Rock Art of New England Barbara Anderson Calogero 1

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

BULLETIN 46, 1983

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ARTICLES

The Fastener Site: A New Look at Lucianne Lavin and 15 the Archaic-Woodland Transition Bert Salwen in the Lower Housatonic Valley

Bashan Lake: 4500 Years of Prehistory John E. Pfeiffer 45

Terminal Archaic Settlement- Sub- Peter Pagoulatos 55 sistence Patterns in the Lower Connecticut River Valley: A Series of Testable Hypotheses

BOOK REVIEWS

The Vail Site: A Palaeo-Indian Roger W. Moeller 63 Encampment in Maine by R.M. Gramly

Quartz Technology in Prehistoric Kevin A. McBride 69 New England by Russell Barber

RECENT PUBLICATIONS 72

ASC MEMBERS 1983-1984 73 ROCK ART OF NEW ENGLAND

Barbara Anderson Calogero

"In olden times there Grant 1967). This raises the problem used to be an object that of explaining the geography of rock art marked the bowlders at in North America. To answer the ques- night. It could be seen, tion of why rock art is commonly found but its exact shape was throughout the United States and not indistinct. It would work in New England, we must first assess making sounds like hammer- the nature of rock art distribution. ing and occasionally emit a light similar to that of The Geography of Rock Art a firefly. After finish- ing its work it would give Clusters of rock art sites have been one hearty laugh like a found along major rivers and their drain- woman laughing and then age networks as well as along the coast- disappear. The next morn- lines of New England and southern Cal- ing the Indians would find ifornia. Clusters are also noted at another pictured bowlder the confluence of the Mississippi and in the vicinity where the Missouri Rivers, with the greatest re- object had been seen the ported concentrations in southwest night previous" (An Indian Texas, the Colorado Plateau, the Great tale from Minnesota cited Basin, and west into southern Californ- by Mallery 1893:32). ia (Grant 1967:17). Pictographs, or paintings on rock, Some rock art has been found in iso- and petroglyphs, pecked or incised lated areas away from habitation sites grooves in rock, have been found on while other markings are in the context boulders and the walls of cliffs of campsites, pueblos, and cliff dwell- and caves on every continent (Mal- ings. It is often difficult to ~eter- lery 1893:31). In the United mine how the artists might have climbed States, both petroglyphs and pic- the rock walls to make marks 30 to 40 tographs have been found in almost feet above the canyon floor or lake every state and are especially (Steward 1927-30:78). Kidder and abundant in the Southwest. In New Guernsey (1919:197) reported that some England, however, aside from one could only have been made if the artists presumably historic pictograph in had stood on the rooftops of the cliff- Salem, Massachusetts (Gramly 1979: houses now long since collapsed into 113), there are no reported picto- rubble. One site near Las Vegas, Nevada, graphs and very few known petro- was reported to be in a canyon with a glyphs (Mallery 1893; Tatum 1946; 500 foot wall which the informant said was covered with inscriptions from top to bottom for two miles along the canyon The author has a B.S. in (Lodwick 1924, cited by Steward 1927-30: Nursing from the University 147). of Michigan and a Bachelor Southwestern site reports indicate of Fine Arts from the University that the artists utilized the surfaces of Hartford. Her work as an artist of most types of rock including sandstone, led to the study of local history granite, basalt, quartz, and lava flows, and prehistory in West Hartford. with a preference for fine-grained rock She has recently completed a M.A. (Steward 1927-30:74). However, in the in Anthropology at the University Great Lakes region of Canada, where rock of Connecticut. paintings predominate, there seems to be

1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

no pattern of choice between rough his aboriginal informant disagreed, say- or smooth-grained rock surfaces upon ing that it was only a record of a suc- which the aboriginal pictographs cessful hunt (Mountford 1949:89). Ac- are found (Dewdney and Kidd 1967: cording to the Aborigines no rock art is 16,141,157). used for hunting magic (McCarthy 1965:90). In the Southwest, petroglyphs were Elkin (1954:230) reported that in often made on oxidized rock which pro- the Kimberly District of Western Austral- vided a brown-or black-stained sur- ia, there were cave gallery paintings of face known as "desert varnish." tribal cult heroes called the "Wondjina" Pecking through the manganese and which are large figures with eyes and ferric oxides exposed a contrasting noses but no mouths because they are con- lighter surface underneath which the sidered to be now lifeless and speechless. artists used to delineate the lines Each clan had its own ''Wondjina''gal- and forms (Grant 1967:43-44). leries with clan animal totems all of which are the responsibility of the clan Rock Art Production to refurbish (Elkin 1964:15). The Aborigines believe that the act Aboriginal petroglyphs were made of painting is more important than the by pecking, scratching, or abrading visual result. ~larking over another pic- into the host stone with a rock and, tograph does not negate the power of the after European contact, with metal first. To retouch or refurbish a "Wond- tools. Pictographs were made by jina" figure is believed to bring rain daubing on paint with brushes probably and to repaint animal figures supposedly made from bark or plant fibers or with ensures the increase of the species the artist's fingertips. Some paint (Elkin 1964:15). appears to have been blown or sprayed Pictographs often recorded special onto the rock walls where "stencils" events and remained as historical of multiple handprints appear (Grant records. Silhouette paintings of men 1967:54). on camels and in jeeps recorded the in- For painting, red and yellow ochres, vasion of foreigners into the territory kaolin clay, charcoal and other pig- of Western Australia. One wall draw- ments were mixed with binders such as ing of a man walking beside a bicycle fats (Mountford 1949:87), or possibly may have been the last record of an ad- with fish glue or saliva (Dewdney and venturer who had attempted to cycle Kidd 1967:21,22). In Europe, in lime- across Australia shortly after World stone caves, the fat binders believed War I, but disappeared (Tindale 1972: to have been used apparently blocked 240,241) • the pores of the rock and preserved In North America, Indian informants the paintings by preventing precipi- have interpreted rock markings as maps, tates of calcium carbonate from form- notices of a group's location, the ing on the painted surfaces (Burkitt direction a group has gone, the condi- 1963:186) • tion of a group, a warning, or simply Comparative ethnography is of some a record of a visit such as the Hopi help to us in understanding why people clan inscriptions made on a particular might have made marks on rocks. In rock each time a clan member visited Australia, Mountford found what he as- the nearest salt source. In the South- sumed to be a complete depiction of an west, such marks were drawn on rock emu hunt involving sympathetic magic on faces; however, in the East, similar a cave wall at Ayers Rock. However, markings were made on trees, bark rolls,

2 CALOGERO: ROCK ART OF NEI' ENGLAND

animal hides, and on the ground bon whi~h has been radiocarbon dated (Mallery 1893). to 9180-135 B.P. (Smith and Turner 1975: Around the Great Lakes Region of 24-27) • Ontario, Ojibwa informants related the numerous pictographs to shamanistic American Rock Art practices and to the belief in the rock monster, Maymaygwayshi, who they The cornerstone of American rock art believed lived inside the crevasses research has been the Smithsonian Insti- of the rock walls along the waterways. tution's 1893 publication of "Indian Some shamans were believed to be so Picture-Writing" directed by Colonel powerful that they were able to go in- Garrick Mallery. Another significant side the rocks to trade tobacco for study was directed by Julian Steward in "rock medicine" from the monster. At the 1920's in the southwestern United many pictograph sites Dewdney found States (1927-30). His study was the offerings of clothing, tobacco, and first comparative analysis of rock art "prayer sticks" left by Indians who types and styles (Tatum 1946:122). still believe in the power of the pic- In the Northeast, it is quite likely tures even though they claim not to that not all rock art has been reported, know or will not admit to knowing who but a large body of published data does made them (Dewdney and Kidd 1967:14). exist for this region. Research along Pennsylvania's three major rivers was Dating Rock Art begun in the 1930's by Cadzow (1934), and continued by Swauger (1961) of the Not only are we uncertain about the Carnegie Museum. New England rock art intended meaning of the rock marks and researchers include Stiles (1789), the identity of the artists but also we Delabarre (1925), Turnbaugh (1977), rarely can determine when they were Gramly (1979), Lenik (1980), and Snow made. European Paleolithic rock art (1980) • has been dated by association with Robert Tatum (1946:122) reviewed portable art found in situ with dat- American research in petrography and able material. Also, comparable art presented the most complete summary of styles are considered to be contem- rock art locations in the Northeast. He poraneous (Burkitt 1963:168,169). At suggested that rock art was largely ig- the Lascaux Cave, charcoal found with nored in American anthropology because stone lamps believed to have been used of lack of interest by researchers by the artists to illuminate the cave trained at eastern institutions where has been radiocarbon dated to ca. little local rock art existed. Tatum 15,000 B.C. (Leroi-Gourhan 1983:103). catalogued the number of sites in each There are other ways to estimate the of the then 48 states noting the fol- age of the rock marks, but the only lowing: direct method is done on travertine ...the regions with the greatest lime deposits called tufa. In South- number of rock exposures have ern California, petroglyphs were the greatest number of petro- carved into the tufa along the shores glyphs .... The scarcity of sites of post-Pleistocene Lake Cahuilla now in the east is no doubt due to the the remnant Salton Sea. When the lack of suitable terrain, as we water levels fluctuated, more tufa was find numerous drawings on bone and deposited over the carvings. The tufa other articles (Tatum 1946:123). has a carbonate ion with organic car- Tatum's table of rock art sites indi-

