eCAADe 2021 Towards a New, Configurable Architecture Volume 2 Editors Vesna Stojaković, Bojan Tepavčević, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences 1st Edition, September 2021 Towards a New, Configurable Architecture - Proceedings of the 39th International Hybrid Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8-10th September 2021, Volume 2. Edited by Vesna Stojaković and Bojan Tepavčević. Brussels: Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, Belgium / Novi Sad: Digital Design Center, University of Novi Sad. Legal Depot D/2021/14982/02 ISBN 978-94-91207-23-5 (volume 2), Publisher eCAADe (Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe) ISBN 978-86-6022-359-5 (volume 2), Publisher FTN (Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia) ISSN 2684-1843 Cover Design Vesna Stojaković Printed by: GRID, Faculty of Technical Sciences All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be produced, stored in computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authors are responsible for all pictures, contents and copyright-related issues in their own paper(s). ii | eCAADe 39 - Volume 2 eCAADe 2021 Towards a New, Configurable Architecture Volume 2 Proceedings The 39th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe Hybrid Conference 8th-10th September 2021 Novi Sad, Serbia Faculty of Technical Sciences University of Novi Sad Edited by Vesna Stojaković Bojan Tepavčević Volume 2 - eCAADe 39 | iii ORGANIZATION SPONSORS Silver sponsor Bronze sponsor SUPPORTED BY TECHNICAL SUPPORT eCAADe SPECIAL SUPPORT OpenConf (Martin Winchester) ProceeDings (Gabriel Wurzer, Wolfgang Lorenz, Bob Martens, Bojan Tepavčević, Vesna Stojaković) CuminCAD (Bob Martens, Tomo Cerovsek) Voting System (Martin Winchester) FTN SPECIAL SUPPORT Registration System (Dimitrije Nikolić) Webpage (Marko Vučić) IT support (Igor Zečević, Rade Lučić) iv | eCAADe 39 - Volume 2 PREFACE This is the first of two volumes, of the 39th eCAADe Proceedings, held as a hybrid event, from 8-10 September 2021 at the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia. The two volumes together contain 117 accepted papers. All papers are also available digitally at CumInCAD (Cumulative Index of Computer Aided Architectural Design) – http://papers.cumincad.org Theme “The problem of the house is a problem of the epoch. The equilibrium of society today depends upon it. Architecture has for its first duty, in this period of renewal, that of bringing about a revision of values, a revision of the constituent elements of the house.” Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 1923 Context Almost a hundred years after the first edition of the book “Towards a New Architecture”, the problem of architecture in the age of the Industrial Revolution is relevant again. A century ago Le Corbusier advocated for a new concept of architecture based on engineering logic of the Second Industrial Revolution and mass production. At the end of the 20th century, the Third Industrial Revolution brought a digital turn in architecture, reshaping the way of thinking and making. Today, industrial revolution is already changing architecture before our eyes towards a new, configurable architecture. Volume 1 - eCAADe 39 | v How we can describe the notion of configuration in architecture? The notion of configuration can be described as a relative arrangement of elements in a particular system, form, figure, or other formations. Configuration represents the essence of the design process. The configurable architecture may include a process of abstract thinking through design and exploitation. It can be considered from different perspectives such as design analysis and critical thinking, creative process, digital fabrication, computational design, responsive architecture and environments, material-based design, autonomous assembly or interactive design visualization. We are already witnessing the application of configurable products in other engineering disciplines that allow end users to participate in the design process and personalize products. How will the architecture in the 21st century respond to the challenges of a new configurable approach to design production and collaboration in the following years? From mass-customization toward mass-personalization, configurable architecture is seeking for an answer to how architecture will adjust to habitual behavior of their users in the 21st century. What are the new lessons for architects in this new age, age of mass-customization? How parametric tools can enable every person to participate in the design process? What are the new tools for the design collaboration in architecture? “Towards a new configurable architecture” critically questions the notion of configuration in architecture and how it can be applied to rethinking architectural ideas, design process, representation, fabrication and utilization process. vi | eCAADe 39 - Volume 1 In order to specifically address some of the questions above, we have invited researchers, professors, experts and students to discuss topics such as: Computational design Rule based systems and shape grammar Building Information Modeling CAAD and education CAAD, creativity and design thinking models Smart cities, city modeling and GIS Digital fabrication and robotics Mass customization in design Digital representation and visualization VR, AR and interactive visualization Agent-based modeling and machine learning in design Simulation, prediction and evaluation in design Structure optimization and material-based design Bionics, bioprinting, living materials Collaborative, participative or responsive design Digital design for sustainable buildings Performance based design Digital heritage The first volume of the proceedings contains 58 papers while the second volume contains 59 papers. In addition to the accepted papers, the first volume is preceded by Keynote papers including keynote speakers' contributions concerning the themes of their keynote lectures and the workshops organized the days before the Conference. eCAADe 2021 conference chairs Vesna Stojaković & Bojan Tepavčević Volume 1 - eCAADe 39 | vii viii | eCAADe 39 - Volume 1 FOREWORD - eCAADe2021 Dear eCAADe friends, The first eCAADe Hybrid conference Novi Sad 2021 “Towards a new configurable architecture” invites ‘academicians, researchers, professionals and students to address how problem-formations in architecture, will be defined within the long lasting conditions (loss of valuable natural resources, construction waste, energy consumption, ect) that generate existence threatening problems for the planet earth and calls for the urgent action. This year, our community was exited to meet with this challenging conference theme in city of Novi Sad for the 39th eCAADe conference in Europe. However, with still existing global crises, due to Covid outbreak, a joint decision was made to organize eCAADe 2021 Novi Sad conference in a Hybrid mode. The deep spirit of cooperation, and commitment of Novi Sad organization team gave a life to the eCAADe 2021 Hybrid Novi SAD Conference. The theme “Towards a new configurable architecture” critically questions the notion of configuration in architecture and how it can be applied to rethinking architectural ideas, design process, representation, fabrication and utilisation process by seeing architecture in a particular way in which architecture system’s components or services and their connectors or bindings are composed and structured into the resulting building system. A conventional architecture design and construction is characterized by tightly coupled components, that are not configurable, modifiable, and reusable without harming the actual building system and generating construction waste. As a result, the AEC sector uses the most resources and generates the most waste that harms the planet earth. This year’s conference theme “Towards a new configurable architecture” that addresses these issue’s within the frame work of eCAADe conference subjects is aligned with the Europe’s “Circular Economy Action Plan for a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe”. Volume 1 - eCAADe 39 | ix Architecture by developing affinities and collaborations through multi- disciplinary, multi-scalar, and multi-centered approaches can transform the present and future condition of the Earth System. eCAADe conference is a unique environment for transforming tracks of thought by providing platforms for multi-disciplinary knowledge sharing. I’m looking forward to discussing these and other relevant issues in Novi Sad in physical and online environment. The World PhD Workshop 2021, that is linked to Ecaade Novi Sad PhD workshop is aimed to build togetherness and collaboration among young researchers of sister organizations, of ACADIA, SiGradi, CAADRIA, ASCAD and eCAADe, will be held online at the 6th-7th-8th of December at Federal University of Juiz De Fora. The workshop provides an opportunity for young researchers of our communities to collaborate, to experience how PhD studies are conducted in various schools across the world, and gives an opportunity to meet with prominent researchers in the Architecture and Computing field. I would like to thank to Novi Sad organization team who made eCAADe 2021 Hybrid conference event possible in this