnique was pressure flaking Proje tiles were made from both flakes and cores. The majority of stone speci c discoidals c mens, su h as pipes, beads , , elts , hairpins , and earplugs , can be grouped as polished stone techniques . c Ground or polished stone pie es were usually made of steatite , c c e slate, or hlorite . In many as s the polishing of the pipes did not c obliterate the marks of the earlier pro ess of manufacture . Knife o or scraper marks are clearly shown on numer us stone specimens .

3“ H e e H od e 1 1 r i rs T i use y , g and Pe er 9 8 . 87 re e t o simil ar ob e t s as net s n e . s , pp ( , p ) f j c k h ma be orre t in er r y c c . S ome of th e forms discussed ab ove may al so h ave been net s k s o orms ot er t an axes f h h . 27 T ese orms a n r i rls h f h ve been co side ed sp ndle who . - S am ar 3 m m “ EA H TRE E OU N D AN D LLAGE S TE N C . ) P C M VI I , . 37

The sole examples of polished stone beads are the two shown in - 9 40 . 14 3 c . plate , figures and The long, tapering end spe imen (fig Discoidals s 40 . o ) is highly polished were sometime of p lished stone . The disks were apparently ground to shape on the sandstone abrad s u ers and then polished . The polish may have re ulted from long se, e although this seems improbable . Celts were made of slat and in e nearly every case were highly polished . It should b mentioned “ ” c that these celts were sharpened or bitted on ea h end . This is 4 m c . 2 1 e c c . not a om on elt form One of the elts (pl , fig . ) is p rforated with a tapering hole .

m but c . c Ax for s were rare , in luded a variety of shapes Referen e 23 B 1 S as mmetrial c to plate , , figure , hows an unusual y not hed type ; - - u o c . 5 c c a round , f ll gro ved lub head (fig ) a thi k, full grooved elt ll - c t shaped specimen (fig . a rough fu grooved obje t of s eatite m c c c and (fig . one thin , sy metri ally ground and not hed pie e ; 3 N two slate objects of questionable type (figs . and one of the h a c a c 2 . c xes was arefully m de , ex ept figure T is pie e is so small , n c im r c a d of su h soft stone (slate) , that its use as an ax seems p a ’ i ble c c c t ca . Perhaps it is a hild s pie e or a eremonial object . The other ax forms all have ends pecked from use . 23 B 10 11 On the same plate ( , , figs . and ) are two highly polished ” r c pick forms , and two squa es of hematite whi h have ground edges 12 F 8 9 are a (figs . and igures and prob bly celt fragments or blanks . 23 A c Plate , , shows several large pie es of shale and flint with fairly deep notches on each side which have been roughly shaped by peck ing and breaking . It is not probable that these stones were axes or mauls because there is no evidence of wear on either bit or poll s of the stones . Apparently they were u ed as they now appear . The “ ” c term net sinker has been applied to them , but no real eviden e

can . as to their use be found They do seem , however, to be a trait m c S nc c . of this omponent, i e they are very o mon c c Rough stone work in luded mortars or milling stones , not hed “ ” nutstone t stones, mortars of the ype , steatite vessels, pendants ec c (perforate pi es) , abrading stones, and a few problemati al pieces . The mortars or milling stones were merely large flat boulders of flint with a depression worn on one Side by constant grinding 27 A B i (pl . and ) . Shap ng of the stones was apparently not prao ticed . A suitable flat one was merely selected and used without modification . e 28 A B Plat , and , illustrates numerous examples of cupstone frag “ ” s c n t ment , whi h are called by many people u stones. The pits are smooth , having been abraded rather than pecked . Even the small garnets which occur throughout all the slate have been worn smooth B U LL 1 31 38 B U REAU OF AM E RICAN ETH NOL OGY [ .

t to in he depressions . The use to which these s nes were put cannot c s be stated with ertainty . It has been sugge ted that they were paint No mortars . stains of ochre or other materials were found in these t c . ups , leaving this theory withou a strong basis They may have t th s . e c served as drill re ts Wha ever use, the frequen y of these objects makes them artifacts typical of the component . cc Steatite vessel fragments , o urring at all levels, are exemplified t e . in plate 29 . Here the ext rior treatmen shows very well The tool roughened decoration and flange handles are illustrated . The interior fi B . 30 of these vessels is smoothly nished Plate , , shows numerous c e c abrading stones whi h have b en shaped by grinding or utting, after c r which their flat surfa es were used for g inding, sharpening, or 1 h smoothing . Plate 3 shows roug ly shaped fragments of steatite ves

e c . sels, and slat , all of whi h are perforated These take on a variety s c e c of shape , but are onsider d together as pendant forms be ause of th e m e c e perforation . Pitt d ham erstones wer fairly ommon and were s 30 A of the usual type as hown in plate , .

B ONE AND AN TLER

Working of bone was not common . The entire collection of bone and antler artifacts from the component is shown on plate 13 . The i c r : i fi h follow ng obje ts we e made of bone and antler Awls , ha rpins, s

c k . hooks , proje tile points, and fla ing tools Five awls were made of s the ulnae of various animals ; one flattened form , a few splinter awl a five of both anim l and bird bones , one sharpened fibula , and hairpins or bodkins complete the list of piercing tools . One small grooved fishhook and one canine tooth grooved for suspension conclude the

‘ c s n . No list of bone obje t fou d bone beads, ear or nose ornaments , or us implement handles were found . The failure of the aborigines to e c c c e more bone artifa ts seems unusual ; however , this s ar ity of bon objects may be a diagnostic trait of the focus .

S H ELL

c c c Shell was used for manufa turing a onsiderable variety of obje ts , t c as c most of which were used as ornamen s , su h beads (see se tion on

. e . c c costume , on p gorg ts , hairpins , and ear plugs The large on h shell s were used for drinking cups or vessels . Pulverized shell was i t also used to some extent as an aplastic in mak ng pot ery (pl .

COPPER

Objects made from copper were rare . It was used in sheet form e 11 1—3 for making ornaments . Plat , figures , shows three ear orna - e . c ments of copper jacket d wooden disks The opper was beaten thin , o pressed against a wooden ornament , and t ok its design from the - t r u m rm mm s E A H TRE E OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N C. s ] P C M VI I , . 39

c . c . 11 bosses or nodes arved on the wooden base The small oil (pl , c c Th fi hh 11 . e s oo s fig . ) was an aboriginal pie e of opper wire four k 1 4— 1 . 7 of copper (pl . , figs ) are of European wire , all having been 1 — c . c c . 1 . 8 10 found in the surfa e levels The opper bra elets (pl , figs ) — came from burial PV 4 and were in association with other European c all c c Objects . The bra elets were quite plain , ex ept one , whi h had 10 e 11 u the simple embossed design shown in text figure and plat , fig re

e e c . 10 . The oth r illustrat d metal obje ts are of European origin Metal objects on plate 12 were found in graves and in the surface

1st . soil . The metal (iron) tankard (top row, fig ) was at the head of — — h c can PV 3 Pv 4 . 8t burial and The knife (top row , on whi h be e Pm—19 i se n copper pins , was with burial , an intrus ve burial on the east P — kn side of the mound (see Appendix D) . v 3 had with it a ife illus

trated 12 7th . c c in plate as the figure (top row) The s issors , bu kle , c c iron axes , opper bells, and other obje ts were found throughout the surface soil .

TEX TILES

The only evidence of textiles was that found with burials Pm— 41 — and Pm 57 c . , preserved by opper salts These textiles are plain twilled hr over three and wnder t ee. plaiting, Materials used in weaving have not been identified , but they were probably cane .

POTTERY

Since pottery is one of the most essential characteristics for com e c e c c c c paring relat d ar h ologi al omponents , as well as refle ting ultural c n c ce hange or the i fluen e of foreign groups, more spa has been devoted to this section than to any other . Lack of time prevented an analysis e of every sherd (estimated from the sit . This vast amount c to c c made it ne essary sele t ertain squares , more or less at random , but especially those which would give an adequate cross section from vil both the mound and lage site . All the sherds from these selected 10- foot squares, both above and below mound level , were used in pre ri f . o c pa ng the following summary This method sele tion , however, n i c c i should be take nto onsideration in any omparat ve studies . The ceramic material fr om Peachtree Mound was analyzed in the “ ” uthe light of definitions set forth by G , although the wares here “ ” discussed are more nearly comparable to the types of his definition c 1934 1-6 (Mar h, , pp . ) ’ Guthe s definitions follow

A ware is a ceramic group in which all attributes of the paste and the surface finish rem n con t n A t l t o is ai s a t . s y e of decor a i n a ceramic grou p in which decorated des n and techni b t r ma n on t t ig c o h e i c s ant. A s yle of form is a c ramic rou in wh ch th e f orm as a wh ol remains essent all constant and e g p i e i y , 247 600— 4 1— 4 B ULL 1 31 40 B U REAU OF AMERICAN ETH NOL OGY [ .

i r i is distingu shed by some outstanding featu e. A type s a ceramic g roup wherein the similarity is a generic one of all f our characters caused by th e tir ot er om l x o h i nat l r r en e p t y c p e f t e d es g ed cu tu e g oup .

His discussion mentions the four major aspects which are sig nifi ant r c . c n in potte y treatment These four are paste , surfa e fi ish ,

d c . h e oration , and form The divisions made by Gut e should be de c c c c rived from the aspe ts of erami s most easily treated obje tively . ’ This attempt to apply Guthe s ideal to an actual mass of data was r c c r i c done in the inte ests of obje tivity , inasmu h as cultu ally sign fi ant “ ” w c e c The o ares annot y t be safely des ribed for the Southeast . b jective facts are here recorded and are naturally open to any inter retations ce p . We have attempted to define rtain diagnostic types in such a way that they can be readily recognized by other workers a in the field and be used in compar tive analysis . Theoretically the application of objectivity to pottery seems ah rdl iffi li c c d cu t . ffic su y simple . In pra ti e it is fraught with y Di ulties cc es c o ur in the range of relative hardn s , presen e of various size a c c r e c plasti , and olo , to mention but a few . To what ext nt is olor c " signifi ant , if it is at all (Kidder and Shepard , If two c c f sherds have the same de oration , olor, and shape, but have dif erent “ ” “ ” re f r aplastic, are they the same ware or a they dif e ent wares " c t wo c c Obje tively the pie es are separate , but ulturally they may be identical . All the difficulties encountered in pottery treatment may be sum marize t : c e d by this ques ion Whi h is more important, the mat rials c from whi h pottery is made , or the way the material is treated as seen in the final produ ct " To be objective means that material and e treatment are both considered important, with mat rials having slightly greater weight . c c Ideally, pottery omplexes should be onsidered as a part of a total c c c c of other archeologi ally asso iated omplexes , and obje tive dif n e f ere ces minimized as in the Southwest, wh re workers have em 2 8 ployed a more useful method of establishing wares . It is to be hoped that additional information will permit a similar treatment c i by Southeastern workers , but until that time the obje t ve treatment 2 9 seems advisable . c Wares have been set up on the basis of paste (or aplasti , texture ,

. c on hardness, and color) and surface finish Classifi ation is possible

c c . e the basis of de orative motif, olor , or texture Interpretive bas s , c c c su h as the eremonial or utilitarian fun tions of the material , have

23 ’ Kidder s opinion is th at body form (specificall y rim sections ) and dec orative t ech nique and moti ar f h m f e o maj or importance in t e order na ed . 29 S in e t is se tion was w ritten a series of in ormal on eren es on ot ter anal sis a e c h c , f c f c p y y h v een el in th e ou b h d S theast .

B ULL 1 3 1 B U REAU OF AMERICAN ETHN OL OGY [ .

We r e A

r " J 73 0 110 2 (Ga za/5 9

Wa re B

Wa re C

w 2 . fl o ] — o r form f wares A B and C. FIGURE 1 1 . P tte y s o , , z- mnm as sEs J EA H TREE OUN D AND LLA E TE c . ] P C M VI G S I , N . 43

B fl ottoms are usually rounded , although conoidal and at bottoms

cc . e c o ur L gs are ommonly found among the sherds . These are the solid and are attached firmly to the base of vessel . As a rule ec t th c they are d ora ed with the same stamp as e vessel . S alloped rims are occasionally found with a lug or node projection just below h c t U c . the peak of e s allop . sually there are four s allops w 11 12 e Jar rims , as sho n by figures and , have an evert d lip , with possibly an applied strip of clay just below the lip . This c c e res strip is de orated by pin hing, leaving alternate peaks and d p m be e c c . sions ; it may incis d or s rat hed transversely, or un odified The h lip itself is everted and is seldom decorated . W ere no clay has been e e c add d below the lip , a single or double seri s of pun tate designs with varying degrees of regularity may occur . The lip is usually finished after the body has been decorated because partially effaced paddle marks can be seen on some of the more poorly finished lips .

B . c t e owl rims may be unmodified or thickened When thi kened , h c cc lip is widened proportionally, and perpendicular in isions may o ur o on the rim , j ust below the outer edge of the lip . On shallow b wls efligy heads of both animal and human types occur in rare cases . c The area decorated , if stamped , overs the entire vessel from lip to

a li ue . base . The modified pp q rim is added after the stamping is done

Incising is always on the upper portion of the vessel . The handles ma be c y in ised , as well as the area just below the lip down to the

c . shoulder. Cazuela bowls are usually in ised only from lip to shoulder

Shallow bowls may have incising below the lip on the exterior . The remainder is usually plain .

WARE B

f in ls B 0 . 11 B . 33 4 Ware (p , , ; and fig ) dif ers from ware A size and uniformity of temper and in possessing a uniform polish . i c n c c c This ware , n ludi g about per ent of the pottery , hara ter istically contains no aplastic or may contain very fine sand evenly distributed throughout the paste . The paste is very hard and strong, c c with a straight smooth fracture . Minute fle ks of mi a appear in the

c . paste and on the surfaces . Color of paste is usually bla k sur ace nish e te o The f fi is plain , smooth d , and polished, ex ri r and

c c c . interior , in some ases developing a glossy bla k surfa e The major decoration is an incised scroll with hachured triangle cc cc designs common . Paddle stamping o asionally o urs on the lower

portion of the cae a a bowl type of vessels . Attention should be called to the fact that the line of division e between wares A and B is difficul t to determine . Probably 3 perc nt c of the sherds could be placed in either ategory, but the ideal sherds f c of each classification are easily separable . The major dif eren es of B c c wares A and are found , first , in the aplasti , whi h is very fine and A B U LL 1 3 1 44 B U RE U OF AMERICAN ETHN OLOGY [ .

— F IG RE 1 2 . T i a rim e i n o war A and C U yp c l s ct o s f es . m -m w as D s i EA H TREE OU N AN D LLAGE S TE N c . P C M VI I , . 45

c B c uniform, or even la king in ware , as opposed to the oarser, less e c c uniformly distribut d aplasti of ware A , and , se ond , in the finish , hl c which is typically a hig y polished bla k , with a preponderance ce ce of incised decoration . Ware A varies in ex llen of finish and B m . work anship , while is uniformly well made

W ARE B—l

e B —1 ls 38 c e e War (p . and of whi h very few examples w r found , includes pieces which judged by paste and finish woul d fit into b - u i . c e c o ware B , but wh ch have been painted The olor is eith r la k e -on- B — 1 i ic l i B orang or red gray . Ware is then dent a w th ware e 30 xcept for painting.

B 4 1 Water bottles occur . These are usually of ware with painted i 8 Th i are ll ec . 3 . e s a des gn (pl , and fig example of th s form t h ni ll r the ca . e l s so y excellent Beakers were repres nted on y by he ds, t occurrence of this form is based on fragmen s entirely . These may actually be neck fragments of large water bottles.

Plate s are fairly common forms . They may have either plain

r B o . re e. or scalloped ims . ott ms are usually rounded Handles a rar Lips of the cazuela bowl type are usually not thickened or modified in any way except for rounding and smoothing .

WARE C l s. 41 42 11 12 c Ware C (p and , and figs . and ) about per ent of all f the sherds, is entirely di ferent from the aforementioned wares . It is $1 f e . usually a soft ware , either shell or cell t mpered The shell dif ers in r fin c c - is c size f om e to oarse . The ell tempered ware parti ularly h the e e . e lig t in weight, shell t mper b ing naturally heavier Textur c is not uniform , some sherds tending to rumble, others tending to flake

o c . c c s or laminate up n fra ture Mi a fle ks are not pre ent, as they were — st B B 1 . c te in the pa e of A , , and The olor of the pas is usually gray, c c in though dull red occurs . It is suggested that the la k of mi a the paste of ware C indicates a different source of clay for the shell h tempered ware . The mica particles in t e paste of wares A and B are probably unintentionally included since all the basic clay in the region has c c this mi a in it, and any pottery lay obtained nearby would , of c c c ourse , ontain a ertain percentage of it .

ac r The surf e of the wa e is always plain , smoothed , and often carries

. o s c a good polish R ughne s , or inequalities of the surfa e , found on

c cc . be smoothed pie es of ware A , do not o ur A slip may added which is - either self slip (mechanical) or a red . This slip is not to be confused — with the red or orange paint of ware 0 1 .