3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

cated that there were indeed few re- ed meeting place. The rock carvings are ported in the Northeast. No rock art now submerged due to damming of the was reported for Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut River at Vernon. Connecticut, or New Hampshire. Maine In Massachusetts, the 20 petroglyphs had 5, Massachusetts 20, Rhode Island noted by Tatum may have included marked 10, Vermont 3, New York 20, and Penn- rocks on Cape Cod which appear to have sylvania 35 (Tatum 1946:124). Many been used for grinding seeds and for of these figures have since changed, honing tools (Torrey 1952:19-67). How- but are still comparatively low. ever, Dighton Rock, which was originally The five Maine sites are in the located just offshore in the Taunton North along rivers near river mouths, River is, indeed, covered with inscrip- or along the coast where some sites tions both historic and probably prehis- are below the water line even at low toric (Delabarre 1925:51) (Figure 2). tide (Mallery 1893:82). Snow (1970:7) Dighton Rock has been a source of believes that because of the slow iso- controversy ever since its discovery. static rebound of the Maine coast fol- The earliest known drawing of the Dighton lowing deglaciation, the petroglyphs Rock inscriptions was made by John Dan- are not more than 7000 years old. forth in 1680, followed by Cotton Mather's According to Tatum (1946:124) New rendition in 1712 (Mallery 1893:86,763). Hampshire had no recorded rock art The Bureau of American Ethnology pub- nor could he find anyon-going research lished nine drawings by different people or informants. This is extremely sur- of the rock marks which clearly demon- prising for an area famous for its strate great variety in perception and fine-grained granite. interpretation (Mallery l893:Plate 54). Vermont has three reported petro- More than 600 books and articles glyphs. One is a pecked hand glyph about Dighton Rock have been written in northern Vermont (Thomas 1983: speculating on the significance of the pers.commun.). The second is along inscriptions. Some have deciphered the the Connecticut River in southern Ver- name and date ''MiguelCorte Real 1511" mont. Faces carved into the fine- (Delabarre 1925:53,54). Real is be- grained granite bedrock just below lieved to have been a Portuguese ex- Bellows Falls are about 15 feet above plorer who sailed for the New World to the rolling water known historically look for his lost brother. Neither for its shad and salmon runs (Figures returned to Portugal. This had led to la,b). speculation that the Portuguese were The other site is in Brattleboro, the first to settle the New World at the confluence of the Connecticut (da Silva 1971:55). and West Rivers (Hall, cited by Huden In 1886, Mallery (1893:87-88) 1971:39). The latter previously known found that the inscriptions were being as the Wantastiquet was an important worn away by the tourists who scrubbed transportation route for the Abenaki off the daily tidal deposition of sand. Indians who traded beaver pelts with The rock has since been moved ashore the Dutch and English colonists down- to a shelter. river along the Connecticut (Thomas Delabarre (1925:72) described 17 1973:27). The petroglyphs are located Rhode Island petroglyphs most of which according to Hall (cited by Huden 1971: were found along the shores of rivers 39) on the southern side of the West and bays. Recently, Turnbaugh (1977: River where the eddying waters might 117) reported a petroglyph (Figure 3) have provided a convenient and shelter- of a pecked hand on a large granite

4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

cated that there were indeed few re- ed meeting place. The rock carvings are ported in the Northeast. No rock art now submerged due to damming of the was reported for Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut River at Vernon. Connecticut, or New Hampshire. Maine In Massachusetts, the 20 petroglyphs had 5, Massachusetts 20, Rhode Island noted by Tatum may have included marked 10, Vermont 3, New York 20, and Penn- rocks on Cape Cod which appear to have sylvania 35 (Tatum 1946:124). Many been used for grinding seeds and for of these figures have since changed, honing tools (Torrey 1952:19-67). How- but are still comparatively low. ever, Dighton Rock, which was originally The five Maine sites are in the located just offshore in the Taunton North along rivers near river mouths, River is, indeed, covered with inscrip- or along the coast where some sites tions both historic and probably prehis- are below the water line even at low toric (Delabarre 1925:51) (Figure 2). tide (Mallery 1893:82). Snow (1970:7) Dighton Rock has been a source of believes that because of the slow iso- controversy ever since its discovery. static rebound of the Maine coast fol- The earliest known drawing of the Dighton lowing deglaciation, the petroglyphs Rock inscriptions was made by John Dan- are not more than 7000 years old. forth in 1680, followed by Cotton Mather's According to Tatum (1946:124) New rendition in 1712 (Mallery 1893:86,763). Hampshire had no recorded rock art The Bureau of American Ethnology pub- nor could he find anyon-going research lished nine drawings by different people or informants. This is extremely sur- of the rock marks Which clearly demon- prising for an area famous for its strate great variety in perception and fine-grained granite. interpretation (Mallery l893:Plate 54). Vermont has three reported petro- More than 600 books and articles glyphs. One is a pecked hand glyph about Dighton Rock have been written in northern Vermont (Thomas 1983: speculating on the significance of the pers.commun.). The second is along inscriptions. Some have deciphered the the Connecticut River in southern Ver- name and date ''MiguelCorte Real 1511" mont. Faces carved into the fine- (Delabarre 1925:53,54). Real is be- grained granite bedrock just below lieved to have been a Portuguese ex- Bellows Falls are about 15 feet above plorer who sailed for the New World to the rolling water known historically look for his lost brother. Neither for its shad and salmon runs (Figures returned to Portugal. This had led to la,b). speculation that the Portuguese were The other site is in Brattleboro, the first to settle the New World at the confluence of the Connecticut (da Silva 1971:55). and West Rivers (Hall, cited by Huden In 1886, Mallery (1893:87-88) 1971:39). The latter previously known found that the inscriptions were being as the Wantastiquet was an important worn away by the tourists who scrubbed transportation route for the Abenaki off the daily tidal deposition of sand. Indians who traded beaver pelts with The rock has since been moved ashore the Dutch and English colonists down- to a shelter. river along the Connecticut (Thomas Delabarre (1925:72) described 17 1973:27). The petroglyphs are located Rhode Island petroglyphs most of Which according to Hall (cited by Huden 1971: were found along the shores of rivers 39) on the southern side of the West and bays. Recently, Turnbaugh (1977: River where the eddying waters might 117) reported a petroglyph (Figure 3) have provided a convenient and shelter- of a pecked hand on a large granite

4 CALOGERO: ROCK ART OF NEW ENGLAND

Figure lao Portions of the petroglyphs at Bellows Falls, Vermont. Others are obscured by snow and rockfalls. (2 meters across) (Photograph by B. Calogero)

Figure lb. More faces from Bellows Falls

5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Figure 2. Dighton Rock, Massachusetts (redrawn from Mallery l893:Figure 49)

Figure 3. Gardner Petroglyph, Kingston, Rhode Island - 20x2lcm (Photograph by B. Calogero)

6 CALOGERO: ROCK ART OF NEW ENGLAND

glacial erratic north of the Univer- The Evidence and Its Implications sity of Rhode Island's campus in Kingston. He also reported (Turn- Why is rock art so uncommon in New baugh 1983:pers.commun.) another England? I wish to suggest and examine petroglyph further inland on the the following hypotheses in an attempt property of the Yawgoog Boyscout Camp. to answer this question. Although Tatum listed no rock art 1. New England's rock types and sites for Connecticut, two have been rock faces did not lend themselves to reported. Ezra Stiles (1789:333) rock art nor was the rock easily worked. found a petroglyph in New Preston, 2. New England weather may have which he believed was an inscription destroyed pictographs and most petro- in Hebrew. Recently, Edward Lenik glyphs by rock exfoliation, and pigment (1978:9) and Rabbi Arthur Chiel and surface erosion. (1981:75) examined the marks and con- 3. Rock wall art may not have been curred with Stiles' report. They be- part of the culture of the Algonkian- lieve that they were the Hebrew names speaking Indians in the New England of two local men staking mining area. Instead, as Tatum (1946:123) claims in the 18th century. suggested, the aborigines utilized Andrew Kowalsky (1982:pers.commun.) available but ephemeral materials for reported a petroglyph on the banks their marking surfaces or marked trans- of the Salmon River in East Haddam. portable rock. He believed it was made with a sharp 4. Migration patterns and cultural metal tool and therefore was his- diffusion may be deter.mined by typo- toric (Figure 4). The narrow inci- logical similarities in southwestern sion lines of the small petroglyph rock art. Perhaps the migration of the form three "t" shaped components wi th Algonkian-speaking peoples can be some additional markings in the mica traced by the infrequent occurrence of schist. rock art and frequency of marked ob- Similar symbols were found in pic- jects found where these people were tographs in Ontario (Dewdney and Kidd living at the time of contact. 1967:61,64), and along the Susque- 5. Pressure from the Mohawk, Mahican, hanna River in Pennsylvania (Cadzow and Pequot Indians upon the many 1934:Plate IV). Mallery (1886:220) small tribes of densely populated noted the use of cruciform figures southern New England resulted in un- prehistorically in many contexts as stable territorial boundaries. This indicating trade and direction, the tension may have precluded the use of four winds, mosquito hawks and dragon- rock art at fixed sacred sites. The flies, and in shamanism (1893:725-- tribes may have just carried their 728). The cross held by men appears sacred marked objects with them. frequently in Ontario pictographs (Dewdney and Kidd 1967:37,104). Even Hypothesis 1. There are indeed though the Haddam petroglyph probably few exposed sheer rock walls and cav- was made during the post-Contact ernous shelters in New England. Al- period, it may be aboriginal in ori- though there are also more coarse gin. If this is true, then it would granites, schists, and basalts than be the only aboriginal petroglyph in there are upturned beds of fine- Connecticut thus far reported. grained sandstone as in the Southwest, New England does have some fine- grained metamorphic rock. For example,

