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Note: Concepts such as army, monarchy and trade are indexed as general concepts and also under indivi- dual countries and regions. Page references in italics indicate main subjects; those in bold indicate maps.
Abaqa (Mongol Il-khan) , , , , Acre – and Charles I of Anjou , , Abbasid caliphate fall () , , , , , , , , and al-Andalus , and Egypt and maritime republics –, –, , and Mamluks – , and Mongol invasion , , , and Mongols , , and Seljuqs and trade –, , –, , , , and Spanish Muslims , – Abbeville, Gerard d’ Acton Burnel, Statute Abd al-Mu min , Ad fructus uberes (papal bull) Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs Umar, Abu Ad liberandum (papal decree) , , Muhammad – Adalbert of Riga Abelard, Peter, and morality Adelasia of Torres , , Abinafia, Aaron (tax collector) , al-Adil II absolutism, in England – al-Adil, Sayf ad-Din , , – Abu Abd Allah (Hafsid ruler) – Adimari family , Abu Hafs Umar – Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne , Abu Maydan (Sufi leader) , Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah (al-Bayyasi) , Adolf of Nassau, king of the Romans –, , – Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil and Burgundy , Abu Muhammad al-Wahid Adrian V,Pope Abu Sa id Uthman (Ziyanid leader) Adrianople Abu Yahya (Marinid ruler) , and Epiros , , Abu-Ya qub Yusuf , and Venice , , Abu Ya qub Yusuf (Marinid ruler) , Adrianople, battle () , , , Abu-Yusuf Ya qub (al-Mansur) , , –, Aegean, and maritime trade Afonso II of Portugal Abu Yusuf Ya qub (Marinid ruler) , , and administration – Abu Zakariya Yahya (Hafsid ruler) , , , and the Church , – and Islam Abu Zayd of Valencia –, , and territorial integrity Abulafia, D. Afonso III of Portugal (count of Boulogne) accounting –, , and the Church – Accursius and Sancho II –, Achaea see Morea after-life, Christianisation –,
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Agenais, English possession , , and French conquests , , , –, , Agnes of France , , Agobard of Lyons , and Honorius III –, agriculture and Innocent III , , –, and crop rotation and Jews and demand , –, , , and Louis VIII of France , –, , and grain production –, , , , , Albrecht I of Habsburg , , , , and Adolf of Nassau – and improved technology , , , , and Bohemia – and livestock rearing –, –, , , , Albrecht ‘the Degenerate’ of Thuringia , Alcácer do Sal, battle () and over-grazing , Alcaraz, Treaty () and pastoralism Alconstantini, Mossé productivity , , , Alcuin, and Latin and share-cropping – Aleksandr Nevskii see Nevskii, Aleksandr subsistence Aleppo and tenant farmers –, – Ayyubid control , , , , Agridi, battle () Mongol conquest , –, –, Ahmad (Mongol Il-khan) Seljuq attack , Aigues-Mortes, French port , , , , , Alexander II, Pope, and Jews , –, –, Alexander III, Pope Aimery de Lusignan, king of Cyprus , and education Ain Jalut, battle () , –, , , , and Frederick I and law Akropolites, George, Grand Logothete , , and monasticism and Order of Santiago Alan of Galloway Alexander IV,Pope Alange, battle () and Alfonso X of Castile , , – Alarcos, battle () , and Bohemia Albania and College of Cardinals , and Angevins , , , , – and Empire , – and aristocracy and Inquisition and Bulgaria , and maritime republics and Byzantine empire –, and Mendicant Orders , and economy and Mongols and Epiros , – and Navarre and Latin Church , –, – and Portugal and Latin empire – and Sicily and Manfred , Alexander II of Scotland and Nicaea , and Hebrides and Orthodox Church , and Henry III of England , , and Serbia , , and MacWilliam risings – and trade , , Alexander III of Scotland and Venice , , , death , – see also Dhimitër; Gjin; Gregorios Kamonas; and Edward I of England – Progon marriage , Albert III de la Tour-du-Pin , Alexander of Hales , , Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem Alexander of Roes Albert of Riga – Alexians Albertus Magnus –, , , Alexios III Angelos , , , –, , Albi n. and Catharism , , , Alexios IV Angelos, and Fourth Crusade , cathedral – Albigensian Crusade , , –, , Alexios V and Dauphiné Alexios Komnenos – and Fourth Lateran Council , , , Alfonse-Jordan of Toulouse –, Alfonsi, Petrus ,
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Alfonso I of Aragon, and Provence and Jews Alfonso II of Aragon and Marinids – and expansionism – navy and France in Spain , , , , –, , , and maritime republics Alfonso III (‘the Liberal’) of Aragon and tribal groups –, , and Castile in Tunis , , , , excommunication see also Maghrib and the Maghrib Almoravids and Majorca and Almohads , , , and Sicily , , , , and Islam – Alfonso VII of Castile alms-giving Alfonso VIII of Castile and Mendicant Orders and al-Andalus as penance – and defeat of Muslims alphabets and Navarre , Greek and succession Latin –, and the vernacular ogam Alfonso IX of León runic and Castile Alphonse II of Provence and Reconquista , – Alphonse of Poitiers Alfonso X of Castile and Catharism and the Algarve and Comtat-Venaissan , and Andalusia and Languedoc , , , , and aristocracy –, – Alphonse of Toulouse – and the Church , , altars and Dauphiné decoration –, and Empire –, –, , , –, and Marian devotion , – Althusser, Louis and France , , , Amadeus IV of Savoy and Granada –, Amadeus V of Savoy and historiography –, –, Amadeus VI of Savoy and the law Amalric, Giraud, records , , and Maghrib – Amalricians and maritime republics Amaury of Bène and Murcia –, Amaury of Jerusalem and Navarre Amidei family –, and papacy , Amiens cathedral , –, plate and Portugal – Amiens, Treaty () and Reconquista , , Anastasio, Zolo di resources – Anatolia and Seville and Byzantine empire see Nicaea, empire Siete partidas , , , , and Latin empire –, and succession – and Mongols , , –, , –, and the vernacular , , , –, – Alfonso de la Cerda – and trade Alfred of Wessex, and vernacular writing , see also Seljuqs Ali Ibn Ghamiya Ancona Alice of Champagne – and Frederick II , Alice of Meran and trade Almizra, Treaty () Andalusia Almohads and aristocracy administration , and Castile , , , –, , army , –, , and Islam –, , – and Castile , , and Marinids extent of empire –, population and Hafsids , , and trade
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Andrei of Vladimir Apulia Andrew II of Hungary , and Otto IV and Fifth Crusade , and trade , , and new settlement Aquinas, Thomas and Rus′ – and Catharism and Teutonic Knights , and Jews –, Andrew III of Hungary , and new learning Andrew of Prague and papal primacy Andrew the Venetian and secular clergy , Andronikos I Komnenos Summa theologica Andronikos II, Emperor , , , , , and university –, , , , and usury , Anes, Estevão Aquitaine Angers, law school and John of England –, – Angevins and serfdom and Albania , , , , – see also Gascony and Aragon , , , –, , –, Aquitaine (Gascon) war (-) –, , expansion , , , , – Arabic and Florence –, and the Maghrib and Hohenstaufen dynasty – and new learning –, , , , and house of Savoy Arabs and Hungary –, and Maghrib , –, –, , and Jerusalem –, – and Naples , , –, –, , , and Mamluks Aragon-Catalonia –, –, and papacy , , , , , and administration and Provence –, , , and Almohads , – in Sicily , –, –, , , –, and Angevins , , , –, , , –, –, – see also Charles I of Anjou; Charles II of and aristocracy , , –, Anjou; Naples; Provence, kingdom and Byzantine empire Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , and Castile , , , , – Anjou – and Catharism , and Charles II of Anjou and Corsica and Henry III , expansion and John of England , , and France: and Albigensian Crusade –; see also Angevins and Majorca , –; and Navarre Anna Komnena –, , ; and Provence , , Annibaldi, Riccardo , , , , , –; and Anselm of Canterbury Roussillon and Montpellier , , , Antioch, principality –, , ; and Sicily –, , , defences –, , – fall () , , and Granada and Khwarizmians and the Maghrib , , , , Latin rule , , , and maritime republics –, – and Mamluks and monasticism and Mongols and Navarre –, , , , and trade and papacy , , , Antonine Order and peasants Anweiler, Markward von (imperial vicar) , and records – and revenues –, , –, apocalypticism, and Hohenstaufen emperors rise – n. , and Sardinia Apostolics , , and taxation , , – apprenticeship , and Tlemcen
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and trade , , , , Aristotelianism and unity of the kingdom and art and Valencia , , , , , , , and universities , –, –, –, , Aristotle, and tyranny see also Barcelona; Church and state; cortes; Arjona, Muslim control , , – Frederick III; James I; James II; Jews, in Arles, kingdom –, Spain; Majorca; Peter II; Sicily and Angevins – Aragonese language and Savoyards –, , Arbanon see Albania Arma Christi arbitrium, of the signori , – Armenia, Cilician , , architecture –, – and Antioch and cultural interchange – and Louis IX Decorated Style and Mamluks English Court Style and Mongols , , , , , , French Court Style – and trade , , , –, Gothic , , , –, –, see also Hethoum and master masons , , armies Rayonnant style , , , and military specialisation Romanesque , , , , see also mercenaries and under individual countries archontes Arnald-Amalric (abbot of Citeaux) , – in Albania , Arnold, archbishop of Trier in Morea , –, Arnold, B. in Thessalonika Arnolfo di Cambio , in Thrace Arnswalde, Treaty () – Arghun (Mongol Il-khan) , –, Arpád dynasty of Hungary , , –, , Arié, Rachel , Arigh Böke (Mongol leader) Arsenios, patriarch of Constantinople aristocracy – art – and the arts and classicism – and chivalry –, , –, –, court , – and clergy , Gothic , , – and commerce –, –, Italian – ecclesiastical –, , –, , –, religious –, –, , , urban – and gentility , Arte della Calimala , , and heresy Arte del Cambio and inheritance –, –, – Arte della Lana , and justice , –, – Arte di Por Santa Maria and knighthood – Arthur of Brittany , and landownership –, –, , artisans and Mendicant Orders , and the Church and military Orders in Flanders – and military service , , , , – in Florence , , and ministeriales – regulation and monasticism , – and representation , , and patronage and urbanisation , –, , and popolo – Artois, county, and Flanders –, , – and prayer for the dead asceticism revenues –, –, , , and Catharism rural , , , and Mendicant Orders –, and rural society – and monasticism , – and taxation –, , – Asˇen dynasty and universities al-Ashraf Khalil , , – urban , –, , – al-Ashraf Musa , , –, see also barons; esquires; knighthood; and under al-Ashraf Muzaffar, Sultan individual states Aspremont, Gobert d’
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Assassins and Frederick II , and Ayyubids , , , and Mamluks , , , , – and Mongols , and papacy Assisi, S. Francesco , plate and Seljuqs , Assizes of Romania –, in Syria , , , , –, –, , association, voluntary –, Athens, duchy , , – and Zengids Athis-sur-Orge, Treaty () , al-Azraq (Muslim rebel) Attila the Hun, and Hungary Azzo (jurist) Augustine of Canterbury, St Augustine of Hippo, St, and Jews , Bacon, Roger , Augustinian canons –, Badoer, Marco Augustinian hermits –, , , Badr ad-Din Lulu Aurembiaix of Urgell , Baeza, siege () Ausculta fili (Boniface VIII) , Baiju (Baichu; Mongol general) , – Austria bailiffs and aristocracy , Catalonia and Bohemia , , , Flanders , , and Fifth Crusade Latin empire and Frederick II , , – Norway –, and Hungary bailliages and Jews Dauphiné and Mongols France –, –, as power centre Provence and trade Savoy authority Balbuino, Lanfranco academic Balduino, Jacopo di aristocratic –, Baldwin I of Constantinople (Baldwin IX of imperial Flanders) papal , , , , ; and College of and Byzantine tradition – Cardinals , ; and crusades –, capture by Bulgaria , , , ; and Orthodox Church , , ; and Fourth Crusade , , and plenitudo potestatis –, , ; and and Venice , secular rulers , –, , , Baldwin II of Constantinople (Baldwin II de royal , , –, , , Courtenay) Autier, Pere & Guillem – and Charles I of Anjou , , , Auxerre cathedral and Ivan II Asˇen , , Ave Maria, lay knowledge of , and papacy Averroes (Ibn Rushd) , , , Baldwin II de Courtenay see Baldwin II of Averroists , Constantinople Avesnes dynasty of Hainault , , Baldwin V of Hainault, count of Flanders Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Avignon Baldwin IX of Flanders see Baldwin I of and Albigensian Crusade , – Constantinople and France , , Balearics as papal capital , , , , , Almohad control , Ayas, and trade , , and Aragon-Catalonia , , – Aymar of Valentinois-Diois and Genoa and Pisa , , , Aymer, bishop of Winchester see also Majorca Aymon of Faversham Balian of Arsuf Ayyubids Balian of Beirut –, and administration Balk, Hermann and crusader states –, , , –, Balkans , and Byzantine empire – in Egypt , , , , , , , and Charles I of Anjou –, , –, – and Charles II of Anjou
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and Mongol invasion French: and coinage ; and Louis VIII and Nicaean empire –, –, ; and Philip III ; rebellions and trade , , –, –, ; and regency –, see also Albania; Bulgaria; Serbia Italian, signori as – Balliol, John , , , Magyar , Baltic Sicilian , , , , , –, and Danish expansion , Welsh – and military Orders , , , –, , see also aristocracy; knighthood Bartholomew of Pecs and Swedish expansion – Bartolus of Sassoferrato see also Estonia; Finland; Lithuania; Prussia; Basegio, Marco Rus′; Scandinavia; Teutonic Knights Batu (khan of Golden Horde) Baltic trade – and central Europe , , –, and Hanseatic League , , , , and Hülegü and Rus′ , , and Islam and Christianity –, and Scandinavian kingdoms , , and Rus′ Bamberg, and sculpture Bavaria banking and aristocracy in Barcelona – and Hohenstaufen development , –, , as power centre in England , and Rudolf of Habsburg and fairs , serfdom and freedom in Flanders , Baybars al-Jashnikir (Mamluk emir) in Florence , , , –, , Baybars, Sultan – Bannockburn, battle () and crusader states , –, Banu Ashqilula, and Granada – and crusades , Banu Hilal Arabs , , – and Mongols , –, , Banu Marin , and Nicaea Banu Nasr clan al-Bayyasi (Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah) , Banu Sulaym Arabs , , – baptism, forced , , Beatrice (wife of Ferdinand III) Barberino, Francesco da Beatrice of Burgundy Barcelona Beatrice de Claustral and aristocracy – Beatrice of Dauphiné and civil war Beatrice de Faucigny , and cloth industry Beatrice of Hohenstaufen , and rise of Aragon , , –, Beatrice of Nazareth and Sicily , Beatrice of Orlamunde and trade , , , , , , , – Beatrice of Provence (wife of Charles I of and Valencia Anjou) , , , , , Bardanes, George, bishop of Corfu , Beatrice of Savoy Bardi company , , , Beatriz of Castile Bargone, Pietro di Beauvais Barisone, judge of Arborea , cathedral , Barnim I of Stettin and royal finances – Barnwell annalist , Bede, the Venerable , barons bedouin see Arabs Aragonese , –, , –, begging, by Mendicant Orders , , , Austrian beghards Burgundian , beguines , , , , , English ; and Henry III , , –, in France , –, , ; and John , –, Behaim, Albert –, , –; and loss of Normandy Beirut , , , ; revenues ; and Sicily and Mamluks , , , and trade , , Frankish see also John I of Ibelin; John II of Ibelin
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Béla III of Hungary and papacy , , , Béla IV of Hungary and religious Orders and aristocracy , –, and rural society –, and the Church and universities –, – extent of territory , Bisson, T.N. , , and Mongol invasion , , , – Black Death , Bélibaste, Guillem Black Sea trade Bella, Giano della – and crusader states Belleperche, Pierre de and Latin empire – Bembo, Marco and maritime republics –, , –, Benedetta of Cagliari , Benedict XII, Pope , and Rus′ Benedict XIII, Pope and Seljuq state , , Benedictine Order –, –, Blanche of Artois , , in Corsica , Blanche of Castile in Sardinia and Albigensian Crusade , , Benevento, papal enclave and Ferdinand III Benevento, battle () , , , and Provence Bensch, Stephen as regent , –, , bequests, pro anima Blanche of France (daughter of Louis IX) , Berard, Thomas , , Berat, battle () , , blasphemy , Berbers and Jews , , – and Almohads , , , – Blemmydes, Nikephoros , and Arabs – Blicke, P. n. and Granada blood libel history – Boccaccio, Giovanni and Islam – Boccanegra, Guglielmo , , and Ziyanids , Boccanegra, Niccolò Berceo, Gonzalo de , body, theology of –, – Berengaria, infanta of Castile Boethius of Dacia Berenguela of Castile , Bogomil heresy , Bergen, and trade – Bohemia Berke (ruler of Golden Horde) , , , and Albrecht I of Habsburg – Bernard of Caux (inquisitor) and aristocracy , , Bernard of Clairvaux, St , , , , , and central European kingdoms –, , Bernard of Parma n. and coinage Bernhard IV of Saxony and election of emperor –, , Berthold V of Zähringen – Bible extent of territory , illustrated , plate and Germany and papacy and Hungary , in vernaculars , , and Jews Bigod, Hugh and Mendicant Orders , – Bigod, Roger, earl of Norfolk and monasticism Birger Magnusson of Sweden , –, , and Mongols , , bishops and new settlements and the arts , , and Poland , , –, –, Cathar – as power centre and councils , , and Prussia – and development of cities and society election , , , , –, , , and trade , , see also Church and state; John of Luxemburg; and Inquisition Moravia; Ottokar I; Ottokar II; Premyslid and Mendicant Orders –, , –, dynasty; silver; Teutonic Knights; Vaclav I; Vaclav II; Vaclav III
