1356Th Meeting, 9 October 2019 10 Legal Questions
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The Catalan Struggle for Independence
THE CATALAN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE An analysis of the popular support for Catalonia’s secession from Spain Master Thesis Political Science Specialization: International Relations Date: 24.06.2019 Name: Miquel Caruezo (s1006330) Email: [email protected] Supervisor: Dr. Angela Wigger Image Source: Photo by NOTAVANDAL on Unsplash (Free for commercial or non-commercial use) Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Resource Mobilization Theory ...................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 Causal Mechanisms ................................................................................................................ 9 1.1.2 Hypotheses........................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Norm Life Cycle Theory ............................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 Causal Mechanisms ............................................................................................................. -
Catalan in the Classroom: a Language Under Fire Sara Fowler
Catalan in the Classroom: A Language Under Fire Sara Fowler Hawaii Pacific University Abstract This paper describes the role of Spain’s largest minority language, Catalan, in Spanish society, specifically in the classroom. Throughout its history, Catalan has gone through many cycles of oppression and revival. Currently, despite several decades of positive progress in its official role and a growing number of young speakers, Catalan is facing new challenges once again. Some members of the Spanish government believe that the language of instruction in Catalonia should be Castilian, a development which the citizens of Catalonia feel is an attack on their linguistic rights and identity. Catalan is a well-documented example of the tensions which can arise in a country with a minority language or languages. The Catalan case can also serve as a reminder to English teachers that the politics of language are often more complicated than they seem; teachers must be aware of and sensitive to the cultural and political backgrounds of their students. Introduction It is a fact that linguistic boundaries and political borders are not a perfect match; nevertheless, most people associate one language with one country. For example, the name Spain, for many people, brings to mind one language: Spanish. However, Spanish, or “Castilian” as it is more specifically called, is not the only language in Spain. There are 15 languages spoken in Spain—one official language and three other “co-official” languages, the largest of which is Catalan, spoken as a “mother tongue” by approximately nine percent of the population, compared to five percent speakers of Galician and a mere one percent who speak Euskera (Basque) as a mother tongue (Ethnologue, 2014; European Commission, 2006, p. -
Document Downloaded From: the Final Publication Is Available At
Document downloaded from: http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/67539 The final publication is available at: https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00045.tor © John Benjamins Publishing, 2019 The Legal Rights of Aragonese-Speaking Schoolchildren: The Current State of Aragonese Language Teaching in Aragon (Spain) Aragon is an autonomous community within Spain where, historically, three languages are spoken: Aragonese, Catalan, and Castilian Spanish. Both Aragonese and Catalan are minority and minoritised languages within the territory, while Castilian Spanish, the majority language, enjoys total legal protection and legitimation. The fact that we live in the era of the nation-state is crucial for understanding endangered languages in their specific socio-political context. This is why policies at macro-level and micro-level are essential for language maintenance and equality. In this article, we carry out an in-depth analysis of 57 documents: international and national legal documents, education reports, and education curricula. The aims of the paper are: 1) to analyse the current state of Aragonese language teaching in primary education in Aragon, and 2) to suggest solutions and desirable policies to address the passive bilingualism of Aragonese- speaking schoolchildren. We conclude that the linguistic diversity of a trilingual autonomous community is not reflected in the real life situation. There is also a need to Comentado [FG1]: Syntax unclear, meaning ambiguous implement language policies (bottom-up and top-down initiatives) to promote compulsory education in a minoritised language. We therefore propose a linguistic model that capitalises all languages. This study may contribute to research into Aragonese- Comentado [FG2]: Letters can be capitalized, but not languages. -
State Recognition for 'Contested Languages': a Comparative Study Of
Language Policy https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9482-6 ORIGINAL PAPER State recognition for ‘contested languages’: a comparative study of Sardinian and Asturian, 1992–2010 Naomi Wells1 Received: 23 August 2016 / Accepted: 18 June 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract While the idea of a named language as a separate and discrete identity is a politi- cal and social construct, in the cases of Sardinian and Asturian doubts over their respective ‘languageness’ have real material consequences, particularly in relation to language policy decisions at the state level. The Asturian example highlights how its lack of ofcial status means that it is either ignored or subjected to repeated challenges to its status as a language variety deserving of recognition and support, refecting how ‘ofcial language’ in the Spanish context is often understood in prac- tice as synonymous with the theoretically broader category of ‘language’. In con- trast, the recent state recognition of Sardinian speakers as a linguistic minority in Italy (Law 482/1999) illustrates how legal recognition served to overcome exist- ing obstacles to the implementation of regional language policy measures. At the same time, the limited subsequent efects of this Law, particularly in the sphere of education, are a reminder of the shortcomings of top-down policies which fail to engage with the local language practices and attitudes of the communities of speak- ers recognized. The contrastive focus of this article thus acknowledges the continued material consequences of top-down language classifcation, while highlighting its inadequacies as a language policy mechanism which reinforces artifcial distinctions between speech varieties and speakers deserving of recognition. -