” ’ T is is pro a l the ol rome ware of H arrin t on s re-C ero ee ul tu re H ar h b b y p ych g p h k c . ( rin t on 9 2 g , 1 2 , p . 1 9 1 , fig . n Cl asse to et er th m or ina a d g h as e sa e ig l apl stic . B U LL 1 31 46 B U REAU or AME RICAN ETH N OLOGY [ .

c the i Decoration on ware C is uniformly la king, vessels being pla n c - c i and smooth . Rare pie es have paddle stamped de oration on the r

c c c u . lower halves . No examples of in ising or s rat hing were fo nd

Two textile marked sherds were noted . c The body forms of ware C include the jar with small orifi e, possibly water bottles , plates , shallow bowls, and flattened globular j ars with e wide mouth and strap handles . An irr gular jar type, with a large e c flaring rim , the diamet r of whi h is larger than any other part of the I . t . ts vessel , was found The basilar por ion of this pot is globular appearance is that of an old-fashioned cuspidor ; two such sherds 1922 56 te . were found . (See Harrington , , pl . , opposi p In this ware flat bottoms are the rule. e c The strap handles of the jars originat d at the lip , being a tually c c atta hed to it, and terminated about in hes down on the shoulder ’ diflerin in hi area . The lip of this type vessel is rarely everted , g t s ffi respect from the jars of ware A . In one instance e gy features ap peared as flanges on the side of a shallow bowl sherd .

W ARE 0 —1

— — — l 42 . 15 1 8 . 44 . 9 2 c Ware C (pl , figs ; pl , figs 1 ) is subje t to the c same des ription as C except for the addition of paint . This painting c c e is usually a wash of red , whi h overs the entir exterior of the vessel ,

i c . te n luding the base If it is a plate form , the interior is also pain d, c few although su h forms are rare . A pieces had designs of red on ' bufl .

WARE D

4 —4 —1 — . 4 1 10 3 17 18 c Ware D (pl , figs . , , ) is an unrelated ware, whi h t does not seem to fit into the general complex . It has gri temper e a c ing, but instead of this b ing s nd of various oarseness , it is rotten c c s c ro k or pie e of burned lay . The size of the temper is extremely c c u variable . Su h pottery is not strong, and r mbles badly when

‘

c . c fractured . In olor it is usually red or brown The most noti e able or useful trait distinguishing this ware is its gritty or friable “ ”

. o c feel While ware A is often rough to the t u h , it is hard and rarely

c . r rumbles Ware D , on the other hand , is so friable that f agments

c r n of lay and grit are emoved by rubbing the fi gers over the sherd . c The fabric or textile markings of these sherds are most distin tive. Some are marked by cord paddling ; others bear basketry impres sions ; still others have impressions of a rough irregular textile which may be identified as a hair textile . “ a t c Le ving for a momen the professed obje tive View , it should be 3 2 stated that this ware D seems to be of a general Woodland type .

32 ’ “ Identi al wit H arrin ton s Round Gra e mat erial and wit s erds alled B aumer c h g v , h h c oun at l owest l e el f th Ki i i r Ill i i f d v s o e nca d s te in south e n no s. — S ET L E R EN NI NGS ] EA H TREE OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N . Z J P C M VI I , . C 47

c 10 S Another type of ware, of whi h not more than herds were found , - c c is a tan gray ware , whi h is very hard and dense, usually thi k, with

c. nc as fairly large grit aplasti These were i luded ware A , although e a c separate note is made of th m . It is possible th t they onstitute a separate ware . c e classifica In retrospe t , it s ems that the purposes of this type of tion would be equally well served had the division into wares been s c be made on the primary ba is of aplasti material , further divisions ing set up on the basis of type of decoration . Actually this is x e e c s appro imat ly all that has b en done , ex ept that the grit apla tic c n group has been broken up into divisions whi h te d to overlap . In c c any event , the table whi h follows gives the wares, with per entages cc c o c s of o urren e , with ware A broken up int de oration group , so that the prevalence of various designs may be observed . s The carved paddle stamps are divided into four types . The e are c c c curvilinear , whi h in ludes any design employing urved lines ; grid “ ” c c - or che k ; con entric straight lines ; and straight line designs , not

c . e concentri , aside from the grid Classes for plain and und termined te are lis d in the tables . The degree of care with which stamped designs were matched r c varies eno mously . Some examples are well mat hed and clearly i c t stamped ; others are not . In some nstan es wear , erosion , or wea her in c g, or even intentional s raping has almost obliterated the stamped design . Some of the larger sherds of the plates show the variation in h sharpness of stamp . In other sites of the Southeast t ese variations in c cc stamped de orations may o ur in determinably stratified sites, while here at Peachtree we have a variety of types in a more or less

o c 2 . homogene us situation , as indi ated by table a c c It is import nt to mention that a ertain per entage , probably not c more than six or eight per ent , of ware A was marked by brushing . c i These sherds , at the time of analysis , were not re ogn zed as having a different decoration and were included in either a miscellaneous or - straight line group . The straight lines of brushing were considered weathered stamping and were consequently not put into a separate c lass . An analysis of the percentages listed in table 1 produces several c s suggestive fa t . t c c Firs , the urvilinear stamped paddle design omprises but per c of c c ent the sherds analyzed . The relative s ar ity of this decorative motif may be considered diagnostic of a focus inasmuch as it is cc in c the reputed to o ur greater per entages in other sites , notably to

. One f u . e. e f c west fruit l line of study, i , the relativ requen y of this c c c c i spe ifi de oration , might give a valuable lue to sources of orig n .

Grid stamping is also fairly rare . B U LL 1 3 1 48 B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETHN OLOGY [ .

— s o wares rom all sam les TAB LE 1 . Average percentage f f p

W ere A

W re W re re Level of origin g a n

M ound level B elow mound level Feature 29 Average percentage of wares at Site

It is perhaps necessary to point out that the occupation levels in the B cc in mound , AA , A , , C , D , and E , o urring that order from 2 B e bottom to top (see pl . , , profil vary markedly from the ” c . e mound level squares proper in sherd per entages Thes levels , as 22 c c c before mentioned (p . ) were strata of har oal , burned lay, and fu c off c re se, whi h had apparently been swept or dumped the urrent n c c top of the mound at various times duri g mound onstru tion . They indicate possible minor fluctuations of prevailing wares over c c the later periods of occupation . Most signifi ant of these per entages i c C—1 s the relatively high frequen y of wares C and , the shell the tempered wares . While the average for three entire squares of “ ” c c S c the mound level , in luding surfa e , is lightly over per ent, hi average of the six levels is about three times as high . T s would c c c c indi ate that in re ent times ware C was be oming less ommon . The “ ” effect of these levels on the entire mound level group is to raise he c t per entage of occurence of ware C two and a half times . B c c Ware , the polished bla k ware , on the ontrary , shows from the S ix levels about the same percentages as would have been found had the n 5RI 6L I only full depth bee sampled , as seen in squares , , and L 15 1 . Highly significant is the fact that the last two lines of table 2 “ — feature 29 and above feature 29 are the high percentages of ware c C . We see from the average per entages above , from below mound

level , that ware C was more generally found below the mound than

. c f above The per entage of the last two emphasizes this di ference . A possible explanation of the great frequency of ware C above feature 29 is that the primary mound covering feature 29 was built in u c c some measure from h mus , whi h ontained sherds and other village

. e debris Obviously then , there were mor ware C vessels in use prior to n e the building of the primary mound tha ther were subsequently , or c cc the relative high frequen y of the ware C sherds would not o ur. i c e Another sign fi ant point is the much greater p rcentage of ware D , “ ” a c cc c the alien w re, whi h o urs below the mound . A tually the per

B ULL 1 31 50 B U REAU or AME RICAN ETH N OL OGY [ . c c s 1 c entage at any level is negligible, being mu h le s than per ent , but the relatively greater percentage found below the mound shows the priority of this ware and its later decline . Unless the analysis are c of the sherds is in error , there only three su h sherds above the c base of the mound , while a dozen were en ountered below the floor c ce and the primary mound . Referen e to the provenien of sherds on plate 44 shows that there were more than three sherds reported ce from above the mound floor , but the per ntage would probably be L 1 e in no more than is shown for 6 . Th se sherds probably were cluded in the upper l evels through scooping up of soil for the mound . Other percentages as to frequency of various motifs are manifest in a i fre the condensed table . Ware A shows the s me distribut on of quencies at all levels . c c c e c It is of signifi an e , then, that the Pea htre site shows a ertain r l - g adation of ceramic wares from bottom to top . She l tempered ware i C seems to have been more common n the earlier history of the Site . — This is also true of the polished black fine ware B and B 1 . Certain “ ” cc . alien sherds , ware D, o ur more frequently in the lower levels It is very interesting to observe that these percentages check Har ’ rin ton s 1922 c c c g ( ) sequen e of ultures most admirably, parti ularly when the wares B and B - 1 are identified with Harrington’ s poly “ - ” chrome ware of the pre Cherokee , and ware D with that of the “ ” Round Grave Peoples .

c c . Interpretation of the above omments will , of ourse, vary We feel c e cc that it indi at s a developing a ulturation of a group , rather than c c eviden e of a series of occupations . This eramic data must be re garded as but one bit of evidence indicative of shift of culture as op posed to the homogeneous nature and uniform occurrence of other

c c c c s . artifa ts (ex ept, of ourse , European artifa t )

ARCHEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

It Should be stated in beginning the archeological comparisons that the authors are well aware of the difficulty of treating archeological c data in a purely objective way . In line with the dissatisfa tion re sultant c c from the early analysis of ar heologi al data , recent workers “ ” 11 c c c ave sele ted signifi ant traits and onsidered these traits as single , c 1935 independent, and of equal importan e (Deuel , ; Cole and Deuel , 1937 fi Grif n , They have handled these traits statistically . This attempt toward scientific detachment is subject to criticism on

. c c two points First, traits sele ted as signifi ant are determined sub ectivel c c j y through long experien e with various ar heological materials , c and are the traits whi h seem to the investigator to be significant .

It is also noteworthy that workers , with equal opportunities for study , c c do not on ur with regard to the significant traits . Given a similar — en I m am“ E A H T EE OUN D AND LL AGE S TE N C . Sw ) P C R M VI I , . 5 ]

n c s series of artifacts a d the ne essary data , the inve tigators will obtain c a different list of significant traits . The statisti al results obtained through handling the two sets of data might conceivably produce c diversified cultural answers . The se ond point is that traits , set up c as indicated above, are not always of equal weight in ultural deter

' c mination , and annot, therefore , be handled as independent units of s c equal value . This type of evaluation will be the most es ential fa tor and yet the most difficult to obtain . To evaluate properly the traits which shall be considered significant will require considerable data

c . study, and experien e , both in the field and laboratory This minor c c criticism is not intended to minimize the importan e of su h analysis , t c c but o point out some of the problems inherent in su h an approa h . The traits used in the table included in Appendix B were selected c and fi n on mu h the same basis as those by Deuel Grif , although the table is not carried as far as that of other workers reanalyzing archeo c logical material . This pro edure has been followed so that the data may be used for reference in establishing the correct cultural aflilia e tions for this site . Many of the traits list d as diagnostic will be regarded as trivial by some ; others will feel that more important f e . traits have been omitt d An e fort has been made, however , to c i t i h re ord everyth ng in the report , so that those in erested n t e an alysis of material traits for comparison or classification will be

B . adequately served . (See Appendix ) At the same time we feel that the more general conclusions should not be so involved with minutiae that the nonspecialist will lose interest in the more general problems . ’ Reference should be made to M . R . Harrington s work on the Ten h essee River between the mouths of the Little Tennessee and H iwas see Rivers He described three levels of cultural occupation “ ” 1 c e , The lowest level , whi h he termed Round Grav Culture , charac t erized arrow oints c - by stemmed p , rude basket marked pottery of - S e l ovoid , pointed bottom hape , steatit vesse s , polished gorgets , bone “ c s c c 2 work, anine tooth pendant , and ertain burial ustoms ; , Pre ” c he c r c t c Cherokee , whi h lassifies by t iangular proje tile poin s , elts , “ c c c 3 mu h shell , partial remation , poly hrome pottery ; and , Modern “ ” c c - e Cherokee , whose artifa ts in lude those of pre Ch rokee type, ’ especially pottery . Harrington s identification of historic Cherokee “ c c seems valid , sin e it is based on histori data . The Round Grave ” “ ” “ ” People he places in the Algonkin category ; the pre -Cherokee “ ” “ ” he deals with as a probable Siouan tribe ; the Cherokee proper c c as a bran h of the northern Iroquoian sto k . It is rather significant that the material reported by Harrington as belonging to three distinct horizons occurred in all levels at the Peach

1 . : a cc tree s te For example Steatite vessel fr gments o urred under, in , B ULL 1 31 52 BU REAU or AMERICAN ETH N OL OGY [ .

c and on the surface of the mound . Stemmed proje tile points and tri c o angular points occurred in every level . Pottery typi al of R und Grave culture occurred (less than of 1 percent) both above and below

n e c . the mou d level , as was true of all the pottery types n ountered 44 Also a few polychrome pieces (pl . ) were found below the mound cc in a ref use pit at Peachtree . A few fragments also o urred in the mound fill . These facts are susceptible to two explanations : c c First , that the Cherokee at Pea htree had a ultural combination of i c all these elements , with a predominat ng per entage of the material i c . c used by the h stori Cherokee Se ond , that the earliest inhabitants ’ “ ” S c H arrin ton s Round of the ite were omparable to g Grave People , c and that the Cherokee , displa ing them , employed such artifacts as they left and lost them in the mound during its construction ; or in c the c gathering up surfa e material to build mound , artifa ts of this earlier culture (Woodland in type) were left in the mound associated with more recent artifacts typical of the Cherokee .

S c . cu l Thus we have two possible ituations at Pea htree First, a c c c ture exhibiting, ar heologi ally, a ontemporaneous blend or mix c ture of Mississippi and Woodland traits , whi h must be accepted c as a cultural manifestation or , se ond , we have two cultural levels c c represented by artifa ts, whi h were so mixed during aboriginal t o occupation as leave an apparently homogeneous site . The latter explanation seems feasible if we consider that the various elements of Woodland and Mississippi type recorded by Harrington were c c distin t as to level but la king in definite aboriginal strata . On the k c other hand , it seems possible in View of nown fa ts of cultural dynamics that at the Peachtree site there existed a culture in whi ch certain elements appeared which are not culturally the same in ‘

B . 66 origin . Whatever the explanation , Appendix (see p ) shows e n the clos similarity between seve sites , three of which are known e — I to have been Cheroke at one time Hiwassee sland , Etowah , and ee Nacoochee . It is also possible that the thr levels described by

c c . Harrington should be onsidered as a Cherokee omplex If so , the “ ” Round Grave People typify the culture used by the Cherokee upon their arrival in the Tennessee Valley ; the pre-Cherokee might be a transitional stage ; while the Cherokee represents the final adoption of the general Southeastern pattern . This is particularly interesting ’ when we realize that Harrington s stratigraphic differences are per c c n c ra ifi a centages and frequen ies rather than dis er ible, verti al st t c tion separated by sterile layers .

Vertical stratification , where an unbroken horizon of sterile earth — etc. s c c due to erosion , flood deposits , separate one ar heologi al level r c c f om another, quite obviously is not being onsidered here . Su h — S ET LE R ENNI NGS EACH TREE OU ND AND LLAGE S TE N C . Z J ] P M VI I , . 53

u c not a refuse d mp , would be undeniable eviden e that the objects in the lowest stratum represent the material culture of the first inhabit — ants and the artifacts in the upper stratum provided they are not — comparable represent a culture more recent and unrelated to the lower horizon .

‘ con On the other hand , it must be stated that we are by no means vinced that Woodland and Mississippi cultural traits are always readily distinguishable or that the presence of stemmed arrowheads and cord-marked pottery in combination with a variety of vessel Shapes and a rich industry in shell and bone always indi cates a series of culturally unrelated occupations . m 2 493— e 193 . 502 Work done by Gre n an ( , pp ) in his analysis of the Adena phase points toward a genetic relationship of Cherokee c n with the Adena and Hopewell archeological horizons . In this se tio ’ of his report Greenman refers to Harrington s work at Lenoir, ’ B ll c i u sse s . , and Hiwassee Island He points out that ea h of Harr ng ’ - c e ton s three cultures have certain Adena like characteristi s . Thes include : Sandstone rasp or smoothing stone, pointed bottom vessels, m c t bone awls, stem ed proje tile poin s , gorgets , suspended animal teeth , Ol ll c io e a . s elts , shell beads, and stone disks On the e and other traits

Greenman is inclined to label Adena type mounds as Cherokee in origin . ’ Greenman s claims must be accepted with caution in View of the “ ” controversy con cerning diagnostic traits of the Adena phase . In c any event , the traits employed to illustrate the possible geneti rela tion between manifestations of the Cherokee archeological cultures and the Adena complex are actually very general tr aits which have widespread distribution and may do little more than indicate conformity to a general pattern . Reference to Appendix A will Show that at the Peachtree site a few c basic Woodland determinants and traits are present . These in lude predominantly flexed burials with grave goods rare (especially pot ter c c c y ) , flint ore or oarse flake used in proje tile points, stemmed c c m occ c and not hed points o mon , grooved axes, and asional onoidal s vessels pre ent .