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Bohemond III of Antioch Bordeaux Bohemond IV of Antioch-Tripoli and England , , , , , Bohemond V of Antioch , , and wine trade , , Bohemond VI of Antioch-Tripoli , –, borghi, Florence , , , , , Borgo San Donino, Gerardo di Boileau, Etienne Boril of Bulgaria , Boinebroke, Anton Bornhøved, battle () , Bolesl-aw I of Swidnica-Jawor Bosnia Bolesl-aw II of Mazovia and Catharism , , Bolesl-aw III (‘Wrymouth’; Krzywousty) of and Hungary , –, Poland and papacy Bolesl-aw the Pious of Greater Poland , Bouchard of Avesnes Bolesl-aw (‘the Chaste’; Wstydliwy) of Cracow bourgeoisie, and moneylending , Bourges cathedral Bolesl-aw (‘the Tall’; Wysoki) of Silesia Bouvines, battle () , , , , , Bologna, commune –, , , – – Bologna University , Brabant, and cloth industry Colleges of Doctors – Bracton (book of laws) and law school , , , , , Brandenburg and Mendicant Orders and aristocracy and ‘nations’ , and imperial electors , , organisation and political power and students and Teutonic Knights – Bonacolsi, Guido , Branner, Robert – Bonacolsi, Pinamonte , , Bremen Bonacolsi family , –, , , – and military Orders – Bonaventure, St and trade , and Mendicant Orders , –, Brethren of the Sword of Livonia , and St Francis – as theologian , , , Brezeanu, S. n. Boniface VIII, Pope Brian O’Neill, king of Tyrone , – and Aragon , , bridges , and the arts , , Bristol attacks on –, – British Isles and canon law , Celtic lands –, and College of Cardinals , , and the English state – and crusades see also England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales and dynastic feuds –, Brittany election , and John of England and Empire and Mendicant Orders and Jews , and rebellion , and maritime republics Bruce, Robert and monasticism Bruges and multiple burials and France – and Philip IV , –, , growth , and Sicily , , and manufacturing , – and universalism and Mendicant Orders see also Liber Sextus; Unam sanctam and self-government Boniface of Montferrat and trade , , , , and Fourth Crusade , – Bruno von Schaumberg of Olomouc , , and Thessalonika –, , , Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury Bulgaria , , and Albania Bonis, Barthélémy and Epiros , , –, Bony, Jean and Hellenic culture – Book of Hours , and Hungary book-keeping, double-entry – and Latin Church , , , ,
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Bulgaria (cont.) and Holy Roman Empire , –, , and Latin empire , –, –, , , ideology of exile , , , –, – , –, –, – and Orthodox Church –, –, – and Mongols , , , and papacy –, , –, and Nicaea , –, , , , – recovery of Constantinople , , , , and Orthodox Church , , , , , , –, , and Serbia –, , restoration of territory – see also Constantin Tisˇ; Ivan II Asˇen; Kalojan and Serbia Buondelmonte family –, and society , , –, Burchard of Ursperg and taxation Burchard of Worms , , and threat to Latin empire – burgesses unity crusader states , and Venice , , , , , , – English –, , see also Constantinople; Epiros; Latin empire Burgh, Hubert de , , , , of Constantinople; Nicaea; Trebizond Burgh, Richard de – burghers caballeros Flanders , hidalgos –, Germany , , , villanos –, Burgos, Council () Cabrera, Guillem, of Urgell Burgundy, kingdom –, – Cabreros Treaty () and aristocracy, ecclesiastical –, , Caedmon – Caernarfon castle , plate and Arles – Caesarius of Hesterbach , and Catharism Caetani, Benedetto see Boniface VIII, Pope and chivalry Caetani family, and papacy , and Dauphiné , Cahorsins, and trade and Holy Roman Empire –, –, Calixtus, Pope, and Corsica and house of Chalon , –, Callann, battle () and house of Savoy , –, – Caltabellotta, Treaty () , , and Philip IV Calvi, Nicola da –, and serfdom Camaldolian Order see also Arles; Franche-Comté; Provence Cambridge University , burial colleges , adoption and Mendicant Orders , in church Camino, Gherardo da , , , by Mendicant Orders , , Campaldino, battle () in monasteries , Cannaregio, Giovanni Blanco da multiple canon law refusal , and Fourth Lateran Council –, – Burnel, Robert and Jews –, –, , – Burns, Robert I. –, and papacy , Burunday (Mongol general) – and universities , , Byzantine empire – Canterbury administration –, cathedral , plate and Albania and pilgrimage and Balkans – Capetian dynasty – cadastral register – and aristocracy –, –, , and Charles I of Anjou –, , , , and Boniface VIII – , , , and Burgundy , –, and Charles II of Anjou , and Dauphiné – and crusades , and heretics cultural heritage –, and Hohenstaufen dynasty , expansion and patronage , –, and fall of Constantinople , , , , and peasantry and Genoa , , , and revenues –, , , , ,
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as sacred castle building and territorial expansion , , , , of Edward I , –, , –, , , –, , of Frederick II see also France; Louis VIII; Louis IX; Philip II; Hungary Philip III; Philip IV Scandinavia , –, capital, theory of Castro, Pedro Fernández de Capua, Bartolomeo da Catalan, as literary language , , caravanserais Catalonia cardinals see College of Cardinals and aristocracy – Carinthia, and Bohemia , , corts , , Carmelites , , , and France Carobert see Charles Robert (Carobert) of and maritime republics , –, Hungary and record-keeping Carolingians and Sardinia , and art , and serfdom , , and fairs and Sicily , , , Carpini, Giovanni di Pian , , and trade , , , , , , –; and Mongols , , – Levant , ; with Maghrib , , , and Rus′ –, – , ; Mediterranean , , Carthusian Order , , see also Aragon-Catalonia; Barcelona cartography, development Catharism cartularies, maritime republics , , , , and Albigensian Crusade , , – –, – and Aragon , Casimir II (‘the Just’) of Poland in Bosnia , – Casimir of Opole decline –, Castel del Bosco, battle () and Dominicans –, Castile –, , – and heresy laws – and agriculture and Inquisition –, , and Almohads , , –, perfecti , , –, , –, , , and Andalusia , , , –, and Aragon , , , , – and Real Presence and aristocracy , –, , , – revival and crusades and rural society and de la Cerda infantes –, – and scholarship –, and England , spread , expansion of territory , –, , , and urban society , see also Bogomil heresy and France –, , , – cathedrals and Gascony , , and Gothic style , , , – and Granada –, –, –, , , and Marian devotion , –, , – and patronage of the arts , – and León , –, , , –, schools and Marinids , , , , , – Catherine of Valois and maritime republics , Caucasus, and Golden Horde , and Murcia , , , , –, , Cavalcanti, Guido and Navarre –, –, , Cavallini, Pietro and papacy –, , cavalry, Scandinavia population , Cazola, Treaty () and Portugal –, Celestine III, Pope resources – and military Orders and revenues and Sicily see also Alfonso VII; Alfonso VIII; Alfonso X; Celestine IV,Pope , Church and state; Ferdinand III; Ferdinand Celestine V,Pope , , , –, , IV; Henry I; Jews, in Spain; Reconquista; Celestine Order – repartiamentos; Sancho IV Cellites Castilian language , , , , , –, Celtic Church
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Celtic lands – and Provence , –, , and Christianity and Sardinia and vernaculars –, and Seventh Crusade –, Cepolla, Guglielmo and Sicily –, , , , , –, Chaghadai khanate , , , –, –, ; and Champagne papacy –, , ; Sicilian Vespers and Catharism –, , , , , , , , and fairs , , , , –, , , , and signori , , – Charles II of Anjou and Jews – and Aragon , , , and nobility as Christian ruler , and Philip IV and Hungary – and serfdom and Italy , , – chancellor and Jerusalem – in England , , and Jews , , , in Flanders marriage chancery, English , , and Morea – chansons de geste , , , and Muslims , chapters, cathedral and Sicily , , , , and appointment of bishops Charles II of Naples see Charles II of Anjou and church building , –, Charles IV,Emperor and general councils Charles Martel of Anjou and Mendicant Orders , and Arles – chapters, monastic , – and Hungary Charino, Pay Gómez Charles Robert (Carobert) of Hungary –, charity France Charles of Salerno see Charles II of Anjou and lay brotherhoods Charles of Valois rural – and Aragon , , , , urban , and Flanders Charlemagne, and Latin and Florence Charles I of Anjou marriage and Albania , , , Charters and Aragon , under Edward I of England and the arts , , plate under Henry III of England , , and the Balkans –, , , , see also Magna Carta and Burgundy , Chartres cathedral , –, , plates and and Constantinople , , , , , Chernigov , , , and Mongols , and Eighth Crusade , , –, and Olgovichi clan –, – and Empire , , –, –, chevalerie/chevaliers –, , and Epiros , child murder, accusations against Jews , , and Flanders , , and Florence – children, abandonment and Guelfs and Ghibellines –, , Children’s Crusade , –, and Hainault China and Inquisition and maritime republics – and Italian crusade –, , –, and Mongols , , , , – and Jerusalem and Cyprus , , and trade , , , – and Maghrib Chinggis Khan –, , , , , and maritime republics –, Chittolini, G. marriage , , chivalry and Marseilles and aristocracy –, –, , –, and Martin IV – and Mongols and crusades , and Morea , and monarchy , and Poitou see also knighthood
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Chobham, Thomas de see also bishops; cathedrals; Christendom; Chormaghun (Mongol general) churches; clergy; monasticism; papacy Christ, humanity –, , Church and state Christburg treaty () , in Aragon Christendom, Latin in Bohemia , , – attitudes to Orthodox Church –, , in Byzantine empire –, –, – in Castile , , , and the Balkans , , , , – in central Europe and central Europe –, –, and crusades – expansion , , in Denmark , , and Jews – in England , –, , , and Mongols , –, , , , –, and Fourth Lateran Council , –, – in France –, , , , and new learning in Germany –, , , and religious images – in Iceland and Sardinia – in Norway , , and Scandinavia – in Portugal , , –, – and slavery in Sicily –, –, –, , , , and superficial Christianisation –, –, –, and the signori –, and toleration church-wardens see also Church; papacy churches Christendom, Orthodox and parishes – and the Balkans , , , , pilgrimage and Byzantine empire – rural and filioque clause , –, , , –, urban , , –, see also cathedrals; Church; parishes and Hellenism –, – Cid, the and Latin Church –, – Cimabue (Cenni di Peppi) and nationhood , – Cistercian Order – and papacy , , –, –, and architecture , –, , and religious images – and art , – and sack of Constantinople , –, and asceticism and union of the Churches , , –, and Catharism – , –, , –, , , in central Europe , , –, Christian, Bishop – and Frederick II –, Christopher II of Denmark , and John of England Chronica aulae regiae , and lay brothers Chronica Poloniae maioris , , and Marian devotion Chronica Turpini and monastic reform Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña and Neoplatonism Chronicon parmense , and preaching Church and universities and the arts –, – and urban society Celtic and women – and charity cities and education and administration and justice – and charity , in maritime republics in crusader states – and papal primacy – distinctiveness – and reform , , , , , –, , and episcopate , – and government and rural society – growth –, –, , –, , , – in Sicily and manufacturing , , , , and use of Latin , , – and Mendicant Orders , – and the vernacular , –, port cities –, wealth and public health and safety –
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cities (cont.) and trade , , , , , –, , , self-governing , and social exclusion see also wool and specialisation , , clothing, and identity , , , , –, and trade –, , see also towns Cluniac Order , , cities, imperial , , –, , , –, Cluny, and church building , –, Codex Cumanicus cities, Italian see communes, Italian; Ferrara; coinage , , Florence; Genoa; Padua; Pisa; Venice; Catalan , Verona; Vicenza central European kingdoms citizenship, urban , , , Flanders Ciutat de Mallorca, refoundation , , French , , , Clare of Assisi, St , gold , , , class, social see aristocracy; artisans; peasants; silver , , , , popolo Colle di Val d’Elsa, battle () Clement IV,Pope , , plate collegantia see commenda partnerships and architecture College of Cardinals , – as cardinal and Boniface VIII , , and Charles I of Anjou , and Frederick II –, , , death , and papal depositions election and papal elections , –, , , and Florence –, – and Jews , –, , Collet, Aimeri du, Cathar bishop of Albi and Portugal – and succession Cologne and union of east and west –, and archbishops , Clement V,Pope –, , and Catharism Clementia (daughter of Rudolf of Habsburg) cathedral growth clergy and imperial electors , and aristocracy , and trade , , , and celibacy , , colonisation and concubinage in east and central Europe , , , , and discipline –, , – and education , , – of Ireland , –, and laity – in Spain see Reconquista and the Mass , , plate of Wales , , and Mendicant Orders –, –, – Colonna family, and papacy , , –, pastoral role – –, representation Comita, judge of Arborea , secular , , –, commenda partnerships , , , – and taxation –, , , , –, , commerce – , , , , – and agriculture , and tithes and communications – and travel , – and contracts –, and vernacular script England – see also preaching; priest financing –, –, , Clericis laicos (papal bull) infrastructure – cloth industry maritime –, – Barcelona and nobility –, –, and finishing , , , –, , and partnerships , , , , Flemish , , –, and record keeping – Florentine , and regulations – France see also banking; fairs; trade; and under individual Sicilian states
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commercialisation , –, Conradin of Sicily Common Neo-Brittonic and Charles I of Anjou ‘Commune of Acre’ death , communes and Ghibellines – French and Jerusalem Italian , , ; and banking ; and civic and succession to Frederick II , , , patronage of art ; and government , , ; and military service ; population ; consecration, forced and rise of the signori –; and urban consorterie (tower societies) , , nobility –, – Constance (wife of Henry VI) –, , and laity – rural –, Constance of Hohenstaufen (daughter of Serbian Manfred) , , , , , , Swiss Constantin Tisˇ of Bulgaria communications Constantinople and commerce – and the arts , infrastructure – conquest () , , , , , , , methods of transport – –, –, , , , , and towns – and Frederick II communion, frequency , , , , , and massacre of the Latins () , and trade , , communion of saints see also Byzantine empire; Latin empire of Compagni, Dino , Constantinople Comtat-Venaissin , Constantinople, patriarchate and Alphonse of Poitiers , – and Fourth Crusade , , and Raymond VII of Toulouse , Latin , , , Comyn family , Orthodox –, –, – Conches, Raymond de and Venice confession , , , , , –, , Constitutiones pro zelo fidei constitutions, Florence , and Inquisition – Constitutions of Melfi, and Mendicant Orders , , , , , consulates Catalan , Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis , Majorcan , confraternities see fraternities Consuls of the Sea , Confraternity of St Andrew contado Connacht, ruling families –, and agriculture – Conrad IV,Emperor Florence , , – as heir of Frederick II , –, , –, and maritime republics , and rise of the signori , –, , , , and Inquisition and Jerusalem , and serfdom – as king of Sicily , , , – and trade and Louis IX Tyre and maritime republics , contracts, and trade and Mongols Corbeil, Treaty () , , and papacy Cordeliers Conrad of Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne see also Franciscan Order , – Córdoba Conrad of Marburg (inquisitor) , , Christian conquest , , , Conrad of Masovia , , Muslim control – and Greater Poland , Corfu and Teutonic Knights –, , and Angevins , Conrad of Montferrat , and Holy Roman Empire , , Conrad of Wittelsbach, archbishop of Mainz and Venice Coron, and Venice ,
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Corpus Christi feast , , Crete, and Venice , , , , , , , corsair wars, maritime republics , , , –, , –, Crevillente, Muslim enclave –, Corsica – crucesignatus and Cathars rights – and Genoa and Pisa , , , , , , tensions – , – Crusade, Eighth (-) internal strife and Edward of England , , , , and James II of Aragon , , – and papacy , , and Louis IX , , , –, –, , society – and vendetta , Crusade, Fifth (-) Cortenuova, battle () , , , – and Austria – cortes and Cyprus Aragon , , , and Egypt –, , , , and aristocracy – and Franciscans Castile and Frederick II –, , , –, –, Portugal corts, Catalonia , , , and Hungary –, , Costa, Alamanno da, count of Syracuse , and Innocent III Costantino, judge of Torres and maritime republics , Costanza Lancia (wife of John Vatatzes) , and Mongols – see also Damietta councils, general, and papacy , –, Crusade, First (-) , , , , –, –, –, Crusade, Fourth () county, English , –, and Egypt , , and administration , –, , , financing – Courson, Robert and Flanders court and French , , and culture –, , –, and Hungary , and patronage of the arts – and Latin patriarchate , Courtrai (Kortrijk), battle () , , , and sack of Constantinople , , , , , , –, –, , courts and Venice –, , , – county , , Crusade, Seventh (-) ecclesiastical , and capture of Damietta , feudal and Charles I of Anjou –, honorial , –, , , – and Henry VII hundred , , , and Innocent IV – royal and Louis IX of France , , , –, Crac des Chevaliers (castle) , , , –, , –, , Cracow and Mamluks –, –, and Bohemia and maritime republics – and German law and Mongols – and Greater Poland , –, – Crusade, Sixth (-) and Mendicant Orders – and Frederick II , Mongol attack , and maritime republics crafts Crusade, Third (-) , , , and education and crusader states – Flanders – crusader states –, –, , , , and urban development –, credit and agrarian wealth and rural economy , and Ayyubids –, , , –, , and trade , , , , , , creed and Byzantine empire and filioque clause , –, , , and defence , , , –, lay knowledge of , , , and Frederick II –, , –