7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Figure 4. Blaschik Petroglyph, East Haddam, Connecticut - 13x15cm (Photograph by B. Calogero)

the 11achias River petroglyph "in eration is whether rock art could Maine was carved into "schistose survive New England's rigorous cli- slate" (Mallery 1893:82). The mate. Lichen growth, weathering and Gardner "hand" petroglyph in Rhode exfoliation of the host rocks cer- Island, however, was pecked into tainly could obscure or destroy grainy, eroding granite. paintings and make shallow marking The host of lithic artifacts indecipherable. However, in the pecked and ground into axes, adzes, Great Lakes region of Canada, hundreds fetish figures, pipes, birdstones, of rock paintings have survived stone heads, incised pebbles and fairly well even when overgrown with pendants which have been found in lichen. In fact, when some lichen New England demonstrates the skill overgrowth was scrubbed off the with which the aboriginal inhabitants host rock, the paintings underneath did utilize fine-grained native appeared brighter than those which stone (Willoughby 1935:137). The had remained exposed (Dewdney and inscribed and carved stones have Kidd 1967:6,10). The red and yellow been described as movable pictographs ochre pigments appeared to be com- (Fowler 1966:44). The first hypothe- pletely bonded to the host rocks and sis about the quality of the native have survived intact even when painted stone seems to be inadequate as an over with modern graffiti which is explanation for the paucity of fixed now wearing away (Dewdney and Kidd rock art in New England. 1967:11). Gramly (1979:113) reported an his- Hypothesis 2. The second consid- toric pictograph on a granite boulder near Salem Village, Massachusetts,

8 CALOGERO: ROCK ART OF NEW ENGLAND which had hematite traces in what ap- the Interior Plains areas of the peared to be a "patchy black film or contiguous 48 states (Bloom 1978: varnish." He wrote the following 18). This hypothesis, then, can- (Gramly 1979:113): not be rejected outright. Rock art Using a dental pick scrapings may indeed be lacking in New Eng- were collected and submitted to land because it was not part of the the Center for Conservation and cultural tradition of Algonkian- Technical Studies at Fogg Huseum, speaking people. Harvard University. The pigment was identified as hematite by Hypothesis 4. In addressing the the Debeye-Scherrer X-ray pat- fourth hypothesis, it is believed tern. Hematite was observed to that the migrations of people and be embedded in an organic binder, cultural diffusion may be traced which when mounted, separated in some instances by comparing top- into tiny rod-like fragments ical and typological similarities sheathed in hematite. Quite in art. For example, the humped- possibly the binder is casein back flute player known as "Koko- (milk) or albumin (egg-white), pelli" has been found painted on both of which are tenacious rock walls in the Southwest at media capable of withstanding Basketmaker sites and later on New England's punishing weather. Hohokam and Mimbres pottery. Today the Kokopelli image appears as a Hypothesis 3. The limited number of Kachina figure in Hopi dances rock art sites in the Northeast may in- (Grant 1967:61). Other familiar dicate that the marking of rock walls examples are depictions of horses, was just not part of the culture of the crosses, and cattle in pictographs Eastern Algonkian-speaking Indians recording the arrival of the Spanish (Feder 1982:pers.commun.). To test and the introduction of another cul- this hypothesis, I superimposed ture in the Southwest. Voeglin and Voeglin's (1966) map of In the Northeast there is evi- post-Contact "North American Indian dence, as Tatum suggested, that the Languages" over Grant's (1967) map of eastern Algonkian-speaking people rock art locations which I corrected to used portable art and ceremonial reflect the present number of sites re- objects. A few large sculptured ported in the Northeast (Figure 5). stone heads and many small incised Most of the states with few or no rock stone pendants and sculptures have art sites are in the Algonkian-speaking been found. The Delaware Indians language areas of post-Contact time. used effigy heads made of wood which Pre-Contact languages and locations they carried with them and set on are, of course, uncertain. Environ- posts during the Delaware Big House mental regions with natural boundaries Ceremony (Brinton and Speck, cited such as rivers and mountains when com- by Willoughby 1935:162). pared with Grant's corrected map of Kraft (1972:6) wrote of an incised petroglyph sites demonstrates that stone face reportedly worn by a the smallest number of sites are lo- Delaware Indian: cated in the following areas: the Pendant effigies were some- Atlantic coastal plain extending from times suspended right side up. New York to Texas, the Appalachian Many, however, were suspended Piedmont, New England Province, and upside down, presumably to

9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

':. ".

10 CALOGERO: ROCK ART OF NEW ENGLAND

affect a closer intimacy between were contemporaneous with or were the wearer as he looked down, made by the cohesive Narragansett, and the image that constantly or date to Paleo-Indian or Archaic looked back at him. periods. I can only postulate that Ephemeral materials were also used if the Narragansett Indians did as surfaces for marks in the Northeast. make them, the relative security Skin tatooing was practiced as well as of their territory may have con- animal hide painting. Trees along tributed to their inclination to paths frequently had pieces of bark mark fixed rocks whether sacred removed exposing fresh surfaces for or not. painting of maps and directions. Mnemonic devices for ceremoial chants Conclusion and also other sacred writings and notes were made by shamans on birch Uaking marks appears to be a bark strips (Mallery 1893:202,213). universal human trait, not only Some bark rolls are still extant in on rock walls but on all kinds of museums. surfaces. The marks are mute as Although it is always problematical we puzzle over their meaning and to argue on the basis of negative evi- place in aboriginal lifeways. Why dence, the presence of portable art people chose to peck and paint and the relative absence of fixed rock marks on rock walls in much of the art seems to correspond with the country and the world but rarely in presence of Algonkian speakers (see New England remains an enigma. map, Figure 5). It should be noted that, while I have employed a multiple working HVDothesis 5. This final hypo- hypothesis strategy here, not all thesis is based upon the population the possible explanations suggested estimates of the many tribes of New for the low frequency of rock art England and their interactions. in New England are mutually exclu- Snow's (1980:33) population esti- sive. Certainly, a combination of mates around A.D.1600 indicate a great- the lack of a strong cultural tradi- er density in southern New England tion of non-portable rock art, a than in the North. The pressure of tradition of portable rock art, and the Mohawks upon the Mahicans, and the instability of tribal boundaries later the Pequots upon the many small all may have contributed to the tribes of southern New England made rarity of petroglyphs and picto- territorial boundaries unstable. graphs in this region. The only people to successfully hold the Pequot at bay were the Narragan- Acknowledgments sett Indians in Rhode Island. They were the largest of the New England I wish to thank all who gave so tribes and geographically quite willingly of their time, criticism, stable (Hubbard 1815, cited by and resources in assisting me in the Soulsby 1981:20). Perhaps coinci- development of this paper especially dentally, in Rhode Island, there are John Calogero, Robert Dewar, Kenneth also a number of petroglyphs. Feder, Richard Michael Gramly, Doug- Since we cannot as yet date petro- las Jordan, Andrew Kow.alsky, Kevin glyphs such as those in Rhode Island, McBride, Nary G. Soulsby, Charles we cannot determine if the glyphs Spencer, and William Turnbaugh. In

11 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

addition, I wish to thank the property- Fowler, William S. (editor) owners of the Gardner and Blaschik 1966 Movable Pictographs-Cere- petroglyphs for access to their land. monial and Domestic Prod- ucts of Aboriginal New REFERENCES CITED England. The Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archae- Bloom, Ar t.hur ological Society 27(1):43-45. 1978 Geomorphology. Prentice Hall, Gramly, Richard Michael Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New 1979 Witchcraft Pictographs From Jersey. Near Salem, Massachusetts. Burkitt, Miles Historical Archaeology 15(1): 1963 The Old Stone Age.Atheneum, 113-116. New York. Grant, Campbell Chiel, Rabbi Arthur A. 1967 Rock Art of the American 1981 The Hebrew Inscription at Pin- Indian.Thomas Y. Crowell, nacle Hountain.Bulletin of the Co ,, New York. Archaeological Society of Con- Hall, Benjamin H. necticut 44:74-77. 1971 Indians in Eastern Vermont. Cadzow, Donald A. Archaeology In Vermont,edited 1934 Petro glyphs in the Susquehanna by John C. Huden.Second edi- River Near Safe Harbor. Safe Har- tion, Charles E. Tuttle Com- bor Report No. 1.Pennsylvania pany, Rutland, Vermont. Historical Commission, vol. III, Kidder, A.V. and S.J. Guernsey Harrisburg:8-59. 1919 Archaeological Explorations da Silva, Manuel Luciano in Northern Arizona. Bulletin 1971 Portuguese Pilgrims and Dighton of the Bureau of American Rock, edited by Nelson D. Martins. Ethnology 65:192-199. Bristol, Rhode Island. Kraft, Herbert C. Delabarre, Edmund B. 1972 Archaeological Evidence for 1925 The Inscribed Rocks of Narragan- a Possible Masking Complex sett Ba~ Rhode Island Historical Among the Prehistoric Lenape Society 18(2):51-79. in Northwestern New Jersey. Dewdney, Selwyn and Kenneth E. Kidd Bulletin of the New York 1967 Indian Rock Paintings of the State Archaeological Associa- Great Lakes. Second edition, tion 56:1-11. Quetico Foundation, University Lenik, Edward of Toronto Press, Toronto,Canada. 1978 Ancient Inscriptions in Elkin, A.P. Western Connecticut. Bulletin 1954 The Australian Aborigines: How of the Archaeological Soci- to Understand Them. Third edition, ety of Connecticut 41:5-13. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1980 Aboriginal Rock Art. Bulletin Australia. of the New York State Archae- 1964 Art and Life. Australian Abori- ological Association 78:2-9. ginal Art,edited by Ronald Leroi-Gourhan, Arlette Berndt. The MaCMillan Co., New 1983 The Archaeology of Lascaux York. Cave.Prehistoric Times, Readings from Scientific America~ W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.

