DOCSLIB.ORG

BUILDING a REVOLUTION Chinese Architecture Since 1980

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BUILDING a REVOLUTION Chinese Architecture Since 1980 BUILDING A REVOLUTION Chinese Architecture Since 1980 Charlie Q. L. Xue "' "' :!« '# "' W- ""- • H ONG KO G U NI VE RSI TY PRESS Hong Kong University Press 14/F Hing Wai Centre 7 Tin Wan Praya Road Aberdeen Hong Kong ©Hong Kong University Press 2006 ISBN 962 209 744 8 ~u..u.~i.:;-~i!.Ir~ ~1.Ur~ l:V-.3V All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Secure On-line Ordering http://www.hkupress.org British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Printed and bound by United League Graphic & Printing Co. Ltd., in Hong Kong, China CONTENTS Acknowledgments vi Preface viii Map of China and Highlighced Areas xv Part I Cultural Transformation Chapter I Evaluation Criteria for Contemporary Chinese Architecture 2 Chapter 2 '·National Form·· and Chinese Identity: Burden or Chance? 12 Chapter 3 The Impact oflntemational Architecture 30 Part II City and Dwelling Chapcer 4 Survival Strategies: Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou 50 Chapter 5 Urban Design as a Tool for Better Living 70 Chapter 6 Form Follows Policy: The Evolution of China's Housing 86 Part III Architects and Creations Chapter 7 Portraits of Chinese Architects 104 Chapter 8 Experimental Architecture: The Rising of the Younger Generation 130 Chapter 9 Behind the Building Revolution: Private Practice Unleashed 156 Chapter 10 Chinese Architecrure in the Twenty-first Century: An Epilogue 16-l Appendix l Chronicle of Chinese Architecture Since 1980 171 Appendix fl Architectural Education and Publication 182 Bibliography 191 Illustration Credits 197 Index 199 CHAPTER ONE EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR CONTEMPORARY CHINESE ARCIDTECTURE The c1ite1ia for evaluating architecture are multifaceteJ People's under... tanding of architedure as a symbol of and vary according to the. social and cultural context. in culture bas hecorne increa~ingly innuenced by almost all China and in other countries. aspec1s of society. including aesthetics. re ligion, l t is widely accepted that social l'Ontext has a institutions, and "ocial behavior. As a result. architeclural profoundly impo1iant influence on architecture (Musgrcwe tlesign tends to be diversified: al the same time, the criteria J987: Rapoport L969: Norberg-Schulz. 1975 ). Thi:,, chapter for judgment have become more complicated and varied. analyzes contemporary Chinese architecture from a variety Jn ancieni times, the practice, theory, and evaluation of perspectives, including ideology, culwre, and social of architecture placed greater emphasi" on aesthetic valuel'. based on tradition, economy. the market. and concerns !>UCh a1> !>Cale, proportion, balance, a nd technology. Environmental protection and sust.ainability composition (Pevsner t 976). The Modern Movement and are dis~ussed. as they are global focal points in the twenty­ other ·'-isms" o f' the twentieth cen1ury not only gave futther fir<;t century. Jn this regard, they give new me:rnjng to weight to architectural ontology but also endowed it with traditional aesthetic principles and play a o;pecial role in soc:ial and cultural connotation!>, adding human dimensions the evaluation of architecture. to archi tectural evaluation. By examining the prevailing architectural theorie in Modern nrchitectural movements that emphasi1..e China, thjs chapter po~e~ question1> about various aspects spatial effecrs and "lightness." in contrasr co the load­ of China's architecture and serves as a general survey of bearing walls and heavy forms of' traditional architecture. Chinese architecture today. have created a new set of architectural lerms and language. Thi:. reform has changed both traditional formularions of architecture and way" of looking a t architecrure. In his ARCHITECTURAL EVALUATION: A book Space. Ti111e and Ar1.:hirecl11n.> ( 1941 ). Sigfried RETROSPECTIVE Giedion argued that the concept of space "ihould be regarded as a criterion to judge architecture. Other In hi" The Ten Bnoks 1111 Ar<'hirect111'f:', Vitruvius.. an ancient architects, for example. Bruno Zevi. continued to o;upport Roman military engineer, as~erted that "firmness, and reaflim' the: dominan1 role of the sµatial model in applicability, and delight" are Uic fundamental p1inciples architectural Jt!sign and criticism I 1980). of architecture. He also defined am.l analyzed aspects of In the 1960s. Venturi !