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and Mamluks , , , , , –, and Hohenstaufen – –, –, , and kingdom of Jerusalem , , –, and maritime republics , –, – – and military Orders , , , , and Mamluks , –; see also Knights Hospitaller; and Orthodox Church , , Knights Templar; Teutonic Knights and Richard I , and Mongols –, –, and Seventh Crusade , , , , and patriarchate and trade , , , –, , and trade –, and Venice , and truces with Muslim states , , , Cyril of Alexandria, St , –, and urban wealth – da Camino family and War of St Sabas –, – Dafydd ap Gruffudd , and western shipping – Dafydd ap Llywelyn , – see also Antioch, principality; Jerusalem, Latin al-Dahmani (Sufi leader) kingdom; Tripoli, county Dalimil (chronicler) , , crusades , – Dalmatia and art and Serbia and crusader privileges , and Venice , , , , financing –, , , , –, , see also Zara –, –, – Damascus and Fourth Lateran Council , –, , and Ayyubids , , , –, , , , , –, and lay spirituality – and Mamluks , , and Mongols –, Mongol capture () , –, – political , , , and trade and recovery of Jerusalem , , –, Damietta small-scale , conquest () , and trade , – loss () , , , vow , , , –, siege () , , , , , see also Albigensian Crusade; holy war; Dandolo, Andrea – Teutonic Knights Dandolo, Enrico (doge of Venice) , , , Crutched Friars , – culture Dandolo, Ranieri (doge of Venice) chivalric –, , Daniil Romanovich of Galicia and Volyn , court –, , , , , –, , , and elites – and Andrei of Vladimir erudite and Kirill II of Kiev and interchange –, and Mongols , – rural – and succession see also architecture; art Dante Alighieri , , Cumans and ‘Blacks’ and ‘Whites’ – and Bulgaria Commedia , , evangelisation , , –, and Italian and Hungary , , , , – and papacy and Mongols , , , and signori , , curate – Vita nuova , curia, Flanders –, Danzig (Gda´nsk) , curiales, England Dauphiné currency see coinage administration – Curzola, battle () – territories , , – customs duties, England –, , David, and Prester John legend Cyclades, conquest , David ap Llewelyn see Dafydd ap Llywelyn Cyprus , David of Ashby – and Antioch David of Dinant and Aragon , David Komnenos –, and Frederick II Davies, Norman xviii
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de Braose, William see William de Braose Dodecanese islands, conquest de Braose family , , domini –, , de Burgh, Hubert see Burgh, Hubert de Dominic, St , , , –, , de Burgh family , , , Dominican Order de Lisle, Robert in central Europe –, –, death and the after-life – and charity , decretals, collection and church building Deheubarth, principality , , and confession and penance della Scala family see Scala, della in Constantinople , – della Torre family see Torre, della, family convents and monasteries , , Demetrios Chomatenos, archbishop of Ohrid and education , , , , , , expansion Demetrios Tornikes , in Florence , – Demetrius of Montferrat and French monarchy –, Denmark and heresy , and administration and Inquisition , , , , , , and agriculture , and aristocracy , , , , , – and Islam and castle building and Jews , , –, and culture and mission , decline , and new learning and education and poverty , – expansion , , , , , , , , and preaching , – in Prussia internal struggles , , , – success , – and kinship and urban society , – and military specialisation –, , and women and monarchy , Donati, Corso – and Norway , Donati family , , , – and peasants – Donation of Constantine , population , , Donin, Robert , revenues , Dopsch, A. n. and Sweden – Doria family and taxation , , , in Corsica and trade in Genoa , , –, , , , – see also Christopher II; Church and state; Eric in Sardinia –, Klipping; Eric Menved; justice; Knud VI; Douai Scandinavia; Valdemar I; Valdemar II and cloth industry , de Roover, Raymond fortification Desiderius self-government Desio, battle () Douais, C. n. despots, in Italian communes –, dualism, of Catharism , , – devotion Dunbar, battle () , Eucharistic , –, , Duncan II of Scotland Marian –, , , –, Durand of Huesca , , to saints Durandus, bishop of Mende Dhimitër of Albania , , Durazzo (Dyrrachium) dialectics, and the universities , , , and Albania , , –, – and Angevins , , , Diego de Azebo (bishop of Osma) , , and Bulgaria , Dietrich of Meißen and Epiros Dinis of Portugal , , and Manfred divorce and Nicaea doctrine and Serbia and art – siege () and filioque clause , – and Venice , and level of conversion – Durben, battle ()
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Dürnkrut, battle () , Statutes Durward, Alan and taxation –, , – Dusˇan, Stefan, of Serbia , , and Wales , , , , –, –, Dyrrachium see Durazzo – war expenditure , , Easterlings and Westminster Abbey , plate Ecija, battle () , Edward III of England, and aristocracy economy Edward the Confessor –, plate central Europe – and Westminster Abbey , and commerce –, – Edwards, J.G. cycles , Egypt , , , , , expansion , –, and Abbasid caliphate – monetarisation , administration , , rural –, , –, agriculture , slowdown , and Ayyubid rule , , , , , , and specialisation , – urban , –, –, –, –, , and Fifth Crusade –, , , – Edmund of England (son of Henry III) and Fourth Crusade , , and crusade and Mongols –, , , and Navarre and Seventh Crusade , and Sicily , , , , , and Sunni Islam education and trade , , , –, , , , Christian , , – , , –, of clergy , – see also Mamluks and elites – Elbistan, battle () expansion , , – Eleanor of Castile , , –, and Latin , Eleanor de Montfort – and Mendicant Orders , , , , Eleanor Plantagenet and monasticism , Eleanor of Provence , –, –, , and preaching , , , , see also schools; universities election see bishops; Empire, Holy Roman; Edward I of England monarchy; papacy and aristocracy Elias, Norbert , and castle building , –, , Elias of Cortona , , , and court – Eliezer of Prague, Rabbi and crusade , , , , , –, Elisabeth of Hungary, St , , , – , Elisabeth of Vermandois and Eleanor of Castile –, elites, clerical, and the arts , and Eleanor of Provence , , –, elites, social and conversion and Empire and culture – and Flanders and education , and France –; Philip III ; Philip IV in the Maghrib , –, , , mercantile and Gascony , –, and parish councils and government –, in Scandinavia – and household , –, urban , , and Jews , – see also aristocracy and justice –, –, Eljigidei (Mongol general) , , –, and monasticism Emeric (Henry) of Hungary , and papacy Empire, Holy Roman and parliament , – and Alfonso X of Castile –, , – and public health and art revenues , –, –, – and Burgundy –, –, and Scotland , , , , –, , and Dauphiné , , –, – decline xvii and Sicily and Denmark
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Empire, Holy Roman (cont.) and monasticism , –, and election of emperor , , –, , and national feeling –, –, , –, , , – and Navarre and Flanders and papacy , , , , , , , interregnum period – peasants , and papacy –, , , –, , , population , , , –, , , , –; Alexander and serfdom – IV , –; Boniface VIII ; and status of women Gregory IX , –, , , , , trade , , , , , , ; and fairs , , , , , ; Gregory X , and markets , , ; Honorius III , n. , , universities , –; see also Cambridge , ; Innocent I ; Innocent III , University; Oxford University –, , , –, , , – and vernaculars –, and Philip III and woollen industry , and Sicily –, , –, , , and xenophobia , –, –, , – see also Church and state; government, local; and succession , , – Ireland; Jews; Plantagenet dynasty; and Translation of Empire , , Scotland; Wales see also Church and state; Conrad IV; Frederick English language –, I; Frederick II; Germany; Henry; Henry Enzo, king of Sardinia –, , Raspe; Otto IV; Philip of Swabia; Rudolf I epidemics of Habsburg; William of Holland Epiros, despotate Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne – and Albania , – England –, and Bulgaria , , –, administration , –, –, and Byzantine empire , , , –, and agriculture , , and architecture , –, , – and Charles I of Anjou , aristocracy: and crusades ; and debts , and Corfu , , , , ; and Europe ; and and Latin empire , , French territories ; French-speaking ; and Orthodox Church , , and justice , –, –, –; and and Serbia –, , knights –, , –; and monarchy and Thessalonika , , , –, –, , ; and and trade – parliament –; revenues –, ; and Venice , , revolt of the barons , , –, see also Michael I Angelos Doukas; Michael II –, , –; and Scotland ; and Angelos Komnenos; Theodore Angelos taxation ; and trial by peers , Doukas army , , , , Eric, duke of Sweden and art Eric Klipping of Denmark and Britain – Eric Menved of Denmark , , , , and Castile , Eric of Sweden, St civil war: - , –, , , , Ervennes, Treaty () ; , , –, –, , Erzinjan, battle () and economy escheats and France: and Burgundy –; and Edward England –, , I , , –; Gascon war –, , Germany ; and Gascony , , , , esquires –, , ; and Henry III , , estates general , , , , , –; and Isabelle of estates (Stände), Germany Angoulême , , , ; and John Este, Azzo d’ –, , and chivalric culture , , , and Mendicant Orders , and the Church monarchy: and aristocracy , , , and Lombardy –, –, , ; and law –; see as podestà of Verona , , also Edward I; Edward the Confessor; Este family , , , , –, , , Henry II; Henry III; John of England; Este, Obizzo II d’ –, , , , , , Richard I
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Estensi see Este family Ezzelino da Romano see Romano, Ezzelino II da; Estêvão Soares of Braga Romano, Ezzelino III da Estonia and Denmark , Fabliaux and military Orders , Fadrique, Infante , , and trade fairs , , –, Estoria de España – Champagne , , , , , , , , Etsi animarum (papal bull) , – Etsi de statu (papal bull) decline , Etsi doctoris (papal bull) English Etsi judaeos (papal bull) – Fakhr ad-Din ibn al-Shaykh , Euboea see Negroponte Falkirk, battle () , Eucharist Famagusta, and maritime republics and Jews , family and prayer for the dead , rural and Real Presence , –, and society of kindred , and role of priest , famines , , , see also Mass; Transubstantiation farmers, tenant farmers –, –, – Eudes of Châteauroux –, Fasani, Ranieri – Eudochia (wife of Stefan II of Serbia) , Fatimids, in Maghrib , Fawtier, Robert Europe – Felipe, Infante , central see Bohemia; Hungary; Poland Ferdinand III of Castile and Il-khanate – and aristocracy , and Mongol empire –, , –, and the Church , Eusebius of Esztergom and defeat of Huddite Muslims –, – Eustache de Beaumarchais and Empire , evangelisation and León – of Cumans , , –, and maritime republics European , , , , , , – and Reconquista –, and use of vernaculars , Ferdinand IV of Castile , Evesham, battle () Fernández, Adán Evreux, Treaty () Fernando de la Cerda (son of Alfonso X) , exchequer, English , , , , , Excommunicamus (decree of Fourth Lateran Fernando de Serpa (brother of Sancho II) Council) , , – Ferragudo, Pietro da excommunication – Ferrand of Portugal, and Flanders of Alfonso III Ferrara, and the signori , , , , –, of Frederick II –, , –, , , –, , , , , , , feudalism of Genoa in England and heresy – in Flanders – of James I of Aragon , in Germany , , , of John of England , in Italy –, – of Manfred in Jerusalem of Michael VIII Palaiologos – in Latin empire , – of Otto IV , in Scotland , of Raymond VI of Toulouse , – in Sicily exempla , feuds Exiit qui seminat (papal bull) blood-feuds see vendetta exogamy dynastic , –, exports in Scandinavia , – agricultural , , , –, , Fez, and Marinids – cloth , Fibonacci, Leonardo restriction , – Fifanti family , wool , , , – Filangieri, Riccardo , see also commerce; trade Fine, J.V.A. n. ,
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Finland and Naples and crusade , Ordinances of Justice () – and Russia and papacy – and Sweden , – and Pisa –, , and trade podestà –, , , , , fish trade , – and politics , , –, fitzGerald dynasty , , , – and popolo –, , – Five collections (of decretals) – population , , –, Flagellants –, , priorate –, – Flamma, Galvano , , , , and public building Flanders – and trade , , –, , and administration – Florent of Hainault and aristocracy , , –, – Flotte, Pierre , , , , and banking , Foix and Catharism and Albigensian Crusade , , –, and Charles I of Anjou , and cities , – and Aragon and communications and Philip III , and economy – foreigners and Empire – in England , –, and England , and permission to trade – female government – forest, royal , , , – and France: Philip II –; Philip IV –, Fornari, Bartolomeo di , –, , , Foulques, Gui see Clement IV,Pope imperial Fournier, Jacques (inquisitor) and maritime republics Frame, Robin and Mendicant Orders , , – France –, – and nobility and administration –, –, –, , and population , , ; see also sénéchaussées revenues –, and agriculture , and serfdom and Aragon: and Albigensian Crusade –; territories – and Majorca , –; and Navarre textile industry –, , –, –, ; and Provence , , , and trade , , , –, , , ; and Roussillon and Florence – Montpellier , , , –, , ; and Angevins –, , and Sicily –, , –, , – and aristocracy , –, , –, – and architecture –, – army , aristocracy: and bishops ; and crusades and banking , , , –, , –, ; and inheritance –; legal and ‘Blacks’ and ‘Whites’ – status –, ; and monarchy , ; and and Cathars nobiles and milites –; rebellion of barons and coinage –, –, ; and revenues constitutions , army , , and crafts and art , –, and culture – and bishops , defences –, and Castile –, , , – and economy , –, , –, and Catharism – and Empire and communications factions , –, –, , – and Dauphiné – growth –, –, , economy and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , –, and England , , ; and Burgundy –, –, –; and Edward I , –; Gascon and guilds , , –, – war –, , ; and Gascony , , and Inquisition , , , , –, ; and Henry III and manufacturing , , , , , , , –; and Isabelle of and Mendicant Orders , – Angoulême , , , , ; and and militia , John of England –, ,
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and Flanders: and Philip II –; and Philip and Neoplatonism IV –, , –, , , and Orthodox Church , – and Germany: and Adolf of Nassau ; and and political theory Albrecht I of Habsburg ; and Frederick and poverty , , –, –, , II –, , and preaching , , –, and Italy Spiritual , – and Mendicant Orders , –, –, standardisation – and monasticism , , –, , success and Mongols , , , , –, and universities , – – and urban society , – and Navarre –, , – see also Cordeliers and papacy: Louis VIII –; Louis IX Frangipani, Romano – –, –, , –, , ; Philip Frankfurt, Peace of () III –; Philip IV , , , –, , Frankish states see crusader states; Greece –, , Franks and peasants and art population , and ‘medieval’ Latin and Scotland , , fraternities , –, , – and serfdom , – Fraticelli taxation: and aristocracy –; of the Church Frederick I (‘Barbarossa’), Emperor , ; of Jews , , , , , and Alfonso X n. ; and warfare , and aristocracy towns and cities –, and Burgundy trade , , –, ; and currencies ; fairs and crusades and markets –, ; and maritime and Henry the Lion republics –; and record keeping and Lombard League and universities , , , ; see also and royal election Montpellier; Paris University and Sardinia – and vernaculars , and universities see also Angevins; Anjou; Aquitaine; Arles; Frederick II – Brittany; Burgundy; Capetian dynasty; and agriculture Church and state; Gascony; Jews; as Antichrist , Normandy; Paris; parlements; Provence The art of hunting with birds Franche-Comté , , , – and Austria , , –, see also Burgundy and Bohemia – franchise, urban and Burgundy Francis of Assisi , , , – and Cistercians – and Basilica , court and Byzantine empire and Cyprus – and poverty , , –, and Dauphiné and preaching death , , , , , , , and stigmata , , and defence of the Church , , , Testament , – Franciscan Order deposition , –, –, , , and art as Emperor , –, –, – in central Europe –, – excommunication –, , –, , , and charity , , , , , , and church building and Fifth Crusade , , , , –, and confession and penance , , –, and convents and monasteries , –, and First Council of Lyons , –, and crusade –, , expansion , and Franciscans , in Florence , and Henry VI , – and French monarchy – and heresy: charges –; suppression , , and Inquisition , , and Jews , , and House of Savoy – and mission and Hungary
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Frederick II (cont.) Gaibrois Ballasteros, M. and imperial cities –, Galicia and Volyn , , – and Inquisition and Hungary , and Italy , , , , –, , , and Mongols , , , –, , , , – and Riurikid dynasty , –, and Jerusalem , –, , –, Galician, as literary language , and Jews , , , galleys , , , , as king of the Romans Galloway, rulers as king of Sicily , , –, , –, gallowglasses –, –, , Gangalandi family , and literature Gascon war (-) –, , and Louis VIII Gascony and Mongols , and Castile , , and Nicaea , , , , and England , , ; Edward I , and papacy –, , –, , , , –, ; Henry III , , , , , , , ; Gregory IX , –, , ; John , ; trade , , , , , , , –, , Gaza, battle () , ; Honorius III , n. , , , Génicot, L. , ; Innocent III , –, , , Genoa – –, , , , ; Innocent IV , and Aragon , –, , , and Barcelona – and patronage of the arts – buildings and public works and Pisa , and Castile and revenues , , , and citizenship and Sardinia –, civil strife , –, and Sixth Crusade , , and coinage and succession , , –, , and Corsica , , , – and Teutonic Order and Cyprus , and Welf dynasty , , and education Frederick II (the Bellicose) of Austria and Styria and Empire , , –, and Florence , Frederick III of Aragon, as ruler of Sicily , and Frederick II , , , , and Granada – Frederick of Antioch , growth , freedom and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , , and aristocracy –, , in cities , and law codes and decline of serfdom – and Mongols , – ecclesiastical , –, , –, , and Pisa –, , , , –, –, –, –, , , , intellectual podestà , , , –, in rural society and politics , , , –, –, French and Sardinia , , , , , –, –, in Flanders – as literary language , , , and self-government friars see Mendicant Orders and shipbuilding – Friars Minor see Franciscan Order and Sicily , , , , Friars Preacher see Dominican Order and Sixth Crusade – Friars of the Sack –, , , and trade –, , , , –, , –, Friars of St Mary of Carmel , –; with Armenia ; with Fucecchio, Treaty () Balearics ; with Byzantine empire , fueros , ; cloth trade , , ; with Castile , , , – Corsica and Sardinia ; with Cyprus ; Navarre , with Egypt –, , ; with Epiros Fulk of Neuilly , ; with Europe , –, ; and fairs fur trade , , and markets ; with Far East , ;