12 CALOGERO: ROCK ART OF NEW ENGLAND

Mallery, Garrick Swauger, James L. 1886 Picture-Writing of the American 1961 Figures in the Rock.Pennsvl- Indians-A Preliminary Report. vania Archaeologist 31(2): Bureau of Ethnology Fourth An- 106-112. nual Report, Smithsonian Insti- Tatum, Robert M. tution, Washington, D.C. 1946 Distribution and Bibliography 1893 Picture-Writing of the American of the Petroglyphs of the United Indians, 1888-89.Bureau of States.American Antiquity 12(2): Ethnology Tenth Annual Report, 122-125. Smithsonian Institution, Washing- Thomas, Peter A. ton, D.C. 1973 Squakbeag Ethnohistory: A Pre- McCarthy, Frederick liminary Study of Culture 1965 The Aboriginal Past: Archaeolog- Conflict on the Seventeenth ical and Material Equipment. Century Frontier.Man in the Aboriginal Man in Australia, Northeast 5:27-36. edited by Ronald Berndt and Tindale, Norman B. Catherine Berndt. Angus and 1972 The Pitjandjara. HUnters and Robertson, Sydney, Australia. Gatherers Toda~edited by Mountford, Charles M.G. Bicchieri. Holt, Rine- 1949 Brown Men and Red.Sand Robertson hart, and Winston, Inc., New and Mullens, Ltd., Melbourne, York. Australia. Torrey, Howard Smith, Gerald A. and Wilson G. Turner 1952 Indian Rocks of Cape Cod. 1975 Indian Rock Art of Southern Bulletin of the .Massachusetts California with Selected Petro- Archaeological Society 14:19-67. glyph Catalog. San Bernardino Turnbaugh, William A. County Museum Association, Red- 1977 The Gardner Petroglyph, Rhode lands, California. Island.Anthropology 1(1):112-119. Snow, Dean Voeglin, C.F. and F.M. Voeglin 1970 A Middle Woodland Site on the 1966 North American Indian Languages. Coast of Maine. Bulletin of the American Ethnological Society Maine Archaeological Society Map, Washington, D.C. 10(1 and 2):1-10. Willoughby, C.C. 1980 The Archaeologv of New England. 1935 Antiquities of the New England Academic Press, New York •. Indians.Peabody Museum of Har- Soulsby, Mary Guillette vard University, Cambridge, 1981 Connecticut Indian Ethnohistory: Massachusetts. A Look At Five Tribes, Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Con- necticut, Storrs. Steward, Julian H. 1927 Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States.American Archae- ology and Ethnology University of California 24:52-236. Stiles, Ezra 1789 Itineraries and Memoirs. Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Connecticut.

13 THE FASTENER SITE: A NEW LOOK AT THE ARCHAIC-WOODLAND TRANSITION IN THE LOWER HOUSATONIC VALLEY

Lucianne Lavin and Bert Salwen

The Fastener site (6-Fa-"l1S) stratigraphy of the occupied area is is a multi-component site located similar, except that the humus layer on a wooded knoll overlooking the is much thicker: Housatonic River in Shelton, Fair- Humus. This stratum was II-IS" thick field County, Connecticut (Figure and consisted of dark to medium brown 1). It appears to have been occu- silty organic soil containing many pied during the Late Archaic, early rootlets and worm holes, very few Woodland, and Historic periods. small pebbles, and some large cobbles. The site is located on the proper- The stratum was originally excavated ty of the USH Corporation, Fasten- in arbitrary 3-in. levels. Wall pro- er Division. The authors tested files of the first few test squares the site with a crew from New York excavated, however, indicated a darker University during the fall of 1974 brown zone in the lower humic level and the spring of 1975. At the which proved to be an old humus line, time of excavation, all measuring beginning ca. 9" from the surface. instruments were based on the Examination of the artifacts indicated English system and are reported that the prehistoric contents of the herein as such. Nine 5-ft. and three uppermost levels (i.e., the first 3 3-ft. squares were excavated'2 9" of humus) were very similar. Most a total surface area of 252 ft. of the historic materials were recovered (Figure 2), yielding 1955 prehis- from these levels as well (55 or 7.9% of toric artifacts - l6S7 lithic ar- the total collection from the first 9"). tifacts and 271 potsherds; 72 his- To facilitate excavation, the uppermost toric artifacts were also recovered. 9" were removed as a single level. The site is now covered by a rather This upper humic level sometimes con- dense growth of shrubs and trees. tained very dark brown or yellowish mottling. STRATIGRAPHY The lower humic level (9-1S") contained only 5 historic specimens (1.6% The natural stratigraphy of the of the total collection from this level), knoll consists of sod and 6-9" of at least one of which was found at the humus underlain to an indeterminate very top of the level. Diagnostic depth by an orange sandy soil. The artifacts indicate early Woodland occupations in both humic levels, and ceramic analysis suggests two temporally Lucianne Lavin holds a Ph.D. in distinct components (Table 1 and dis- Anthropology from New York Uni- cussion below). versity. She is Curatorial The presence of plow lines at the Affiliate at the Yale Peabody base of the humus in squares 40N20W Museum and Research Associate at and 25S25E indicates that at least New York University. part of the site was once under cultivation. Bert Salwen holds a Ph.D. in An- Junction. This zone between the humus thropology from Columbia Univer- and the orange subsoil below it was sity and is Professor of Anthro- usually 1_3" thick, but ranged up to pology at New York University. 5" thick. Because it was the physical

15 ARCHAEOLOGICAL S.OCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

XC RLES TYLER

Figure 1. Location of Connecticut archaeological sites cited in text juncture between two strata, it as numerous as in the preceding was a mottled admixture of dark or strata. A few rodent burrows were medium brown silty soil and also present. Artifactual content orange sandy soil. It contained indicates Late Archaic occupations numerous rootlets, and became of the site in this zone. increasingly pebbly with increased The above stratigraphic profile depth. Its artifactual contents occurred throughout the excavated indicate that the junction was area, except in the extreme north- also an admixture of the Woodland west corner of the site. As noted and Archaic components that once above, plow lines in square 40N20W occupied the humus and orange soil indicate that this area had once strata, respectively. been under cultivation; 2" of humus Orange Soil. The lower limit of the was underlain by l!z" of brown earth orange soil was not reached during and 312 to 9," of sandy orange soil. this field project. It was exca- Below the sandy orange soil, the vated in 3-in. arbitrary levels to northwest quadrant of the square a depth of 1'. No artifactual contained 2!"" of pebbly orange sand materials were recovered in the and a grayish white sand lens up fourth level (9-12") and excava- to 3" thick. This sand lens ran tions were terminated at this point. from the northwest corner of the The stratum consisted of orange square to its souLheast corner, sandy soil and many small pebbles. cutting through a 4!" to 7-in. stra- Rootlets were present, but were not tum of range loam that covered the

16 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE

~ l>-Ul 9 {).1. ~ Ii- .. _r 3~ l C! del - f \l'o ~d:z~ III ~ • dl Z ~/~ u\!l",g 05 _.l i:!V S ~ 6 r.... w ij (;0 16 ti't ;;rB s? ~ §~~1III -' ... ~ ~ J ~ u ~- ~ 0"'" ....." ~~ ~ ...... ~~E~vVo~o u tf\J Q) III IU a z if £ '" '"01) ,I ...'" til " 1,I ..... "9 '" ~ w I ~ D~ a~v~~ ~ £i~O o Il v , "O-,v- /~o-,':;'\:7 -I h~3.LaW3'::> 1M "t"l::i 0::>

17 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46

j~ rOrALS fal~'" Ix> 1~lg§ji:i ~ 1(jj101 ~ SURFACE I~ f-< ",' IN ;. .;: ~~ BLUFF 1- I~ co . " BRClIN +J I ;:I U '" BROWN +J "'" 15 ORGANIC U H OJ E1 "" § BROWN LOAM I--< o s,_, '" u .. SAND LmS <= o ~ LOAMY +J ..... ORANGE OJ .c: I O~~~ ..SAND Ul I ~, IO~~ ..SAND '" I--< ~ :z: BROWN EARTH I--< ~ "" HUMll3 ~ "" '" ~ ~ 5... '" '" I", ~ ~f-< '" ~ ~ ORANGE 3 0 ~ "" "" ORANGE 2 I.... ';)\ I--< ~ las

ORANGE 1 ~ ~ fo "'I~ ~ ~ ~ JUNaJ'ION 1,.- P I'"I'" l' "'~ III

18 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE southern half of the square. The as it was in the same square as two northeast quadrant of the square of the Laurentian points. contained 4~ to 8" of pebbly brown Three postmolds were found in soil. Below the latter strata, a square llS49E and 1 in square 3 to 4-in. layer of brown organic l2S3lE. All 4 postmolds were 2~" earth covered the entire square, in diameter with converging bases. followed by 2" of mottled brown Three had pointed ends; 1 had a earth. At this point, the plow flattened end. The molds were first line and junction zone were recognized at the top of the orange reached. soil, extending 2~" into that stratum. Features. Four features and 4 The 3 postmolds in square llS49E postmolds were uncovered (Figure formed an arc ca. 2' long. All 4 2). Feature 1 was 4 to 6" in- appear to be associated with the to the upper humus level in square Woodland level. OS60E. It consisted of a cache ------of food processing equipment in SPECIMENS the south end of the cut, including a slab metate, a grinding HISTORIC COMPONENT stone, 2 combination hammers tone/ grinding stones, the shell of a All Euro-American artifactual hard-shell clam, and 2 problematic materials at the Fastener site were cobbles too eroded for unequivocal recovered from the upper stratigraphic functional identification. The zones. Of the 72 specimens, 55 came feature is associated with the from the topmost 9" of the humus uppermost Woodland component at layer; 13 were found in the lower the site. part of the same layer or at the Feature 2 was a large decom- junction between the humus and the posing tree stump that was found subsoil (Table 2). 9" deep in the humus in square Except for a fragment of white 5N35E. The stump mold contained earthenware which was probably manu- 4 non-utilized flakes and 1 fire- factured after 1820, all of the Euro- cracked rock. American specimens could have been Feature 3 was a tan sandy area made and used between ca. 1790 and in the western and southwestern part 1820. The relatively large proportion of square 5N35E. It was first of household objects, including many recognized at the base of the fragments of ceramic tableware and junction, and was probably asso- glass containers, and a 2-tined table ciated with a rodent burrow di- fork, suggests that a residential rectly below it. The feature con- structure was once located in the tained 2 non-utilized flakes and immediate vicinity. (We must admit 2 fire-cracked rocks. that the documentary research neces- Feature 4 was a concentration sary to confirm this suspicion has of densely packed fire-cracked not yet been conducted.) and reddened rock in the southeastern corner of square 5S50E. Metal Objects The feature originated in the junction zone and extended into the Iron table fork (1) - this 2-tined orange soil; it is probably asso- forged fork is very similar in form ciated with the Late Archaic to the one shown by Nogl-Hume (1969: Laurentian component at the site, 182, fig. 63 (8», who assigns the