Jude Webber & Miquel Strubell I Trueta the CATALAN LANGUAGE
Jude Webber & Miquel Strubell i Trueta THE CATALAN LANGUAGE PROGRESS TOWARDS NORMALISATION 1991 THE ANGLO-CATALAN SOCIETY THE ANGLO-CATALAN SOCIETY OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS No. 1. Salvador Giner. The Social Structure of Catalonia (1980, reprinted 1984) No. 2. Joan Salvat-Papasseit. Selected Poems (1982) No. 3. David Mackay. Modern Architecture in Barcelona (1985) No. 4. Forty Modern Catalan Poems (Homage to Joan Gili) (1987) No. 5. E. Trenc Ballester & Alan Yates. Alexandre de Riquer (1988) No. 6. Salvador Espriu. Primera història d 'Esther with English version by Philip Polack and Introduction by Antoni Turull (1989) No. 7. Jude Webber & Miquel Strubell i Trueta. The Catalan Language: Progress Towards Normalisation (1991) © Jude Webber & Miquel Strubell i Trueta Produced and typeset by Sheffield Academic Press Ltd Printed by BPCC Wheatons Limited, Exeter Cover design by Joan Gili British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Webber, Jude The Catalan language: progress towards normalisation. (The Anglo-Catalan Society occasional publications. ISSN 0144-5863; 7) I. Title II. Strubell, Miguel HI. Series 449.915 ISSN 0144-5863 ISBN 0-9507137-6-7 CONTENTS Preface 7 Acknowledgements 9 Frontispiece Map 10 Introduction 11 I The Historical Perspective 13 II Social, Demographic and Linguistic Perspectives 17 HI Socio-Psychological Perspectives 19 1. Language Consciousness and Attitudes 19 2. Language Speaker Stereotypes 20 3. Ethnolinguistic Identity and Interpersonal Language Behaviour 22 IV The Legal Framework 25 V Institutional Measures 29 VI Education 33 1. Linguistic Normalisation in State Schools 33 2. Catalan Courses for Adults 38 VII Media 41 1. Press 41 2. Television 43 3. Radio 44 4. Book Publishing 45 5. -
277 Languages Are Spoken in Catalan
Plataforma per la Llengua Via Laietana, 48 A. Principal 2a 08009 Barcelona Tel.: 93 321 18 03 [email protected] www.plataforma-llengua.cat Introduction 03 INF The language of Gaudí, Dalí and Miró 07 OR Sociodemographic data 11 Culture and media 19 ME Business and branding 25 CAT Immigration 29 50 FACTS Teaching 33 ABOUT THE CATALAN Justice 39 LANGUAGE Officiality and recognition 41 Internet and new technologies 47 2 3 INF OR ME CAT INTRODUCTION The report you have in your hands offers a picture of the current state of an old European language with a rich literary and cultural tradition and millions of speakers in four different countries. And yet, you probably don’t know much about this language because it has a history of oppression, hostility, and silence. I am referring to Catalan, the language of Barcelona, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. In fact, Catalan is the manifestation of what the Plataforma per la Llengua —the leading, independent Catalan language rights organisation— calls the “Spanish anomaly”, referring to Spain’s poor record as regards the respect for cultural diversity and the protection of linguistic minorities. This anomaly could be summed up like this: Spain contains within its borders the largest language in Europe that does not enjoy full official recognition. Catalan clearly is not a minority language, in terms of either the size of its linguistic community (ca. 10 million speakers) or the spheres in which it used — from business to education, from the media to parliament and local councils. Indeed, it is similar to other middle-sized European languages such as Czech, Danish or Dutch. -
Explaining Variation in the Salience of Catalan Nationalism Across the Spain/France Border
Explaining Variation in the Salience of Catalan Nationalism across the Spain/France Border Laia Balcells i Ventura Yale University (June 2009) 1. Introduction In 1659, the kingdoms of France and Spain signed a peace treaty by which a part of the Spanish territory inhabited by ethnic Catalans became part of France (the Treaty of Pyrenees). Since then, Catalan identity persisted on both sides of the France-Spain border. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries this identity was politicised and was converted into the basis of a nationalist movement that aimed at the political sovereignty of the Catalan nation; in other words, a national identity was created. However, neither in its origins nor today is the salience of this Catalan national identity homogeneous across the boundary: while Catalan national identity is politically and socially relevant in Spanish Catalonia, it is almost non-existent in French Catalonia. In this paper I analyse the historical evolution of the Catalan identity in these two territories, focusing on the pattern of incorporation of this identity into a political ideology: nationalism. My aim is to use this comparison in order to provide new insights in the large debate about the factors explaining Catalan nationalism, which has involved historians, sociologists, political scientists, and anthropologists during decades (e.g. Solé-Tura 1967, Vicen-Vives 1970, Linz 1973, Balcells 1991, Sahlins 1989, Termes 2000, Boix 2002), but where contributions can still be made. This is especially the case given recent theoretical developments in the study of nationalism. The main argument defended in this paper is that the variation in the salience of Catalan national identity in these two regions is explained by the characteristics of the historical processes of spread of mass literacy in France and Spain, namely by the characteristics of the ‘scholastic revolution’ (Darden 2007). -
Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond
Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond Edited by Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen and Mar Garachana Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Languages www.mdpi.com/journal/languages Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond Special Issue Editors Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen Mar Garachana MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen Mar Garachana Utrecht University Barcelona University The Netherlands Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Languages (ISSN 2226-471X) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/languages/ special issues/Lingustics LanguageChange) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-576-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-577-5 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Bob de Jonge. c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors .................................... -