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financing ; with France , –; with and Rus′ Latin empire , –, ; with Levant and serfdom , , , , , , , ; with and social change – Maghrib –, , , , –; with and taxation Nicaea , , ; and record keeping and territorial princes –, , , ; with Spain ; and transport and town-leagues , , –, , and Venice , , , , –, –, and towns and cities , –, , –, Gente, Giberto da –, , , , –, –, gentility, and nobility , and trade , , –, ; see also Hanseatic gentry, in England , League Geoffrey I de Villehardouin, prince of Morea and vernaculars , , , , see also Church and state; cities, imperial; Geoffrey II de Villehardouin, prince of Morea Conrad IV; Conradin; Empire, Holy – Roman; Frederick II; Henry VI; Geoffrey de Genneville Hohenstaufen dynasty; Otto IV; Prussia; Geoffrey de Langley Sicily Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia regum Britanniae Gertrude of Hungary al-Ghazali Geoffrey de Sergines , – Ghazan, Mongol Il-khan –, , –, Geoffrey de Villehardouin (chronicler) , , Ghent , n. fortification George of Cyprus and France George of Zeta , and manufacturing , , – Georgia, and Mongols and Mendicant Orders Gerhard, archbishop of Mainz and self-government German Crusade (-) and trade German language , , Gherardesca family Germanos II, patriarch of Constantinople , in Pisa –, , –, –, , in Sardinia , , Germany –, – Ghibellines and Guelfs administration and Angevins –, , , and architecture –, , and Conradin – aristocracy: ecclesiastical , –, –, in Florence –, –, , –, –, ; and Frederick II and kingdom of Naples , , , –, ; and Henry VI and Manfred of Sicily –; and knights , ; and ministeriales in maritime republics –, –, , –, , , , , , , , , and papacy in Sardinia and Corsica , and art and the signori and Catharism see also Hohenstaufen dynasty court – Gil, Martim and Danish expansion , , Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester , expansion of territory –, , , Gilbert de Tournai and France –, , , Giles of Rome , and Habsburg dynasty , – Giotto di Bondone , –, and Hohenstaufen and Welfs –, –, Giraldus Cambrensis , , , Girolami, Remigio dei and kingship –, Gjin of Albania , and Mendicant Orders , , glass, stained , , and monasticism –, , Gloucester, Statute , and papacy –, , , –, , , Godric of Finchale –, , , – gold, and trade , , , , peasants , , Golden Bulls and population (of Eger) , Reichsgeschichte and Landesgeschichte , , (of Strasbourg) –, –
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Golden Bulls (cont.) Gregory IX, Pope and Benedictines of Rimini and Byzantine empire , Golden Horde and canon law and Caucasus , and Castile , and Christianity and College of Cardinals –, and Egypt and crusades , –, , leadership , election , , and Lithuania and Franciscans –, – and Mongols , , and Frederick II , –, , , , , and Rus′ , , , , , , –, , and trade , , and Henry VI and western Europe – and Inquisition , see also Batu and Jews , , Göllheim, battle () and Louis IX Gómez García of Valladolid and Mendicant Orders González, J. and Mongols González Jiménez, M. and new movements government and Portugal consolidation , and Sardinia , , local: in England , , –, , –; and Sicily –, in Norway and trade with Egypt – papal –, –, , – and universities , of towns and cities , , , Gregory X, Pope , , see also administration under individual rulers and and Alfonso X , , states; parliament and Charles I of Anjou –, –, grain and crusade –, , , , – production –, , , , , , , death , , election , , , trade , , , , , , , –, and Empire , , , grammar , and Jews – Granada, Nasrid kingdom , , , –, and the Mass and Castile –, –, –, , , and Mendicant Orders –, , – and Orthodox Church –, , , and Islam – and Philip III and Jews – and Portugal and trade – and reform – and Zirids , , see also Lyons, Second Council; Ubi periculum Grandi non immerito (papal bull) Grey, Reginald Grandmontine Order Grillo, Simone Gratian, Decretum , , , Grossa, Giovanni della Greece Grosseteste, Robert and Byzantine identity , and Church reform , economy – and new learning –, , , Frankish states –, –, , , , Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn –, – Guala (papal legate) Latin and Greek populations , –, – Gualterio, Symon de – Greek, and Orthodox Church , –, Gudiel, Gonzalo Pérez, archbishop of Toledo Greek philosophy , , Greenland , Guelfs Gregorios Kamonas of Albania and Angevins –, , , Gregorius, Master ‘Black’ Gregory I, Pope (the Great) and Charles II of Anjou and death – and Florence , , –, –, and Jews , , – and maritime republics –, – Gregory VII, Pope , , and papacy
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and Sardinia and Hebrides , – and signori , , and Iceland see also Otto IV; Welfs and justice Guglielma of Milan Hallam, H. Guglielmites , Hama, Mamluk control , Guglielmo, marquis of Massa – Hamburg, Danish conquest , Gui, Bernard (inquisitor) , –, håndfæstning (Danish statute) , Guibert de Nogent Hanseatic League, and trade , , , , , Guigues IV,Dauphin , , Guigues V,Dauphin Haro, Lope Díaz de , Guigues VI, Dauphin Haro, Mência Lopes de Guigues VII, Dauphin , Hartmann of Habsburg guild system –, , , Harvey, L.P. , and the Church – Hattin, battle () , , –, in Italy , , , –, – Hausmacht kingship, Germany , see also Hanseatic League Hayton of Gorighos (Armenian monk) Guillaume de la Broche health and safety issues, in cities – Guillaume de Nogaret –, , , Hebrides Guillaume de Plaisians , , and Norway , – Guillaume de Saint-Amour , , and Scotland , – Guillaume de Villehardouin, prince of Achaea Heerschild, in Germany , , –, , , Heimskringla Guillem de Montcada , Heinrich of Isny Guillerma de Moncada Heinrich of Kalden Guillermo Pérez de la Calzada Heinrich of the Rhine – Gulam of Arbanon Helbling, Seifried Gunther of Pairis Helena (daughter of Ivan II of Bulgaria) , Guy I de la Roche, duke of Athens , – Helena (wife of Manfred) , Guy II de la Roche, duke of Athens Hellenism, and Orthodoxy –, – Guy de Dampierre –, , , –, Henry I of Castile , , Guy of Lusignan , Henry I of Cyprus –, , , Guy des Vaux-de-Cernay Henry I of England Güyüg (Mongol leader) , , – Henry I of Navarre , , Guzmán, Alfonso Pérez de Henry II of Brabant Guzzolini, Silvestro Henry II of Cyprus Gwenwynwyn of Powys , Henry II of England , , , Gwynedd – and law –, , , , and Edward I –, – and royal forest and Henry III of England , , – Henry II (‘the Pious’; Pobozˇny) of Silesia , and John of England , , – , Henry III, Emperor Habsburg dynasty , Henry III of England see also Albrecht I of Habsburg; Rudolf I of and absolutism – Habsburg and administration –, – Hadrian V,Pope , and aristocracy –, , Hafsid dynasty, in Maghrib , , , –, and Castile , , –, , , and Charters – hagiography, royal –, , and the Church –, Hainault and court –, and agriculture , and crusades , , and Flanders , – death and serfdom and Eleanor of Provence –, –, Håkon V of Norway and France ; and Gascony , , , Håkon Håkonsson IV of Norway ; Louis IX , , , and the Church and Holy Roman Empire , and crusades and Ireland , ,
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Henry III of England (cont.) heresy – and Jews , ‘academic’ marriage and aristocracy , and monasticism and Fourth Lateran Council , , –, and papacy , , , –, –, and parliament –, and Frederick II , , –, , and patronage and Henry VI personal rule , – of individual popes , , – and public health and Judaism , , , revenues –, , , , , , and persecution – revolution of , , –, –, reduction in , and secular powers – and Scotland –, , suppression , , , , and succession – and urban society , and taxation , , see also Catharism; Humiliati; Inquisition; tomb , , plate Waldensians and universities Hermandad general, Castile , and Wales , , , –, , Hermann of Thuringia, and Philip of Swabia and Westminster Abbey –, , Henry III of Gl-ogów hermits , , –, –, Henry IV,Emperor Hermits of St Augustine, Order – Henry IV (‘the Just’; Probus) of Silesia –, Hernández, F.J. , , Herrenstand Henry VI, Emperor Hethoum (Het um) of Armenia , , , and Burgundy , , and Byzantium hidalgos –, and Cologne hierarchy, social , , and Cyprus Hildegard of Bingen death , historiography and Genoa and central Europe – and monasticism and growth of the state and papacy , Marxist – and Sicily – and monarchy Henry (VII), king of the Romans and nationhood – and Burgundy , Reichsgeschichte and Landesgeschichte , , and Frederick II –, – –, ministeriales , , Scandinavian –, and papacy , , , , vernacular , –, –, , and regency – Hohenstaufen dynasty and Sicily –, , and Angevins – Henry of Antioch , and Aragon , Henry the Bearded (Brodaty) of Silesia –, decline , , , , – , and Jerusalem –, , Henry of Brunswick , and Knights Hospitaller Henry of Champagne , and papacy –, , , , , , Henry of Constantinople see Henry of Hainault , Henry ‘the Fisherman’, count of Malta and political crusades , –, Henry of Ghent power base , –, , Henry of Hainault, Latin emperor , , , succession issue , –, , –, and Welfs –, –, , , , Henry of Hungary see Emeric (Henry) of see also Frederick II; Sicilian Vespers Hungary Holland-Zeeland Henry the Lion , and Albrecht I of Habsburg Henry of Nenetyvari and Flanders Henry Raspe , , Holstein, Danish conquest Herculano, A. Holt, J.C. , , ,
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Holy Land see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latin Hubert de Burgh see Burgh, Hubert de kingdom Huddites, defeat –, – holy places, recovery , , –, – Hugh I of Cyprus Holy Sacrament, feast Hugh II of Cyprus , , Holy Spirit, and filioque clause , –, , Hugh III of Burgundy , , –, Hugh IV of Burgundy , –, holy war Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan, king of Jerusalem and Ayyubids , , , – in Byzantine theology , Hugh de Chalon and Mamluks Hugh of Cressingham – and Spain , , Hugh of St Victor see also crusades Hughes of Digne Homs, Mamluk control , Huguccio Homs, battle () –, , Hugues de Lusignan, count of La Marche , Honnecourt, Villard d’ , , , , , –, Honorius III, Pope see also Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan and Albigensian Crusade –, Hülegü (Mongol leader) , , –, , as cardinal , –, – and Castile and León – Humbert of Beaujeu and Corsica Humbert of Romans , , election Humbert de la Tour-du-Pin , and Frederick II , n. , , , , Humiliati evangelism , and Jews Third Order , and Latin empire and urban society and lay spirituality – humility, and Mendicant Orders , , and maritime republics –, , and Mendicant Orders , hundred, English , , and military Orders courts , and new movements Hungary and papal primacy and Albrecht I of Habsburg and Portugal , and Angevins –, and Serbia and aristocracy , –, , and universities , and Bohemia , Honorius IV,Pope as borderland and Aragon , castle building , as cardinal and central European kingdoms –, and Guelfs and Ghibellines and Naples and the Church , – Honorius Augustodunensis and coinage honour, in England –, –, extent of territory Hospitallers of the Holy Ghost and Fifth Crusade –, , Hospitallers of St Anthony and Fourth Crusade , Hospitallers of St Lazarus and Latin Christendom hospitals and hospices , , , , , and Magyars , , , , , – –, and Mendicant Orders – Hostiensis, cardinal-bishop of Ostia and monasticism , and crusading vow and Mongols –, –, , –, and Frederick II , and Jews and new settlement and lay spirituality and Poland , and papal elections and Rudolf of Habsburg house of Chalon see Burgundy and Rus′ , , –, –, House of Commons , – and Serbia , house of Savoy see Savoy, county; Savoyards and serfdom housing, rural – and Teutonic Knights
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Hungary (cont.) imports see also Andrew II; Andrew III; Béla IV; restriction , Bosnia; Charles Robert (Carobert); see also exports; trade Cumans; Jews; Laszlo IV; Stephen (Istvan) India, trade with , , V; Vaclav III indulgence and crusades , , , Iakov, archbishop of Bulgaria and heresy Iaroslav Iur′evich , and image-relics Iaroslav of Tver and Mendicant Orders , Iaroslav Vsevolodovich of Suzdal and Orthodox Church Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr) and Reconquista –, , –, industry see cloth industry; manufacturing Ibn al- Arabi ‘infangthief ’, right of Ibn Hud al-Yadami , , – infanzones , Ibn Khaldun inflation , and defeat of al-Andalus in England , –, and history of Granada , in France , and history of the Maghrib –, –, Ingeborg of Denmark , – inheritance Ibn Mahfud , partible –, , , , Ibn Muhammad, Ishaq primogeniture , , , , Ibn Sab in and signori Ibn Salu s of trades Ibn Tumart (Mahdi) –, , , Innocent II, Pope Ibn Yahya, Aaron Innocent III, Pope Ibn Yasin (Almoravid prophet) and Albigensian Crusade , , –, , Ibn Zakariya Iceland and Aragon , and aristocracy , and the arts and Greenland and Benedictines – internal struggles , and canon law – and military system – and Castile and León and Norway , , , – and Catharism –, and population and College of Cardinals – and sagas and Constantinople , and society , and crusades –, , , , , – see also justice election , Icelandic language and Fifth Crusade icons, in Orthodox Christendom – and Fourth Crusade – identity and Fourth Lateran Council , –, , Byzantine , –, , , , Christian and Frederick II , –, , , –, and language – , , , – and urban growth and Humiliati Ifriqiya (eastern Maghrib) –, , and image-relics and Arabs , , and Jews –, – and Tlemcen – and John of England , , Ignatius (Jacobite patriarch) and lay spirituality Il-khanate and Mendicant Orders , , in Iran , , , and military Orders and Mamluks –, –, , , and new movements and trade , On the four kinds of marriage and western Europe –, – On the sacred mystery of the altar Ile-de-France , , and Orthodox Church – images and Otto IV – religious –, and papal primacy – royal –, – and Poland
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and preaching , – Ioakim, patriarch of Bulgaria and Raymond of Toulouse Ioannitsa of Bulgaria see Kalojan, tsar of Bulgaria and reform , , –, Iran and Sancho I , and Greater Seljuqs and Sardinia and Khwarizmians –, and Sicily –, – and maritime republics and Teutonic Knights see also Il-khanate and trade with Egypt – Iraq and universalism Ayyubid control – and universities , and Khwarizmians , and Waldensians Mongol control , , , , , , Innocent IV,Pope and Alfonso X Ireland , – and aristocracy and administration – and Bosnia and aristocracy , – and College of Cardinals , and Celtic Church and Conrad IV – English , –, , and crusades –, , and Henry III of England , and First Council of Lyons –, , Irish , –, –, –, , and John of England , , , – flight from Rome , and trade and Franciscans see also Connacht; Munster; Ulster and Frederick II , –, , , , Isaac II, Emperor –, n. –, , Isabel of Hainault and house of Savoy Isabel de Villehardouin – and Hungary Isabella of Aragon – and Inquisition Isabella of England (second wife of Frederick II) and Jews , , –, , –, , – and Louis IX –, , Isabella of Jerusalem – and Mendicant Orders , , Isabella-Yolande of Brienne (first wife of and monasticism Frederick II) –, , , , and Mongols , , – Isabelle of Angoulême , –, , , and Orthodox Church – Isabelle de Courtenay and papal primacy , , Ishaq (Almohad prince) and Portugal – Isidore of Seville , and Rus′ Islam and Teobaldo I of Navarre in the Maghrib –, , – and universalism and Mediterranean art Innocent V,Pope , , and Mendicant Orders , Innocent VI, Pope and Mongols , , –, , , Inquisition , and rural communities and Cathars –, , in Spain , , , –, , in central Europe and Sufism – expenses Sunni and Shi a in Germany see also Muslims and Guglielmites Italian, as literary language –, , and Jews , , –, –, Italy and mass executions and agriculture and Mendicant Orders , , , and architecture –, , and the signori aristocracy: as barons ; and the Church and torture –; and commerce –, –; and insurance, and trade consorterie , ; and popolo –, , intellectual, emergence ; rise of the signori –; rural –, , interregnum, in Holy Roman Empire –, interest, and usury – and art , , , , – Investiture Dispute , and Catharism –, , investment, in trade –, and the Church, and signori –