Mississippi traits are much more in evidence . These include ex tended burials accompanied (when grave goods are found) by orna t c discoidals men s , mounds built for substru tures, abundant , grooved e fishhooks axes (rare) , qual arm pipes , awls from ulnae, , numerous

s c c . hell beads , opper ja keting of wood , whetstones , and milling stones Flattened globular vessel forms of considerable variety and numerous c c c 193 other hara teristi traits exist (Cole and Deuel , 7) s c c t These trait , the majority of whi h are Mississippi , indi a e that a mi c n xture of basi determi ant elements appears at the Peachtree site . This is important when we realize that these differences occur only c c the c when statisti al omparisons of spe imens are made. B ULL 1 3 1 54 B UREAU or AMERICAN ETH N OL OGY [ .

c c It should be mentioned that pottery, espe ially poly hrome and - t carved paddle stamped ware, has been thought by studen s to be of such general Southeastern distribution and so uniform as to pre

r 1932 . clude its specific use as a cultu al determinant (Stirling, , p - Recent emphasis upon the differentiation of carved paddle stamped c c design elements has indi ated that learly demonstrable divisions , can cc referable to chronologically separate horizons , be su essfully

r c r c made . Heretofo e only the more spe ialized fo ms , su h as the dis

r c w ere f Al a tinctive eng aved bla k rom Moundville, , have been recog nized as diagnostic traits within the Southeast . It is felt by some that the stone graves of Nacoochee and Etowah indicate different cultural periods , even though pottery and v f other artifacts in association are not obser ably dif erent . Single extraneous culture elements or traits recognizable as intrusive do not indicate displacement of one group by another with intervals c anachron of various occupations . It is mu h more likely that these istic forms imply a certain degree of cultural contact and an exchange

c . of ideas or specimens rather than tribal os illations For example, the stone graves of Na coochee are recorded for the lower levels or c o primary mound structure . At Pea htree they were intrusive int the c c current surface of the mound , although none ontained any arti les c of European manufacture . Harrington reports no stone yst graves diflerence from Hiwassee Island . Aside from this of level, no apparent differences between Nachoochee and Peachtree cysts are mor c c c u a observable . It would seem e logi al to on l de that the ide of lining a grave with stone reached these groups at various times t c ff or was adopted as par of the burial omplex at di erent times, rather than that the two sites were at one time under actual domina f c c tion of another group . There is a time dif eren e indi ated by the relative positions of these stone-lined graves when we compare n — the two sites . Assuming that the k owledge of stone grave burials , - ca quite common in the Tennessee Cumberland area , me from c c c the north , it would have tou hed Pea htree first , rea hing c c c c c Na oo hee later . Sin e the Pea htree Mound was ompleted before c the four stone graves were intrusively pla ed in it, while the graves at Nacoochee were much lower and were sunk into the primary c com mound , it is safe to assume that the Pea htree Mound was pl eted before the secondary mound at Nacoochee was constructed . Although the cysts are more numerous along the Tennessee and c Cumberland Valleys , they are by no means la king as far west as the

a c . Mississippi River , s far north as Quin y , Ill , and as far south c cc f as Cartersville , Ga . It is true that the ysts o ur at dif erent l N c c c e t evels (see a oo hee , Etowah , and Pea htr e) , but heir value as ic time ind ators is debatable . ’ ’ — LLAGE S TE N . C. S E I Z LE R J E N NI NGS ] PEACH TREE M OUND AN D VI I , 55

Pipes from the Peachtree Mound belong to two general types : The N c elbow type and the stemless bowl type . umerous signifi ant varia f e . tions exist among the elbow type, i . , stems of di ferent length , bowl c c at right and obtuse angles , and general la k of de orative treatment e cr on the bowl . The bowls of st mless pipes are generally ude and - c fi . heavy , the ex eption being a few well made ef gy forms The Similar pipes are recorded for the other components. elbow pipe and the massive stone effigy pipe are typical of the entire east c c determi ern half of America , and as su h would not serve as fo al c nants (West , The variations on the stem treatments , su h as c c c shape , presen e of band or ollar, are felt to be diagnosti (see Appen x B f ci di ) . The pottery forms are dif erent from the stone spe mens c only in their more or nately decorated bowls . These de orative bowl treatments are also deemed an important diagnostic trait . c H iw as The closest correspondences between the traits of Pea htree , acoochee N r 10 19 see Island , N , and or is Basin sites and are shown ci c c c ee s is in Appendix B . The spe fi orresponden e betw n these site ' sufficient to warrant the conclusion that the five sites represent a c t i cultural unit or focus . The correspondence with er a n levels of Etowah is obvious after a comparison with pottery from the village site . The original statement of the hypothesis upon which this report e i is based was that the Peachtree sit s Cherokee in origin , and that h k an the culture artifactually represented there is typically C ero ee . c c c As the idea has been s rutinized from various angles , the on lusion is z a forced that though this site is Cherokee , no generali ations s to the ffi whole of Cherokee culture can be made . The di cul ty of the histori c c cal approach is once more demonstrated . A omparison of all ar he c ni kn c ologi al manifestations defi tely own as Cherokee , when hecked ’ ’ against Timberlake s and Adair s accounts of the ethnology of the i c c c Cherokee , ndi ates the extreme variation in the ultural obje ts em i . c n c ployed It s lear that the Cherokee , as a li guisti or tribal unit , i i employed a wide variety of nonper shable objects . That the r c e a nonmaterial ultur was perh ps more uniform is possible, but ec h not proved . Material obj ts from t is site (except pipes) indi “ ” cate a Cherokee pattern not noticeably different from adjacent Southeastern Sites which were historically occupied by Indians whose social organizations and language set them apart from the historic h e . c c c C eroke Our on lusion , then , is that at this ommunity, Peach tree Mound and Village , a Cherokee group had a material culture which at the present time would be interpreted as a combination of

Woodland and Mississippi elements, the same admixture which seems c c s to onstitute the nu leus of a general Southea tern pattern .

24760 0 —4 1— 5 B U LL 1 3 1 s 56 B U REAU or AMERICAN ETH NOLOGY [ . wa

The cultural relation of this site to others must be determined on c an the basis of obje ts d inferred nonmaterial. practices . It is un denied that such relationships as are postulated on the basis of “ ” c s c c obje tive trait will show relationship and onta t , but it will not and cannot enable the research workers to determine tribal classifica f c a tions . This , rom the histori al point of View , is the major we kness l ifi r of the c ass cato y scheme now under development . The system e c must be us d with a full realization of its limitation as a histori al tool . I I N c c e c can t appears that Hiwassee sland , a oo he , and Pea htree c c e S B ut be onsidered histori al Cherok e ites . both Cherokee and cc a c s Creek o up tion are re orded for Hiwas ee Island , while Etowah to cc has also been shown have had Creek o upation . The chart of trait correspondence shows considerable Similarity between the latter c two sites , yet we know that ea h had more than one linguistic and

cc . e tribal o upation A situation of this kind , wh re representatives c c of two or more tribal groups used similar material obje ts , for es the conclusion that they belong to the same prehistoric culture (pat c can tern) . In other words , irrespe tive of tribal distribution , we say with certainty that a more or less uniform material culture existe d . The basic unity of this area is shown by the persistence of the fol lowing traits : The use of a carved paddle to decorate pottery vessels ; shell utensils and ornaments ; celts and the lack of grooved axes ; elevated town houses or ceremonial buildings ; erection of mounds at river banks ; association of stemmed and triangular projectile points ; and use of either shell or grit aplastic in the same type of earthen ware vessels . To break this broad region into smaller divisions is beyond the

can S . scope of the summary . That this be done eventually is hown by B 1938 363 the N . analysis of the orris asin by Webb ( , pp His analysis deals with cultural remains which are nearly identical ; diag c c nosti traits , su h as pottery rim treatment and handles, or the size of log employed in town house structures serve as differential deter c f c c minants . Su h minor points of dif eren e are not ne essarily valuable

c s. c as diagnosti trait Only when , as shown by Webb , definite orrela

can c . tions exist, they be assumed signifi ant His report points the way t in which further understanding of the Southeast is to be at ained . c c Further ex avation and further analysis , if done as ac urately as Webb c c has begun , will permit subdivision of Southeastern ultures into ate i ’ gor es of various magnitude . Webb s report (1938) also corroborates c c t c c c the on lusions of this report , in that it suggests his ori al onne tions , “ ” although he labels them as Speculations . He states on page 371 that it becomes at once apparent that it is not easy to determine ” a s wh t trait are definitely diagnostic of Cherokee material culture , “ on 375 B c and again page , e ause of this widespread distribution of

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YER E . M , W . 1 4 A T nn Ar h ol i t l 2 — 9 n Ol d Sha n to in e s c o vo . . 6 13 8 . w e wn s ee. s e e e g , , pp . i aterl oo nd ana. W , I 1 91 Th r mains of rimiti man n mberland ll e Tenn ss e 5 . e ve i u a e . e p C V y , e —1 2 h n rn t . n r m r . 0 . h in ton. Proc. 19 t t e a Co . A e . 96 as I g , pp W g 1921 l ic x l r tio n x r e A cheo o al C n in en essee . E l on n i l . r g p o a s T p o ati s a d F d i h onia 2 1 —1 k m t n ns 19 0 . 1 20 or S s t . 3 . W I , pp 2 i - T x r - 19 4 Arch eolo cal F iel d ork in ennessee. E l o a ion an F l . g W p t s d ie d Work m ni n t 1 109 —1 18 th so an s 923 . . S i I . , pp 1928 TW O rehistori ill a n id l Tennes ee 41 Ann B r . c s i d s . st Re . u p v ge M e . p . m r hn l 1 1 — 8 — A e . E t o . 9 9 24 . 4 5 614. , , pp 1 2 ia il h 2 9 n r o h t s 4 Ann. R B A 8 d n t a s f t e S o a . n e ur m r E n l u a . . th . . o . I e t p e , 1924—25 727—857 , pp. .

NELSON N . . , C

1 h nol o or An h r . Amer s i . 2 9 r . . N t . s l 1 8. o of Fl d . t o Pa Mu . a H vo 2 C gy i a p p , t , . , 2 77—103 pt. , pp. . 1 n i i man in r c n h i h l o 9 . Th t f Am n. 36 e a t qu y o e i a i t e l g t of arch eo gy . An mi h nian n 1— Re . S t so st . 1935 . 47 506 . p I , pp

EABODY H ARLES . P , C 1 l r i t a l 10 . Th o at n f mo n in N r r n . Am r Anth r . 9 e ex o o u ds o h o a e . o n. S . p C i p , , 12 42 —4 l NO . 5 . vo 3 . 33 . , , pp

POW ELL J . . , W 1 i l in ti f amil i s Am ri N r i An 1 89 . nd an u s c e of e c o th of ex co. 7th n Re . I g i a M . p B E thnol 1 8 — —142 ur . . 8 5 86 . 1 . , , pp B R RO ERTS FRAN K H . H . J . , ,

1 D ri m oin a il i r i 934. esc tion of F ol so t nd l ustrat on. L tera D est 18 p p i y g , p . , rk i New Yo C ty .

A F l som om l ex . rel minar e rt n in e t a n a h 1 935 . o c p P i y r po o v s ig tio s t t e n n i i Li m t N er l r . t s n an i de e er S in or h n o o ado Sm h o sc. IL e t C i i M CO ,

vol . 94 No. 4 , . h m teria c l t r of F l s Ma A 1 i co r f m n. mer 936 Rec n d s v es o t e a l u u o o . . e t e i e — a r l l 29 337 345 . N t a st o 7 N . u v . 0 o 7 . i , , , pp n i — n A i t l . 2 N 1 Ma . Amer . t u vo o 3 . 1 72 1937 New orl d . 77 . . W q y , , , pp l A ri an Ar he lo E arl M n 1 —1 2 T l m r b em in me c c o . a 6 1937 . he F o so o . 53 . p gy y , pp Ann mithsoni 1 Ph ladel hia. Re rinted in . Re . S an nst . f or 938 i p ( p p I , — pp . 531 546 .

ROYCE . . , C C k i h Ann R B — Th hero N i n f nd ans 5t . e r E thn l 4 1 887 . e at o o . u . o . 1883 8 C ee I . p , ,

12 3 8 . pp . 9 7 Z A SET LER FR N K . , M i t 1 L s n . . Na . us 933 otter of th e H o ew el l t f rom ou a a roc U . S M . P y p ype i P . , — 1 vol . 82 art . 22 . 1 2 . , , pp i A h e l n der in uisiana. E x l orat ons and 1 934. p ase of H op w e l Mou d B uil s Lo p - — F el d ork Smith sonian nst . 1933 . 38 40 . i W I , pp L N TZ M . an TR D SE ER F S O G . . d . , , , W — t 1 3 . A r. An i l 4 . 0 9 3 l l i me t u v 1 o. 3 0 19 Ar he n re ef . N 6. c o o d o a . gy iq y , , , pp

ETRONE H . S H . , C

in r r . Th l h n m n seen f r m Ohio. R e r ed f om ua 1936. e F o som p e o e a as o p t Q t — h t t i t . . . 19 l mbus Ohio. O o S a Archeol . and H s S oc 3 . o u i e , pp C , m -mm m s A D s i E H TREE OUN AN D LLAGE S TE N . P C M VI I , . C 63

S KIN N ER ALAN S ON , 2 N i l I N M 19 1 . otes on ro u o s arch o o nd . o e r . s and ono . isc. NO. 18 I q e gy t g , M , M n r n . tion u s. Ame . I d , H eye Fou da .

S M ITH . D . , C An i n i 1 . m nes rth r l n A n R i m in No . n . e m t ni 877 c e t c o . S h so an ns a i Ca i a p I t . 1 — 44 443 . 876 . 1 , pp

S PAI NH OU R . AS ON , J M 1 An i i i n r nt l n A i h ni . i . . m t s 873 t u t es n Le o ou North aro a nn. Re S o an q i C y , C i p — ns . 1871 . 404 406 . I t , pp

E . S P CK , F . G

1907 S om u tline of b ori inal cult r in h S outh a t rn t t s Am r . o s a u t e e s e S a . e e g e e . —2 An h ro . n. . vol . 9 No 2 . 2 95 . t S . 87 p , , , , pp E hn l th h M 190 9 . t o o of e uc i nd ans. Anth ro . Publ Univ. P . us gy Y I i p a ,

vol . 1 , No. 1 . R n h a l 1 1 . emn ts t h n a n ans o h ro ina . r 9 6 a of e Mac pu g I di f Nort Ca Ame . A h r l 1— nt o . v 1 8 n. No 2 27 27 . o . S . 6 p , , , . , pp . i ar P M i Dec rat n ask e r h h er k . B ll us 1 920 . o ve a d b of t e o e u . ub . t t y C e . C ty

k l No. lwau e vo . 2 2 . Mi e , , 19 t l ri al A r in r n l is r r al n n 35 . Tu e o tu s : bo g al Ca oli a cu tu ral h to y eve ed i Ca a r l l r ina l N A cheo . . r h a ol o . 1 . 2 dian res a ch . B u l . r S oc No t v o e C , , , 1— pp. 7 . S RL IN TI G . , M W .

1932 . The rehistor c southern ndians. onf erenc on S outhern Pr h stor p i I C e e i y , — Nat . Res. nc l 2 31 . ou . 0 C i , pp mith oni r h o i a r e t n n r h ral Emer 1935 . S s an a c eol g c l p oj c s co duct ed u de t e Fede — ene Relief Admin s r tion 1933 34. Ann Re . Sm th son an nst . g y i t a , p i i I — 1934 . 371 400 . , pp

STRON G D . , W . 193 Anth r l o a h r o l r an ch e l c l f act . E n 6 . po gic t eo y d a a o ogi a ssays in A th ro 9— ni l i r ol o . 35 370 U v. a f . P ss. p gy , pp , C e A T S W N ON JOH N R . ,

1 911 nd n t ribes of he l ower ssiss i ll e and ad ac n coas of he . I ia t Mi ipp Va y j e t t t

n . Gulf f x . B r r E ol B ull 43 . Am . h . o Me ico u . e t A r 1 n n t ei h r . me . 922 Earl h stor of th r k nd s a d h r ne bo s B ur. . y i y e C ee I ia ig E thn l B ll 73 o . u . .

1928 The nter retat on of abori nal mounds b m ans of re k nd an . i p i gi y e C e I i — m n R ith ni n ns 1927 . 495 506 . m so a t . custo s. An e S p . I , pp S ocial organization and social usages of th e Indians of the Creek Con m r E th nol 1924—25 23—4 2 f e r 42n Ann B ur. A . 7 . R . de ac . . e y d p e , pp .

1 2 Rel i ious b l ef s and medical ractices of the r k ndians. 42nd 9 8 . g e i p C ee I 2 —2 3-6 2 nn. B r r E nol 19 4 5 . 4 7 . A Re u Ame . h . 7 p . . t , , pp 2 Ab i h t 42nd Ann Re B Am r 1 9 8 or inal cul tu r of the S ou t as . . . ur. e . . g e e p — — 2 E thnol . 1924 25 673 7 6 . , , pp . ter n i ns B r Am r E a d a u . hnol . . l th s n . 1929 Myths and ta es of th e S ou e I e . t B ull . 88 .

n r A e n n m r A h r . . S . 1932. Ethnol o ical value of th e D e S oto a rat ves. . t o g i p , , — vol 34 No 4 0 590 . . . 57 . , , pp ’ 1 in t t E x l orations and F eld- ork Smithson n 935 Trac D e S o o s rou e. . g p i W ia — nst . 1934 . 77 80 . I , pp

ou he s n . r f. h mer An h ro . . S 1935 N tes n h l ral ov nc o t e S a . A t . o o t e cu tu p i e t t . p , , — 3 385 . l N . 3 t . 1 37 vo . 37 o . , , p , pp B ULL 1 31 64 B UREAU OF AMERICAN ETH NOLOGY [ .