I After Conversion
i After Conversion © García-Arenal, 2016 | doi 10.1163/9789004324329_001 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND License. Mercedes García-Arenal - 978-90-04-32432-9 Downloaded from Brill.com06/07/2019 07:07:11PM via Library of Congress ii Catholic Christendom, 1300–1700 Series Editors Giorgio Caravale, Roma Tre University Ralph Keen, University of Illinois at Chicago J. Christopher Warner, Le Moyne College, Syracuse The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cac Mercedes García-Arenal - 978-90-04-32432-9 Downloaded from Brill.com06/07/2019 07:07:11PM via Library of Congress iii After Conversion Iberia and the Emergence of Modernity Edited by Mercedes García-Arenal LEIDEN | BOSTON Mercedes García-Arenal - 978-90-04-32432-9 Downloaded from Brill.com06/07/2019 07:07:11PM via Library of Congress iv This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/ Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2468-4279 isbn 978-90-04-32431-2 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32432-9 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by the Editor and the Authors. -
An Investigation Into Language and Cultural Planning in the Basque Country
University Of Leeds An Investigation into Language and Cultural Planning in the Basque Country Sarah Browne A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Professional Language and Intercultural Studies 26 August 2015 1 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the efficacy of language and cultural policy in the Basque Country. It explores how Catalonia succeeded in reviving the Catalan language and culture after decades of oppression under General Franco’s dictatorship and whether a similar framework would be suitable for the Basque Country. The weaknesses in the administrative departments of the Basque government are exposed in addition to the inconsistencies of legislation in different Basque Provinces. The central issue concerns a lack of ideological agreement among political parties and members of the community which has hindered progress in increasing the number of speakers of the Basque language and encouraging interest in the Basque culture. The models of language and cultural policy used in Quebec and Wales are used as further comparisons to the Basque Country in order to establish whether it would be appropriate to explore policy outside of the Spanish context. Finally, the conclusion discusses how several separate problems have slowed the development of adequate policy in the Basque Country. 2 Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 1. The Catalan Model…………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 -
Multilingualism in South Africa with a Focus on Kwazulu-Natal and Metropolitan Durban
Multilingualism in South Africa with a focus on KwaZulu-Natal and Metropolitan Durban Peter Broeder Guus Extra Jeanne Maartens Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................ 4 1 Distribution and status of languages in South Africa ................... 7 1.1 The constitutional context .................................................... 7 1.2 Distribution of languages ................................................... 10 1.2.1 Available statistics ................................................... 10 1.2.2 Distribution of languages in South Africa..................... 14 1.2.3 Distribution of languages in KwaZulu-Natal .................. 18 1.3 Status of languages .......................................................... 20 1.3.1 The rise and fall of Afrikaans ..................................... 20 1.3.2 The rise of English .................................................... 26 1.3.3 The status of African languages ................................. 30 1.3.4 The emergence and decline of Indian languages .......... 33 1.4 Conclusions ..................................................................... 36 2 Durban Language Survey ......................................................... 38 2.1 Aims, method, and sample ................................................ 38 2.2 Inventory of languages ....................................................... 44 2.2.1 Home languages ..................................................... -
1239 Meeting, 4 November 2015 10 Legal Questions
1 CM(2015)147 Ministers’ Deputies CM Documents CM(2015)147 22 September 20151 1239 Meeting, 4 November 2015 10 Legal questions 10.2 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages – b. Fourth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of Spain Item to be prepared by the GR-J at its meeting on 13 October 2015 In accordance with Article 16, paragraph 3 of the Charter, the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages submits its fourth report on the application of the Charter in Spain to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. The report contains proposals for recommendations to be addressed by the Committee of Ministers to Spain. The Spanish government has been given the opportunity to comment on the content, in accordance with Article 16, paragraph 3 of the Charter. 1 This document has been classified restricted at the date of issue. In accordance with the Deputies’ decision (CM/Del/Dec(2001)765/10.4), it will be declassified after examination by the Committee of Ministers. CM(2015)147 2 The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provides for a control mechanism to evaluate how the Charter is applied in State Parties with a view to, where necessary, making recommendations for improving their legislation, policy and practices. The central element of this procedure is the Committee of Experts, set up under Article 17 of the Charter. Its principal purpose is to report to the Committee of Ministers on its evaluation of compliance by a Party with its undertakings, to examine the real situation of regional or minority languages in the State and, where appropriate, to encourage the Party to gradually reach a higher level of commitment.