19 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Table 2. Distribution of historic materials from the Fastener site, Shelton, Connecticut

PROVENIENCE SPECIMENS HID1US JUNCT. ~LOW:ri!E TOTAL 40N20W 0-9" BELOW9

METAL Iron ~ Table Fork, Two-tined 1 1 - Nails & F'ra.€1nents, Wrought? 2 2 - Nails & Fragments, Cut 2 2* 4 - Rusted, Unidentified 8 1 9 Brass - Stamping. Unidentified 1 Lead Ring - Weight? 1 1

TOTAL - METAL 15 1 2 18

CERAMICS Earthenware - Red, Unelazed 14 1 15 - Red, Unglazed Brick 1 5 6 - Red, Tile 2 2 - Crearnware, Undecorated 4 1 5 - Pearlware, Annular 3 1 4 - Pearlware,Edgewar~Blue 1 1 - Pearlware? Undecorated 4 4 - White, Undecorated 1 1 - Unidentif'iable 2 2 Stoneware - Saltglazed, Crock Base 1 1 TOTAL - CERAMICS 28 3 8 2 41 - GLASS "Cur-ved - Clear 1 1 - Pale Blue-G:m,Molded Bottle 1 1 - Amber 1 1 Flat - Clear 3 3 - Pale Blue-Green 6 6 Burned - Unidentifiable 1 1 TOTAL - GLASS 12 1 13

TOTAL 55 5 8 2 2 72 a. S. fifo

*One nail appears to have a hand-wrought head

20 LAVIN AND SALWEN: THE FASTENER SITE general type to the period from These include 15 pieces of unglazed the end of the 17th to the be- red earthenware, 5 pieces of undecorated ginning of the 19th century. creamware, 9 pieces. of pearlware (4 un- Nogl-Hume also states that flat decorated, 4 with handpainted annular tangs, such as exhibited b.ythis decoration, and 1 blue-decorated edge- specimen, did not come into llse ware fragment), 1 piece of undecorated until late in the 18th century. white earthenware, and a burned un- Thus, the fork most probably dates identifiable fragment. from the late 18th or very early As with the ~etal specimens, all 19th century. of the ceramic material could have been manufactured in the late 18th Iron nails and fragments (4) - and early 19th centuries; only the 2 of the nails are hand forged; single white earthenware sherd seems the remaining 2 are machine-cut. to be younger. Cut nails began to replace wrought nails in the last decade of the Glass 18th century, and they continued to be widely used until quite late Of the 13 glass specimens, 9 are in the 19th century (Nelson 1968: flat, probably window glass fragments. 4-7). The hand-hammered head on Three of these are clear; the other one of the cut nails suggests that 6 are pale blue-green. The 3 curved it was made during the early part specimens include 1 clear, 1 amber, of this period. and 1 pale blue-green fragment, which is part of a molded bottle. The re- Rusted iron fragments (8) - small maining fragment is burned and fused fragments of iron were too badly and cannot be further identified. rusted to be further identified. It is difficult to make specific cultural or chronological statements Brass stamping (1) - the function based on this small and nondescript of this artifact has not been iden- collection, but nothing in this group tified. of glass specimens would be inconsis- tent with the conclusions reached Lead ring (1) - the artifact mea- through study of the metal and cera- sures ca. 1.9em high, with a maximum mic objects. Thus, the historic com- outside diameter of ca. 2.4cm at ponent at the Fastener site probably mid-section, curving to only ca. represents a residential occupation 1.9cm at top and bottom; inner dating to the late 18th and early diameter is ca. 1.25cm. Function 19th centuries. has not been determined. WOOlJLAND COlIPONENTS Ceramics As noted previously, the Woodland The ceramic collection consists occupations occurred within the humus of 40 earthenware sherds and 1 stratum. We were able to divide the stoneware fragment from the base humus into 2 culturally distinct sub- of a salt-glazed crock. Except zones, A and B, by the presence of an for 6 pieces of red brick and 2 old duff line and differing artifactual pieces of red tile, all of the contents, especially the distribution earthenware specimens are almost of ceramic attributes. In spite of certainly fragments of tableware. these stylistic differences, functional

21 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46 analysis of artifact assem- not unusual. Wiegand (1983) found blages indicates that the tool Sylvan Lake points at several sites types from both components rep- in southwestern Connecticut. Over resent similar functional cate- 200 Sylvan Lake notched points occur gories. in the same stratigraphic levels and squares as narrow point types at the Lithics Burwell-Karako assemblage from New Haven in the lower Quinnipiac River All lithic artifacts were ex- Valley (Lavin and Russell, in press). amined for signs of use under a The cutting function of the knives binocular microscope at 7 to 30X discussed above is indicated by 1 or magnification and classified ac- more of the following traits: alter- cording to their distinctive wear nate chipping pattern, sinuous edges, patterns. Classifications were bifacial edge wear (in contrast to uni- based on well-known wear studies facial scraper wear), presence of hinge (Hayden 1979; Semenov 1970; Win- fractures. ters 1969; Winters, personal communication). Quartz flake scraper (1) - primary decortification flake with unifacial 1. General utility tools wear at one end (Figure 3).

This category included tool Hannnerstones (2) - cobbles used as types that could have been used in hammers tones , indicated by their bat- several activities. Present tered and scarred ends (Figure 3). methods of evaluating use marks, however, do not allow us to dis- 2. Knapping artifacts tinguish among these various functions. Cores (3) - 1 quartzite (Figure 3) and 2 quartz cores. Flake knives (3) - 1 quartz, 2 brownish gray chert. Knaooing hammers tone (1) - small sandstone cobble in the form of a broad Stemmed knife (1) - biface of oval with thin sides from the lower white quartz probably originally humic level (Figure 4). Scarring is used as projectile point (Figure in one small area along the narrow 3). The assymetry and alternate end. Replicative experiments indicate chipping pattern on this particu- that morphologic attributes and con- lar biface indicate that in its sistent working area are characteris- later stage the point had been re- tic of hammers tones used in knapping worked into a knife. It repre- (Winters, personal communication 1978). sents a Sylvan Lake Side-notched point/knife, a type first identi- Non-utilized flakes (749) - 514 flakes fied at the Sylvan Lake Rockshelter from Zone A and 235 flakes from Zone B in eastern New York (Funk 1976), (Table 3). In A and B, ca. 72% and 79% where it was found in a Late Ar- of the flakes are quartz, 22% and 14% chaic context with narrow-stemmed are siltstone, and 7% and 5% are chert, Wading River, Bare Island, and respectively; in Zone A, a few rare Lamoka points. The presence of a sandstone and quartzite flakes are Sylvan Lake Side-notched point in present. a southern Connecticut site is In Zone A, the ratio of quartz

22 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE

Figure 3. General utility tools and knapping equipment from the Woodland occupations at the Fastener site. Top row: chert preform or knife base; chert flake knife; quartz stemmed knife; middle row: quartz flake knife; quartz scraper; bottom row: quartzite core; hammerstone. debitage to tools is 74.6:1; in of quartz artifacts from cobbles Zone B, the ratio is 46.5:1 locally available in the riverbed (Table 4). According to Wilmsen below the site. The debitage:tool (1968:Table 2), these ratios in- ratios for siltstone flakes indicate dicate that knapping was a major that siltstone cobbles were knapped site activity; Wilmsen calculated as well (in Zone A, the ratio is debitage:tool ratios of 19:1 and 113:0; in B, it is 32:0). The red 25:1 at known quarry workshops, and gray siltstone derives from the ratios well below those from the Triassic beds cropping out along the Woodland zones at Fastener. The Quinnipiac and Connecticut River high debitage:tool ratio, presence valleys, or the outlier cropping out of cores, numerous primary decorti- in the Woodbury-Southbury area. fication flakes, and specialized Fastener appears to have been lo- knapping hammer all indicate major cated too far east and west of these use of the site for the production primary outcrop areas for the silt-

23 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Figure 4. Knapping and domestic equipment from the Woodland occupations at the Fastener site. Top row: problematic (hammerstone?); hammers tone/grinding stone; hammers tone/grinding stone/anvil; knapping hammerstone; middle row: slab metate; bottom row: problematic (hammerstone?); quartzite grinding stone; hammerstone/grinding stone. All artifacts except the knapping hammer and hammer/grinding stone/anvil are from Feature 1. stone to have been deposited locally Projectile points and fragments (7) - by southerly glacial movement include 1 Wading River point and 2 (Tracy, personal communication Lamoka-like points (Figure 5) of 1984). The small debitage:tool quartz. The thick, narrow notched ratios for chert flakes (8:1 and points are identical to the Lamoka 10:1 for Zones A and B, respective- points described by Funk (1976) and ly) and their small number and size Ritchie (1969a; 1971). We choose suggest secondary retouch of chert to call these Lamoka-like points, tools manufactured elsewhere. to emphasize the identification of the Lamoka type point at Fastener 3. Weapons and hunting equipment and not the Lamoka culture per se.