TH OMAS YRU S , C 90 Th ro r - l i i F n 1 m an mes. ac a Th 8 . e h kees in e o u b t d or ers C e p C t e y Pap . rk New Yo .

1891 . a alo u of r histor c work s east of the Rock oun ns. B r C t g e p e i y M tai u . A r E B 2 m thnol . ul l . 1 e . . 1 4 R 89 e r n the mound ex lorat ons of the B ureau f Ethn l . 12th . po t o p i o o ogy Ann B r hn l 1 - 1 — Re . u . E t o . 890 9 3 730 . . p , , pp .

TH RU S TON G . P . ,

18 Th e ant u e f Tenn ss in nn h o. 90 . s o . c a O iq iti e ee C i ti, i TIMBERLAKE H EN RY , mo r of L eut T m erl ake L n n 1765 . e s . b o do . M i i i , U N ITED S TATES DE S OTO E x PEDITION COM M IS S ION 1 F in r r h nit te D t E x i i mm 939 . al e o t of t e U ed S t s e S o o ed t on o ss on p a p C i i .

N 1 n r. . H . R . D oc. o. 7 . 76th Co g , l st Sess

AL KER . . W , W M n 1936 . The Tro vill e mou ds atah oula Parish . L a. B ur. Amer . Ethnol . y , C

B ull . 1 13 .

EBB ILLIAM S . W , W 1938 An arch aeol o cal surve of the Norr s B as n in eastern Tenness . gi y i i ee. A B ur. mer . E thnol . B ull . 1 18 .

ES T GEORGE A. W , m k n u m f th Amer n n i n ll 1934. Tobacco es and s o c sto s o e ca d a s. B u . , pip , i g i I

i f il ukee v l . 7 ts 1 n 2 Pub Mus t o wa o 1 . a d . . . C y M , , p

ILLOUGH BY . . W , C C H 1 2 t r mbolism of h uskho eans. Etowah e r t . 2 93 . s o and s t e Pa s i y y M g p , p , — D t l li A a n e Mass. . 7 67 e . Archeo . Ph l s c d . A dov r pp , p , i p , ,

W IN TEM BERG . . , W J

1 31 D stin u sh n ch aract r st cs of Al onkian and ro uo an cul ures. 9 . i g i i g e i i g I q i t — t n 1 B ll . 1 . Ann. Re Na . Mus. a ada 929 u 6 . 65 26 . 7 p C , , pp

APPENDIX B

COMPARISON OF TRAITS FROM PEACH TREE AND SEVEN OTH ER SITES

In table 3 all material culture traits are grouped in various cate gories and the actual number of specimens found at the Peachtree c c t mi site is given . It also in ludes a omparison of these trai s with si lar specimens as reported by other investigators from seven other com parable sites in this general area (pottery vessels did not receive as Nacoochee Nacooche detailed an analysis as might be desired) , The

Mound in Georgia , by G . G . Heye , F . W. Hodge , and G . H . Pepper

l No. 3 . . vo . 4 (Contr Mus Amer . Ind . , Heye Foundation , , , E w h to a . , Exploration of the Etowah Site in Georgia , by W . K Moore l 1 3 t a . r . n 9 2 e c . c a s head , (Dept . A haeol , Phillips A ad , A dover , M s , ) ’ ’ S tallin s I sland g , The Stalling s Island Mound , Columbia County, l flin . a c . Georgia , by W. H C , Jr . (Pap . Peabody Mus . Amer . Ar haeol and l . . o l U v . 14 No. 1 s 931 ol Ethnol , Harvard niv , , , Cambridge, Mas , 1 ) H y wood , Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology e B 0- 1 . . u r . 18 9 . 9 by Cyrus Thomas (Tw lfth Ann Rep Ethnol , , pp . 317—326 H iwassee E e e , , Cherokee and arlier R mains on Upp r

. N Mono . . r Tennessee River, by M R Harrington (Ind otes and g . , — No 24 . . . 93 146 1922 Norris , Mus Amer . Ind , Heye Foundation , pp . , ) B in te 1 9 Ar h elo i as si s Nos. an 10 c a cal O f N , d , An g Survey the orris B B ur . asin in Eastern Tennessee, by William S . Webb ( . Amer Ethnol .

B u . 11 ll 8, Specimens not made by the American Indians but which definitely c c c c indi ate onta t with European traders, su h as glass beads ; iron s c i c knives, tools, or vessels ; bra s or opper utensils, are not n luded in s O c c these tables . The e bje ts serve primarily as time indi ators rather n c can c t c tha traits whi h be used for aboriginal ul ure omparisons . Most of the protohistoric and historic sites in the Southeast would probably contain much the same type of European trade objects . 66 LE R— E NN I NGS E D S ET ] PE A H TRE OUN AN D LLAGE S TE N . C . Z J C M VI I , 67

— ur tr it rom Peachtree sit TAB LE 3 . M aterial cult e a s f e comp ared with 7 other sites belonging to the same general cu lture 1

N 0 . B a.

C ult ure traits

MOU ND STRUCTURE

g Pyramidal mound w At bank of st ream w B uil dings on top mE rected on prepared clay floor u Secondary mound erected on sand layer over primary mound mW ooden steps or ramp q Intermittent constru ction and enlargement mIntrusive burials c W attle and dau b ouse onstru tion - h c c Ho M any burned clay zones e b H Prepared dwelling floors 3 - H5 S tone filled post holes 3 H0 Clusters of stone - H$ S tone filled firepits

15. C entral firepit Stones on moun loor 16. d f C arre ree s and rass in moun 17. h d d g d 1 C a e of eer sca ul i 8 . ch d p 19 Foo ones and s er s in man re use its . d b h d y f p

B URIAL CUSTOMS

20 . D ou ble

m m n in 29 . Si ple inter e t pit Fire o er urial it 30 . v b p n m 31. W rap ed i ats M is aneous stones n ar a 32. e buri l C il ren treate as e ris 33 . h d d d b

34. B urials in pits in village site

B ONE ARTU 'ACTS

wls—ulna eer and ot er A , d h 6 Awls—tur e metatarsi 3 . k y 37 Awls—splmter Awls—fibulae 38 . 9 Awls—s atulate orm 3 . p f Antler— ro e til e oints er or te 40 . p j c p p f a 1 Antler—c i in tool 4 . h pp g Fis oo — roo e 42 . hh k g v d 4 C anine toot — roo ed 3. h g v — u 44. H airpins do ble pointed

T ortoise s ell e ris 45 . h d b

S TONE AR TIFACTS

e — roo e roun in 46. Ax s g d, d ross section elt v c , c

s aped. h — 47. Axes s eri al lu ea roo e ph c c b h d, g v d — in m 48 . Ax es t sl ate or s — h , f 49 . Axes not e un roo e ch d , g v d B ead s—s eri al 50 . ph c B — l n t 51 . ead s e o ga e, ta ered ends olis ed p , p h 52 Celts— olis e . p h d 25 5 C elts— er orate 1 3. p f — m r 54. C elts i orto ate — p 12 55 . C clts s patul ate 1 — o - 56. C elts d u ble bitted 6 —h 57. C elts aited 2 — n 58. Celts blu t polls 50%

’ = 1 N a=N acoochee E t =Etowah S t =S tallin s Island u er le el; H o H oll yw ood; ; ; g , pp v

B asin. B ULL 1 31 68 B U REAU OF AM ERICAN ETH NOLOGY [ .

TAB LE — M aterial cul ture traits from P eachtree site compared with 7 other sites — belonging to th e same general cu l ture Continu ed

N . B o a.

C ult ure t raits

' — STONE anrrrAcrs continued

s ol h 59. C isels adzes or i p is ed h , , p ck ,

60 . D iscordals 1 Discoidals— olis e 6 . p h d 2 Dis oi ale—hieoncave 6 . c d Dis oi ale— e ele e e 63. c d b v d dg 64 Discnidal s— arall el si es wit roun e edges . p d h d d Discoidals— entral e ression 65 . c d p 66 Discoidals— er orate . p f 67 D iscoidals—in ise ross lines . c d c 68 Dis oi ale— ariet of material . c d v y — itt 69 . D iscoidals p ed 70 H emat ite— roun ra ments . g d f g 1 H airs reader— annel oal 7 . p c c 72 H air ins tal or steatite . p — c 73. H air ins s ale cannel coal p h , 4 M ica—ra ments 7 . f g “ ” 5 N ut stones -~slate 7 . “ ” 76 N i t stones — e e to rou l s uare . p ck d gh y q sIgape Not e st ones—rou l s a e oorl 77 . ch d gh y h p d , p y peeked notches — ull s a e ee and 78. Not ed stones are y d d p ch c f h p , smoothly peek ed not ches mmerstones— it te 79. H a p d 80 H ammerstones— e e en s onl . p ck d d y — r un de 81. M ortars rou stone s all ow g o d gh , h pression — - l 82. Pestles ell s a e s ate b h p d , — rm el ow 83 . Pipes e qual a b 84 Pi es—lon stem an or ollar on stem . p g , b d c , stem round or sq uare 85 Pi s—lon stem s u are no ollar . pe g , q , c — u r m ffi t m 86 . Pipes long, sq a e ste , e gy s e Pi s—ri t an le 87 . pe gh g — t n l tween wl nd stem 88. Pipes ob use a g e. be bo a . stem t ype being disregarded s—tem s me len t as owl or s orter 89. Pi e s a p g h b . h , squ are stem Pi es—stem same len t as owl or s orter 90 . p g h b . h , round stem 91 Pi es— fl n e rim ex an e . p a g , d d i — i owl or pm mo ifie 92. P pes d sk b r ( d d i s — i rims and li s other t an 93. P r a rr id fied p h gangeg i — for o in or ecorate 94. P pes ward pr ject g d d “ ” chi118 i — l 95. P es ca umet ty e p — p 96 . Pi es stemless p — 97. i s s i e biconoid l arin ru e P pe ma s v , a , fl g , c d i s—s i li e fi t er i l d c 98. P pe pec a zed f gy or o h h gh y e i l orated orms. pol s ed . stem ess — f h 99. i s M icmac i stone e or tion on P p , p pe . d c a gowl — 100 . Pr tile oin s t m nd t i n la ojec p t s e med a r a r_ _ — ‘ 101. Pena ants olis e i orate oat p h d . b perf . b ” 8tgne — 102. Pendants groo ed . engra ed er orate, v v , p f l - ce t shaped, unpolis ed — h 103. Pendants ragments of steatite essels —f v 104. Pe ants rou l hi e or roun gh y c pp d g d , 8nade 1 5 — 0 . S o apers long slender. ur ed i ed c v , ch pp fimfe r — 106. S a ers small , snubnosed se ondarily c p , c “ i e ma e of a ore t um nail " h pp d, d c , h b cy e p — 107 . Smoot ing or abradin stones re tan ular h g c g , ground edges Sm t in — 108. oo h g or abrading stones unshaped peb les, flat sur a es b —f c 109 . S teatite p ottery smoot interior rou h , gh ened exterior — LE R ENNINGS EA H TREE OUN D AN D LLAGE SITE N C . S ET Z J ] P C M VI , . 69

— M aterial cu l ture traits rom P eachtree site com ared with 7 oth er sites TAB LE 3 . f p - belonging t o the same general cul ture Continued

N o. B a.

C ul ture traits

' — S TONE AarrrAcrs continued

—lu 110 . S teatite pottery gs — M is ell aneous orms otter olis in 111. c f p y p h g stones M any

112. Pipe blank s “ M is e laneous orms— Paint u s con 113. c l f c p ( cretions)

SHELL ARTIFACTS

— m i colum lla of on 114. B ea s ass ve e d , c ch ' — l n itu 115. B ea s oli a erforate o e d v , p g d ~ 116. B eadr Olioella er orate lon itu e _ , p f g d — t h isk 117. B eads cu s ell d

118 B ea s—cut s ell small lin ri al . d h cy d c B ea s cut s ell small s eri al 119. d h ph c B a s—cut s ell lon attene tu ular 120 . e d h g fl d b 1 H air ins—columell a of on 12 . p c ch

122. G orget Drin in u s of on 123 . k g c p c ch ’ Potter a lasti 124 . y p c

METAL ARTWACTS

C o er ac etin of woo en ears ools 125. pp j k g d p shh k ar less 126 . Copper fi oo s, b b r 127 . C oppe 1 Co er ra elet 28 . pp b c 129 C o er in lers . pp j g

TEX TILES

130 . C e 3 o er 3 un er h ck , v d ri s 131. C ane st p t 132. B es Fr m ott r 133 . o p e y

POTTERY ARTIFACTS

— u al m 134. Pipes eq ar 5 Pi es—narin unnel-s a e owl and s ort 13 . p g f h p d b h stem W i t or wit ou t a ets nodes or h h f c , , other decoration Pi es- stems roun wit ex an in ollar r 136. d h p d g c o %ana — w 137 . Pipes bulbous bo l Pi s— un tate e oration 138. pe p c d c Pi — ir - ea e oration 139 . pes b d b k d c Pi s— elt b aitin stem 140 . pe —c g 141 . Pi es effi fi ure owl an s or eet on p gy g b , h d f

Pi s—rim or li an r 142. pe p fl ge egardless of bowl i —“ ” 143. P pes inned Ar ansas t e — ch k yp 144. Pi es tra es of red aint on i p — c p p pe 145 . Pi M i m pes — c ac 146 . B ea s c lin rical onstri te ent r d — y d , c c d c e 147. B ea s lin ri al ex an e nter d —cy d c . p d d ce 48. B lin 1 eads y dri al , cut rom pipe stem c— c f- 149 . E arplugs tapenn in s a ed wit emi g , p h p , h h spherical h ead 1 E — 50 . arplugs polished above 151 E a - . rspoolk pull ey shaped 152 T l — . oy v esse s carefully made 1 5 P ll t f W 3. e e s o clay ith punched cavities 1 S 54 . herd discoidals 15 — 5. S erd di scmdals well s a ed h — h p 156 . Sherd di scoidals crudely made 157 S er i — . h d d scoidals perforated 1 5 — 8. S herd discoidals size variable B U LL 1 70 B U REAU OF AME RICAN E TII NOL OGY [ . 31

- r t r r h r r TAB LE 3 . M ate ial cul u e t aits from P eac t ee site compa ed with 7 other sites — belonging to th e same general cul ture Continued

N . B o a.

Culture traits

— POTTERY ARTIFACTs continued

t Pot ery utensils, shapes

l — l 159. W aterbott e p ain

160 . Olla lo ular or attene lo e , g b fl d g b 161 W i emout e . d h d S trai t ne 162. gh ck C l 163 . azue a

164. Seed bowl

165. S allow owl lain h b , p l w wl fl‘i 166 . S al o o e h b , gy

167. Plate

S econdaryfeatures

ou l an e r lu 168 . D b e fl g o g handl e A li ue fi w 169 . pp q ef gy features on shallow bo ls S llo rim 170 . ca ped Ornam ntal n 171. e odes near rim or on scallop E lu 172. ffigy gs L an l s— ri t 173. oop h d e ve ed n l — li 174. Stra a d es a ue o ten in ised p h pp q , f c Painte asilar l s 175. d b egs or re ts conical

176. R ounded bottoms Semi onoi al ott m 177. c d b o s 178. Flat bases

Decorative techniques

In isin 179. c g 0 S rat in or en a in 18 . c ch g gr v g Pa le stam in — 181. dd p g carved Pa le st am i — or 182. dd p ng c d T xtile mar in 183 . e k g B as et mar in 184. k k g Pun tate 185. c Fin ernail mar s 186. g k

187. Painting B ru s in 188 . h g

Rim and lip treatment

189. Lip unmodifi ed Li e erte 190 . p v d 191 Li in ise . p c d

192. Rim dentate 1 3 Rim s oul ere on s allow w 9 . h d d h b o l

MORE GENE RAL TRAITS

B one arti les— not ommon 194. c c Stone arti les— r m 195 . c ve y co mon Celts o ur in a e 196 . cc c ch s

197 . C elts range in size 9 Dis s- man unfi nis e orm 1 8. k y h d f s

199. Dis s ran e in si e k g z _ M i a—cut ra ments 200 . c f g 1 M i a—wit urials 20 . c h b i — 202. P pes numerous mmerston — ra 203. H a es re G ra e oo s—rar 204. v g d e G ra e oo s— n ar l 205. v g d e head on y G r v oo — a l 206 . a e g ds nk ets or bracelets Gra e oo — tt 207. v g ds po ery G r — 208. ave goods shell Gra e oo s— do 209 . v g d g or other animal with human burial Gr — 210 . a e goods on s ell cup at ead v —c ch h h 211 . Gra e goods beads eit er s el l lass or v , h h , g , CODD — 212. G rave goods c elts — ET LER E NNI NGS EA H TRE E OUN D AND LLAGE S TE N C . S Z J ] P C M VI I , . 71

The following traits were present in the Nacoochee mound but were not found at the Peachtree site Copper celts ; painted Split cane textile ; four copper rods ; pearls ; co — c ar m sheet pper ornaments laws of bird , hand and body of man , bands ; grave goods ; grave goods at pelvis and at arms ; over-four - n or etS— under four tech ique in weaving ; shell g g perforate, central dl -c c — t e e ce hole, pad e shape ; bark overed yst burial mound ; s on fir pla ; platform pipe ; disk pipe ; Marginella beads ; dippers of pottery ; fiat — headed Shell ear plugs eccentric ; stemless clay pipes ; plummets ;

Shell refuse heaps . ’ The following traits were present at the Stall ing s Island site but not recovered fr om the Peachtree site Shell in mound ; made over a natural rise ; mound by accumul ation ; burned bottom storage pits ; banner stones ; tools of antler ; perforate awls or needl es ; bone handles or hafts ; engraved bone (deer mandibles) “ ” or whistles ; drawer pull ear plugs of Shell ; well -made full -groove - - te t S and three fourth groove axes ; steati pendan s , haped and finished ; c c i bundle burials ; no pipes ; blades in a hes ; trephin ng ; shell gorgets , n round, gi gerbread . The foll owing traits were present at the Hollywood Site but not at Peachtree : Copper celts ; human effigy pipes ; animal effigy pipes ; painted pot tery ; effigy tripods ; shell thick in debris under mound ; Moundville é co i n pottery ; repouss pper ; galena ; bur al mou d . Traits reported by Harrington but not present at the Peachtree site Incised bone tubes ; cylindrical pestles ; worked antler objects ; bone n S ecc i reamers (drawshaves) long drills , fli t ; hell earplugs , entr c type ; Marginella beads ; unworked columella of conch ; pearls ; bone c beads ; opper beads .