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Italy (cont.) and corts and communications – and crusades , –, and Empire –, , , , , , and Empire , , , excommunication , and Frederick II –, , , , , and Jews , , – –, , , – and Louis IX , , – and lay spirituality – and Majorca , –, maritime republics –, –, ; see also and Murcia –, , Genoa; Pisa; Venice and Navarre , , and Mendicant Orders –, , –, , and Provence , , , , , – and records and monasticism , , , – revenues , –, and Otto IV and Spanish Muslims , and the papacy –, –, , –, and trade , , – , – and Valencia –, –, and serfdom – James II of Aragon and taxation and Castile – and trade and Jerusalem universities , , as king of Aragon , – and urban society as king of Sardinia and Corsica , , , and vernaculars , –, and woollen industry , – as king of Sicily , , , , , , see also Bologna University; Corsica; feudalism; Florence; Genoa; Jews; Lombardy; Papal and the Maghrib , State; Piacenza; Pisa; Sardinia; Sicily; James II of Majorca , , –, Tuscany; Venice; Vicenza James III of Majorca Iur′evichi clan – Jean de Braine of Mâcon Iurii Vsevolodovich of Vladimir , –, Jean of Brittany ius teutonicum Jean de Joinville , , – Ivan II Asˇen of Bulgaria Jean Tristan (son of Louis IX) , , and Epiros , , –, Jeanne of Hainault , and Latin empire , – Jeanne I of Navarre see Juana (Jeanne) I of and Nicaea , –, , , – Navarre and Serbia , , Jeanne of Navarre (wife of Jean of Brittany) Ivo of Chartres , Jeanne of Poitiers (daughter of Raymond VII) Iziaslavichi clan, and factional conflicts –, , , , , – , Jerusalem, and pilgrimage Izz ad-Din, sultan of Rum Jerusalem, Latin kingdom and aristocracy –, Jacek of Poland, St , and Ayyubids Jacobite Christianity and Charles I of Anjou Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend and Charles II of Anjou – Jacques de Vitry and crusades , , –, , and lay spirituality , , and Cyprus , , –, – and religious Orders , – defeat () , , Jadwiga, St defences , , , , –, Jaén and Frederick II –, , , , and Alfonso de la Cerda and Gregory X –, Castilian conquest , , and Innocent IV Jaffa, Treaty () – and James II of Aragon Jagiel--lo dynasty see Jogaila (Jagiel--lo) dynasty and Khwarizmians , , , Jala ad-Din Mingburnu, Sultan and Louis IX , , , –, James I of Aragon – and Mongol–Mamluk conflict , –, and Alfonso X – –, , –, –, , – and Almohads , and ruling dynasty –, –, – conquests and War of St Sabas –, – and consulates see also Acre; crusader states; feudalism
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Jews and Latin empire –, –, , –, badge –, , , – in canon law –, –, , – and Mongols and child murder accusations , , , and Orthodox Church , – and the Church – and papacy –, , in England , –; expulsion , , –; and Thessalonika –, , as king’s property ; taxation , , and Venice , , John X Kamateros, patriarch of Constantinople exclusion from office , , , and forced baptism , John of Abbeville and forced conversion , , , , John of Arsuf –, and forced preaching –, , John Bekkos, Patriarch and Fourth Lateran Council , – John of Brienne in France –, –, , –, ; as king of Jerusalem , –, –, expulsion , ; taxation , , , as Latin emperor , , , , John de Chalon-Arlay , – and Host desecration , John de Chalon-Rochefort in Hungary , John Chrysostom inferior status – John of England in Italy , –, , and administration as lacking in reason –, and barons , –, –, – in the Maghrib , and Canterbury election , Mendicant mission to , character and papacy , –, –, civil war - , –, , , , and Perpetual Servitude –, , in Poland excommunication , and ritual murder accusations , , and Fourth Lateran Council and secular authorities and France: and Anjou , , ; and in Sicily Aquitaine –, –; French territories in Spain , ; in Aragon-Catalonia , , , ; and Normandy –, ; , , –, , ; in Castile , , Philip II , –, , ; in Granada , –; in Majorca household , , , , ; in Valencia and Ireland , , , – in urban society , , –, and justice –, – and usury , , , , , –, and law –, see also blood libel; Inquisition; taxation and Normandy Joachim of Fiore , , , , , and papacy , , Joan (daughter of John of England) and patronage , Joan of Constantinople –, , and revenues –, , –, , , Joanna (daughter of Edward I of England) , , Jofré de Loaisa and Scotland Jogaila (Jagiel--lo) dynasty , , and taxation Johannes Teutonicus and Wales , , – John XXI, Pope , , see also Magna Carta John XXII, Pope , John fitzGeoffrey John I, Dauphin , John of Hainault John I of Ibelin, lord of Beirut –, John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa –, , John II Asˇen of Vlacho-Bulgaria see Ivan II Asˇen John of Ibelin, lord of Beirut see John I of Ibelin; John II of Ibelin, lord of Beirut , , John II of Ibelin John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea , John of Jerusalem see John of Brienne and Albania John Laskaris of Nicaea , and Anatolia John of Lugio and Bulgaria , –, , , – John of Luxemburg and Epiros , , John of Nesle, viscount of Bruges and Frederick II , , , John Palaiologos of Nicaea and Genoa John of Parma – and imperial administration – John of Procida
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John of Salisbury , Kézai, Simon (chronicler) , – John of Thessaly , Khitan nomads, and Mongols – John Vatatzes see John III Doukas Vatatzes of Khwarizm Nicaea and kingdom of Jerusalem , , John of Vicenza and Mongols , , –, , , John the Wise (l’Antique) of Chalon , – – Joseph I, Patriarch , and al-Mu azzam journeymen Kietlicz, Henryk, of Gniezno Juan, Infante (brother of Sancho IV) , Kiev Juan of Osma (chronicler) , – decline Juana (Jeanne) I of Navarre , , – and Mongols , , , , Judah ha-Cohen and Orthodox Church – Judaism and Riurikid dynasty –, and heresy , , and trade –, , and Mendicant Orders , see also Rus′ see also Jews Kipchak (Qipchaq) Turks , , , , , Julius III, Pope jury trials, England Kirill II, metropolitan of Kiev , – justice Kitbugha (Mongol general) see Ked-buqa and aristocracy , –, – Kitbugha al-Mansuri (al-Adil) Denmark –, Klokotnitsa, battle () , , – England –, –, –, –, –, knighthood , Castile – Flanders – Catalonia – Holy Roman Empire chivalric –, , , in Iceland , – England: county , –, , –; and and Jews Edward I , –, –; and Henry III Norway –, , –; and John , ; royal household royal –, – , ; shire –, –, –; and Scandinavia –, , taxation , – and signori , , – Flanders Sweden – France – justices Frankish , – of the bench , , , Germany –; see also ministeriales of the eyre , , , , , –, – Italy , –, –, of the peace and local administration , , , – of trailbaston and military orders , justiciar and nobility –, , , –, England , , , , –, Poland Germany and townsmen Ireland , see also aristocracy; barons Scotland , Knights Hospitaller , and charity Kadl-ubek, Wincenty (chronicler) , , , and crusader states –, , , , , , , , – Kaikhaws (Kaikhaus) of Anatolia , in eastern Europe – Kaikhawsrau (Khaikusraw) and Mamluks , Kalka river, battle () – membership Kalojan, tsar of Bulgaria , –, , and Mongols al-Kamil, Sultan in Portugal , and Fifth Crusade , , , , – and property – and Frederick II , , , and vernaculars and al-Mu azzam , –, , Knights Templar , , Kay Qubad, Seljuq sultan and Antioch Ked-buqa (Kitbugha; Mongol general) , in Aragon , , –, , , and eastern Europe Kennedy, H. and kingdom of Jerusalem –, –
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in Majorca Lajin al-Mansuri and Mamluks Lambert, M. and Mongols Lamberti family , in Portugal , land property – alienation , , , suppression , , , , , and aristocracy –, –, , – Knud VI of Denmark clearance , –, Knud of Denmark, St common Kolkwin, Master ownership –, –, , , – Kolmer, L. reclamation , Koloman of Rus′ shortage , , Komnena, daughter of Nemanja of Serbia Landesherren Konrad von Thüringen in Austria , Konya in Germany see also Seljuqs Landfrieden, Germany , , , , , , Köse Dagˇ, battle () , , , Kressenbrun, battle () Landi, Ubertino , , , – Kristina of Norway Landulf, Bishop Kruschwitz, Treaty () Landvogten, in Germany , Küchlüg (Qara Khitan ruler) , , Lanfranc of Milan Kurds Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury and Ayyubids – , , , and Mongols , – Languedoc in Syria and Aragon –, , and Blanche of Castile , La Forbie (Harbiyya), battle () , , , and Catharism –, –, , , , –, – La Rochelle, Jean de and cloth industry , La Rochelle, siege , , and Jews Ladero Quesada, M.A. and maritime republics , – Ladislas (Lazlo) III of Hungary and Mendicant Orders Ladislas the Cuman of Hungary see Laszlo IV and rebellions (‘the Cuman’) and urban society laity – Laon cathedral and the arts Lapps, and Norwegian wars and clergy – Lara, Alvaro Nuñez de and crusade spirituality – Lara, Fernando Nuño González de , , and cult of the dead – – and Fourth Lateran Council –, –, Lara, Juan Núñez de – Largs, battle () and Henry III of England Las Navas de Tolosa, battle () , , –, and Jews – and literacy and Alfonso VIII of Castile –, and Mendicant Orders –, , –, and Peter II of Aragon , – and Sancho VIII of Navarre and monasticism –, – Laszlo IV (‘the Cuman’) of Hungary , –, and papal elections –, and parish councils Lateran Council, Fourth () , , , and pastoral offensive – and Albigensian Crusade , , , –, and preaching – and royal service and canon law – and rural religion and clergy –, , and the sacraments –, – and crusades , –, , , and superficial conversion – and doctrine , , , and suppression of heresy – and ecclesiastical liberty – and the vernacular , , and heresy , , –, –, see also fraternities; taxation and Holy Roman Empire , ,
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Lateran Council, Fourth (cont.) and Venice –, , , , –, ; and Innocent III , –, , , , and Charles I of Anjou , , ; and and Jews , –, Greek population ; and patriarchate , and Marian devotion ; and podestâ –; and trade , , and Mendicant Orders , , –; see also Negroponte and monastic reforms , – see also Baldwin I of Constantinople; Baldwin and papal elections II of Constantinople; Constantinople; and Polish Church Constantinople, patriarchate; Morea, and politics –, principality; podestà; Thessalonika and religious duties , Latini, Brunetto, Trésor , and Roman Church Latino, Cardinal Lateran Council, Second (), and urban Latvia see Livonia society law Lateran Council, Third () Byzantine , – and doctrine Catalan and Fourth Lateran Council civil , –, , and Jews commercial and papal elections English and urban society German , –, Latin imperial and Arabic – Islamic – and the Church , , , –, maritime and historiography in maritime republics and the law of marque , ‘medieval’ , Portuguese and translations , , Roman , , , , , , , , and universities and vernaculars –, , Scandinavian – widespread usage –, schools , , , Latin Chronicle sumptuary , , Latin empire of Constantinople –, – and the vernacular , –, , , – and Angevins , –, , , , , Welsh , , and written records and Bulgaria –, , , –, – see also canon law; justice Byzantine reconquest () , , , ‘The Laws of Edward the Confessor’ , , , , –, , , Lazlo (Ladislas) III of Hungary economy – Le Goff, Jacques and Epiros , , Le Goulet Treaty () fragmentation – leagues (-), and nobility and Frederick II leather industry , and Genoa , , , Leff, Gordon Greek population –, –, , , Legnica (Liegnitz), battle () , Leo Gabalas of Rhodes , lack of resources Leon of Armenia , Latin population –, –, León, kingdom, and Castile , –, , , and manufacturing –, and Mendicant Orders , – Léonard, Emile and Nicaea –, , , , –, , Leopold VI of Austria , , , Lessines, Gilles de and Orthodox Church –, , –, Leszek the Black of Cracow , – Leszek of L- eczyca and papacy , , , , – Leszek the White of Cracow , – and peasants – Levant see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latin and Pisa , , kingdom; orders, military society – Levant trade –, , –, structure and development – with Catalonia , and trade , , , , – and Cyprus
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with Genoa , , , , , , , and Scotland locatores , – with Maghrib Lombard League, and Frederick II –, , with Pisa , , –, , , , – with Venice , , , , , – Lombardy see also Acre; Antioch; Beirut; Egypt; Tripoli and agriculture Lewes, battle () and Catharism Libellus iudicum turritanorum and Charles I of Anjou – Liber sancti Jacobi and exaction of revenues , – Liber Sextus (Boniface VIII) , , , and Frederick II , , , – Licet de vitanda , and Inquisition Lincoln, battle () and Manfred Lincoln cathedral , plate and Otto IV , Lisbon and trade , , capture and Venice and trade , London university growth , literacy and massacre of Jews in Latin privileges rural and revolution of and trade , as royal capital urban , and trade , , , in vernaculars , – Longespee, William , literature Longjumeau, André de ‘mirror’ , , , Lopez, Robert , vernacular , , , –, , , Louis IV of Thuringia Lithuania Louis VIII of France – evangelisation and Albigensian Crusade , –, , and military Orders , –, , , – and Mongols , and Frederick II and papacy and Henry III and Poland , –, and heretics and Rus′ –, and Jews – see also Jogaila (Jagiel--lo) dynasty; Mindaugas; and John of England Poland; Traidenis and papacy – liturgy and Thibaut IV of Champagne – and Latin , Louis IX of France and Marian devotion and administration , –, –, , ‘Mozarabic’ and Alfonso X of Castile and preaching canonisation , , , and uniformity and Cathars Livonia and charity and Brethren of the Sword , – and church building , and Lithuania and Crown of Thorns , and Teutonic Knights , –, – and Dauphiné and trade and Eighth Crusade , , , , –, Lleidà (Lérida) , –, , , Llull, Ramon , , , and Flanders Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , , –, , foreign policy – –, and Franche-Comté Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (‘the Great’) of North and Frederick II – Wales and French towns and Edward I of England , –, –, and hagiography – and Henry III , , –, , and Henry III of England , , –, and James I of Aragon , , – and Jews , , , – and John of England , Life
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Louis IX of France (cont.) Lyons and maritime republics , and Philip III , – and Mendicant Orders , , and Philip IV – and Mongols –, , , , , – and serfdom and papacy –, –, , –, , Lyons, First Council () – and Frederick II , –, –, , , and peasantry personal rule –, and Portugal – and Provence and Seventh Crusade and public service and Teobaldo I of Navarre and regency , – Lyons, Second Council () , –, and revenues , – and Church reform , and Seventh Crusade , , , , and crusade –, , , –, , –, , –, , , and Greek Church , –, –, , –, , and usury , , and Mendicant Orders , and the vernacular and Mongols , wife , , and papal elections – Louis, son of Louis IX , Lyons, Treaty () – Louis of Anjou Louis of Bavaria Macbeth of Scotland Louis of Blois MacCarthy dynasty of Desmond , Louis of Nevers – Macedonia Low Countries and Albania and Hanseatic League and Bulgaria , and monasticism – and Epiros , – and trade , and Nicaea – urban society , and Serbia , , , , and woollen industry , , , McFarlane, K.B. see also Bruges; Flanders; Ghent McKitterick, Rosamond n. Lübeck Mâcon , , Danish conquest , Maddicott, J.R. as imperial city Maghrib – and military Orders – administration , –, , and trade , , , , , and agriculture Lucalongo, Pietro di , and Almohads , , , , –, Lucas of Tuy , , and al-Andalus Lucca and aristocracy –, and banking army , –, and education and Castile –, – and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , and crusades , and record keeping and Hafsids , , –, , –, , and trade , , Lucera and Ifriqiya –, –, – as administrative centre , and Islam –, , – and Muslims , , , , , , and Marinids , , , –, , , Luciferian Order Ludwig I of Bavaria, and Henry VII – and maritime republics –, , , Ludwig II of Bavaria , –, –, Lupichimi, Gerard and trade , ; with Catalonia , –; Lusignans with Italy –, , –, , , and Henry III of England , , , , –; with Majorca , ; with Sicily and John of England and tribal groups –, , , , – and kingdom of Jerusalem – see also Arabs; Berbers; Jews; Morocco; Luxemburg dynasty , Tlemcen; Ziyanid dynasty
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magic Mansuri , and Jews and Mongols , , , –, –, –, and religion , , –, , , , – Magna Carta and Seventh Crusade –, – and barons , –, al-Ma mun , , and Edward I of England , Man, Isle of and Henry III of England –, and Norway , and John of England , , , –, , and Scotland , – , , , , Man of Sorrows imagery , and papacy Manfred of Sicily and trial by peers , , and Albania , Magnus Eriksson of Sweden , and Byzantine empire –, Magnus of Norway –, and Charles I of Anjou , , , , Magnus of Sweden –, , , Magyars , , , , , – and the Church , , Mahaut of Hainault – and Henry III Mahdi see Ibn Tumart and Holy Roman Empire , , , , Maimonides –, , Mainz, and imperial electors and Italian communes , Mainzer Reichslandfrieden and maritime republics , Mairano, Romano and Savoyards Majorca Mansel, John and Aragon , ; and James I , , , al-Mansur see Abu-Yusuf Ya qub (al-Mansur) , –; and Peter II ; and Peter III , , –, , al-Mansur Muhammad , and consulates , al-Mansura, battle () , –, and knighthood Mantua, and signori , , –, , and Mendicant Orders Manuel I Komnenos , , and Muslims – Manuel II, patriarch and Pisa and Genoa , , , – Manuel Doukas Angelos of Thessalonika , and record keeping , – and Roussillon , manufacturing and Sicily and urban development , , –, and trade , , , , , , , , see also cloth industry – manuscripts, illumination , , , , plate see also Jews, in Spain Map, Walter , Maksim, metropolitan of Kiev Ma qil (Arab tribesmen) Malatesta, Paolo marabout, in Maghrib –, Mâle, Emile Marco I Sanudo , Malikites Margaret (‘Maid of Norway’) , in Granada Margaret of Constantinople , , in Maghrib , , , –, Margaret of Provence , , –, Malta , , Margaret of Savoy – maltote (customs duty on wool) , Margaret of Scotland Mamluks – Marguerite of Flanders , and administration , , Mari, Anselmo de’ and armies , , Maria (wife of Charles II of Anjou) , and Ayyubids , , , – Maria of Antioch , Bahri Salihi –, , , Maria Beloslava and Byzantine empire Maria of Hungary (wife of Boniface of and crusader states , , , –, , Montferrat) , –, , –, Maria of Jerusalem and Egypt , –, , , , – María de Molina (wife of Sancho IV) , and factionalism Maria of Montpellier , and Levant trade , , , , Mariana, J. de – and Louis IX – Marie of Brabant