24 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE

Table 3. Distrihution and lithology of non-utilized flakes per stratum, Fastener site

STRATUM UPPER LOWER TOTAL JUNaI'ION ORANGE ORANGE ORANGE TIYrAL TOTAL HUMUS HUMUS HUMUS ZONE 1 2 3 ORANGE STRATA

QUARTZ

STLTSTONE

CHERT AND JASPER

SANOOTONE

QUARTZITE

TOTAL 42 FLAKES 514 235 749 1¥}6 134 234 14"19

Table 4. Ratio of lithic debitage to stone tools per stratum, Fastener site

E QUARTZ CHERT JASPER SILTSTONE ~ UM

UPPER HUMUS 74.6.1 8.501 1011 113·0 ZONE A

LOWER HUMUS 46.5.1 8.0 9.0 ]2.0 ZONE B

JUNCTION ZONE 61.6.1 1110 6.1 25.1

ORANGE SOIL 21.7.1 6.1 1.0 6.5.1 ~--- L.L rs .

25 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46

Figure 5 (above). Projectile points of the narrow point tradition, Fastener site. Top row: Woodland occupation - quartz Lamoka-like point; quartz Lamoka-like point; quartz Wading River point; middle row: Junction - quartz unidentifiable narrow notched point; siltstone Lamoka-like point; bottom row: Late Archaic occupation - quartz Lamoka-like point; quartz preform; quartz Squibnocket Stemmed point; quartz possible Sylvan Lake Side-notched point.

Figure 6 (left). Projectile points from the Woodland and Junction levels. Top row: siltstone point base; quartz reworked Lamoka-like (?) point; bottom row; jasper Rossville; quartz Rossville.

26 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE

Based on present archaeological for the identification of manos, or data, there is absolutely no evi- grinding stones; (1) battered ends dence for the extension of the or edges; (2) uniform breaking or central New York~based Lamoka erosion of the cortex over a flat culture described by Ritchie or slightly convex surface; (3) ero- (1969a) into coastal New York or sion of the edges of minute natural southern New England. Funk (1976; pits on the surface of the cobble, personal communication 1983) re- which causes the naturally rounded ports that this is also true for edges of the pits to become square; eastern New York. All we observe (4) striations along the surface here is the same narrow point caused by abrasion against a metate. tradition involving virtually Several grinding stones or com- identical point types. This is bination hammerstone/grinding stones graphically demonstrated by Funk were recovered from Zones A and B, (1976:Plate 81), when he matches and from Feature 1. As noted above, specific narrow point specimens Feature 1 occurred 4 to 6" into Zone A, from the Sylvan Lake Rockshelter and consisted of a single hard clam to morphologically identical shell and a cache of plant processing "Lamoka" points from the Lamoka equipment - 1 slab metate, 1 grinding Lake site. stone, 2 combination hammers tone/ A rather narrow-bladed, thick, grinding stones, and 2 problematic corner-notched point was recovered cobbles too eroded for unequivocal from humic Zone A (Figure 6), ex- functional identification. Their form hibiting crushing in its notches and location within the cache suggests, and along its base. Its form and however, that they were probably used dimensions do not conform to any as hammerstones. known types. It appears to be a reworked Lamoka-like point, but Metate (1) - gloss and erosive wear the Lamoka point type is not des- in its central area, forming a slight cribed as exhibiting basal or concavity, identify it as a slab notch grinding (Ritchie 1969a;SO; metate (Figure 4). 1971:29-30) . Two points appear to be Ross- Grinding stone (1) - quartzite, from villes; both are broken at the Feature 1 (Figure 4); even abrasion base, however, making identifica- evident. tion difficult. The jasper point was found 6~" into the,humus Hammerstone/grinding stone (2) - ends (Figure 6), the quartz point from show heavy scarring and pitting; sides-- the 9-in. level (Figure 6). A exhibit large patches of even abrasion, grayish brown chert biface fragment and sometimes, striations (Figures 4 may be part of a preform or a knife & 9) • (Figure 3). Combination hammer/grinding stone/ 4. Domestic equipment anvil (1) - cobble from Zone B contains heavy pitting and scarring in one area, This category includes all indicating hammer use, and uniform ero- artifacts, both lithic and ceramic, sion of its cortex on one side, indi- used in the processing of food cating llse as a manD. Also, there is (Figures 4,7,9). We have adopted an uneven, irregular depression on one the criteria of Winters (1969;61) face indicating its use as an anvil in

27 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46

Figure 7. Prehistoric pottery from the Fastener site. Top row; miscellaneous cord-wrapped stick stamped; Modified Vinette Interior (showing cord-wrapped stick stamping); punctated and cord-wrapped stick.stamped rimsherd; bottom row: miscellaneous dentate stamped; Clearview Stamped; Clearview Stamped; Matinecock Point Stamped. lithic manufacture (Figure 4). In all, 271 sherds were recovered. Anvils can be differentiated from Although a small number were recovered "nutting stones" by their distinc- from the orange sand zones, all were tive depressions. Nutting stones probably originally associated with have smooth, symmetrical, well- the humus layers. Undecorated sherds defined depressions (Ritchie 1928; number 243 (89.7%) and decorated Winters, personal communication sherds 28 (10.3%). Almost half (135 1978) . or 49.8%) of the undecorated sherds are too eroded for identification. Fired rocks (15) - fire-cracked Both the undecorated and decorated and reddened rocks indicated the sherds have been classified into presence o£ a hearth and/or use categories according to Smith (1950), of "pot-boiling. 1.1 whose typology was chosen for its criteria of paste, surface treatment, Ceramics (Figure 7) vessel form, and decorative technique,

28 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE

Which allow the typologist to 4} Smoothed-over Cordmarked or classify all non-eroded sherds. Smoothed-over Fabricmarked Exterior/ Cordmarked Interior (5) - interior Undecorated sherds surfaces heavily cordmarked; it is uncertain whether exterior surfaces There is one problem with this are cordmarked or fabricmarked; all. system - undecorated body sherds grit-tempered. and decorated sherds from a single vessel may be placed within separate 5} Smoothed-over Cordmarked Exterior/ pottery types. Thus, we believe Smoothed-over Cordmarked Interior that only undecorated sherd cate- i2L - the cordmarked surface treatment gories containing rim sherds may of exterior and interior surfaces be assigned to types. Since none partially smoothed-over; all grit- of our undecorated sherd categories tempered. meet this criterion, they have been classified into "sherd 6) Smoothed-over Cordmarked or groups. II A "sherd group" may be Smoothed-over Fabricmarked Exterior/ defined as a category, the members Smoothed-over Cordmarked Interior of which share a combination of Jll - it is uncertain whether exterior attributes distinct from those of surface was originally cordmarked or other groups in a ceramic collec- fabricmarked; both it and cordmarked tion (see Lavin 1980; Rothschild interior surface partially smoothed- and Lavin 1977; Salwen 1968). Sherd over; grit-tempered. groups should not be regarded as pottery "types." Table 5 summarizes 7) Smoothed-over Fabricmarked Exterior/ the stratigraphic locations of the Smoothed and Smoothed-over Cordmarked sherds. Interior (5) - 4 sherds fit together to form part of body wall of 1 vessel; 1) Cordmarked Exterior/Cordmarked fabricmarked exterior surfaces parti- Interior (20) - heavily corded ally smoothed over; most interior interior and exterior surfaces; cordmarking completely smoothed over; grit-tempered. remainder partially smoothed over; all grit-tempered. 2) Fabricmarked Exterior/Cord- or Fabricmarked Interior (3) - exterior 8) Smoothed-over Cordmarked Exterior/ surfaces heavily fabricmarked; 1 Brushed Interior (1) - exterior cord- sherd has heavily fabricmarked in- markings partially smoothed over; terior surface; 2nd sherd has interior surface brushed, possibly heavily cordmarked interior sur- with a twig; grit-tempered. face; interior surface treatment of 3rd sherd is uncertain; all 9) Cordmarked Exterior/Smoothed grit-tempered. Interior (3) - exterior surfaces distinctly cordmarked; interior surfaces 3) Smoothed or Smoothed-over Cord- completely smoothed; all grit-tempered. marked Interior (10) - exterior surfaces eith~ smoothed or 10) Smoothed-over Cordmarked or smoothed-over cordmarking; interior Smoothed-over Fabricmarked Exterior/ surfaces heavily cordmarked; all Smoothed Interior (15) - exterior grit-tempered. surfaces either cord or fabric im-

29 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Table 5. Stratigraphic distribution of prehistoric ceramics from the Fastener site ,

ORANGE SOIL PLOWZONE - 4ON" BLUFF UNK. ZONE ZONE JUNC 20W IPROY. TOTAL A B TION OR. BROWN BROWN III LEVEL LEVEL LEVEL IS:: 1 2 3 SAND LOAM RGANC UNDECORATED SlIERLS I!J{T/INT SURF. I 20 OM/OM Yw X;; % ~ I FAB/OM or 1 3 FAB % SM or/OM 10 SM OM A:a ~ ~ SM OM or/OM 5 FAB k ~ ~ SM OM/SM OM 5 ~ h ~ SM OM or/SM 1 FAB OM I~ SM ISM OM & FAB SM ~ 5 SM OM/BRUSHD 1 ~ OM/SM l%s' 1 1 3 "SM OM or/SM 1 15 SM FAB k z.::, k ~ SM/SM GRIT 17IY!y 1 J9 SM/SM SHELL 1 ~ ERODED X ~ £ ;£; k 35 UNDECORATED 100 62 TOTALS 56 17 3 a 1 1 1 1 1 243

DECORATED SHERDS

1 DENTATE k. %Xo k 1 19 1 CORDED STICK 1 8 L J.n< ~ 100.0 PUNCTATED & 1 CORDED STICK % DECORATED 13 3 1 a a a 0 1 2 28 TOTALS " " C.l, TOTAL 113 60 66 20 a 1 1 1 2 3 271 Y3. POTTERY "

*Percentages are percentages of different sherd groups in each stratum.