247600— 4 1 APPENDIX C

PROVENIENCE or SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES

Table 4 constitutes an explanation of plates with additional data on the finding places of the artifacts . The plates that carry fully ex a e e nc a pl natory leg nds have not be n i luded in the t ble . The following abbreviations are used in the table : Specimens recovered within the “ ” c ML c mound itself are indi ated by , Mound Level ; spe imens recov “ e b B ML B ered from the village sit eneath the mound are marked , elow ” Mound Level ; Pm indicates burials from the Pea chtree mound ; and c c e Pv indi ates burials from the Pea htre village site .

4 — Provenience o s ecimens il ustrat TAB LE . f p l ed in plates

Pl ate Figure N ame Sq uare 1 Level 1

Shell ornaments - Copper j acketed wooden ear orna B urial Pm 20 ments do B ur ial Pm—4l — — C opper-wire fishhooks 14 L 7 — — d o_ _ 11 L 6 - — d o_ _ 17 L 5 d o 8 9 10 S am les of 16 o er ra elets 8 on B urial Pv—4 p c pp b c , e wris ach t . C er wire 11—L-6 M L opp B , B rass B rass b eads (note cordage) 14 B rass oiled springs c ' 15 B rass (l ) cones from neckl ace 16 B rass buttons 17 18 Copper wire 19 T wisted copper wire T o row rom l e t Iron tan ar p , f f k d S ears or s issors 2 airs to right . h c ( p ) S rin kni e orn andle p g f , h h B u le ck — — S rin ni e orn andle 15 L 6 p g k f , h h B urial Pv—3 — S rin ni e orn andle used as a B urial Pm 19 _ p g k f , h h , n n pe da t . Iron blade S e on row fi om Slei ell c d , gh b e o i B rass errule rom istol u tt l ft t r ght . f f p b B rass spu r T ir row rom B rass ell h d , f b i left t o r ght . B rass ferrule from pistol butt L ea ullets arious S i es d b , v z Iron nail or awl Iron fishhook Iron nail Iron ax blade d o B ottom row E uropean gl ass b eads V arious

l nl ss ot erwise in i ated U e h d c . 72

— EA E I B ULL 1 74 B U R U OF AM RICAN ET INOL OGY [ . 31

ABL — Pr enienc r — T E 4. ov e of specimens illust ated in plates Continued

Plate Figure N ame Square 1 Level 1

T C a i 19 ont ird row . rom l y p pe, rit t em er, red sli con (c ) h f g p p , t i vention ir e esi n left o r ght al b d b ak d g . Clay pipe C lay pipe, trailed l ine below bowl rim Fourt row rom Cla i e une en it er nd — r tem a o -n -n -Q n h , f y p p , v g p Q mi le t to ri a. f ght . c Cl i - ay p pe, blue gray paste

Clay pipe, fine rit tem er bowl dec g p , orat d wit nodes near base now e h ,

missing .

Clay ipe, fine grit tem er robably p p , p “ ” one of the u nnel owl t es f b yp . Stone e ea e rim olis e pip , b d d , p h d S tone i e o ta onal stem p p , c g S tone ipe beaded rim p , Stone i e in ise lines on stem p p , c d S tone pipe - - Stone pipe, s ort s uare stem i ly 9 L 6 h q , h gh olis e p h d . Stone i e o ta onal stem p p , c g “ Stone i e s uare stem c in p p , q , h “ " Stone pipe, chm Se ent row rom Stone i e v h , f p p le t to ri t do f gh . do do S tone i e ossi le e fi ature at p p , p b f gy fe

base of bowl . Ei hth row rom Stone i e g , f p p lef ri do t to ght . do d o do d o N int row rom Stone i e stem s uare i l ol h , f p p , q , h gh y p

le t t o ri t ished . f gh . d o d o S n to e pipe stem, square i ly ol , h gh p ish ed . do d o

d o -o d o To row rom le t Stone e gy i e b owl no stem p , f f ffi p p , t to ri t . S one i e e fi y gh p p , f g S tone i e M i ma st le In is p p , c c y . c ed and rille e oration H ole f r d d d c . o stem in side of bow l . — Pottery pi e M i ma ty e 14 L—4 p , c c p S tone i e en ra ed de oration p p , g v c S e ond row rom S tone pipe b owl Villa e site c , f g S t ne i w m r e 4—L —3 le t to ri t . o e o l ste o n f gh p p b , b k Village site 7—L—8 T ird row rom S tone i e alumet s uare stem h , f p p , c , q e t t l 2—L— l o ri t . S tone i e stem de orated 7 g p p , f h c — B ottom row rom S tone i e how] l 5—L 5 , f p p le t to ri t -do f gh . 17—L-4 23 Cru ely not ed stone or net sink er 13 ch , go 6—L —2 d o M iscellaneous Cru el not e stone or net sin er l 5—L—3 d y ch d , k ormerl “ n ts ne f y a u to . Cru el n t r net sin er 6—R—2 -v d y o ed stone o ch , k Stone ax round M iscellaneous , g t 15—L —2 S one ax, slate Stone ax ra ment i ed and M iscellancous , f g , ch pp ground . 5—L—2 — — S tone lu b ead round eek ed and 18 L 3 c h , , p , r g ooved . S tone ax rou ly roo ed , gh g v S teatite ammer or maul partially M is ellaneous h , c r e g oov d . S tone celt grou nd edges Fragment of highly pol ished elt c — — 10 Fragment ofhighly polished pick oradz 15 L 2 1 Unl ess ot erwise in icate h d d . — ET LER EN NI NGS EA H TRE E OU N D AN D LL AGE S TE N . S Z J ] P C M VI I , . C 75 r A — Provenience o s ecimens illu strated in lates— Continu T BLE 4. f p p ed

Plate Figure N ame Square 1 Level 1

— - Fragment ofhighly polished pick oradz 12 L 6 - H ematite W ith rubbed surfaces gu n " fl Corners a to and Drill ed celt . t p r No e i ence of edges are squ a e. v d l l u se a ong b ade. — 2 C elt rounded oll one side on a e l 7 L~8 p , c c v ;1o — — Celt s ar ened at b ot bit and oll 18 L 4 , h p h p 18-L—4 — — C elt rounded oll 19 L 4 , p 1 — — Celt oorly s a ed oll missin _ 8 L 4 , p h p , p g C elt s ar ened b it oll polis ed , h p , p h — — A To row rom S tone dis olis ed trun ated one 13 L 1 , p , f k , p h , c c ,

e e . le t to rig t . be el d dge f h v - — StO l e dis un olis ed rounded G L l k , p h ,

eéges. — — Stone d is un olis ed smoot 15 L 2 k , p h , h , e rounded edg s. tone dis b icon ex straig t edges M is ellaneous k , v , h —c— tone d is un olis ed strai t aces 16 L 2 k , p h , gh f

and edges. i — — S e ond row , rom Stone d is roug ly made stra g t 13 L 6 c f k , h , h i le t to r g t . a es and edges. f h f c — S tone dis rou ly made eek ed 16 L~6 k , gh , p fi t .

S tone dis irregular a es, bi on ex , k f c c v — — tone dis rou aintly b i on a e. 15 L 5 k , gh , f c c v

ed e artially strai t art round . g p gh , p - — B 14 L M L . tone d is round and ee ed , eon 3 k , g p k vex on one side eeked ole on , p h i oth er s de. ' T ird row rom Stone dis rou ly finis ed strai t M iscellaneous h , f k , gh h , gh e i l t to r g t . edges. f h — — tone dis slate roug ly finis ed 15 L 6 k , , h h , en ra ed lines on ea a e . g v ch f c — — Stone dis smoot ed on one side l 4 R 1 k , h — — t one dis slate rou ly made 16 L 2 k , , gh tone is slate rou l ma e d k , , gh y d , 16-L— ground edges. 3

F ou rt row rom Stone dis ragment , bi on ex, deep Feature 29 h , f k f c v

le t tori t . l eeked oles inea a e strai t f gh h ch f c , gh eyipes. l tone dis , ery rude M is el aneous k v c — c— H ighly polished discoidal stone frag 17 R 2 men; B 4— -4 . T o p r o w Stone disk L r ml f o eft to right . z Stone is i l olis e d k , h gh y p h d

do Stone dis on a e k, c c v

S e on row rom Stone is c d , f d k l i eft to r ght .

T ir row rom h d , f le t ri ft o ght . Stone dis itted k, p d o do Stone is itte en ra e d k , p d , g v d Stone is on a e-on ex er d k , c c v c v . p

forated . B ottom row R iver pebbles possibly used as dis

coidals. T o row rom P tt r is 16—L—5 p , f o e y d k left t o right

1 Unl ess ot erwise in i ate h d c d . B U LL 1 3 1 76 B U RE AU or AMERICAN E TH N OL OGY [ .

A —Pro enience o s ecimens illustrated in lates— on inu T BLE 4. v f p p C t ed

Plate Figure N ame Level I

' m Potter is 26 ont . Se ond row ro y d (c ) c , f k i do left to r ght .

T ir row rom h d , f left to right .

-v

Fom th row rom do , f P t r is rill left to ri t . ot e e gh y d k , d d Pottery disk d o

do _ _

do s C a tone, nutstone or drill re t p , so

do — — 5 L 1 _ S teatite essel ra ment M i ell ne v f g sc a ous"

M iscellaneous M iscellaneou s Center S teatite essel ra ment B M L _ v f g B ott m r w r m Steatite essel ra ment M i ellane o o o g s ous“ , f v f — —c left to right 4 L 3 Steatite fragment (not part ofa vessel) M iscellaneous A T o row rom F ragment of ylindri al ebble l S—L—7 , p , f c c p , le t t ri t ee e at end f o gh . p k d d o M iscellaneous H ammerst one ee e on all su r a es l l —R—2 , p k d f c n mm r — — S e ond row rom Rou g ly grou d a e stone, een 16 L 3 c , f h h le t t i t tral e in s on ot si es f o r gh . p ck g b h d Feature 29 B ottom row from Cylindrical pebble W ith end pecking do l t i ef t o r ght . do Roun e le entral e kin on do d p bb , c p c g _ n b oth Sides a d ends. D iscmdal entral ee in on ot 1 —R-3 , c p k g b h 0 sides . B T o row rom F ra ment of flat mortar 12—L—6 , p , f g l t i Possi l an a ra er eft o r ght . b y b d n n — — H ammersto e, peeked a d abraded l S L l h w l r r on t e t o a ge surfaces .

B ottom row rom Abrading stone, re tangu lar. B ot M is ellaneous , f c h c

sur a es s ow use. left to right . f c h Abrading stone bot sides u sed M is ellaneous , h , c edges square. — — Part of a broken steatite celt . U sed 15 L 8 for abrading and hammering . R n R e c t ang u l ar ab rad er. ou ded M iscell aneous n n r edges a d cor e s. — — T o row from le t S tone endant grou nd , ru dely ln i s L 4 p , f p , c in to ri t cised . B ieonoid al or . gh . b g - - S tone endant bi er orate polis ed 6 L 2 p , p f , h , b iconoidal boring . r n — — Slate endant i ed and g ou d , 16 L 6 p , ch pp

r n B i er orate. bieonmdal b o i g . p f — — Similar to above 21 L 4 6—L—2 — B ottom row rom Per orate ra ment of steatite ves 3 L -7 , f f d f g

le t to ri t sel . f gh . 5—R 1

— — M odified olla ty e rounded bottom 1 L 7 p , , - - m ration A grid carved sta p deco . p li uein ised rim e erted lip , and p q c , v occasional mica fl ecks (represented W are A by light spots on surface) . 1 Unl ess ot erwise in i at e h d c d . — N i N S ET LER J E N Gs ] EA H TRE E OUN D AN D LLAGE S TE N . Z P C M VI I , . C 77

A —Provenienc c o s ecimens ill ustrated in e — T BLE 4 . f p pla t s Continued

m 1 1 Plate Figure N a e Sq uare Level

32 2 Similar in form and decoration to Village site F fi 1 . un ne r the s ul er g . o d a h o d of B urial P v—5 to et er wit a Euro , g h h in - ni e W ean s r are A . p p g back k f . T is essel was inserte in fi 2 at the B urial P v—J h v d g . m m ti e of urial S oot e sur a e. b . h d f c W are A. G ri W 15—L— d paddle stamp . are A 6 C ur ilin st m W A D m l -R-l ear a ars . ia v p .

eter, 10 in. C ir lmear st m W A H Feature 12 v a . are . ei t i p gh , a in yé . P l s Feature 13 -4 o is ed ur a e bla interior . W are h f c , ck B D i m t r 4 n . a e e , % i . P lis e d o d sur a e in erted rim . W are o h f c , v

B . D iameter, in. Fr m nt f stra an le owl do - a e o g o p h d d b .

W are B R im diameter l ain. , l m do In erted ri olis ed sur a e. W are v , p h f c B D . iameter, Glé in. l —R—l In erte m -n d ri olis ed sur a e. W are v , p h f c B D i m . a eter 8 in. , — — T o r w r m R n m r n 8 L 7 o o e ta ular sta e o atio . p , f c g p d c l W A e t to ri t . are s r f gh he d . G ri stam r tion W are A Villa e Site d p deco a . g s r he d . Curvfimear s m o tion W are Feature 13 ta p dec ra . A s r he d . Re tan ul r s am r ti n M is ellaneous c g a t p deco a o . c W are A s erd . h — — L o e ot smoot sur a e 4 L 3 b d p , h f c Se on row r m G ri -stam or ti n W r M is ellaneous o e a o . a A c d , f d p d c e c l i e t to r . s r f ght he d . Car e -s m i n W re A do v d ta p decorat o . a s er h d . Corr - l 9—L—7 ugated stamp padd e . W are A s r he d . Corru ated-stamp addle s allo ed g p , c p rim l W are A r ecorate u . s e . , d d g h d T ird row rom Re tan ular stam e oration , d h f c g p c , - le t to ri t . strai t i ne well defined f gh gh h gh ck , s o l W A ar s er . h u der. e h d - Corru ated stam de oration a li M is ellaneous g p c , pp c e u rim . W A s r q are he d . B w M ottom ro , rom Re tan ular stam de oration is ell aneous f c g p c , c

le t to ri t . strai i n W g g t g e . are A s erd . f h h h h ck h — — R e tangular s t a m d e o r at i o n 6 L 6 c p c , n t l ed c i applique rim. W are A sperci

- W ell~defined grid stamp de oration c , appliqu e notched band arou nd n W e . ar A s r ck e he d . To row rom Cur ilinear stam e s r r m v p , f v p d he d f o es le t to ri t sel ase f gh . b .

Se on row rom M a be lu rom rim of essel c d , f y g f v le t to ri t F rom s m f gh . oot f a ta p decorat ed vesse T hird row from Fragment of a foot from a stamp dec

le t to ri t . a f gh or t ed v essel . M ay be a lug or broken handle from a vessel . Foot from a grid stamped d ecorated vessel . Foot from a stamp decorated vesscL Fourt row rom W o n ase of a stam ecorat e ves h , f b p d d l o i eft t r ght . sep Fo ro a a ra s — ot f m st mp deco ted ves el 0 B ottom row Rou nded bottom of large vessel W l th

stamp de oration. c — — A T o row rom C om inat ion of stam and incise l 3 L 2 , p , f b p d

l t t o ri . A e t ora ion W ar . f gh dec t . e Inciseddecorationarou nd rim W are M iscellancous

A . In i o W are l G—L—i cised r mand stampedb dy .

A .

