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Sustainability, Culture and Progress Lessons from Vernacular Architecture

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Sustainability, Culture and Progress Lessons from Vernacular Architecture Sustainability, Culture and Progress Lessons from Vernacular Architecture Mengbi Li A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Prof. Xing Ruan, Dr. Scott Hawken, A/Prof. Harry Margalit Faculty of Built Environment February 2018 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date ……………………………………………........................... AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date ……………………………………………........................... Acknowledgements It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge those who have contributed to my thesis in so many ways. Without their help, it could not have been accomplished. I am fortunate enough to have three of the most conscientious and knowledgeable supervisors. First, I want to thank my main supervisor Prof. Xing Ruan. During my PhD studies, Prof. Ruan taught me almost every aspect of life as a scholar, from conducting research to presenting findings. For this I am deeply grateful. His thought-provoking comments and suggestions always challenged and inspired me to think further and work harder on my thesis. Without his tireless guidance and continuous encouragement, I would not have found myself able to persevere and complete this challenging yet exciting research project. Second, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Scott Hawken and Associate Prof. Harry Margalit. Dr. Hawken spent countless time and effort on revising and polishing the various versions of my thesis. He was always willing to share his expert ideas and offer me constructive feedback. Associate Prof. Margalit showed great kindness as a supervisor in always making himself available to help, especially in the first and final year of my PhD study. I am indebted to Dr. Dijana Alić and Dr. Maryam Gusheh for their insightful comments. I want to thank Prof. Bruce Judd for his encouragement in my first international conference. I am grateful to Dr. Jiawen Han, Dr. John Blair, Mr. Louis Thevenin, and Ms. Marini Samaratunga for their professional and academic support in my research. My gratitude also goes to Prof. Jiang Gaochen, Prof. Wang Dong, Prof. Zhu Liangwen, Prof. Tang Xiaoxiang, Prof. Yang Dayu, Associate Prof. He Yin and Prof. Cun Yunji for their selfless help. I also want to thank my wonderful PhD colleagues in the Faculty of Built Environment, who have made my life at UNSW so enjoyable and memorable. Dr. Judith O’Callaghan and Ms Suzie Scandurra deserve my sincere gratitude for their excellent administrative support. The University of New South Wales has offered me various forms of support, including a generous living stipend, a well-resourced library, and an excellent night-escort service. I also want to thank the Chinese i government for awarding me the prestigious 2015 Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-financed Students Abroad. I am grateful to the villagers, local scholars and craftsmen of Nuodeng Village, Shaxi Village, Baisha Village and Ninglang Village for their generous hospitality and informative insights during my fieldwork in 2013 and 2015. I am grateful to the Suna & İnan Kıraç Kaleiçi Museum, Dali Museum, Lijiang Museum, Foundation Le Corbusier and Barragán Foundation for providing me with valuable information and materials. Last but not least, I owe my dear husband a special debt of gratitude for being so caring and understanding during this long period. I have been keeping a routine of long-day work till midnight for nearly every day and most of my weekends were also occupied by my PhD studies. Despite this, my husband always shows me greatest understanding and support. My parents and grandparents always provided me with strong spiritual support. The best lesson I got from them is a strong belief in persistent endeavour and hardworking. They have set an example for me with their life and attitude. My grandma looked after me for a long time when I was a child, so we had been keeping a special emotional tie. Although she became very sick during my PhD years, she had always tried to be the person who could offer me the strongest support and encouragement. Unfortunately, my grandma could not wait any longer and she passed away just before my final round of submission. I wish she could hear my apology for not being able to complete this thesis earlier. However, I believe at least she could see that I have honestly devoted these years of my life to this one thing I truly love. This thesis is dedicated to my grandma. ii Abstract The modern ideology of progress emphasises material change and visual improvement, particularly in modern architecture which emphasises that new forms must be invented to reflect changing times and fashions. This conceptual approach to architecture rests on preconceptions that renewed architectural fashion can boost consumption and contribute to economic growth. Such an approach requires a large amount of resources and energy as well as a disregard for cultural continuity. At a time when low-carbon living and sustainability are the primary concerns for the future of our planet, it is therefore necessary to rethink concepts of progress which prioritize consumption and gratuitous material change. This thesis investigates the cultural significance of the largely stable material nature of China’s pre-modern vernacular architecture in relation to notions of progress and sustainability. It does this in three ways. First, rather than seeking physical change, the evolution of pre-modern Chinese architecture manifested the potency of the renewal of intangible heritage. Second, intangible cultural traditions were linked with architecture through a process of collective design and construction. Through particularly ethical and moral building processes, the free pursuit of architectural novelty was limited. Third, pre-modern Chinese cultural characteristics such as ancestor worship and animism illustrated why architectural forms remained stable and were sustained in pre-modern China. Through ancestor worship and animism, pre-modern society tended to look to history and the natural environment for guidance rather than pursuing material novelty. To better gain an understanding of architectural change and progress and the distinctive lessons of vernacular architecture, the thesis also investigates selected cases of modern architecture in each chapter. This thesis reveals a particular conundrum—that is, the enthusiasm of some modern architects in vernacular architecture and the past, and their obligation to be modernist ideals and progress. Detailed and critical analysis is undertaken to explore the lessons learned as well as creative misinterpretations of these lessons. iii In conclusion, this study suggests that the potential stability of built forms and dynamism of the spirit of the time are not necessarily mutually exclusive. In architecture ‘progress’ is more than an improvement based on physical change and includes intangible cultural change. The capacity to sustain and renew the past is also a type of progress. This thesis then argues for collectiveness, history and affinity with nature as central to redefining progress for a more sustainable modern architecture. iv Table of Contents Table of Contents.................................................................................................. v List of Figures ...................................................................................................... vii 1 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................
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