-Uggested '·complexity and an:hitectural design. <;uch as site. l)fientation. column order, contradiction in architecture·· ( 1966) as an antidote 10 the scale. and so forth ( 1999). From then on. his theorie~ "munotnnous'' singulaiity of Moderni<;tarchitecture, while became the first set of crite1ia for how to judge architecture. also <1dvocating that popular culture he cited in de'>i.gn Eva1uat1on Criteria for Contemporary Chinese Architecture I 3 critique. Challenging the modernist orthodoxy. this so­ colorful and appealing doctrine. Thi ~ conference had a called postmodern theory represented another significant profound influence upon Chinese architecture. milestone in architectural design and evaluation. From lhen In keeping with the bar~h economic realitit!!l ol' 1he on, Aldo Ro~si conceived "city architecture.. from typology late 1950s. the government enunci:ned the guiding (I 972): Christian Norberg-Schutz put forwnrd principles of China·s architectural design. ~tating thar ir '":i rchitectural phenomenology:· which injected the idea mui.1 be ··functional. economical. and delightful if of ge11im loci into lheOJ'ies of pace. place, and s.ite ( J 980); conditions permit," as well as erving to "create a new and Peter Eisenman devoted himself to the explication of soc iali!>t architectural style in China.'' The principle deconstruction architecture (2003). Geoffrey Broadbent e~sentially conformed to universally accepted evaluation explored the symbolic meaning of architecture from the criteria from the time ofYitruvius through 10 Gropiui; and per pective of semiotic theory. addressing minimalist reflected the economic and financial situation of China iu architecture. which insists on rarefied techniques and thal period. The principle Wa'> adhered to in the com:ision uf space am! materials (] 980). Moreover. constnictiun of the 1960s and is followed even to this day. architectural hi i< torian and theorist Manfredo Tafuri has As far as aesthetics is concerned, the school of the refened to the importance of ideology. poli1ic.:~. and the Beaux Art!. wa3 U1e leading artistic style in those dec:ide~ . economy in architectural critiques ( 1986), whereas Kostof In his artide Beyond ReMl11tin11: Nntcs on Cr111/e111porary understood and demonstrated historical architecture from Chinese Archir~l'lur<' ( 1998). Zhu Jianfei looked at the "rituals and sertings" ( 1985). 1' ubtlc influence Beaux Arts exerted on architectural Among the thoughts aboul architecture mentioned creation. "Despite Lhc political changei. and elaborate above. some are ae~ thcti c explorations of theories of space, ideological theoriLaLion, Lhe Beaux Arts model Lha1 was whereas others analyze the meaning and culcural symbolic introduced in the 1920s had survived and wa now serving influences of architecture in deplh, using the knowledge a new political project". In 1956, Mao Zedong encouraged of '>uch disciplines as philosophy, sociology. and linguistics new ideas in social cultme. arts. and science. wir.h this as reference points. These theories complement. revise. proclaimation: '"Let a hundred flowers blossom and a and extend the original concepts and play an inspiring role hundred schools of thought flourish." However. Mao· · in developing c1iteria for architecture. ideas were not carried out to any signifkant extent in ;1rchi1·ectw·al design during those years when the radical left wing prevailed. CHINA IN THE 1950s TO J970 s: During the 1950s, :ideology. national form. China's POLITICALLY ORIENTED weak economy. and the single Beaux Arb aestheti c model ARCHITEClURAL DESIGN AND formed the criteria for architectural design and evaluation. EVALUATION In the late 1950s. "ten grnnd national projects" in Beijing powerfully embodied the policy-oriented content of Under the constraints of ideology. economy. and t·he social Chinese architecrure. epitomiling the climax of the ~ tyle . !'ystem, architectural cre:nion wa reM1icted to some extent. Constrnction activities stagnated during the years 1966- Chinese archit·ects had to endure ideological and political 7.,i becau'ie of co ntinuou ~ political upheavab .~ pressures that might not have been apparent to ob~ervers in Western countries. In the early 1950!., post-wa r construction wa~ in full FROM 1980 TO THE PRESENT: ... wing in China. With enormous enthusiasm. 