1 Unl ess ot erwise in i ate h d c d . 78 B U REAU or AM E RICAN E THN OLOGY [B U LL 1 3

TABL — Pro eni o n l s r — E 4. v ence f specime s i lu t ated in plates Continued

m 1 Plate Figure N a e Level

n ow In is r t m o W re -L— S e o r rom ed im and s a e . a 7 3 36 (cont . c d , f p db dy i X left to r ght . do 15—L—5 do 15—L—6

B ott om row rom G rid stamped not ed rim. W are M is ellaneous , f , ch c

A s erd . left to right . h In i i W aro s er l 3— - c sed r m. C h d L 6 — In i i W are A s er -‘ s ed r m. h d 9 R 1 sio 15—L—4 R im sherds illustrating a variety of M iscellaneous o n A W meth ds of decoratio . ll are

R im s er s showm s e iali e rims do h d , g p c z d -

and e on ar a r . W ar A s c d y fe tu es e . Sherds demonstrating decoration and d o m n r rim t reat e t . W a e A . - Painte water ottle W are B l rom Feat 29 d b , , f ure l centra portion of feature 29 . W en ou n a con -s ell cu was h f d , ch h p e tri lace as a cover. C onc n c a re e design in dark brown appears all over vessel . N ote fiat base and

mm treatment . — P ainte late. W are B l . Car e Feature 13 L d p v d B M . paddle stamped exterior. Nega t i e esi n la on ull oran e v d g b ck , d g around ou tflaring rim . W are B sherds showing rim decora M iscellaneous

tion and arieties of mm treat ment . v — To row rom S erd 16—L 3 p , f h left to right .

r w m Se on o ro d o. c d , f left to right .

B ottom row rom , f le t ri t f to gh .

Fou nd W it l . 39 . B ot are rom -o h p h f eature 13 a lar e re use it elow f , g f p b W re 4 ee moun le el . a 0 red d v , d p

i Fl t m . w ash or pa nt . at bot o s N ote careful w ork and excellent rim treatment of the u pper specr

men. T he lower one was originall y i i S m lar to the upper, or was a wate r bottle and was ground down after being broken. Selected rim sherds of ware C and - h m n C 1, s owmg rim treat e t . — Plain sherd of were 0 I8~ R 2

do_

do_ — — do_ IQ R l m i 1 — — Sherd showing paddle sta p ng . 9 R 1 W are C . l in M is ll n Sherd showing p add e stamp g . ce a eous W are 0 . — Plain sherd of W are 0 1 -do — — M L 18 R l B . - M is ellaneous O —c 24 4 2 Plain flat- ottom s er some of the 18—R—1 b h d , i W are I a nt worn off through use. é-1 . — 13 Plain sherd of ware 0 1 14 15

1 Unl ess ot erwise in i ate h d c d . — ENNI NGS A H TREE OU ND AND LL AGE S TE N c . S ET ZLER J ] PE C M VI I , . 79

— A -Provenience o s ecimens ill ustrated in lates ontinued T BLE 4 . f p p C

N ame 1 Plate F igure L evel

B M is ellaneous s erds of wares A , c h , and C showm se ondary eatures , g c f

of mm and lip . To row rom W are C B M L p , f l ri eft to ght .

W are C W are A — — do_ 3 R l Se ond row rom W are C c , f l i eft to r ght .

W are A W are B W are — B ottom row rom W are C 4~ L 6 , f i left to r ght . W are A

W are C Vessel fragments illustrat ing v arious t es of e oration su as has yp d c , ch err and text ile ware D and k y ( ) , paint ed (ware C-l ) — — Rou textile. marked s er ware D 13 L 7 gh h d , do 5—R—2 -do 15—L—7 — — do_ _ 15 L 1 do 16—L —4 - — — C ord paddle stam ed s erd ware D 15 L 5 p h , do 5—L -3 do -do 13—L-7 B as etr -mar e s er ware D 3—R -2 y k d h d ,

kio _ d o do d o “ ” S imilar to salt pan ware textiles of 16—R—1 T enness n n ee a d Cu mberl a d . do 15—L -1 Rou text ile-mar e s er ware D 7—R—2 gh k d h d , do 5—L—3 ain e he n n — — P t d s rd . red o brow or orange 7 L 8 w 0 -1 are .

Same as fig . 19

1 Unl ess ot erwise in i ate h d c d .

24760 0— 4 1— 7

B U R EAU O F A M E R IC A N ET H NO L O G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 p L AT E 1

The se t ion of N ant ahala M o u nt ai ns b et wee n Frankli n and Shoot in ree k N . C . o n c g C , , U f ree k and t he . r S Rou t e No . 64 . B The fert ile alle at t he u n t io n o Pea ht ee . , v y j c c C Hiw ass Ri r e M nd ee er. C learin and su e in t he P a ht ree ou . v , C g v y g c B U R E AU O F A M E R IC A N E T H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 2

— A Profile L l show in t he ario u s st a es of o nst ru t io n. , , g v g c c

ro 5 show in lensed a earan e and t he har o al st rat a . B P file 1 . , g pp c c c

r file 13 P o . C,

B U R E A U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O LO G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 4

2 A The first nd i at io n o f feat u re 9 . , i c

1 d t e ins B La er o f fl int bou lders in se t ions 17 8 and 19 . This ma in i a e t he r ma o f a , y c , , y c h h red r n w st oles o r a ou d it . s eat ou se . Po cc u

C The learin o f feat u re 29 . , c g B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L E T IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 5

her ew of feat u re 29 The t row eled l nes ndi at e t he o u t line of it s du b 1 4 Anot . , vi i i c p g y

amat eu rs.

B Showin fe t 29 aft er it had been m let e ex a a ed Lo molds ha e been indi a u re o l t . , g c p y c v g v cat ed and ho w how t e t i mb e f r n n di t i n The ben hes s h rs o t he oo f had falle i all rec o s . c b a o e t he st o nes o m rise fe t re 31 Small o st holes are i ndi at ed b ert i al reeds. v c p a u . p c y v c B U R EAU O F A M E R IC A N ET H NO L O G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 6

n f h int i r h en ed A Show t he re o nst ru t ed ou t line o feat u re 29 . T e er o as be remo and t he , i g c c v nner st ne led u n t he hi he r e ri he r The blo k st andin in e nt er w as ef t i o s pi po g p p y . c g c l t o h s ow st ru ct u re .

i B Show n feat u re 29 et e f r This als hows o m l el u n o e r d t he lo molds u ll t aced . o s , i g c p y c v , g y t he nt erest in la o m rt en in n rn r f he t r t r i g c y c pa m t s o e co e o t s u c u e .

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 8

r e The int erio r has een du t o t h A Feat u re 29 om let el leared and re onst u t d . b e , c p y c c c g h t u ndist u rbed b row n Bloc k in t he c ent er s o ws t he s o nes left in t he co nt rol blo ck.

2 his also how s fe t re 31 la o m art B Feat u re 9 aft er t he st o nes had been remo ed. T s a u , v , c y c p t fl r m ent s ere c t ed abo v e he oo . B U R EAU O F A M E R IC A N ET H NO L O G Y B U L L ET W 1 3 , p L AT E 9

A Feat u re 18 a small r u lar fire it fu ll o f har o al The it w as 2 feet dee and ext ended , , ci c p c c . p p fro - la e m t he mou nd fl oo r int o t he b row n su b so il . B Small ir u lar fl int lined fire , c c p c ont a n n h h e n a ed in t h e d fro m t he old su rfa e c i i g pot sherds. T e c anes av e be pl c po s ol s u g c o f t h e mou nd int o t he su b so il t o penet rat e t he fireplac e it self.

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 12

Eu ro ean t rade art i l Ir n b a Tankard s issors S rin kni es bells es. o rass and le d . p c , , , c , p g v , ,

lead b ullet b b Pro enien e see . s ax lades and lass e ads. , , g ( v c , p

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 16

— - kelet al re a ns er ru l L w r i ht h lf t ned ra 7 fe t re 30 . m i b e r A S o ne l e Pm 5 a u S m . o a , i g v , , v y c y g f m nd bl indi t ed ld a e t b ark mat t in i n low er left rn r f his w e No e o e o st . T as o a i c a o g . g c cy

floo red wit h slat e .

— B Flex ed b u rial Pm S fe t r n h shell in u er ri ht o rner owdere S a u re 35. La e o , , g c c pp g c , p m in r f r r n i d at t g o v e emo a ; nu merou s t ypes o f shell beads were a ou d u pper port ons of bo y . N 1 1 P AT E 17 B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET I 3 L

— f re head w as a o er- o e red t ne au lt Pm 20 feat u re 10 . O n o A Flex ed adu lt bu rial in s o , , c pp c v , v 2— — k S u are 1 L 8. w oo den dis . q

—~ — — This exed bo d had been la ed P 4l s u are 15 L 1 . fl B t nt b rial . m The most im o r a u , y p c , p q Wit h n a it ex t endi n below t he ori inal su rfa e m ade rior t o t he ere t io n o f mou nd. i p g g c , p c i w e r t er— o e red w oo den ear o rnament s t hree t es o f shell beads arou nd w rist s t e wo copp c v , y p

and ne k and t wo ir u lar fra ment s o f ane mat t ing . c , c c g c B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H NO L O G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 18

— — — A Poo rl reser ed adu lt flex ed bu r al Pm 39 s u are 12 L 6 . , y p v i , , q

r i x e — — — r wea in B nt u s e fl e d bu ri al Pin 30 s u are 16 R l . Disint e at ed har o al bu t no , I v , , q g c c v g f t mo lds i n bo t t om o pi .

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L A T E 2 1

U nu su al t es o f st o ne i es r enien e . P o see . y p p p ( v c , p

B U R E A U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L E T IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 2 5

A B St one disks ran i n from hi hl olished ed es and o n ex s des t o ro u h u nw o rked , , , g g g y p g c v i g

sides and fra ment s o f o n a e disco idals. Pro e nien e see . , g c c v ( v c , p

B U R E A U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L E T IN 13 1 P L AT E 3 0

m t ne ra ment f est les reu sed f r u ndin o r ru sh n . ro en en e A Ha mers o s. F s o o o P g p p g c i g ( v i c , e 76 se p. )

B Abradin r ie n e o rindin st o nes. Pro en e se . , g, g g ( v c , p

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O LO G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 P L A T E 3 3

A Po t t ery essels w are Pro e nien e see 77 , v ( v c , p )

B Pot t er essel f w s o are B . r ien P o en e see . , y v ( v c , p

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N E T H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 3 6

Ri — m n N t e ariet A B m she rds illust rat in in ised t railin and st am ed desi n ele e t s. o , , g c , g, p g v y f o mm r t A Pro en e n e see . 77 t ea ment . W are . ( v i c , pp B U R E A U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 3 7

A B A more S ec iali ed t reat ment o f in ised and st am ed de i ns rim sherds r A , z s o n . a e . , p c p g W r n n P o e ie e see . ( v c , p B U R EAU O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O LO G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 3 8

Paint ed r Fro m ce r 9 - h c t a . nt al rt i n fe t re 2 A o n h s ll u er ed a er N e e s as o . o J po o a u . c c p v c v fl e e * l at b ase and im t r t m nt Ware B . r a .

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H NO LO G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 ] P L AT E 4 1

Tw r t re er r f fe 1 r l o es o d ot t essels illu st at in w are C . Part o at u re 3 a la e refu se it be ow p y v g , g p m Ex t eri r h e re w h. t fl t m d im re t ment . ou nd le vel . o as a de p d as No e at bot o s an r t a Rim f wer e r e t o lo ssel b o ken o ff and t he ed es su bse u n l smoo t hed . Pro e nien e see v g q y ( v c ,

p.

APPENDIX D SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE PEACHTREE I N H C IN S TE , ORT AROL A

TEWART B Y . T . D S

O lo ite t t National Mu seum Division of Physical Anthr po gy , Un d S a es

The skeletal material from the Peachtree site is very fragmentary , so in the description of each specimen the parts recovered are first briefly itemized . For the same reason only the more important c c measurements and observations are given . All spe imens re overed are described . DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS

— N M 369558 - Pm 3 .S . . N0 (U . ) Paired temporal bones , fragment of c i left molar, and a fragment of mandible in lud ng the right anterior tooth sockets. c c Temporal bones show slight exostosis in ea h ear, with onsiderable antero-posterior flattening of the meatus ; also a slight perforation of the tympani c plate on the right Mandibular fragment shows extreme alveoloclasia and antemortem loss of first molar .

Probably adult female . I’ — U S N M 5 — m . . . 0 6 3 95 9 c . 4 ( N . ) In omplete skull with lower j aw Skull exhibits a peculiar and extreme type of fronto-occipital

e m . . Le c c ia flatt ning (pl ngth , ; breadth , cm. ; ran l i i ndex , Sutures very simple and ununited . Two par etal mm c c . No t foramina sy etri ally pla ed ear exostoses , but marked an ero e post rior flattening of the meatus . Small perforation of the c c tympani plate on ea h side . Permanent incisors and first molars

c c . erupted ; anines, anterior premolars , and se ond molars erupting U c - pper median in isors shovel shaped . 10 Juvenile , approximately years of age . Pm—5 S N M — U. . . 0 . k ( N Fragmentary s ull , lower jaw , and i incom lete p skeleton .

247 600—41 —8 B U LL 1 82 B U REAU or AM E RICAN ETH NOL OGY [ . 31

N Skull probably undeformed and moderately long headed . o ear exostoses ; meatus rounded ; no tympanic plate perforation on right in u All teeth erupted, reg lar positions , and but slightly r wo n . Proximal epiphyses of femur and distal epiphysis of tibia but recently united ; proximal epiphysis of tibia uniting ; distal epiphysis B c of femur probably beginning union . i ondylar length of left m i m c . ci c femur near c . Maximum length of left tibia S at c i c not h of nnominate bone presents an a ute angle .

Adolescent (about 18 years) male . — 369561 — 1V No. Pm 6 . S . .M e (U ) Fragmentary skull and low r jaw . Skull shows moderate fronto-occipital deformity of the type shown

in e 45 . s c o i e n plat Suture of medium omplexity, largely bl t rated e iall N es th m ni docran y . o ear exostos or perforation of e typ pa c

a e . pl t s ; meatus rounded Marked dental destruction .

Adult male . P M — N . No m 7 U.S ( . Paired temporal bones ; upper and lower jaws . No ear exostoses ; slight perforation of tympanic plate on each d side ; meatus roun ed . Teeth show moderate wear ; antemortem loss of upper median incisors has occasioned peculiar wear of anterior s 4 c . 6 lower in i ors (pl , A) . f Probably adult emal e . — — Pm 11 U .S N o 3 . M N 6956 . 3 ( . ) Paired fragments of innominates ; paired femora ; two tibiae probably not mates . B c i ondylar length of right femur near cm . Right tibia de formed by old healed osteitis (syphilis left shows no involve

. c c c ment S iati not hes in the form of moderately acute angles . l Probably adu t male . I’ m—12 N — U . M N 56 S . . 0 369 ( . 4) Incomplete skeleton with fragmen tary skull (no lower jaw) . Skull asymmetrical and moderately flattened in the occipital c 1 region , espe ially on the right . Sutures relatively simple and in an c c . n advan ed stage of losure Two parietal forami a , symmetrically

c . No pla ed ear exostoses or perforation of the tympanic plates ; meatus rounded . Upper teeth moderately worn ; median incisors probably just being lost (alveoloclasia The long bones give the following measurements : Femur (bicon d lar : cm. t m y c . length) right , ; lef , Humerus (maximum

1 In t is and all of t h t e o er cases of simpl e occipital de ormation the l ane of the h h f , p at tene o i d pu t is essentiall y erti al t o the F ran fort l a fl cc v c k p ne.

B ULL 1 3 84 B U REAU or AME RICAN ETHN OLOGY [ . 1

tosis on each side ; no tympanic perforations ; meatus rounded . Jaws nearly edentulous . The long bones give the following measurements : Femur (bicondy m m c . c . lar length) left , ; tibia (maximum length) left , ;

m : 1 cm. humerus (maximu length) eft , ; ulna (maximum length) m “ ” l cm . c . right, , left, There is a pin point septa aperture c c c c in the right humer us, none in the left . The s iati not h approa hes a right angle in shape .

Adult female . ’ — V No 369569 — c fra men S J . M 18 . I m (U . ) In omplete skeleton with g tary skull and lower j aw . Sku ll shows extreme degree of the same type of fronto-occipital 4 4 flattening shown in plates 5 and 7. The sutures are in an advanced s stage of closure . There are no ear exostoses pre ent ; a slight tym s on i the panic perforation is pre ent the right s de , none on left ; the c are e i meatus are rounded . The dental ar hes well form d and wear s nl o y medium . i a : t The only measurable long bone is the r ght tibi maximum leng h , cm is a a . Right humerus without septal perture n Sciatic notch quite arrow .