30 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE pressed and partially smoothed- Table 6. Stratigraphic distribution of over, identification equivocal; decorated sherd categories from the interior surfaces completely Fastener site smoothed; all grit-tempered.

11) Smoothed Exterior/Smoothed Interior Grit-tempered (39) - STRATA ZONE ZONE ORANGE ~ completely smoothed on both A B SOIL surfaces; all grit-tempered. ~ i i:; ~ DECORATED LEVEL LEVIiL ... 12) Smoothed Exterior/Smoothed SHERD I '"... 0 Interior Shell-tempered (1) - CATEGORIES 1 2 completely smoothed exterior '" and interior surfaces; shell- tempered. MODIFIED VINETTE 1 1 1 1 4 INTERIOR CORDMARKED In sum, 12 undecorated sherd groups are represented at Fastener. All are grit-tempered MISCELLANEOUS 1 2 1 4 except for 1 shell-tempered CORD-WRAPPED STICK sherd with smoothed exterior STAMPED and interior surfaces. Seven of the groups (49 sherds) share PUNCTATED AND 1 1 cordmarked interior surfaces. CORD-WRAPPED STICK Exterior surfaces are either STAMPED cordmarked, fabricmarked, or smoothed, or smoothed-over cordmarking or fabric impres- MATINECOCK POINT 1 1 2 sions. The 8th sherd group STAMPED (1 sherd) has a smoothed-over cordmarked exterior and a brushed interior. The 9th and 10th sherd groups (18 sherds) CLEARVIIlI STAMPED 5 2 1 8 have smoothed interiors and cordmarked, or smoothed-over cordmarked or fabricmarked exterior surfaces. The 11th MISCELLANEOUS 8 1 9 group (39 sherds) exhibits DENTATE STAMPED completely smoothed interior and exterior surfaces. The 12th sherd group (1 sherd) is similar except that it is shell- tempered rather than grit- TOTALS 15 4 J J 1 2 28 tempered. L.C.f3. Decorated sherds

The 28 decorated sherds represent 23 vessels and fall into 6 categories, 3 representing pottery types and 3 representing "sherd groups" (Table 6).

31 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

I) Matinecock Point Stampedl sherds (2 of which fit together) (2 sherds - 2 vessels) - interior have smoothed-over cordmarked ex- surfaces are distinctly cordmarked; terior surfaces; all have smoothed 1 sherd derived from junction zone, interior surfaces, and quartz temper; its exterior surface completely 2 smoothed exterior sherds derived smoothed prior to decoration of from lower humic Zone B; 1 smoothed dentate stamping in a design of cordmarked exterior sherd derived parallel and opposed lines; medi- from junction zone; the remainder um-fine grit temper. The 2nd were excavated from upper humic sherd was eroding from bluff area Zone A; sherds most closely repre- at eastern edge of site; exterior sent Clearview Stamped type surface of smoothed-over cordmark- (Rouse 1947:19). ing; decoration was parallel rows of dentate stamping; mostly coarse 3) Miscellaneous Dentate Stamped quartz temper (Figure 7). Decora- (9 sherds- 5 vessels; Figure 7) - tion and surface treatment of smoothed exterior surfaces below these sherds fit the Matinecock and/or under decoration; eroded Point Stamped type (Smith 1950:196). interior surfaces; except for 1 sherd with no discernible temper, 2) Clearview Stamped (8 sherds - 7 all had coarse quartz temper. 1 vessels; Figure 7) - 5 sherds have sherd was located 1~-2" into top of smoothed exterior surfaces; 3 orange soil; remainder were from upper humic Zone A,; eroded interiors prevented type identification. IThere are basically 3 dentate- stamped collarless pottery types - 4) Modified Vinette Interior Cord- Matinecock Point Stamped, Vinette marked (4 sherds - 4 vessels; Figure Dentate, and Clearview Stamped. 7) - cordmarked interior surfaces; As Lavin (1980:20-21) noted in her 2 sherds have smoothed exterior sur- analysis of pottery from the Ben faces and corded paddle-impressed Hollister site in Glastonbury, interior surfaces; 1 sherd has smoothed Connecticut, the types are very exterior,surface and cord-wrapped similar in attributes. In fact, stick-impressed interior surface; the type descriptions of Vinette 4th sherd has smoothed-over cord- Dentate and Clearview Stamped are marked exterior and interior surfaces; virtually identical (Ritchie and all grit-tempered, mainly quartz, MacNeish 1949:100; Rouse 1974;18-19; and cord-wrapped stick-stamped decor- Smith 1950:195). Matinecock Point ation. Grit temper and surface treat- Stamped may be distinguished by in- ment of these sherds fit the Modified terior cordmarked surface treatment (Vinette) Interior Cordmarked type (Smith 1950:196). The 7 Clearview (Salwen 1968:326). In southern New Stamped vessels could be ascribed England (Lavin 1980 :8) representative to either Clearview Stamped or vessels of this normally undecorated Vinette Dentate. We have chosen pottery type often show simple cord- to type them as Clearview Stamped wrapped stick decorative motifs. because it is a southern Connecti- cut pottery type. The Miscellaneous 5) Miscellaneous Cord-wrapped Stick Dentate Stamped sherds have eroded Stamped (4 sherds - 4 vessels; Figure interior surfaces, which prevent 7) - includes cord-wrapped stick- type identification as either Matine- stamped sherds too small for type cock Stamped or Clearview Stamped. identification; 3 sherds have smoothed

32 LAVIN AND SALWEN: THE FASTENER SITE exterior surfaces below and/or gests that both components date to under decoration, and smoothed earlier Woodland times. The presence interior surfaces; 4th sherd has of decorated pottery suggests early cordmarked or fabricmarked ex+ ~Iiddle Woodland occupations. The terior and eroded interior; all evidence is very tentative (based grit-tempered, mainly quartz. as it is on such a small sherd sample), but the data do not clearly 6) Punctated and Cord-wrapped support a Connecticut sequence pa r+ Stick Stamped (1 rim sherd) - from alleling Smith's (1950) chronologic junction zone (Figure 7); smoothed scheme of a North Beach focus super- exterior surface prior to decora- seded by the Clearview focus during tion, and smoothed interior sur- earlier Woodland times in coastal face; medium-to-coarse grit tem- New York. Smith's North Beach focus per; below slightly rounded lip is represented by Vinette Interior is a row of punctates on both in- Cordmarked, Matinecock Point Stamped, terior and exterior surfaces of Matinecock Point Incised, North Beach the upper rim; below punctates Incised, North Beach Brushed, and are 3 horizontal rows of cord- North Beach Net-marked pottery types. wrapped stick impressions; sherd The subsequent Clearview focus is fits none of regional pottery types. characterized by Clearview Stamped, Windsor Fabricmarked, Windsor Brushed, As noted earlier, stratigraphic and North Beach Netmarked pottery changes in ceramic attributes sug- types. gest the presence of 2 temporarily The evidence at Fastener is more distinct Woodland occupations. equivocal. It is true that 75% (16) Cordmarked interior surface treat- of the sherds with cordmarked interiors ment and cord-wrapped stick decor- were recovered from the lower levels, ation are most abundant in the as were 2 of the 3 Modified Vinette lower humic Zone B. Smoothed in- Interior Cordmarked sherds of known terior and exterior surface treat- provenience. Smith's sequence is also ment, and dentate-stamped decora- supported by the recovery of the single tion seem to increase through time, Matinecock Point Stamped sherd of known and are most abundant in the upper provenience from the junction zone, humic Zone A (Table 5). Salwen while 7 of the 8 Clearview Stamped (1968) has suggested that Modified sherds occurred stratigraphically Interior Cordmarked pottery may above the Matinecock Point Stamped have appeared earlier than Vinette I sherd, 5 of them in the upper humic pottery. Table 7 shows the strati- level. • graphic distribution of the sherd There are, however, several signifi- groups of unsmoothed and partially cant differences between the ceramics smoothed cord- or fabricmarked in- of Smith's coastal components and this terior pottery at Fastener. The site. At Fastener, all but one of the data indicate nO significant dif- sherds are grit-tempered. Netmarked ference in the distribution of the and incised pottery are absent, and unsmoothed and partially smoothed brushed ware virtually so. As noted interior cordmarked pottery at the above, interior cordmarked sherds site. occur within all ceramic levels, and The fact that sherds with cord- are thus representative of both com- marked interior surfaces occur ponents. Fabric-marked sherds occur throughout the ceramic levels sug- in the lower levels, but "possible"

33 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46

Table 7. Stratigraphic distribution of sherd groups representing Interior Cord- or Fabricmarked pottery

STRATA ZONE A ZONE B JUNCTION ORANGE SOIL TOTALS NO PROVENANC CERAMIC CATEI;ORIES LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3

1 Fabricmarked or Cordmarked Exterior and Interior Surfaces 50.0% 0 (9.1%)

Smoothed or Smoothed , 2 0 15 0 Cordmarked Exterior Surface/ Cordmarked 27.3% 0 Interior Surface (20.0%)

Fabricmarked or 4 0 6 1 0 11 0 Cordmarked Exterior Surface/ Smoothed 0 0 Cordmarked Interior Surface 11 0 48 1 TOTALS 100.0% 00.0% 100.0% 00.0% 0 00.0%

!,.L. ?3.