1he Chinese ARCHlTECTUREAND SOCIAL people started to rebt1ild their :.ocialist coumry under Mao TRANSFORMATION Zedong·s leadership. Tn 1953. a conference of arc hitect~· as<;ociation~ wa~ held in War!\aw. Poland, at a time when A favorable development occum:d 111 Lhc lale 1970s. ln the whole w0rld wal> under the doud of the Coltl War. 1980. Deng Xiaoping, China·s patriarch after Mau Zetlong, Architects from almost all socialist count1ics anended the issued a st;llement on cO~l.ltruction and housing projects, conference. The panicipants agreed 10 "'oppo e pointing 0u1 thm building construction should be one uf structuralism" simply because slrucruralism wa:­ the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Growing Demand and Challenges Kuang-Ting Huang a Dissertation
    Remaking Chinese Planning as a Profession: Growing Demand and Challenges Kuang-ting Huang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Daniel B Abramson, Chair Jeffrey Hou, Chair Kam Wing Chan Susan H. Whiting Program Authorized to Offer Degree: College of Built Environments University of Washington Abstract Remaking Chinese Planning as a Profession: Growing Demand and Challenges Kuang-ting Huang Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Daniel B. Abramson Department of Urban Design and Planning Associate Professor Jeffrey Hou Department of Landscape Architecture Since China initiated its pro-market reform in 1978, the way Chinese cities are governed has undergone a profound change. Central to such change is the fundamental revival of urban land as economic assets, because of which making plans for future land use has become an increasingly important government function and therefore the practice of urban planning (chengshi guihua) has begun to expand and take shape as a profession. However, with the expansion and professionalization of Chinese planning, there is also a growing criticism against the way urban planning has been developed into a development- and profit-driven profession. This dissertation thus aims to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese planning, through which the key factors causing such contradictory development are identified: First, since the 1994 tax sharing reform, the government at the local level has been put under intense pressure to increase its reliance on land transfer revenue and pursue land development. Increasingly, the role of urban planning has been limited to serving as a tool to facilitate the process, leaving other concerns largely unaddressed.
    [Show full text]
  • MONOGRAPH SERIES Q Società Scientifica Ludovico Quaroni Wu Liangyong
    L’ARCHITETTURA DELLE CITTÀ MONOGRAPH SERIES Q Società Scientifica Ludovico Quaroni Wu Liangyong INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE Foreword by Lucio Valerio Barbera Translations by Anna Irene Del Monaco, Liu Jian, Ying Jin George Michael Riddel, Roberta Tontini Afterword by Anna Irene Del Monaco L’ARCHITETTURA DELLE CITTÀ MONOGRAPHQ SERIES #1 Società Scientifica Ludovico Quaroni EDIZIONI NUOVA CULTURA L’ARCHITETTURA DELLE CITTÀ QMONOGRAPH SERIES #1 Società Scientifica Ludovico Quaroni L’ADC L’architettura delle città. Monograph Series The Journal of Scientific Society Ludovico Quaroni direttore scientifico | managing editor Lucio Valerio Barbera, University of Rome Sapienza comitato scientifico-editoriale| editorial-scientific board Maria Angelini, University of Pescara Luisa Anversa, Sapienza University of Rome Lucio Valerio Barbera, University of Rome Sapienza Yung Ho Chang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, Boston Jean-Louis Cohen, New York University NYU, New York Mario Guido Cusmano, University of Florence Stanley Ira Halley, Catholic University of Washington DC Roberto Maestro, University of Florence Paolo Melis, Sapienza University of Rome Ludovico Micara, University of Pescara Giorgio Muratore, Sapienza University of Rome Attilio Petruccioli, Polytechnic of Bari Richard Plunz, Columbia University in the City of New York Vieri Quilici, University of Roma Tre Daniel Sherer, Columbia University in the City of New York / Yale University Daniel Solomon, University of California UCB, Berkeley Paolo Tombesi, University of Melbourne comitato
    [Show full text]
  • The Coordinative Development in the Capital Region of China?