Adult male . — M — S .N . No. c Pm 9 (U. In omplete skeleton with skull fragments. The shape of the skull fragments give good reason for believing i N that this indiv dual was undeformed . o ear exostoses are present ; i e cc a slight tympan c p rforation o urs on the right, a small one on the The c e n left ; the meatus are rounded . teeth in lude perman nt i cisors and first molars with roots almost completely formed (small terminal c s c o aperture) anine , premolars, and se ond molars with ro ts about - U a c . complete. pper medi n in isors are shovel shaped i B c All major epiphyses of long bones unun ted . i ondylar length ace i cm of right femur (epiphyses repl d) s .

i r 10 a e. Juven le, app oximately years of g — M o 695 1 — 30 N . N S . . 3 7 e P in (U . Incomplet skeleton with nearly complete skull . u d - cc i Sk ll shows a mo erate degree of fronto o ipital flatten ng (pl . 48) of the type probably in which the plane of the flattened occiput

is t ca . c e i are ver i l There are opp r sta ns on the forehead . Sutures in c an advan ed stage of closure . Parietal foramen on the right side nl c - o y . Ea h ear has a medium sized exostosis ; tympanic perforations

are absent ; the meatus are somewhat elongated . Orbits are square c and moderately in lined . There is a sharp nasal border . Suborbital a fossae are bsent . The teeth are regular and only medium worn . STEWART] SKELETAL RE MAIN S FROM PEACH TREE S ITE 85

h n One tooth , the lower left first molar , as been lost a temorte m . The e urm n cm principal m as e ts ( . ) follow

Max imum l ength (def ormed ) B asion-al veol ar point Max imum breadth (def ormed ) Nasal h eigh t Basion-bregma h eight Nasal b read th Cranial index (deformed ) Nasal index Mean h eigh t ind ex (def ormed ) O rbital h eight

i r a l . Minimum f rontal diameter _ O rb tal b e dth ( ac ) Total f acial h eigh t Orbital index Upper f acial heigh t Al veol ar l ength B izygomatic diameter Al v eol ar breadth Height of symphysis Al v eol ar index B asion-nasion

e i ic r The only measurable long bon , the left femur, g ves a b ondyla m c t c . c c leng h of The s iati not h is fairly narrow .

Adult male . P77b—23 3 9 72 — c f ra m en S . 1V. M No 6 5 U. ( . ) In omplete skeleton with g k tary s ull and lower jaw . c Skull small , asymmetri al , and probably slightly flattened at the i t cm occ . n i . iput Cra al ndex, (leng h , ; breadth, r Sutures simple ; stage of closure unce tain . Single parietal foramen to the right, but near the midline. Ear exostosis on the right large, on

c . the left medium ; no tympani perforations Teeth show slight wear, but considerable antemortem loss . 0 i - N long bones measurable . Med um sized septal aperture of left m hu erus (right Sciatic notch broad .

Adult female . ’ I m— N0 369573 — c 24 . ) In omplete skeleton with frag u mentary sk ll and lower j aw . c Skull undeformed ; meso ranic by inspection . Sutures simple ;

c c i . stage of losure un erta n No parietal foramina visible . Moderately m large ear exostosis on each side ; no ty panic perforations . Teeth c medium worn but with onsiderable antemortem loss . B ones of upper extremities are well preserved and give the follow ing measurements

x imum n t o m r i l h f hu e us r h cm. l ft cm. Ma e g , g t, ; e , x im l n t r i i t t a m h of ad us r h cm. l ef m u c . M e g , g , ; ,

ax mum l en th of a i h m. l uln r t c f cm. M i g , g , ; e t,

c c c Small septal aperture of the humerus on each side . S iati not h broad .

Adult female . P — 5 — fi b Q S JV. M N0 3 9 7 . U . 6 5 c ( . 4) In omplete skeleton with jaws Teeth are extremely worn and most of the posterior ones lost ante mortem . B ULL 1 31 86 B UREAU or AME RICAN ETH N OLOGY [ .

m i i and fibul ae Bicondylar length of left femur c . T b ae show i u u extreme osteitis (syphil s Small septal aperture of left h mer s,

c c tc . none on right . S iati no h narrow

Adult male . ’ — — fra men . 369575 c t I m S JVM No. 26 (U . ) In omple e skeleton with g tary skull . cc c Skull small and moderately flattened at the o iput, espe ially on c the left . Sutures are of medium omplexity with beginning endo

c . cranial closure . A single parietal foramen is lo ated on the right There are no ear exostoses ; a small perforation of the tympanic plate r d h are oun ed . T e on the left , none on the right ; the meatus dental c ar h is regular, the teeth only slightly worn, but already some of the

first molars are carious . The following measurements were obtained on the long bones

B i on l a n t i m r l c d r h of ht m. f t c l r f u c m. y e g g e , e , M xim m l n h f ri h ia m a u e t o t b c . l ft g g t i , ; e , m n i axim l th h h m r cm. l eft u of r t u us cm. M e g g e , ; , xim m len th f ri h radius m f a u o c . l cm M g g t , ; e t, . M x im m l en th r h t l i l a u of c c l f cm. g ig av e, e t,

- e A medium sized s ptal aperture is present in the right humerus, a c c and very small one in the left . The s iatic not h is broad .

Adult female . I’ m—2 S N M 6 — U. . 3 i f 7 . o 6957 c n ( N . ) In omplete skeleto w th rag mentary skull . bliter Skull shows moderate occipital flattening. Sutures nearly o ated . Left ear free from exostosis and tympanic perforation (right 2) s a l meatus elongated . Jaw ne rly edentu ous . B c m m N c . c . o i ondylar length of right femur, ; left , e s ptal aperture in either humeru s .

Adult male . — — Pet 29 S .M N 3695 8 U. JV 0 7 c e s o fra men ( . ) In omplet kelet n with g tary sku ll . c te s ce u Skull fragments definitely indi a the ab en of deformity . S c endo raniall tures probably beginning losure c y . Two parietal foram ina c No - lose together . ear exostoses ; medium sized perforation of c e c e o tympani plat on ea h side ; meatus somewhat l ngated . Arthritis - um of left temporo mandibular joint . Teeth medi worn with some antemortem loss of right lower molars .

. c c c Long bones small, but unmeasurable S iati not h medium broad . u Ad lt female . — Pm 30 No 369577 — Few s ul o . ) fragment of sk l and l ng bones .

B m . 1 31 88 B UREAU OF AME RICAN ETH NOLOGY i .

ul t Probably ad male . P — U S VM — m n en 1 . J . 0 369585 c fra e 4 ( N . ) In omplete skeleton with g tary skull . c e c Moderate o cipital flattening. Sutur s of medium omplexity and ununited . Small exostosis in each ear ; no tympanic perforations ; nl meatus rounded . Supraorbital ridges absent . Teeth o y slightly - c . c worn , but arious In isors shovel shaped . Sternal end of clavicle showsan epiphyseal surface considerably c The e i ex avated and probably in the stage of beginning union . p i c s c i All physis of the lia cre t also shows in omplete un on . other B c o cm major epiphyses united . i ondylar length f right femur, . Septal apertur e not present in the left humerus Sciatic notch fairly broad . Y t e oung adul femal . Pet— 2 o — m n S 1V. M N 369 fra e . . 586 c 4 (Z7 . ) In omplete skeleton with g u tary sk ll .

s c c. e ce Skull, undeformed ; probably me o rani Sutur s in advan d

c One . No s stage of losure . parietal foramen on left temporal bone e pr sent . Teeth moderately worn but without loss . N0 B e c i s long bones measurable . oth tibia show tra es of old oste ti Humeri probably not mates ; no septal aperture on 2 right , medium on left . Last ( ) lumbar vertebra has separate neural c c ar h . S iatic notch narrow .

Adult male . Pet — 5 — S JV. o U . 36958 4 ( M N . 7) Fairly complete skeleton with frag r menta y skull .

cc . Moderate o ipital flattening, especially on right Sutures of r ll i e medium complexity with beginning closure endoc ania y . S ngl small parietal foramen on right . Temporal bones damaged . Teeth but n t show only slight wear , resulting in an alig men of the inferior

. be c s in 46 0 . o in i ors , as shown plate , There is a supernumerary t oth e h c twe n the upper median incisors and t e latter are dire ted forward , c s e i c in rea ing the alveolar prognathism . The upp r median n isors are - shovel shaped . The long bones are fairly well preserved and yield the following measurements

B i n ft cm co d lar l en th of f mur ri ht cm. l e . y g e , g , ; ,

x imum l n th of ib ri h cm. l eft cm. Ma e g t ia, g t, ; ,

ax mum l en th of fibul a ri h t l ef t cm. M i g , g , ,

aximum l en th of humerus ri ht 32 7 cm. left M g , g , ; ,

ax mum l en th of r dius r h t cm. l ft M i g a , ig , ; e ,

ax imum l en h of lna ri ht cm. l ef t M gt u , g , ; , x m ‘ a i um l en th of cl avicl e r h 1 l ft cm. M g , ig t, ; e ,

There is an area of active osteitis on the medial surface of the c c distal fifth of the right fibula , with a slight rea tion on the orre STEWART] S KELETAL RE MAINS FROM PEACH TREE S ITE 89

n NO s spondi g part of the tibia . eptal apertures of the humerus are

is c . present . The pelvis mas uline

Adult male . ’ I m — S JV No 369 88 — c e t fra men M . 5 47 (U. . ) In omplet skele on with g tary skull .

Skull undeformed and relatively long headed . Sutures of medium complexity ; stage of closure uncertain . Single parietal foramen on NO c right . ear exostoses or perforations of the tympani plates ; me a - e tus rounded . Teeth show most wear antero superiorly ; that ant ro i i f 46 e nferiorly be ng O the type shown in plate . Ther is a super numerary or malposed premolar on the right side Of the lower j aw (the state Of decay of the tooth occupying the position of the first premolar makes it impossible to say whether or not the temporary molar was retained) . The epiphyseal surface at the sternal end O f the clavicle shows the fairly deep excavation characteristic of beginning union . The pre served long bones give the following measurements :

9 B cond lar l en th of f emur r ht cm. l eft i y g , ig , ; , M M u r t f a m l en th of h um us r h l e t cm. g e , ig , , x i m imum len th of rad us r h l f t c . Ma g , ig t, e ,

x imum l en th of ulna ri h l f t cm. Ma g , g t, e , m t 9 aximum len th of cl v cl e r ht c . l f M g a i , ig , ; e ,

The Neither humerus shows a septal aperture . left femur was fractured at a point between the upper and middle thirds ; side-to e an side union resulted , with the upper short r fragment displaced iorl c ter c c . y . S iati not h narrow Y oung adult male . P - 1 JV 9 - S . M N0 36958 c et 5 U. fra men ( . ) In omplete skeleton with g r ta y skull .

r Skull probably slightly flattened poste iorly . Sutures nearly t N o o . . c bli erated parietal foramina Widespread old s arring , but c c no espe ially on right parietal . Small exostosis in ea h ear ; per fora ion r t Of the tympanic plates . Lowe jaw fragm ent shows mod c rate tooth wear and some antemortem loss . B c i ondylar length of left femur approximately cm . B oth femora show considerable irregular swelling of the shaft owing to NO an old osteitis ; other long bones do not show this . septal aper ture in the left humerus (right The last (2) lumbar vertebra has a separate neural arch . Sciati c notch narrow .

Adult male . I’ m—52 U 9 — S JV. M 3695 0 c . t fra men N0 . ) In omplete skele on with g tary skull . c c c c Skull bra hy rani by inspe tion ; deformity uncertain . Sutures c c c No of medium omplexity ; stage of losure un ertain . parietal B ULL 1 31 90 BU REAU OF AMERICAN ETH N OLOGY [ .

r exotoses s s foramina p esent . Ears free from and perforation ; meatu

i n. nc rs rounded . Th rd molars unerupted ; other teeth unwor I iso - shovel shaped . Proximal epiphyses Of humeri and distal epiphysis of left ulna a just uniting (right ulna B icondylar length of left femur, p m a roxi proximately c . Maximum length of left humerus , pp

c . mately cm. Sciatic not h broad a 20 Female, ne r adult (about years) . — N 1 — ra e P 3 V. 36959 f m S J M o. c e n m 5 U. In omplet skeleton with g tary skull . - - Moderate fronto occipital flattening of the type shown in plate 49 . This case seems somewhat intermediate in type between those shown in 100 ' plates 47 and 48. Cranial index approximately (length and breadth near Sutures obliterated . Two parietal foramina . Slight exostosis in left ear ; right ear occluded by a bony partition it in situated 3 to 4 mm . within the meatus (hole pushed through the course of investigation) no tympanic perforations ; meatus c t rounded . The teeth show onsiderable wear with some antemor em

c . loss , notably both upper and lower median in isors B m c c . i ondylar length of right femur, ; maximum length of

m. c c c right tibia , near c S iati not h fairly narrow

Adult male . Pet —5 No — r u 4 . Fragmenta y sk ll with a few c pie es of long bones . liter Undeformed ; probably dolichocranic originally . Sutures ob ated . Single parietal foramen on right . Small ear exostosis on right, none on left ; no tympanic perforations ; meatus somewhat elongated . Jaw fragments show considerable but irregular wear occasioned by

. c tooth loss The hin is square .

Probably adult male . Pe —I — S JV.M o f ra U . c men N . In omplete skeleton with g tary skull . Moderate fronto -occipital flattening approaching the type shown in 45 47 plates and . Sutures in an advanced stage of closure . Small NO c parietal foramen seen on right (left l ) . ear exostoses or tympani perforations ; meatus rounded . Lower jaw shows medium wear Of anterior teeth and antemortem loss of most of the posterior teeth . The following measurements were Obtained on the better preserved long bones :

B cond l ar l n t m r i l eft e h of f u r h cm. i y g e , g t, , ax im m l n t u e h of tibia ri ht l ef t cm. M g , g , , ax imum l en t m r h t h of hu e us ri l f cm. M g , g t, e , ax m m l n t u e h of radius ri ht cm. l eft cm M i g , g , ; , . ax im m l en u th Of ul na ri ht l ef t . M g , g , , cm

B U LL 1 31 92 B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETHN OLOGY [ .

i i Undeformed ; cranial ndex , near Sutures s mple ; open (ex

. NO . cept basilar) . Single parietal foramen on right ear exostoses

Medium siz ed tympanic perforation on each side ; meatus rounded .

Third molars unerupted . i Distal epiphyses of femur, radius , and ulna ; prox mal epiphysis of c t c e humerus show recent closure . Epiphyses of iliac res and clavi l e ununit d .

l t m r m l m. B icond ar l n h of f e ur ht c . ef c y e g , ig , ; t, m ‘ im l en th f tibia ri ht c l f t 2. ax um O . M g , g , ; e ,

x im l en th f humerus ri ht 30 . 2 cm. l eft Ma um g o , g , ; , m f ax imum l n th Of rad us r ht c . l e t M e g i , ig , ; ,

in in . i i n Small septal aperture right humerus, large left Pelv s fem ni e .

l . Female, near adu t (about 20 years)

SUMMARY

eg — 9 i c 1 c S a Of the 3 ndividuals re overed , 7 are ertainly males and

5 probably males ; 10 are certam females and 3 probably females . i 22 The remaining 4 are children . Thus males predom nate about 1 to 3 . A e — O f the e g The number individuals in age groups represent d ,

beginning with the youngest , are as follows

hil d 4—5 ears C , y hil d near 6 ears C , y Ju enil e 10 ears v , y Adol escent 1 7-1 8 ars , ye A l do escent , 20 y ears

oun adul t abou t 25 ears Y g , y Matu re adult Senil e adul t

Deform ation — Two general types of deformity occur in this group 1 cc nin 2 , Simple o ipital flattening (probably u tentional) , and , fronto cc o ipital flattening (certainly intentional) . Each Of these types is represented by eight individuals . Fourteen others appear to be unde c formed, whereas nine are too in omplete to give this information . The general type of deformity known as fronto ~occipital has been v Imbelloni 1930 1 di ided by ( ) into two subtypes : , That in which the plane of the flattened occiput is nearly vertica l to the Frank 2 c c fort plane, and , that in whi h it is in lined (about to this

plane , so as nearly to parallel the frontal . The specimens shown in 48 49 1 c plates and probably fall into subtype , whereas the spe i in 50 2 . men shown plate falls more nearly into subtype Naturally, extreme representatives O f these two subtypes are more distinct in c appearan e than those here shown . STEWART] SKELETAL RE MAIN S FROM PEACH TREE SITE 93

In addition to these two subtypes the present material includes five - cc s examples of, a variant type of fronto o ipital deformity that doe not appear to be widely recognized ; If we may generalize from the few ls 45 e specimens available (see p . and it would seem that pressur has been applied at three points on the head by means of boards . Thus the plane of the flattened occiput is nearly vertical and forms O e c in a broad angle near belion with the flatt ned parietals , whi h f turn form a nearly right angle near bregma with the flattened rontal . ' ’ diflers fi Imbelloni s In other words , this new subtype from the rst of c the Of two subtypes , des ribed above , in having anterior parts the 2 ten d . c c parietals flat e It will be re ognized that, be ause the parts c along the midline of the cranial vault were onfined , growth could l take place only laterally . There resu ts , thus , the two following : 1 c characteristics of this third subtype of deformity , A high ranial i O 2 c ndex ( ften over and , a maximum height from basion lo ated O near bregma , instead of more posteriorly (even at belion) as in the other types . Of the few records of cranial deformity available for the Southeast s c c only one eems to indi ate the presen e of this variant type . This ’ lone record is F unkhouser s (1938) report on the skeletal material ’ 19 N B s s Al from Webb s site in the orris asin , ea tern Tennes ee . t c e c c hough the spe imens illustrat d are not entirely typi al , the ranial i c O f F r ndi es others range up to unkhouser says , mo eover

Th e extreme flattening occurs in both the f rontal and parietal regions and th s of course has roduced com ensator bul in in th e ar l re n i , , p a p y g g p ieta gio s

P. on both sides. [

The presence or absence O f cranial deformation at the Peachtree cc site may be analyzed further a ording to sex , age, and position rela tive to mound (table It is perhaps significant that of the burials i dentified as being the oldest , that is , having been interred before c c Of - cc onstru tion the mound , none shows fronto o ipital deformation , cc although simple o ipital flattening is represented . However, one example Of fronto-Occipital deformity appears among the small group i c cc n lusive in the mound , and three examples o ur among the intrusive group . Of the large group of burials encountered beyond the periph Of c e c s ery the mound , whi h undoubt dly in lude late burials (one with c European arti les) and perhaps earlier ones , there are four examples of this intentional deformity . It is noteworthy , also , that of the cc c three individuals a ompanied by European arti les , two are inten tionall y deformed (variant type) . There appears to be no relation s hip between deformity and sex or age .