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Marie d’Oignies , and popular devotion , Marigny, Enguerran de , see also Eucharist; sacraments Marinids Massa, Chiano di administration – Matera, Giovanni di army Matha, Jean de in Maghrib , , , –, , , , Matilda, Empress , – Matilda of Artois in Spain , Mauclerc, Pierre , , markets , Maurisio (chronicler) see also fairs mausolea, royal –, plate marque,law of , Mazovia see Bolesl-aw II; Conrad of Masovia Marra, Joscelinus de , Mecca, control Marrakesh Mecklenburg, and aristocracy and Almohads –, , Medici company and Marinids medicine, and universities , , , , , and trade , marriage Medina, control in church , Mediterranean see Corsica; Cyprus; Genoa; Pisa; and consent Sardinia; Sicily; trade; Venice and exogamy Meinhard of Tyrol and Fourth Lateran Council Meir ben Simeon and lay spirituality , Meißen, and aristocracy and ministeriales Meloria, battle () , –, , , Marseilles , – Mendes, Gonçalo and Castile Mendicant Orders – and Charles I of Anjou , and aristocracy , , –, and navy and art and trade , , –, , , , , and asceticism –, Marshall earls of Pembroke , , , , in central Europe –, – and charity Martell, Pere , , and church building –, , – Martí, Ramon , –, and convent schools Martin IV,Pope and convents , – and Aragon and crusades and Arles – and decline of monasticism –, as cardinal diversity and unity in – and Castile and economic thought – and Charles I of Anjou –, , , , expansion and development – , and Inquisition and crusade , and Islam , and Guelfs and Ghibellines and Jews , , –, –, , and Jews , and laity –, , –, – and Mendicant Orders lay brothers and Michael Palaiologos , limitation in number and Naples and Mongols , , Martin V,Pope and penance , , Martín of Astorga and preaching , –, , , , , Martinho Giraldes of Braga – , – Martinus Polonus and secular clergy –, –, – Marxism, and historiography – success Mary see Virgin Mary and Third Orders Mascherati family and universities , , , –, , , Masovia see Bolesl-aw II; Conrad of Masovia – Masqueray, E. and urban society , –, –, Mass –, –, , and women , , , and commemoration of the dead , Mercedarian Order
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mercenaries , Mieszko III (‘the Elder’) of Poland in England migration, to towns , , – in France , Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov , – in Nicaea Milan in Scandinavia , and Frederick II , and signori growth see also Cumans; Kurds; Turcomans and Guelfs merchants and popolo and the Church – and signori , , , , –, , , and currency – –, foreign – see also Lombard League and justice Milan, peace () and literacy milites and mechanisms of commerce – and chivalry –, and rural society – and factions and travel , , Militia of Jesus Christ and urban development , militias and urban government , , , , in crusader states see also commerce; trade in Florence , Merchants, Statute Milutin, Stefan, of Serbia , – Mercia, and vernacular writing – Mindaugas of Lithuania , –, Merovingians, and fairs ministeriales –, , , Mestwin of Pomerelia – and Frederick II , Methodius, St and Henry VI , – Metochites, Theodore and interregnum Michael I Doukas of Epiros , , , , and military Orders –, Minorca Michael II Angelos Komnenos of Epiros and Aragon –, , , –, and Albania , Muslim rule – and Bulgaria Minorite friars see Franciscan Order and Byzantine empire , , , , Mise of Amiens () , and Genoa missions and Manfred , – expansion Michael VIII Palaiologos and Mendicant Orders , – and Angevins –, and military Orders , – and excommunication –, , and travel and Genoa and vernacular writing government , mobility, geographic , , –, and isolation mobility, social and Mongols and aristocracy –, –, , , –, and Morea –, and Nicaea and military Orders and reconquest of Constantinople () , and rural society – , , , , , , and urban society and restoration of empire –, – Modon, and Venice and reunion of the Churches –, , , Molendino, Bonifacio da , –, Molesme, Robert de and Venice monarchy Michael Asˇen of Bulgaria and aristocracy , , Michael Autoreianos, patriarch of and authority , , – Constantinople –, and centralisation middle classes and chivalry and economic demand and coronation and Mendicant Orders , – elective , –, , –, , –, Middle English , , Middle High German hereditary
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monarchy (cont.) and Rus′ , , , , , –, , and justice – –, , – and military specialisation and Seljuq states , , –, , , and patronage of the arts –, – and representative assemblies and Syria , –, , , , –, and revenues , , , –, , , – and royal touch and trade , , –, and succession see also Golden Horde; Il-khanate; Kipchak see also papacy; saints, royal; and under individual (Qipchaq) Turks monarchs monopolies, and trade , , , monasticism – Mons-en-Pélève, battle () ancient Orders – Montaillou, and Cathars and aristocracy Montaperti, battle () , , and art and architecture , – Montcornillon, Julienne de and asceticism , –, Monteagudo, Peace of () and cult of the dead – Montecorvino, Giovanni di , – female –, , , Montecroce, Ricoldo da and laity , –, Montefeltro, Guido da , , and Latin – Montefeltro family , and lay brothers , , Montenegro, and Serbia – and Mendicant Orders , Montevergine Order and new Orders – Montfort, Amaury de –, Orthodox Montfort, Philip de –, , and reform , –, –, , Montfort, Simon de and revenues , , – and Albigensian Crusade –, , , , and rural society and studia as count of Toulouse , , thirteenth-century decline –, , and crusades , and travel and Edward I of England and urban society and Eleanor of Provence money supply, growth , , , and expulsion of foreigners moneylending see banking; usury and Gascony Monferrato, Guglielmo di , , , and revolution of –, , Möngke, Great Khan , , , –, , Montfort, Simon de (son of Amaury) , , Montgomery, Treaty () , , Mongol empire – Montmireil, Jean de and armies –, , Montpellier, Guy de and Bulgaria , , , Montpellier and Byzantine empire and Aragon , , , , , , , and census , , , , and central European kingdoms –, –, and Catharism – , –, , , and trade –, , , , , , , and Christianity , , –, –, University , , , , dissolution , , , Montségur castle, and Catharism – and expansion westwards – moral theology, and Penance and Khwarizmians , , –, , , Moravia – and Bohemia , , , and Latin Christendom , –, , , , and the Church , –, , –, – and Mongols , and Louis IX –, , , , , – and new settlements and Mamluks , , , –, –, –, and trade , –, , , – Morea, principality , , – and Mendicant Orders , , and administration and Nicaea and Angevins , , , , , regional khanates –, and Charles I of Anjou , and religous beliefs and feudalism –, – rise and character – and Orthodox Church
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Morocco al-Mustansir bi llah (Abu Abd Allah) – Almohad rule , –, , al-Musta sim, Abbasid caliph Almoravid rule and Castile , , , – Nahmanides (Moses ben Nahman) , Hafsid rule , , Namur, county, revenues Marinid rule see Marinids Naples and Tlemcen and Angevins , , –, –, , Morosini, Eufrosio , , Morosini, Ruggiero and art Morosini, Tommaso , and Epiros , Morrone, Pietro see Celestine V,Pope and Florence mortality rates , – growth Mortmain, Statute and monasticism mosaics , and papacy , Moscow , and Pisa , Moses ben Nahman (Nahmanides) , size Movement of the Apostles (Apostolics) , , and trade university , Moxó, Salvador de and Venice Mozarabs, in Majorca and Spain , Narbonne al-Mu azzam, Sultan , –, , and Albigensian Crusade , mudéjares , , cathedral , al-Mughith , and trade , Muhammad I of Granada see Muhammad Ibn uprising () Yusuf Ibn Nasr an-Nasir, Caliph , Muhammad I of Tunis an-Nasir Daud Muhammad II of Granada –, , , an-Nasir, Muhammad (Morocco) – – an-Nasir Muhammad (Syria/Egypt) Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr (Ibn al-Ahmar) an-Nasir Yusuf , , – –, , –, , , Nasrids, in Granada , , , –, –, al-Mu izz Aybak, Sultan , mules, and transport Natan Official, Debate of Rabbi Yehiel of Paris Mundy, J.H. nationhood Munster, and English Ireland Byzantine , –, Muntaner, Ramon , development –, Murcia ‘nations’, in universities , –, , and Aragon , , –, –, , naturalism, Gothic , , – Naumburg cathedral , plate and Castile , , , , , –, , Navarre , – and Aragon –, , –, Muret, battle () , , and Castile –, –, , al-Murtada (caliph) and England Muslims and France –, , – and crusader states –, –, – see also Henry I; Henry II; Sancho VIII; in Italy , Teobaldo II; Thibaut IV of Champagne and Mendicant mission , navies in Portugal Almohad in Sicily , , Byzantine , sold as slaves , , , , – Catalan , , , in Spain , , , , –, , –, , Genoese –, –, , – , Norwegian and trade embargo , , , Pisan , in urban society , , Venetian , , , , –, , see also Ayyubids; Islam; Maghrib; Mamluks; Neckham, Alexander Seljuqs nefs Mussato, Albertino Negroponte , , , , al-Mustansir, Abbasid caliph Nemanja, Stefan, of Serbia ,
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Neoplatonism, and art Nolasc, Pere nepotism, and papacy Norbertine nuns – Nestorian Christianity , , , , Norman Conquest, and vernaculars , Neva, battle () Normandy Neville, Ralph de (bishop of Chichester) and Capetian monarchy , , , – Nevskii, Aleksandr, grand prince of Vladimir , and cloth industry , , , English loss , , , and Mongols , – and Henry III of England , New Fez, and Marinids –, and John of England –, Nicaea, empire and Louis IX administration – and parishes agriculture revenues and Albania , Normans and Bulgaria , –, , , , – in Maghrib cadastral register – in Sicily , , , , , – economy – North Africa see Maghrib; Morocco; Tunis imperial demesne North Sea, trade , , , and Latin empire –, , , –, , Norway , , , and agriculture and maritime republics –, , and aristocracy , , , and Mongols , and castle building , and Orthodox Church –, and the Church , , and patriarchate , – and court and reunion of the Churches –, – and Denmark , and Serbia , , , and education and taxation – expansion , , and trade –, – and Greenland see also John III Doukas Vatatzes; John and Iceland , , , – Laskaris; Theodore I Laskaris; Theodore II internal factions , , , Laskaris and kinship Nicholas III, Pope and local administration and Burgundy – and military specialisation –, as cardinal and monarchy , and Castile navy and Charles I of Anjou and peasants –, , and crusades population , and Guelfs and Ghibellines , revenues and Jews – and Scotland and Mongols and society , and nepotism and state development and succession and Sweden Nicholas IV,Pope and taxation , and the arts war against Lapps and Jews see also Håkon V; Håkon Håkonsson IV; and Mongols , justice; Magnus of Norway; Scandinavia and Naples Norwich and succession Notre-Dame de Paris , , , Nicholas of France Novello, Guido , , Nicholas of Verdun Novgorod Nicolas de Lisieux and Aleksandr Nevskii , Niebla, Muslim enclave – and Lithuania Nikephoros of Epiros , and Mongols , , Niketas Choniates and Riurikid dynasty –, , , Nimis iniqua (papal bull) – and Swedish wars nobility see aristocracy and trade –, , , noblesse, and chivalry , , Nur ad-Din Ali Noghai (Mongol ruler) , Nymphaion, Council ()
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Nymphaion, Treaty () , Orsini family and papacy , O’Brien dynasty of Thomand orthodoxy O’Connor dynasty of Connacht –, and folk culture , Odo III of Burgundy , and Fourth Lateran Council , Odo of Châteauroux and the universities , Odrowa¸z, Iwo, bishop of Cracow Osmanli (Ottoman) beylicate , Ögödei (Mongol ruler) , , , –, Ostsiedlung , Othon de La Roche, duke of Athens , Olav of Norway, St Otto I of Burgundy (son of Frederick I) – Old Church Slavonic Otto II of Bavaria , , Old French Otto II of Burgundy Old High German Otto II of Meran , Old Irish Otto III of Burgundy Old Saxon Otto IV,Emperor , , Olgovichi clan and John of England – and factional conflict –, , and papacy , –, , –, , and Mongols – and Philip of Swabia – oligarchy and Sicily , papal Otto IV of Burgundy – urban , , , – Otto of Bavaria Oliver of Paderborn , , , Otto of Brunswick see Otto IV,Emperor Olivi, Peter (Pierre de Jean Olieu) – Otto of Friesing , Öljeitü (Mongol Il-khan) –, – Otto of Lüneberg , O’Neill dynasty of Tyrone , , Otto the Pious of Brandenburg , ordeal, trial by , Otto of Wittelsbach Order of Calatrava , , Ottokar I of Bohemia Order of Dobrzy´n (Dobrin) , and the Church Order of Fiore and Henry III Order of St John see Knights Hospitaller and Henry VII Order of Santiago , , , , as imperial elector – Order of the Temple see Knights Templar and Moravia , Orders, military , and Philip of Swabia in Baltic – and Poland and crusader states , , , , –, and Teutonic Knights , –, Ottokar II of Bohemia and crusades and Austria and Styria , , decline and the Church , membership , – and crusades officers and culture in Palestine –, and Prussia in Portugal , , and Rudolf of Habsburg , power and property , , territories , , and Reconquista , and Teutonic Knights see also Knights Hospitaller; Knights Templar; and William of Holland Order of Santiago; Teutonic Knights Ottokar, N. Orders, religious – Ottokar of Moravia ancient see Benedictine Order; Cistercian Ottoman (Osmanli) beylicate , Order Owain ap Gruffudd , Mendicant see Dominican Order; Franciscan Oxford University Order; Mendicant Orders and clergy see also monasticism and colleges Ordo de poenitentia – and Mendicant Orders , Orkney Islands, and Norway , – and monarchy , Orleans, law school , and ‘nations’ , Orleans, Treaty () and political theory Ormrod, W.M. and Regents ,
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Oxford University (cont.) and military Orders –, –, – and scholasticism monarchical , , –, , , – and science and monasticism , –, –, – and students and Naples and Orthodox Church , , –, , Pachymeres, George , , , –, –, –, – Padua and Poland and rise of the signori , and Portugal –, – University and primacy: Boniface VIII –; and painting Clement IV –; Gregory X –, ; fresco Innocent III –; Innocent IV –, late antique – –; and Mongols –; and wall and panel , , , , , Orthodox Church –, –, –, Pais, Julião , Palermo , , , and Sardinia , –, , and Venice and secular rulers , –, , –, –, see also Sicilian Vespers –, , – Palestine see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latin and secular wars – kingdom and Serbia Pallavicino, Uberto da , , –, , , and Sicily see Sicily and the signori , , Pandulf (papal legate) , and universities , –, –, –, Panofsky, E. –, Panormitanus and vicars of Christ , –, , , Pantaleone, Giacomo see Urban IV,Pope see also authority, papal; canon law; College of papacy – Cardinals; Jews; and under individual popes and Aragon , , , , , , Papal State –, and the arts , and Charles I of Anjou – and Avignon , , , , and College of Cardinals –, and Bulgaria , and Frederick II , , –, , , , and Castile –, , –, , , – and Henry VI – and Corsica , , and Otto IV – and councils , –, –, –, Paphlagonia, Byzantine state , –, Parens scientarum (papal bull) and crusader states Parenti, Patrizia and crusades –, , , , , , Paris , –, , , and administration and curia – and architecture – decline and the arts and deposition of popes , , – growth –, and dynastic feuds , – and guilds and election –, , , , – and illuminated manuscripts and England see England; Henry III; John of as royal capital , , , England and scholasticism – and France see France and self-government and Frederick II see Frederick II and under and serfdom individual popes Paris, Matthew and Henry VI , , , , Chronica Majora and Holy Roman Empire see Empire, Holy and First Council of Lyons Roman and monasticism and Hungary , and Roman cultural heritage and Inquisition , –, Paris, synod () – and Latin empire of Constantinople , , Paris, Treaty () , , , , , , – Paris University and Mendicant Orders –, –, –, and Aragon –, and Cathars
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and colleges , peasants early history , –, –, and aristocracy –, and foreign students , , , income growth and consolidation – and rural economy and heresy and seigneuries – and illuminated manuscripts and serfdom – and Jews , – and subsistence and Mendicant Orders –, , – see also aristocracy; barons; burghers; and monarchy knighthood; and under individual states and and papacy , , regions and scholasticism Pecham, John Sorbonne , Pedro of Portugal, and Balearics Paris–Meaux, Treaty () , –, , Pedro Ximénez de Gazólaz, bishop of Pamplona parish – councils – Pegolotti, Francesco Balduccio di , in France Peipus, battle () in Poland Pelagius of Albano, Cardinal (papal legate) , and role of Mendicant friars , –, , , and role of priests , , – Pelagonia, battle () , , , Parisio, St Peloponnese parlements, French Byzantine reconquest and Edward I Frankish conquest , –, , , , and Louis IX and nobility Pembroke earldom, and Marshall family , , and Philip III , , and Philip IV , Penance , , , –, , parliament, Irish and Inquisition –, parliament, English , , penitence see Penance and burgesses – penitents –, and justice Pennington, K. n. and king’s council Penyafort, Ramon de and knights , , , and decretals , and revolution of –, –, and mission to Jews , and taxation , , , , –, – and new learning see also House of Commons and usury , , Parma perfecti, Cathar , , –, , –, , siege (-) , and signori , , Perfeddwlad –, , paroikoi, in Latin empire – Perpetual Servitude –, , partnerships, commercial , , , , Perpignan Passagians – and Aragon pastoralism, and agriculture and trade , Pastoureaux , , , Persia see Il-khanate; Iran; Khwarizm Pater noster, lay knowledge of , , , Perth, Treaty () Patrimony of St Peter see Papal State Peruzzi company , , , patronage, artistic Pervaneh (Seljuq chief minister) – and the Church –, Pescatore, Enrico, count of Malta civic – Peter II of Aragon lay and Albigensian Crusade –, royal , –, –, , , and heretics patronage, ecclesiastical , and papacy patronage, royal, and Edward I , revenues –, Paul the Christian (Pau Crestià) , , Peter II of Savoy, earl of Richmond , , Paulinian Order , , –, Paulus Hungarus Peter III of Aragon – paupers, rural and Castile , Peace and Truce of God and Empire , , ,