    Zhai Baohui, Jia, Yuliang; Xu,Qingyun Coordinative development in the capital region China 40th ISoCaRP Congress 2004 A long Way to Go: the coordinative Development in the capital Region of China? Introduction From the analysis of ofgren (2000) we know that many efforts have been concentrated on large metropolitan regions in the Western sphere in a globalized world or giant cities of the developing world (Knox and Taylor, 1995; Sassen, 1991). The main focus has been on competitiveness, as responses to globalization, and urban governance, as a result of this pressure to become more competitive (Gwyndaf, 1999). The routine urban governance has been forced to change from day-to-day managerialism to entrepreneurialism and “boosterism” (Boyle and Hughes, 1994). Lever puts forward five questions to this concern. “Do cities compete? If so, for what do they compete? How do they compete? What are the consequences of competition? And, how do we measure and explain their competitive success?” (ofgren, 2000) To the first question, he identifies two opposing views. One is that cities indeed compete. They compete for mobile investment, population, public funds and large events as such sports and high level meetings. Cities are competing in the ability to create assets that make their local economy thrive. The other is that cities may try to develop favourable conditions for firms, but they are not as such involved in any competition with other cities. It is de facto capital that competes. It is the capital that needs corporate headquarters, financial institutions and markets as well as specialized services, and it is the capital invested in real estate, industrial undertakings, retailing and service.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning in Museums
    ICOM-ITC 2014 Autumn Training Workshop Learning in Museums Oct. 27-Nov. 4, 2014 Beijing, China Table of Content Welcome Address......................................................................................1 Introduction to the Training Workshop.....................................................2 Profile of Lecturers....................................................................................3 Workshop Agenda.........................................................................12 Museum Visit......................................................................................15 Chinese Participants................................................................................27 International Participants........................................................................29 ICOM-ITC Staff......................................................................................31 Useful Information..................................................................................32 Contact Information................................................................................37 Welcome Address Dear lecturers, dear participants, First of all, we would like to welcome you on behalf of ICOM China and the Palace Museum. The proposal of establishing an ICOM International Training Centre for Museum Studies (ICOM-ITC) was put forward in the 22nd General Conference of ICOM in Shanghai in 2010. After three years of planning, ICOM-ITC was founded on July 1, 2013 in the Palace Museum. Up to now, ICOM-ITC has held two training
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Demolition and the Aesthetics of Recent Ruins In
    Urban Demolition and the Aesthetics of Recent Ruins in Experimental Photography from China Xavier Ortells-Nicolau Directors de tesi: Dr. Carles Prado-Fonts i Dr. Joaquín Beltrán Antolín Doctorat en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals Departament de Traducció, Interpretació i d’Estudis de l’Àsia Oriental Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2015 ii 工地不知道从哪天起，我们居住的城市 变成了一片名副其实的大工地 这变形记的场京仿佛一场 反复上演的噩梦，时时光顾失眠着 走到睡乡之前的一刻 就好像门面上悬着一快褪色的招牌 “欢迎光临”，太熟识了 以到于她也真的适应了这种的生活 No sé desde cuándo, la ciudad donde vivimos 比起那些在工地中忙碌的人群 se convirtió en un enorme sitio de obras, digno de ese 她就像一只蜂后，在一间屋子里 nombre, 孵化不知道是什么的后代 este paisaJe metamorfoseado se asemeja a una 哦，写作，生育，繁衍，结果，死去 pesadilla presentada una y otra vez, visitando a menudo el insomnio 但是工地还在运转着，这浩大的工程 de un momento antes de llegar hasta el país del sueño, 简直没有停止的一天，今人绝望 como el descolorido letrero que cuelga en la fachada de 她不得不设想，这能是新一轮 una tienda, 通天塔建造工程：设计师躲在 “honrados por su preferencia”, demasiado familiar, 安全的地下室里，就像卡夫卡的鼹鼠， de modo que para ella también resulta cómodo este modo 或锡安城的心脏，谁在乎呢？ de vida, 多少人满怀信心，一致于信心成了目标 en contraste con la multitud aJetreada que se afana en la 工程质量，完成日期倒成了次要的 obra, 我们这个时代，也许只有偶然性突发性 ella parece una abeja reina, en su cuarto propio, incubando quién sabe qué descendencia. 能够结束一切，不会是“哗”的一声。 Ah, escribir, procrear, multipicarse, dar fruto, morir, pero el sitio de obras sigue operando, este vasto proyecto 周瓒 parece casi no tener fecha de entrega, desesperante, ella debe imaginar, esto es un nuevo proyecto, construir una torre de Babel: los ingenieros escondidos en el sótano de seguridad, como el topo de Kafka o el corazón de Sión, a quién le importa cuánta gente se llenó de confianza, de modo que esa confianza se volvió el fin, la calidad y la fecha de entrega, cosas de importancia secundaria.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Part I: 'Three Thirty-Years'