2 A ter t is report was writ ten I es ri e t is t e of defomi f h , d c b d h y p ty at a meeting of the “ Ameri an Association of P si al Ant ro ol o ist s usin h rm fr n - r - " y p g t e t e o to a iet o o i it al . c h c h , g p cc p (S ee St ewart , B REAU OF A ER A T L B ULL 1 31 94 U M IC N E H NO OGY [ .

. e 2 a 5 8 o 8 o . . . . 8 . . 8 m 8 6 3 J $ 5 5 . 6 2 $ 5 2 5 2 u e E2 5 A 2 3 2 —2 : 3 3 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 a 0 o 0 v E8 0 6 6 o 6 0 E v 0 6 0 5 5 6 v 0 © 0 O 4 " 4 4 4 0 0 4 d 4 < 4 4. 4 4 4 4 . 4 s < 4

A ssess

6 0 6 0

B ULL 1 81 96 B U REAU OF AME RICAN E TH NOL OGY [ .

r tu r — 33 15 i 18 i S eptal ape es. Although but ( r ght, left) humer are sufliciently preserved to show the presence or absence O f septal c 15 5 10 in apertures , these defe ts were observed in ( right , left) , or H rdliéka 1932 the about 45 percent . ( ) has reported general average

for the American Indians to be about 40 percent . There are few

figures available for individual groups . — Pathology It is still debatable whether or not the signs Of

osteitis and periostitis seen not uncommonly in Indian long bones ,

c due s. I espe ially the tibia , are to syphili t is, if anything, more - debatable whether Or not syphilis is a pre or post Columbian disease c c t in North America . Under these ir umstances it is no eworthy that O f c i we cc five cases osteitis , typi al of syph lis as know it , o ur in the h t e . most recent group , and in that found beyond mound Of the ci l Pm—45 -51 c dit remaining older spe mens on y two ( , ) show this on ion , i f i and here t is atypical O syph lis . The other pathological conditions Observed in this material seem i to be without tribal and chronological sign ficance .

CONCLU SION

It is important to state first Of all that the above morphological and anthropometrical Observations alone on the Peachtree skeletons he e do not prove them to be t remains of Cherok es . This situation

is not due entirely to the fragmentary condition of the collection . is c Rather, it due to the la k of thoroughly identified Cherokee skeletal c e e ce c material for omparison . Mor over , the pr sen of ranial deform ity at the Peachtree site prevents adequate anthropometric compari

c the r son with the linguisti relative of Cherokee to the no th , the

Iroquois . c O c If, on the other hand , we assume that be ause European bje ts c c were found at this site , be ause the ulture is uniform throughout the c O f the mound, and be ause the location the site is within historic e r Cherokee territory , the skel tal remains are therefo e Cherokee, then O c c c un the bservations take on a parti ular signifi an e . With this not reasonable assumption we can conclude that : 1 . The Cherokee practiced intentional cranial deformation at the n time of European contact . As far as ca be discovered this fact does not seem to have been recorded by any of the early travelers in the Cherokee territory . Mooney says :

[Th e a awba wer call d Fl ath ads b the ro uois a nam C t ] e e e y I q , e wh ch leads to some conf us on as it was al so f re uentl a l ied b th e sam i i , q y pp y e o l to th e hoctaw ick a an h r k T m s ro rl h as w d o . he na e wa pe p e C , C , C e ee p pe y a licabl e to th e hoct w wh o ract ced th e cus om Of h ad flat enin as id pp C a , p i t e t g , d also th e Wax haw of S outh Carol ina adj oining th e Catawba ; but th ere seems t o be no all usion to the ex istence of this strange custom among the Catawba them l 1 8 4 se ves. 9 . [ , p STEWART ] SKE LE TAL REMAIN S FROM PEACH TREE SITE 97

Not c ce 2. only did the Cherokee pra ti intentional cranial deforma O O e tion , but they ften btained a typ of deformity that is not found c e generally outside their territory . The fa t has b en mentioned that ’ 9 s a similar type of deformity occurs at Webb s site 1 . Other example exist in the national collection from Nacoochee (Georgia) and various e a u u sit s in southe stern Tennessee . I will present f rther details s p c porting this onclusion in a forthcoming publication . 3 i i . Although the evidence s limited to a single nonmetr cal char c a ffe a ter, there is re son to believe that the Cherokee and Iroquois di r c somewhat physi ally. Iroquois skeletal remains have not been dis tin uished c f i b t two g learly yet rom Algonk an , u together these groups e c nl a the have ear exostos s rather un ommo y , where s Cherokee (as suming the Peachtree skeletons to be this) have them commonly . ’ If we accept H rdliéka s conclusion that ear exostoses have an heredi i ca e f c e tary element as their predispos ng us , then this dif eren e b tween Cherokee and Iroquois must be more profound than would result c neces from re ent separation . That linguistic relationship does not sarily connote physical relationship has been pointed out by H rdliéka in c ec a 1927 onn tion with several Indian tribes (for ex mple, , p . Aside from the question of whether or not the Peachtree skeletons e are those of Cherokees, the findings at this sit lead to the following more general conclusions 1 a hi . The stratigr p c positions Of the intentionally deformed skulls in V not only suggest , but iew of findings elsewhere , make it seem probable that the custom of deforming the head reached the South

. 1938 s c east rather late Thus Kelly ( ) say , in speaking of the ex ava tions pertaining to the trading post on the middle section of the Macon plateau

B oth in and around th e encl osu re w ere f ound burial s Of Indians of all ages and sex es associated w ith E u ropean t rade artif act s and obj ects Of Indian manuf act re in i A num r f ri l r i u cl ud n otter . be o b a t a t s n r o sl , g p y u ot p evi u y Observed were encountered th e presence Of artificial f rontal deformation in a number of burial s implied th at this custom was much more preval ent in hi stor c than in reh stor m P i p i ic ti es. [ . 192 Furthermore , Collins ( 7) obtained in Louisiana undeformed skulls associated with elements of the Tchefuncte culture and intentionall y c deformed skulls asso iated with a later type of pottery . The late appearance O f cranial deformity in the upper Mississippi Valley (see N 1937 O e i c eumann , , bs rvations not summarized) is probably sign fi ant in h c n 3 also t is on ection .

2 . in c e c t As the as of ranial deformi y, the stratigraphic positions c c e of the skeletons at Pea htree, together with eviden e from els where ,

3 S in e t is report was re ared I a e am l ified t is ar ument in m ontribut ion t o c h p p , h v p h g y c th e Swant on Anni rs m S w r e ary V ol u e. ee S te a t v ( , 24760 0— 4 1 9 98 B U REAU OF AME RICAN ETH N OLOGY make it seem probable that syphilis was not common among North - 4 American Indians until recent (even post Columbian) times . If l this were not so , why has this disease not been reported for the O d remains Of Algonkians and Eskimos " And why is it not found among “ ” f r o ter Of K the skeletons O the p ep t y people Indian Knoll , y " Atten ’ tion may be called again also to Collins finds in Louisiana (1927) The undeformed Tchefuncte people showed no signs of major bone e c c pathology, wh reas the more re ent deformed people gave mu h evidence O f osteitis . c These two general and rather bold con lusions, admittedly based ce c on weak eviden , are advan ed here in the hope that others with more extensive material from the Southeast will present data bearing thereon .

4 1 h esitate t o say t hat t his disease was absent in pre-Col umbian t imes because occa sional l y b ones wit h simil ar path ol ogical l esions are fou nd among the Ol d Puebl os and ll i H opewe ans.

B U R EA U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 4 5

— Side and t o iew s f sk P 69559 i n r n f p v o u ll m 4 No . 3 ) F a k o rt posit io n showing t e f f r t nile nat r l i e de mi . u e a y p o o y J v 0 6 u s z ) . B U R E A U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O LO G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 4 6

Three low er aw s show in a oint ed ont ou r formed b t he bit in ed es o f t he n iso rs au sed j g p c y g g i c , c — e i n i n is r P No . apparent ly by early loss o f t he u pper m d a c o s. A is m 7 — s P 0 9 7 is Pm 45 . o . 6 5 7 C No B i m 3 (U . S . N M . N 3 ) ; (Nat u ral size

B U R EAU O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O LO G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 48

i nd t s f sk - 3 9571 in Frankfor s t o n sho win S de a op view o u ll Pm ZO No . 6 ) t po i i g

t e of deformit Ad lt male nat u ral si e . yp y . u (V2 z ) B U R E A U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 1 3 1 P L AT E 4 9

— 3 959 1 in rankf rt osit io n sho wm Side and t op v iew s of sku ll Pm 53 No . 6 ) F o p g

t t Adu lt male nat u ral size . y pe of de fo rmi y . (V; ) B U R E A U O F A M E R IC A N ET H N O L O G Y B U L L ET IN 13 1 P L AT E 5 0

w f k v— 369594 in Frankfo rt osit io n show n Side and t op v ie s o s u ll P 2 No . ) p i g

t y e o f de fo r it v Adu lt male nat u ral si e . p m . (52 z )

102 INDEX

r — H amme stones, 38 Nacoochee ontinu ed C .

H arrin ton . R . ref erence to work tr g , M , , aits compared with Peacht ree , 1- 2 4 1 5 5 , 53 , 5 , 7 — H istorical back round 6 13 Net ink r 2 g , s e s, 3 , 37 H iwasse l ocation Of tow n 9 Norri B sin n e, , s a , a aly sis of cul tu ral re t raits com ared with Peachtre mains 6—5 p e, , 5 7 — 66 71 traits com ared with Peach tr e p e , H iwassee sl and a h erok ee site 56 6 - 0 I , C , 6 7 H iwassee R i er descri tion 1 4 Nottel l ocation —1 v , p , y , , 9 0 “ ” H oll w ood ou nd G eor ia descri Nutstones S ee u ton f y M , g , p . C ps e ragments ion 6 r t , O ch e, 33 traits com ared with Peach tree O rnaments 30 —33 38— 3 p , , , 9 — 66 71 associated with bu rial s, 33 , 65 w llian h e ref erred t o 5 H o e e P as aint . S ee Och re p , , P k n H rr L acknowl ed ment H o i s, a y . , g Paintin on otter 45 p g , p y ,

to, 1 Paint mortars 38 H ou -l ife an arch itecture 29 - 30 h r mound n se d , P ac t e . S ee ou d Peach e e M , — H ouses 24 26 27 t r e , , e H ntin and warf are 35— 36 it S u g , Peachtree s e. ee Site Peachtree , n nti ne 1 1 ro , me o d , 1 , 8 Pendants 32 37 I , , “ ” ro oian ock r f erence to 51 u st , , Pick f orms 37 I q e , r is r f r nc to 10 — o u o , e e e e , , 95 , 96 Pi es and t obacco 34 35 I q p , ,

Kell A R . u oted n y , . , q , 96 descriptio , 55 Kni es 1 1 32 39 ississi i attern 65 v , , , M pp p , L ouisiana reference to x l orations 5 S ee also ro enience e p , P v i i h io — — Low r ssissi ase, ment ned , 65 Post h ol es 21 24 26 28 assim e M pp p , , p S ee also ississi attern Posts 27 M ppi p , ri — ai e l eaf , f ound with bu al , 34 Potter 39 50 M z y , anuf actu red Ob ects d escri tions as a cul tu ral determinant 54 M j , p , , — l 36 50 bowl s f ound with buria , 33 — ark s ille or S ou th ern H o ewell cul com ar d w ith oth er sit es 69 70 M v p p e , t u r ref erred t o 5 ississi i attern 65 e, , M pp p , — aterial cul tu re 29 50 tan- ra w are 47 M , g y , — ats mentioned 29 are A 41 43 48 49 50 M , , W , , , , attin f ou n w th burial 34 are B 43 45 48 49 50 M g , d i , W , , , , , a a ref erence to mou nds 5 are B —l 45 49 50 M y , , W , , , ealin ston s mentioned 65 S ee also are 45—46 48 49 M g e , , W C, , , - illin stones are 0 1 . 46 49 M g W , etal artif acts 11 33 are D 46 48 49 50 M , . W , , , , com ared with oth er sites 69 oodl and attern 65 p , W p , icmac-t e i es f ound 35 S ee also Pro enience M yp p p , v “ ” iddle ississi i hase mentioned 65 Pre otter eo l e 97 M M pp p , , p y p p , S ee also ississi i att rn ro ectil oints 35 38 65 M pp p e P j e p , , , il r r n M cknowl ed m nt occu rrence 52 o d o to . a M f , M , g e ,

to 1 Pro enience of s ecimens ill ustrat d ) , , v ( p e ill in stones mentioned 29 72— 79 M g , — S ee also eal in ston s ortars Ram s 21 22 M g e ; M p , m n ioned 39 ission, establ ish ed near Peachtree 10 Scissors. e t , M , ississi i attern traits 52-53 55 65 Shell 38 M pp p , , , , , i es oone J ames u oted 1 0 95 artifacts com a red with other s t , M y , , q , , p a B oore l rence . arch eol o ical work 69 M , C , g o nd with bu rial 34 in th e S ou theast , 3 cup f u , Mortars d escri tion 37 38 S ee also Provenience , p , , S ee also ealin tone illin Sh erds in fi re l aces 27 M g s s ; M g , p , stones S ee also Pottery — f ou nd 35 ou nd Peacht re 14 18 S iou an cal um t pipe , M , e, e t on date com ared to Nacooch ee 54 S ite Peacht ree h erok e occu a , p , , , C e p i m nd u d r r 9—13 55 56 ou se as subst uctu e, 65 , , — 1 —14 r mar mou nd 24 26 ch oice and descri tion, 3 p i y , p n m — concl usions 57 seco dary ound , 1 8 23 , n t oth er sites 56 st ructu re compared with other cul tu ral rel atio o , sites d at of occ u ation 57 , 67 e p , r summar 29 Nacoochee, a he ok ee site, 56 y , C 0 i t s n n n t raits com ared w ith oth er S e . mou d , me tio ed , 35 p — n r n 66 71 ref ere ce to c a ial deformity , 96 6—2 stone ra es 54 villa e site, 2 8 g v , g IN DEX

i l ocation 1 e tes . . Sw at h ouse 2 S (C W , 3 — Sk el etal remains 80 97 S hil is re or ost - ol u mbi n , yp , p p C a 1 — age, 9 95 , 96 97 — conclu sions, 95 97 Talc u ses 28 2 , , 3 c nd ition 34 o , Tankard I ron 39 — , , d ef ormation 9 1 93 , Tax onom Of abori inal cul tures 6 — y g , d escr tion 80 91 ip , Tch ef uncte culture mention , ed , 96 , 97 ear ex ostoses, 94 Tex til es, 39 measurements 94 , om r i h c pa ed w th ot er sites, 69 pa tIIOIOgy ’ 95 Tl anusi i l ocation 9 1 1 r r 9 y , , , septal ape tu es, 5 Tobacco and i es 34— , p p , 35 sex , 91 mentioned 29 ith burial 34 , Sk ins , f ound w , Trail d escri tion 9—10 k el etal remains , p , S k ull s. S ee S Traits 65 inf rmant 1 1 , S mith , Sibbald , o , meth od of select ion 5 1 1 , S oil , 1 6 , 7 i i 26 Peacht ree compared with oth er n p cs, sites 55 56 66—71 S ee also S trata , , , — S ee also ul tur uth east arch eol o ical ictur 3 6 C e S o , g p e, Trench connec in ref u s i i th ern H o w el l cul ture r f erred , t g e p t w th bur S ou pe , e i 2 al pit , 6 t o, 5 — i i e imens rov nience 72 79 U n t d S tates Nat onal u s u m, men S p c . p e , e M e

rw S ee R am s t ioned , 3 S tai ay s. p ’ S tal lin s sland t rait s com ared w th U er ississi h ase mentioned 65 g I , p i pp M ppi p , , — Peachtree 66 71 S ee also ississi i attern , M pp p S teatite essel s 37 38 al entine its referenc to 19 23 v , , V p , e , , r 1 — occu r nce, 5 52 all e tow n ossibl l ocation at each e V y , p e P t s m e . S ee R a s p p t ree, 10 S tock ade 28 — ill ag site, 26 28 — V e S tone 36 38 — , arf are and h untin 35 36 W g , ar tif acts com ar d w ith other sit s p e e , n wattl ork attle. S ee a e e w 67— 69 W C a on S ee arf are and h untin We p s. W g S ee al so Provenience ; Stones ill 6— ebb iam S . uoted 5 5 7 n i W , W , q , S to e, Jul u a, acknowled ment to 1 g , eeden sl and om onent ref erence S ton s 28 W I C p , e , to, 5 cl usters, 27 h st n s m n i n notch ed and roo d 35 et o e , t o ed , 65 g ve , W e S trata 1 6 22 oodl and attern t raits 52 53 55 65 , , W p , , , , ,

S w anton, John R , ref erence t o 1 3 uch i ref rence to 13 , Y , e .