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Peter III of Aragon (cont.) and Aragon , – excommunication and the arts , and France , , , – and Bernard Saissons , – and Jews and Burgundy –, and the Maghrib and Castile and Majorca , and Catharism – and Muslims and the Church and Sicilian Vespers –, –, and commerce and Sicily –, –, , , death , and Valencia and Edward I , –, , , Peter, St, and papal primacy –, –, , and Empire , , and expansionism – Peter of Benevento – and Flanders –, , –, , , Peter of Brittany Peter of Castelnau , foreign policy –, , – Peter the Chanter , and Inquisition Peter de Courtenay, Latin emperor , , and Jews , , , – – and Knights Templar , , , , Peter Damian and Mongols , – Peter von Duisburg (chronicler) and Navarre –, Peter Martyr, St and nobility Peter des Roches see Roches, Peter des and the papacy , , , –, , –, Peter the Venerable , , Peter of Zˇytama, Chronica aulae regiae , and revenues , –, –, Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) and University of Paris Philip II of France (Philip Augustus) Philip VI of Valois, and commerce and Flanders , – Philip of Alsace , , – and Frederick II – Philip of Anjou , , and John of England , –, Philip of Courtenay , , , and Louis VIII , Philip of Germany see Philip of Swabia and Normandy –, Philip of Ibelin – and Scotland Philip of Namur , and Third Crusade Philip of Sardinia (son of Charles I of Anjou) Philip III of France – , , acquisition of territory – Philip of Savoy (), and Franche-Comté , and administration –, and Aragon –, Philip of Savoy (), count of Piedmont – and Burgundy Philip of Swabia and Castile and Castile and Charles I of Anjou – and Fourth Crusade , and commerce , as king of Germany , and court and Otto IV – and crusade , –, , and papacy and Dauphiné – Philip of Taranto , – and economy philosophy and Empire , Greek , , and Jews , and theology – and Navarre –, Piacenza and papacy – and banking and Provence and popolo and signori –, , and revenues and trade and Sicily , , Piast dynasty –, , , , –, , and taxation and usury Piazzalunga, Federico di Philip IV (‘the Fair’) of France – Picardy and administration – and architecture and Aquitaine war –, and aristocracy –
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population and household and serfdom increase in territory , – Pied Friars and justice – Piedmont and law , – and Angevins , , –, –, and loss of French territories – and house of Savoy – and papacy , , and Manfred of Sicily and patronage –, , , Pierre de la Broche –, and revenues – piety, Eucharistic , , rights and power – pilgrimage , , , , see also Edward I; Henry II; Henry III; John of and mobility England; Richard I and monasticism – Planudes as penance – plenitudo potestatis –, , and pilgrimage churches Plesner, J. and royal touch podestà Pious Friars , in Constantinople –, piracy , , , , , in Florence –, , , , , see also corsair wars in maritime republics –, , , , Pisa – and Alfonso X – and signori , , , , , , , and Aragon , , , , and Barcelona – Poema de mio Cid , , building and public works poetry and Corsica , , , , , , – troubadour , and Empire , –, , , – vernacular religious , and Florence –, , , , –, Poimanenon, battle () and Frederick II Poitou and Genoa –, , , , –, –, and Blanche of Castile , , – –, –, , , , and Charles I of Anjou and Guelfs and Ghibellines –, – and Henry III , , – industries and John of England , and law codes and Louis VIII –, , and papacy Poland podestà , , , and Bohemia , , –, –, and politics , –, –, and central European kingdoms –, , and Sardinia , , , –, , , , –, –, – and the Church – and shipbuilding and coinage and Sicily , , duchies –, and trade , , , –; with Armenia , and economy – , ; with Balearics ; with Byzantine and Germany – empire ; cloth trade ; with Corsica and heraldry – and Sardinia , , , , ; with and Hungary , Cyprus , ; with Egypt –, , and Jews ; with Europe , ; with Far East and knights , ; with France , –; with Latin and Lithuania , , empire , , , ; with Levant , and Mendicant Orders , – , –; with Maghrib –, , and monasticism –, , , –; with Nicaea –; and Mongols , , , –, , with Sicily ; with Spain and new settlements , – and Venice , , , , and Prussia , –, , Pisano, Niccolo reunification – Pistoia, and Florence , , , , and Rus′ , , –, Plantagenet dynasty – and serfdom and aristocracy , –, – territories and Europe – and Teutonic Knights –, , , , and government
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Poland (cont.) of the signori , – and trade in urban society –, , , , see also Bolesl-aw III Wrymouth; Przemysl- II; Powys , , – Silesia; Vaclav III; Wl-adisl-aw II; Wl-adisl-aw Prague , , , Laskonogi (Spindleshanks) Prandota, Jan, of Cracow , Polish-Silesian chronicle prayer, for the dead – politics preaching and First Council of Lyons – of crusade , , , , and Fourth Lateran Council , –, , and education , , , , to Jews –, , and Mendicant Orders by Mendicant Orders , –, , , and the papacy –, –, – –, , , , – and University of Oxford revival –, , in urban society –, , –, – vernacular , , , and the vernacular Premonstratensians , , Pollanh, Pere, bishop of Carcassonne Prˇemyslid dynasty of Bohemia , –, , Polo, Marco , , , –, –, –, – Prester John legend , Polo, Niccolò & Matteo , priest Polovtsians as minister of the Word – and Mongols – and parish , , – and Roman Mstislavich and penance – see also Cumans; Qipchaq and wills , Pomerelia, and Teutonic Knights , – Prim, Bernard Poor Catholics , , , primogeniture , , , Poor Clares , , , , – Procida, Giovanni da Poor Hermits of Pope Celestine – Progon of Albania , Poor Lombards propaganda Poore, Richard, bishop of Salisbury papal –, , popolo secular , , , in Florence –, , – property, alienation and signori , –, , prostitutes , , , population protectionism decrease , , Provençal, as literary language , , increase , , , –, , –, , Provence, county , , , rural , administration – urban –, –, , –, , , , and Albigensian Crusade , , –, see also under individual states and Alfonso II of Aragon Portella, Muça de and Angevins –, , , ports, development –, and fraternities Portugal , – and James I of Aragon , , , –, and aristocracy –, , – and Castile –, and maritime republics , –, and the Church , –, – and Mendicant Orders and population and Philip III and Reconquista –, territories – see also Afonso II; Afonso III; Dinis; Sancho I; Provisions of Oxford –, , – Sancho II Provisions of Westminster , – poverty, evangelical , , –, , –, Prussia –, –, , , and Bohemia – and Spiritual Franciscans , and crusades power evangelisation , and Mendicant Orders , and Poland , , , , papal , –; and Greek Church , and society – ; and the universities and Teutonic Knights , , –, restructuring and towns
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Pryor, John and Castile –, , –, –, , Przemysl- II of Poland –, , – Pulsano congregation costs – Purgatory , , , , , militar/lenta , and military Orders Qadi al-Nu man and monarchy and Church Qaidu (Mongol leader) , and papacy Qalaman tribesmen and peasantry Qalawun, Sultan (al-Mansur) of Egypt , , and Portugal , –, – and repopulation , – Qara Khitan empire –, , – see also Las Navas de Tolosa, battle; Murcia; Qaraqush (Mamluk leader) Seville Qasim Ibn Mara (Muslim revolutionary) record keeping Qipchaq see Kipchak (Qipchaq) Turks and commerce –, Quatrevoux, Franco-German pact () and government , Qubilai (Mongol ruler) , , , , , and vernacular scripts rector queens, role and status , – Regno see Sicily Quia Emptores statute Reichsfurstenstand , Quia maior (papal bull) –, –, Relatio (Brevis nota) of Lyon I – Quirini, Matteo relics, cult of –, , , Quo elongati (papal bull) religion, voluntary – Qutuz, Mamluk sultan , , , –, Renaissance, twelfth-century , – , Renaud III of Burgundy Renaud of Montbéliard – Raimundo, archbishop Renouard, Yves Rainer of Pomposa n. rentier class Rainier, St repartiamentos, Castile – Ralegh, William Repgow, Eike von, Sachsenspiegel Ralph of Coggeshall , , representation Ramon-Berenguer V of Provence , , in England – in Germany Rampini family in Italian communes , , , – al-Rashid , in Portugal Raymond VI of Toulouse revelation, and reason , and Catharism , –, , revenge see feuds and Dauphiné Révigny, Jacques de Raymond VII of Toulouse Rex pacificus and Blanche of Castile –, Reynolds, Rob and Catharism Rheims cathedral , –, , –, plate and Comtat-Venaissin – rhetoric , and Fourth Lateran Council Rhine-Palatinate and Louis VIII –, and aristocracy and Louis IX –, and imperial electors , – and Marseilles as power centre and Peter II of Aragon town-league –, , Raymond of Perelha and trade Raymond Roupen Rhodes Raymond of Taranto and Byzantine empire reason and trade , and Jews –, Ricciardi (bankers) , , and philosophy Riccobaldo (chronicler) , and revelation , Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’) rebaptisers and crusade , , , Reconquista and Cyprus , and al-Andalus – and Empire , and aristocracy – and Normandy , ,
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Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’) (cont.) Romance languages , –, , and Provence Romania see Latin empire of Constantinople and revenues Romano, Ezzelino II da and succession Romano, Ezzelino III da Richard of Cornwall , and the Church – and crusade –, , and Frederick II , and Empire –, –, , , , and Manfred of Sicily as king of Germany , n. as tyrant –, , , , , marriage and Venice Richard de Clare, earl of Gloucester Romano, Marco Richard of St Victor Romanus, Cardinal Richard of San Germano Rome ricos hombres , and the arts , , – Rigaud, Eudes, archbishop of Rouen – cultural heritage risk-taking, in trade , growth Ritterstand and Manfred Riurik Rostislavich of Smolensk and pilgrimage , Riurikid dynasty and trade - – University - – Roquebert, M. and Mongols –, , – Rostislavichi clan Rivalto, Giordano da and factional conflict –, , river transport –, – and Mongols – roads Rouen, French capture () and commerce –, –, Roussillon , maintenance and James I of Aragon , pilgrimage roads and James of Majorca , , , –, Roman –, and tolls , and Peter III of Aragon , Robert II of Artois routiers, in France , Robert II of Burgundy , Rubinstein, N. Robert of Alençon Rubruck, Guillaume de , –, –, Robert of Anjou Rudolf I of Habsburg, king of the Romans Robert of Artois –, , , , and Bohemia , , Robert de Béthune – and Burgundy , , –, Robert de Courçon and Charles I of Anjou – Robert de Courtenay and crown lands – Robert of Esztergom and Dauphiné , Robert ‘le bougre’ election Rocca, Sinucello della and house of Savoy Roccavione, battle () and papacy , , – Roches, Peter des (bishop of Winchester) , and towns , , , Rudolf of the Rhine Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada , Rule of St Augustine , , , , , Rodrigo of Toledo , Roger I of Sicily Rule of St Benedict , , Roger II of Sicily , , , Rule of St Francis , Roger of Howden Rum see Anatolia; Seljuqs Roger of Leybourne Runciman, S. n. Roger de Loria , Rupert of Deutz Roger of Mirepoix Rus′ – Roger of Sanseverino and administration Rolandino (chronicler) –, –, and central European kingdoms Roman de Fauvel and economy Roman Empire, cultural heritage and Hungary , , –, –, Roman Mstislavich of Vladimir – and Lithuania –, and Kiev and Mazovia
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and Mongols , , , , , , salt trade , –, –, , , , , , –, , –, , , –; , effects – Salvemini, G. and Orthodox Church , , , – Salza, Hermann von , , and papacy Salzburg, and aristocracy , and Poland , , –, Sambonifacio, Lodovico da , , population Sambor of Dirschau and Riurikid factions –, – Samogitians of Livonia , and Swedish wars , , , , Samson, abbot of St Edmund’s and trade , , , , , San Germano, Treaty () , , –, , see also Daniil Romanovich; Iaroslav of Tver; Nevskii, Aleksandr; Vasilii of Kostroma Sanç, Fernan Rustichello of Pisa –, Sanç, Nunyo, count of Roussillon , , Rutebeuf (poet) Sanç, of Provence, Sancho I of Portugal Sa ada (Muslim revolutionary) , and bequests Sacconi, Rainier and the Church , Sachets –, , , and papacy – Sachsenspiegel law book , revenues – sacraments Sancho II of Portugal and Cathars and the Church , , and Fourth Lateran Council , , , and Reconquista , – increasing importance –, –, – Sancho IV (de la Cerda) of Castile and role of parish priest –, and court intrigue – and Waldensians and Granada – see also Eucharist; Mass; Penance intellectual interests Sacred College see College of Cardinals and Murcia Sahyun, principality , – and revenues as-Sa id , and Sicily as-Sa id Berke Khan and succession to Alfonso X – St Louis see Louis IX of France Sancho VIII of Navarre (el Fuerte) –, St Sabas, War of , , , –, – Sancho of Majorca , Sainte-Chapelle, Paris , , plate Sancho of Toledo Saintonge, English possession , Sancia of Provence (wife of Richard of saints Cornwall) , canonisation , Sandwich, naval battle () communion of saints Sanhaja Berbers , cults , , , Sanjar, Seljuq sultan relics –, , , Sanjar al-Halabi royal , –, , Sˇanjek, F. Saisset, Bernard (bishop of Pamiers) , Santarem, battle () – Santiago de Compostela, and pilgrimage , , Saladin and crusader states , , , , , Sanudo, Marco , , , Saracens, and Frederick II death , Sardinia –, – Salamanca, University and Aragonese invasion Salar (Mamluk emir) Arborea judgeship –, , – sales tax Cagliari judgeship –, , , , – as-Salih Ayyub , , , , , , and Charles I of Anjou , as-Salih Ismail , , and continental dynasties – Salimbene de Adam , , economy –, – and Ezzelino III da Romano and Eighth Crusade and Giberto da Gente , , and Frederick II –, and the signori –, , , , , Gallura judgeship , , , – and Uberto da Pallavicino , and Genoa and Pisa , , , –, , Salomea of Hungary, Blessed , , , , –, –, –
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Sardinia (cont.) Scotland , – internal strife –, – and administration –, and James II of Aragon , , , and aristocracy , , – and papacy , –, – and England , , , –; Edward I , population , , – , , , –, , , –, –; and serfdom Henry III –; John and silver mines , , and France , , society , – and Hebrides , , – Torres/Logudoro judgeship , –, , and Man , , – –, – and monarchy –, – towns and cities – and Norway , – and Visconti and Gherardesco Wars of Independence Sartaq (Mongol leader) –, see also Alexander II; Alexander III; Balliol, Sarum Rite John; Galloway Savoy, county Scotti, Alberto , , , , and administration – scribes, and vernaculars , and Dauphiné , , sculpture territories –, and classicism , plate Savoyards Gothic , plate and Burgundy –, , – see also statuary and Frederick II – scutage and Henry III of England –, , sea loans , , , Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum sea transport Saxony, and imperial electors , , and trade , –, , , , , Sayf ad-Din Qipchak (Mamluk emir) see also shipbuilding Sayf ad-Din Qutuz secularism, secularisation , , Scala, Alberto della , , , , Sedlmayr, Hans Scala, Mastino della , , , , Segalari, Ranieri Manente di Scala, della, family , , , , , , Segarelli, Gerardo Scandinavia –, seigneuries administration and parishes and the Church – and patronage and culture and ideology – rights and economy and society – rural , – external conflict – and serfdom – internal conflict –, , , , –, Seljuqs – and Abbasids and justice and legislation –, and Ayyubids , and military system , –, , and Byzantine empire , , , , peasants –, –, , , population –, – and Fifth Crusade and state development – and Khwarizmians and towns and cities and Mamluks – see also Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; and Mongols , , –, , , Sweden and trade , , Scania, and trade , and Turcomans Schiavo, Domenico Sempad Schiller, Friedrich n. sénéchaussées , , –, , , , , scholasticism – – schools Senlis, Nicolas de n. cathedral , Sennett, Richard convent Serbia grammar and Albania , , rural , and Bulgaria –, , – Schwabenspiegel and Byzantine empire , – science, and universities –, , and Epiros –, , Scot, Michael and Greek culture
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and Hungary , and Empire –, , –, , , and Latin Church , , , –, , – and Macedonia , , , , and feudalism and Montenegro – and Florence and Nicaea , –, and Genoa , , , , and Orthodox Church , , and Inquisition territories –, and Jews and Venice and literature see also Stefan Urosˇ II and the Maghrib , , , serfdom, decline , – and maritime republics , sermons and monasticism and revival of preaching –, and Muslims , , vernacular , , , and Normans , , , , , , Servites of St Mary – Settepozzi, naval battle () and Otto IV , , Seville and papacy –, , , –, –; reconquest () , , , , – Alexander IV ; Boniface VIII , , and trade , ; Celestine III ; Gregory IX –, Shajar ad-Durr – , , , ; Honorius III , ; share-cropping – Honorius IV , ; Innocent III –, Shepherds’ Crusade , , , –, ; Innocent IV –, –; sheriffs Martin IV ; Urban II England: and Edward I –, –; and population Henry III , ; and John , –, and religious toleration and society – Ireland and taxation , Scotland and trade , –, , , –, Shetland, and Norway , – and Venice , Shi a Assassins see also Charles I of Anjou; Church and state; and Ayyubids , , , Conrad IV; Frederick II; Henry VI; Henry and Mongols , (VII); Manfred shipbuilding, in maritime republics – Sicut iudaeis non (papal bull) , , , – shrines , , , Siegfried III of Eppenstein Sicilian Vespers –, , , , Siegfried von Feuchtwangen and Angevin defeat , , , Siegfried of Westerburg, archbishop of Cologne and Byzantine empire and Genoese fleet Siena and papacy , and art and Peter III of Aragon –, –, and banking Sicily –, and Florence , , , , , and administration and trade and agriculture , Siger of Brabant , and Angevins , –, –, , , signori –, –, –, – as barons – and Arabic and the Church –, and Aragon , , , , , , , and courts – , ; and Alfonso III , , , , and Empire , ; and Frederick III , , , ; and factions , –, and James I –, ; and James II , and fear , , , , ; and Peter III –, and feudalism – –, , , –, , , in Italian communes , – and aristocracy , , , , and justice , , – Berber invasion , and love – and Catalonia , and popolo –, , and economy , , and taxation and Edmund of England , , , , as tyrants –, , , , , and vendetta ,