    Wu Liangyong. An inteview by Lucio Barbera1 WU LIANGYONG Abstract: Wu Liangyong, the Maestro Wu, was interviewed by Lucio Barbera on November 17th 2014 in Beijing at his Tsinghua University office. Wu was asked about his studies, his early and life long professional and academic career. The interview was held the day after the inauguration of the exhibition of Wu’s works at the National Museum in Tienanmen Square, where Lucio Barbera was invited to give a lecture and present the Italian and the English translation of Wu’s book A General Theory of Architecture.2 The following text has been collected as a continuous narration, based on the inteview, which Wu Liangyong has devided in three ‘parts’ or three ‘decades’. The interview is presented by Wu as an anticipation of his next book, an autobiography written upon request of the China Academy of Engineering. Key words: Wu Liangyong, Modern China, Chinese Architecture. Part I: ‘Three Thirty-Years’ If my life can be divided into three or three decades, the first thirty years correspond to my growth, from the birth of my hometown of Nanjing, as well as my family, family background or education, etc., or my studies. I grew up in family with an academic background. My family started off running a satin business, which is a historic industry producing silk clothing. Later due to suffering from slump in the economy of NanJing, the satin business had to close down. At that time, my father, mother, and brother, who was a lecturer at university, paid great attention to foster my character and emphasize my education.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory and Practice of the Science of Human Settlements in China
    DOI: 10.22217/upi.2019.537 Theory and Practice of the Science of Human Settlements in China Written by Mao Qizhi Translated by Ye Qimao Abstract: The science of human settlements is the science that studies the relationship and development between human settlements and their environments. China’s theory and practice of the science of human settlements are one of the landmark achievements of the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up. The article is divided into two parts, the theory and the practice. Part one outlines the origin and development of the science of human settlements in China and its core contents. As its founder of the science of human settlements in China, Wu Liangyong developed and integrated the methods of architecture, urban and rural planning, and landscape architecture. As a result, he provided a theoretical framework for the development of human settlements in urban and rural area as spatially ordered and environment suitable for living. Part two describes the various practice activities around the science of human settlements, from the “Habitat I” to the “Habitat III”, the conferences of the United Nations, from the Habitat Agenda to the New Urban Agenda, the Habitat Movement at home and abroad have closely exchanged and promoted interaction. Under the supervision of Wu Liangyong, the research team of Tsinghua University has adhered to problem-oriented and from the reality of China in the practice. Wu Liangyong with his term has looked consciously for a new “paradigm” for the development of human settlements in urban-rural areas and continued to promote the development of human settlements of progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Ieee Globecom Complete Technical Program Tuesday
    IEEE GLOBECOM COMPLETE TECHNICAL PROGRAM TUESDAY ____________________________________________________________________________________ Tuesday, 7 December 2010 • 10:00 – 11:10 Location: Tuttle South AHSN01: Routing I Chair: Mohamed Eltoweissy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA An Opportunistic Service Differentiation Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks Kiam Cheng How, Maode Ma (Nanyang Technological University, SG) Yang Qin (HIT Shenzhen Graduate School, CN) A New Hybrid Location-based Ad Hoc Routing Protocol Mohammad Al-Rabayah, Robert Malaney (University of New South Wales, AU) A Secure Routing Protocol for Cluster-based Wireless Sensor Networks Using ID-based Digital Signature Huang Lu, Jie Li (University of Tsukuba, JP) Near-Minimum-Energy Routing in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Weiyi (Max) Zhang (North Dakota State University, USA) Xiaojiang Du, Jie Wu (Temple University, USA) Shanaka de Soysa, Yang Liu (North Dakota State University, USA) Tuesday, 7 December 2010 • 10:00 – 11:10 Location: Riverfront North Hall AHSN1P: Topics in Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Mesh Networks I (Poster) Chair: Kai Daniel, TU Dortmund University, Germany Collaborative Sampling in Wireless Sensor Networks Minglei Huang, Yu Hen Hu (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) Network Coding and Service Reneging for Real-Time Communication in Sensor Networks Marc Aoun (Philips Research, NL) Antonios Argyriou (University of Thessaly, GR) PCFG Based Synthetic Mobility Trace Generation Sahin Geyik, Eyuphan Bulut, Boleslaw K Szymanski (Rensselaer Polytechnic
    [Show full text]
  • Research Report