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Silesia sovereignty, apostolic , and Bohemia , Spain and the Church – Almohads in , , , , –, , and new settlement , and Poland , , –, , and Arabic – and serfdom and architecture –, , and trade and art see also Bolesl-aw (‘the Tall’); Henry II (‘the and crusades , , , , Pious’); Henry IV (‘the Just’); Henry the Marinids in Bearded and Mendicant Orders silk trade , , , , , , and military Orders silver and monasticism Bohemian , , –, and Muslims , , , , –, , –, Sardinian , , , – and trade , , , , , , , and serfdom simony, ban on and trade Simson, O. von and universities – sin and use of Latin and penitence , – and vernaculars , , , – and urban society , – and woollen industry Sinucello, see also Andalusia; Aragon-Catalonia; Balearics; Sˇisˇman of Bulgaria Castile; Catalonia; Granada; Jews, in Spain; Sit′ river, battle () , Majorca; Navarre; Portugal; Reconquista; Sivéry, Gérard Valencia slave trade , , , , , , specialisation, military –, , – slavery Sperandeo, Abbot decline Speronists and Muslims , , , , – spice trade , , , , , , , , –, and sack of Constantinople Slavic languages, and writing Spini family , , Slavs Spinola, Nicolozzo and Germans , , –, Spinola family, Genoa , –, , , , and unity see also Bulgaria; Macedonia; Poland; Rus′; Serbia spirituality Slovakia, and Hungary Franciscan Smbat Latin Smolensk lay –, –, – and Mongols , Spoleto, duchy, and Frederick II , and Rostislavichi clan –, squires, and nobility , , , Snorri Sturluson Stanisl-aw of Hungary, St , , , , Sobeslav of Moravia states societas contracts , and crusades – society growth , –, – commercialisation , – statuary rural , –, –, , , , portal , , plates and tribal – tomb , urban –, –, , , , –, , see also sculpture Statutes, Edwardian Society of the Faith Statutes of Pamiers n. Soeiro, bishop of Lisbon Statutes of Pera Soeiro, Pedro, bishop of Coimbra Statutum in favorem principum Soldau, Treaty () Stefan II the ‘First-crowned’ of Serbia , , Solomon ben Ammar – Somme le roi , plate Stefan Dusˇan see Dusˇan, Stefan, of Serbia Soranzo, Giovanni Stefan Nemanja see Nemanja, Stefan Sorbon, Robert de , Stefan Prvovecani see Stefan II the ‘First- Soria, Treaty () crowned’
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Stefan Radoslav of Serbia , and taxation Stefan Urosˇ II of Serbia , see also Birger Magnusson; justice; Magnus Stephen II of Auxonne and Chalon Eriksson; Magnus of Sweden; Scandinavia; Stephen VI Urosˇ Valdemar of Sweden Stephen (Istvan) V of Hungary –, , S´winka, Jakub, archbishop of Gniezno , Stephen of England Switzerland Stephen of Hungary, St , and aristocracy Stephen of Lexington, Abbot and house of Savoy – Stephen of Muret, St Symonds, J.A. – Stilbes, Constantine, bishop of Cyzicus – Synodikon of Tsar Boril Stirling Bridge, battle () Syria Straits of Gibraltar, and trade , , , , and Ayyubid control , , , –, –, , , studia, monastic , Latin see crusader states studium generale , – and Mamluk control , , , –, , Styria –, and aristocracy and Mongols , –, , –, , and Bohemia , , , , , , –, , , – and Frederick II – Seljuq attack and silver and trade , Sübödei (Mongol khan) see also Aleppo; Damascus Suessa, Taddeo da , , Sufism, in Maghrib – Tagliacozzo, battle () , sugar trade taifa (party) kingdoms , , , , Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis , , see also Arjona; Crevillente; Granada; Minorca; Sully, Maurice de, bishop of Paris Niebla; Valencia Sunqur al-Ashqar (Mamluk emir) – Talmud , , –, , –, , Super speculam (papal bull) Tancred of Sicily –, superstition, and Christian faith , Tarragona, and trade surnames, increasing use , Tatars see Mongol empire Suzdal taxation and Aleksandr Nevskii of the clergy –, , , , –, and Iur′evichi clan , – , , , , , and Mongols , , and crusades , , , , , –, and trade – Svantopolk of Pomerelia imperial Swabia, and Hohenstaufen dynasty –, , of Jews: in England , , , , ;in France , , , , , Sweden lay –, –, and administration and nobility –, , –, and agriculture , papal and aristocracy , , , and parliament , , , , –, and castle building – and Denmark –, – and representation and education on sales expansion –, and signori and Finland , – technology internal struggles –, , – access to , and kinship and agricultural productivity , and military specialisation , , , Templars see Knights Templar and monarchy – Temüjin see Chinggis Khan and Norway Temur (Mongol leader) , , and peasants tenure and population à part de fruits revenues in England , , , – and Rus′ , , , , in France – and serfdom and serfdom
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tenure (cont.) and Louis VIII –, and tenant farmers –, – as Teobaldo I of Navarre , – Teobaldo I of Navarre see Thibaut IV of Thomas de Clare Champagne Thomas of Savoy Teobaldo II of Navarre , as count of Flanders , , , Teutonic Knights , , as lord of Piedmont , , – and Bohemia , Thrace and crusader states , , , and Epiros and Frederick II , , and Latin empire , and Hungary and Nicaean empire , , and Lithuania –, , and trade and Livonia , –, – and Venice officers Thuringia organisation – and Adolf of Nassau and Poland –, , , , and Albrecht I of Habsburg and Prussia , –, –, , – and Knights Hospitaller and Rus′ , Tiepolo, Giacomo (doge of Venice) , , and trade Tiepolo, Lorenzo – Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea – at-Tijani , , and John Vatatzes , tithes and Latin empire , crusade , , , , and Orthodox Church – payment by Jews , and Venice , Tlemcen Theodore II Laskaris of Nicaea , –, , and Marinids , – , , , and trade Theodore Doukas of Epiros , , , and Ziyanids –, , –, – Toledo, Fourth Council () Theodore Branas , , , Toledo, Rodrigo Jiménez de, De rebus Hispaniae Theodosian code, and Jews , theology toleration, religious , , , Byzantine – tolls – Mendicant Tolomei company , , monastic tombs moral effigial , pastoral royal –, , plate and philosophy – Torelli, Salinguerra , , scholastic Torelli family of Ferrara and the universities –, , , –, Torre, Martino della , , , , , , –, , –, Thessalonika, kingdom Torre, Napo della , and Bulgaria , –, Torre, della, family , , , , –, – and Epiros torture, and Inquisition and Latin empire , , , , Toulon, and trade , and Nicaean empire –, , , , Toulouse and Albigensian Crusade , , , , and Serbia –, –, – Thessaly and Inquisition – and Albania and Philip III – and Bulgaria population and Byzantine empire , – and trade and Epiros , , University , , Thibaut III of Champagne Tours, Council () Thibaut IV of Champagne town-leagues, Germany , –, , and Blanche of Castile – towns and crusades –, , , and administration , and Languedoc and aristocracy , –, –
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and communications – Trinitarian Order definition Tripoli, county growth , –, , , , , , , defences – fall () , , , and manufacturing , , , , and Mamluks , , , and Mendicant Orders , – and trade , new settlements – Trit, Renier de , self-government –, – troubadours and social exclusion Troyes, Chrétien de, Ars amatoria and trade –, – Tunis and urban society –, and Almohads , , , trade – and crusades , and aristocracy –, –, and Hafsids , , , , , Balkan , , and Sicily , , Baltic see Baltic trade and trade with Italy , –, Black Sea see Black Sea trade Tunis Crusade () and caravans , , –, , , and Catalan fleet , and crusades , – and Charles of Anjou , , financing –, –, failure , and Italian maritime republics –, –, and Genoa and Louis IX , , , , , , Levant see Levant trade Turanshah, Sultan –, luxury goods , , , , , , Turbato corde (papal bull) –, Mediterranean –, , –, , , , , Turca, Rosso della , , Turcomans and Mongol empire , –, in Iraq and monopolies and Mamluks , , North Sea , , , and Mongol invasions – Red Sea Turks rural and Ayyubids – transalpine , , , , , , , and Mongols and urban development –, –, – see also Kipchak (Qipchaq) Turks; Mamluks; see also commerce; communications; fairs; fish Seljuqs trade; merchants; protectionism; salt trade; Tuscany silk trade; spice trade; wine trade; and under and Albrecht I of Habsburg individual states and cloth industry trades, inheritance and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , , Traidenis of Lithuania , –, , , Translation of Empire theory , , and Manfred transport and Mendicant Orders costs and Otto IV , methods – and trade by river –, – see also Florence; Pisa by road –, , tyranny, and Italian signori –, , by sea , –, , , , Tyre Transubstantiation , , defences Trapani, naval battle () and Hohenstaufen rule – travel – and Mamluks , , , infrastructure – and trade , , Trebizond, Byzantine state , –, and Venice , and trade Trencavel, Raymond , Uberti family –, , Trencavel, Raymond-Roger Ubi periculum , , – Trencavel viscounties , – Ugolino, Cardinal see Gregory IX, Pope tribalism, and Islam – Ugolino, count of Sardinia , , Trier, and imperial electors Uighurs, and Mongols –
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Ukraine, and trade – Flanders , – Ulfilas, and Germanic alphabet Germany – Ulfjótr, law code increase , Ulrich von Eschenbach Maghrib –, Ulster and manufacturing , and English Ireland , and Mendicant Orders –, ruling families , and patronage of the arts Umbria, and urban society Sardinia – Umiltà of Faenza, St Scandinavia , Unam sanctam , –, – and trade –, Uniate Church and universities universalism Urgell, and Aragon , , , , and art , , usury , and papacy condemnation –, , , , , and universities – and Jews , , , , universities – legitimacy – autonomy , , toleration and the Church –, –, , see also banking and colleges , – Usus Venetorum as communities –, , consolidation – Vaclav I of Bohemia , , , , context – Vaclav II of Bohemia , , , –, , emergence , , – and foreign students , , , as king of Poland , , , –, and masters , –, –, –, , and Silesia Vaclav III of Bohemia , and Mendicant Orders , , , –, as king of Hungary , , , – as king of Poland , and monasticism Valdemar I of Denmark organisation –, , –, –, Valdemar II ‘Sejr’ of Denmark , , , , and oriental languages and preaching , Valdemar of Sweden –, and rector , Valencia , and scholasticism – and Aragon , , , , , , –, and science –, , scolares , , –, –, , and Muslims , , , – teaching methods – siege () , and vernaculars Vallombrosan Order see also Bologna; Cambridge; Montpellier; Vasilii of Kostroma Oxford University; Paris University vassalage , , – Urban II, Pope , , Veglione, Piero (Pietro Viglione) Urban IV,Pope vendetta , , , , , and Castile Venerabilem (papal bull) and Charles I of Anjou , Venice – and College of Cardinals – and Adrianople , , and Empire and Albania , , , , and Holy Sacrament building and public works – and Mongols , , and Byzantine empire , , – and Portugal and Charles I of Anjou , and Silesia and citizenship urbanisation and coinage and aristocracy , –, –, , and Crete , , , , , , , central Europe and Cyprus as communities – and Dalmatia , , and dissent and doge and patriciate , England and Epiros , ,
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and Fourth Crusade –, , , – Vigna, Piero della , , and Frankish states , villages , , – and Genoa , , , , –, –, Villani, Giovanni growth – Villano, archbishop of Pisa and industries , villeins , – and Inquisition villikatio and Latin empire –, , –, ; and Vincennes, Treaty () Charles I of Anjou , , ; and Greek Vincent of Beauvais population ; and patriarchate , ; Vineam Domini , , and podestà –; and trade , , , Vineam sorec – , –; see also Adrianople; Negroponte Violante (wife of Alfonso X of Castile) , law code Virgin Mary and Morea , Assumption and Nicaea , , devotion to –, , , –, , , and Pisa , , , Visconti, Federico , and politics Visconti, Lamberto – and self-government , Visconti, Matteo , , , , , , and Serbia Visconti, Ottone , , and shipbuilding Visconti, Sigiero and Sicily , , Visconti, Tedaldo see Gregory X, Pope and trade –, , , , , , ; with Visconti, Ubaldo , Anatolia ; with Armenia , ; with Visconti, Ubaldo II , Byzantine empire , , , , ; Visconti family with Cyprus ; with Egypt –, , in Milan , , , , – –, , –; with Epiros ; with in Pisa – Europe , , –; and fairs and in Sardinia –, – markets ; with Far East ; with Il- Viterbo, Treaty () , , , khanate ; with Latin empire , , Vivaldi brothers ; with Levant , , , ; with Vivent, Cathar bishop of Toulouse Maghrib , Vlacho-Bulgarian kingdom see Bulgaria Vercelli, Giovanni di Vladimir Vercelli, Guglielmo di and Aleksandr Nevskii – Verdun, Treaty () and Iur′evichi clan – vernacular –, , and Mongols , , , , and the Bible , , and Orthodox Church and dialects , – and papacy and historiography –, –, Vladimir Vsevolodovich and Latin and Latinisms –, , Volyn see Galicia and Volyn and the law , –, , – Vsevolod Chermnyi of Chernigov – literary – Vsevolod Iur′evich (‘Big Nest’) – literature , , , –, , Vyve-Saint-Bavon truce () and poetry , secular use , Wadi al-Khazindar, battle () in sermons , , , wage labour spoken rural , written –, , urban , Verona Waiblingen see Ghibellines and Catharism , Waldemar of Brandenburg and popolo Waldensians and signori , , , , , –, evangelism , , Veronica, the , plate and Mendicant Orders , , Vicente, Master (Vicentius Hispanus; dean of opposition to , –, , , Lisbon) , , Waldo (Vaudès), Peter Vicenza, and rise of the signori Wales –, Vienne, Council () , and administration – Viglione, Pietro (Piero Veglione) aristocracy , –, ,
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Wales (cont.) William III of Sicily colonisation William IV of Forcalquier and Deheubarth , – William VIII of Montferrat and England , ; Edward I , , , William of Auvergne , –, –, –; Henry III , William de Braose , , , , , –, , ; John , William des Baux, prince of Orange , , – William of Champlitte and Gwynedd , , –, , – William of Dampierre Marcher lords , , , – William of Holland, as king of the Romans , and Perfeddwlad –, , –, , and Powys , – William des Roches Principality –, – William of Rubruck , –, –, see also Dafydd ap Gruffudd; Dafydd ap William of St Amour Llywelyn; Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn; William of Savoy Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; Llywelyn ap William of Scotland, and John of England Iorwerth William of Tudela Waley, Daniel William de Valence Wallace, William wills Walpolt, Arnold and bequests to Mendicants Walter, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury , and parish priest , religious significance Walter of Tournai Wincenty of Kielce Wansbrough, J.E. Winchelsea, Archbishop War of Chioggia (-) Winchester, Statutes wardrobe wine trade , , English , , – and Bordeaux , , Nicaean and Cyprus Wassenburg, battle () and Gascony al-Wathiq, Abu Dabbus, caliph Wit of Poland, St , , al-Wathiq, ruler of Murcia Witelo (scientist) – wealth Wittelsbach dynasty , – and aristocracy , , , – Wittenberg dynasty and crusader states – Wl-adisl-aw II of Poland and maritime republics –, Wl-adisl-aw Laskonogi (Spindleshanks) of Poland and merchants , , , – in rural society Wl-adisl-aw L- okietek of Poland , , Welfs Wl-adysl-aw Odonic of Greater Poland and Flanders women and Hohenstaufen , –, –, , and Mendicant Orders , , , , and monasticism –, , see also Ghibellines; Guelfs; Otto IV and preaching , West Saxon language as recluses Westminster, Statute (II) in urban society –, – Westminster Abbey , , , , –, , , see also beguines plate Woodstock, Treaty () and Edward the Confessor , wool trade , , , , –, , , , Westphalia and Frederick II , , and royal revenues –, and trade woollen industry see cloth industry and Welfs and Hohenstaufen , Worcester, Treaty () , Wettiner dynasty Worringen, battle () Willebriefe , Wright, Roger , n. , William II of Morea see William II of Württemburg dynasty Villehardouin Wykes, Thomas n. , William II the Norman of Sicily , William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea Yaghmurasan Ibn Ziyan , , , –, , , Yahya, qa id of Xàtiva
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Yahya al-Mu tasim az-Zahir Ghazi Yahya Ibn Ghaniya – Zanata Berbers , , Yehuda Ha-Hassid of Regensburg Zara (Zadar) Yemen, Ayyubid control , and Fourth Crusade , , , , York, Treaty () and Venice , Ypres Zayyan (Muslim rebel) , and fairs Zeeland, and Flanders , fortification Zelus fidei and manufacturing , , Zengid dynasty , – and Mendicant Orders Zeno, Ranieri (doge of Venice) and self-government Ziani, Pietro (doge of Venice) , , Yspanus, Nicholas (papal nuncio) Zierikzee, battle () al-Yununi, Qutb al-Din Musa Zips, Treaty () Yusuf II al-Mustansir , Zirids Yves of Narbonne – in Granada , , in Maghrib Zaccaria, Benedetto , , , , Ziyanid dynasty , , Zadar see Zara Zorzi, Marsiglio
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