    Research Report Revolutionary History in Stone: The Making of a Chinese National Monument Chang-tai Hung The Monument to the People’s Heroes (Renmin yingxiong jinianbei)in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square was one of the most important new political symbols created in the early days of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The huge granite obelisk, situated along Beijing’s most sacred central north-south axis, commands the vast and austere square – the ritual centre of China’s capital – not only by its imposing presence but also by its centrality. On the surface, the monument was constructed to commemorate those who had sacrificed their lives for the building of a new communist state, echoing what Philippe Arie`s once argued: “Without a monument to the dead, the victory could not be celebrated.”1 But for the Chinese Communists, the building of a giant memorial in the capital’s most sacred space was more than an act of commemoration; it was a cultural production that addressed present political needs: affirming the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), rewriting China’s turbulent history according to a carefully scripted Marxist text, and establishing the regime’s control over the nation’s collective memory. Public art, by implication, embodies the beliefs and aspirations of its patron. As the most notable piece of public art created by the PRC, the monument is essentially a CCP manifesto carved in stone.2 The construction of memorials to commemorate past heroes and those killed in wars is, of course, not unique to China. The French Revolution resulted in a proliferation of temples and monuments in honour of the common soldiers who died for la patrie.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Writing on Disappearing Alleyways and Courtyard Houses, Beijing, 1950-2008
    Urban Writing on Disappearing Alleyways and Courtyard Houses, Beijing, 1950-2008 by Yanfei Li A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Yanfei Li 2018 Urban Writing on Disappearing Alleyways and Courtyard Houses, Beijing, 1950-2008 Yanfei Li Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 2018 Abstract Beijing has transformed tremendously in the recent four decades, and the decline of the signature residential space, alleyways and courtyard houses, is at the center of social and cultural debates. For some, it is an outcome of a profit-driven real estate market that favours international capital rather than local communities. For others, marketization and globalization have otherwise created a niche for the gentrified and commercialized vernacular space as a cultural selling point of Chineseness. This project poses the question differently: what is the role of the cultural intermediaries in this picture of decline with the market and capital on the one hand and the physical changes on the other? This project investigates the cultural intermediaries formed by the architectural trends, planning thoughts, policy tendencies, and heritage system that the capital and market depend on to concretely shape the cityscape. Focusing on multiple genres of texts in urban writing from the 1950s to the 2010s, this project examines them through metaphors. Urban amnesia reveals an architectural forgetting system that marginalizes alleyways and courtyard houses in the fifty years of architectural discourse. City tank provides a cautious approach to housing, land, and demolition and relocation policies that demonstrates how difficult it is for the vernacular space users to cultivate a long-lasting connection with their living environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Chen Zhengxiang. Cultural Geography of China. Beijing: Joint Publishing Co., 1983. Collected by the Garden Bureau of Beijing Dongcheng District. General Investigations of Beijing Fair Documents. Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2002. E. Saarineen. City: Its Development, Declining and Future, translated by Gu Qiyuan. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1986. Feng Tianyu, etc. Cultural History of China. Shanghai: People’s Publishing House, 1991. Feng Youlan. A Newly Compiled History of Chinese Philosophy. Shanghai: People’s Publishing House, 1986. Franz Boas. Primitive Art. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 1989. Fu Chonglan. Cities Along the Great Wall. Hong Kong: Oriental Press, 1990. Fu Chonglan. Qufu City and Chinese Confucianism. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 2003. Fu Chonglan. The History of Lhasa. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1994. Fu Chonglan. Urban Individual Character. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2003. Fu Chonglan. Urban Planning Construction at the Turn of the Centuries. Beijing: Science Press, 1991. Fu Chonglan, Chen Guangting & Dong Liming. Problem Report of Chinese Urban Development. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 2003. Gu Yanwu (Qing dynasty). Notes on the Residence of the Capital Throughout the Past Dynasties. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984. © Social Sciences Academic Press 2019 361 C. Fu and W. Cao, Introduction to the Urban History of China, China Connections, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8207-9 362 BIBLIOGRAPHY Gu Zhun. The Greek System of City State. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1979. H. Blij. Geography: Realms, Regions and Concepts, 7th edition. New York: Wiley, 1994. He Yeju. Chinese History of Ancient Urban Planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Garden, Power, and the Other: the Cultural Politics of the Dr.Sun Yat Sen Garden
    Garden, Power, and the Other: The Cultural Politics of the Dr.Sun Yat Sen Garden By Dongyang Liu A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Studies University of Manitoba @ Copyright by Dongyang Liu, 1994 N€t¡onal Liþrary Bibliothèque nat¡onale l*l du Canada Acqu¡sitions and Direction des acquisit¡ons et B¡bliographic Services Branch des services bibliograph¡ques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellinglon Onawa, Ontario Otlâwa (Onlario) K1A ON4 K1AON4 The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrévocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-315-92322-9 C¡nadä ¡to. Þ1,ttt,ttîtLot L,u O¡*r¿ ose select ihe one sub¡ect which most neorly describes the content of your disserlolion.
    [Show full text]