Note; Percentages are of different sherd groups in each stratum. Percentages in parentheses are of each sherd group within the site strata.

smoothed-over fabricmarked sherds tempered pottery at Fastener may be a occur in the upper humic level as function of its rather inland location. well (the impressions may be Lavin's (1980) analysis of the pottery smoothed-over cordmarkings; the from the Ben Hollister site and cera- small sherd size and faintly visi- mic survey of southern New England ble markings make identification indicate a strong correlation between equivocal). Unlike the Windsor temper type and geographic location. Fabricmarked pottery type, which Smith's (1950) study of coastal com- Smith includes in his Clearview ponents indicates that the earliest focus, the interior surfaces are pottery was mainly grit-tempered, not brushed. Middle Woodland pottery was increas- The virtual absence of shell- ingly shell-tempered, and Late Wood-

34 LAVIN AND SALWEN: THE FASTENER SITE

land pottery was virtually all Woodland occupants of Fastener were shell-tempered. The significant lithic ~nufacture, plant processing, amount of shell-tempered pottery and probably hunting. The small during Late Woodland, and its number of functional categories (4), virtual absence in Early Woodland small number of lithic tools (20) and pottery suggests that there is an pottery vessels (23), and small num- underlying historical cause for ber of features indicate temporary the predominance of shell-temper- occupation by small groups of people. ing during the later Woodland The cache of grinding implements sug- periods. But the adoption of gests a small seasonal camp in a re- shell-tempering is not nearly so stricted or central-based wandering complete on inland Connecticut system which was used repeatedly by sites. At Ben Hollister, only the same social unit. 50% of the Final Woodland Niantic vessels were shell-tempered; the LATE ARCIIAICCOHPONENTS high percentage of grit-tempered Late Woodland pottery at other The Late Archaic components were inland sites strongly suggest concentrated in the orange sandy soil. that site location was an im- At least 2 major occupations can be portant criterion in temper hyopthesized through projectile point choice (Lavin 1980:25-26,32-33). typology: a narrow point and a The absence of other coastal Laurentian component. Since they elements at Fastener (~, net occur in the same stratigraphic impression, brushing) may reflect levels, and sometimes in the same temporal distinctions among the square, it.is usually impossible to sites in question, but the re- isolate non-diagnostic artifacts and covery of a single sherd with a activity sets representing each com- brushed interior surface at a ponent. low level in the site suggests this is not so. An alternative 1. Weapons and hunting implements hypothesis is that the Fastener site was located on the peripheries Projectile points (9) - 8 points from of the early Windsor tradition, orange soil levels. 4 quartz specimens and so its ceramic contents are a belong to narrow point tradition combination of coastal Windsor (Figure 5) - 2 Lamoka-like, 1 Squib- and inland non-Windsor attributes. nocket Stemmed, and 1 narrow point This theory is supported by the preform. One medium-bladed quartz fact that Woodland sites in north- point with very shallow side-notches western Connecticut appear to have was also recovered; it does not fit been occupied by groups influ- easily into any regional typology; it enced by the Point Peninsula pot- may, however, represent the Sylvan tery tradition (Lavin 1980). Near Lake Side-notched type. the coast, the Housatonic River The remaining 3 points from the appears to have .been the western orange soil represent the Laurentian boundary for Late Windsor groups tradition (Figure 8): a Brewerton (Rouse 1947). Eared-notched quartz point, and 2 Vosburg points, 1 of quartz and 1 of Woodland Summary baked siltstone (Tracy, personal communication 1984). A Brewerton Corner- The major activities of the notched point of smoky quartz reworked

35 ARCHAEOLOGICAL S.OCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

into a knife came from the Flake knife (1) - red siltstone, from Junction. 2nd level of orange soil (Figure 9). Brewerton and Vosburg COID- .ponents have been radiocarbon-dated Backed knife (1) - quartz biface; edge between 3400 B.C. and 2050 B.C. opposite cutting edge was unthinned; in New York and southern New microscopic analysis suggests some England (Funk 1976; Ritchie 1969a, crushing of edge to provide better b; Thompson 1969). Ritchie (1971) gripping surface (Figure 9); knife is suggests that the Brewerton Corner- probably associated with Laurentian notched point may have appeared component, as it was recovered from later in the Laurentian sequence. same test square (sSsOE) as the 2 The single Brewerton Corner-notched Vosburg points; square also contained point from Fastener was, in fact, Feature 4, densely packed concentration excavated from the junction zone of fire-cracked and reddened rocks, while the Brewerton Eared-notched suggesting a hearth. and Vosburg pDints were all from the orange soil. The Brewerton 3. Hideworking equipment Eared-notched point occurred in the same square as the corner- Flake denticulate (1) - quartz, with notched point but.3 to 4" belDw "teeth" along one edge demonstrating it. Thus, the BrewertDn CDrner- wear; from secDnd level of orange sDil nDtched pDint may represent a (Figure 9). Ethnographic and replica- secDnd later Laurentian DccupatiDn tive data suggest that denticulates Df Fastener. Alternatively, it may have been used to scale fish, work may represent a Sylvan Lake nDtched wODd, dress hides, and process plant pDint assDciated with the narrDW foods (Winters n.d.). Fishing equip- pDint DccupatiDn! Sylvan Lake ment was absent from Fastener, suggest- corner-notched points were found ing that fish scaling was probably not in Hudson Valley and sDuthern a site activity. Winters (n.d.; per- CDnnecticut sites (Funk 1976; sonal communication 1984) reports Lavin and Russell, in press). that plant processing produces "plant The pDssible Sylvan Lake Side- gloss," or a mirror-like finish along nDtched pDint described abDve was the working edge of the tool; wood- recovered frDm the Drange SDil in working produces only a ''matte''-like the same square as this corner- finish, due to its low phytolith nDtched pDint. Ritchie (1971) content. Since neither of these notes that there is "some mor- finishes were noted on the (albeit phDIDgical Dverlap" between Sylvan quartz) specimen from Fastener, it Lake Side-nDtched points and is hypothesized that the denticulate BrewertDn Side-nDtched points; was a hideworking tool. logically, the morphological similarity should extend to the Sylvan 4. Domestic equipment Lake and Brewerton corner-notched points. Fired rocks (23) - fire-cracked and reddened rocks from orange soil levels, 2. General utility tools suggesting a hearth.

Flake scraper (1) - quartz, from 5. Knapping artifacts 2nd level of orange soil (Figure 9). CDres (5) - 3 quartz and 2 quartzite,

36 LAVIN AND SALWEN: THE FASTENER SITE

Figure 8. Projectile points of the Laurentian tradition, Fastener site. Top row: quartz Brewerton or Sylvan Lake Corner-notched; quartz Vosburg; bottom row: quartz Brewerton Eared-notched; siltstone Vosburg. from 2nd and 1st levels of orange Figure 9. General utility and hide- soil, respectively (Figure 9). working tools from the Late Archaic occupations; domestic equipment from Non-utilized flakes (234) - from the Woodland occupations, Fastener orange soil levels; 91.4% of flakes site. Top row: quartz scraper; are quartz; 5.6% are siltstone; 3% quartz denticulate, siltstone flake are chert (Table 3). The ratio of knife; middle row: quartz cores; quartz debitage to tools is 21.7:1. bottom row: quartz backed knife; The high ratio plus the presence hamrnerstone/grinding stone from of cores and primary decortifica- Woodland level.. tion flakes indicate that knapping was an important activity for the Late Archaic occupants at Fastener.

37 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46

As in the Woodland occupations., point groups. It merely indicates the chert debitage consists of a that the occupants were not grinding few small flakes; the debitage/ foods at the Fastener site. Seed tool ratio is quite low - 6.1 collecting by a Late Archaic narrow (Table 4). The flakes are most point group was suggested from the probably the results of minor re- flotation analysis of a hearth from pair and reworking of artifacts the Athena site in Pound Ridge, New manufactured elsewhere. York (Wiegand 1983). The hearth, which was radiocarbon-dated to 2170 Late Archaic Summary B.C., contained a narrow stemmed point, seeds, and nuts. The small number of tools (13), small number of functional cate- JUNCTION ZONE gories (4), and virtual absence of features indicate temporary occupa- As noted above, the junction zone tion by small groups of people. is an admixture of both the natural The Late Archaic components are and archaeological strata at the Fas- very similar to the subsequent tener site. Culturally diagnostic early Woodland components. Both artifacts from the junction represent are small temporary occupations both the Woodland and the Archaic com- at which a limited number of similar ponents at the site; non-diagnostic activities occurred. artifacts cannot be assigned to a dis-· Functional categories represented crete component with any certainty. by artifacts from both cultural There are 527 non-diagnostic artifacts periods indicate that the major ac- all lithic materials -- representing 5 tivity was lithic manufacture by functional categories. the quartz cobble reduction technique;most tools are made of 1. General utilitY,tools quartz. The percentage of quartz flakes increases with depth (Table Flake scrapers' (4) - unmodified flakes 3), while the percentage of silt- of white and yellowish white quartz with stone flakes decreases with depth; unifacial wear patterns indicative of percentages of chert and jasper scraper use. flakes remain stable. Chert is rare; chipping was restricted to Biface (1) - basal fragment of white minor retouch and repair of tools quartz. manufactured elsewhere. Hunting was probably another ac- 2. Weapons and hunting equipment tivity. Thick, narrow points representing the narrow point tradition Projectile points (2) - 1 Lamoka-like were produced and used during both point of dark gray siltstone and 1 un- the Late Archaic and Woodland occu- identifiable narrow-bladed quartz pations. The only major distinction point with very shallow side-notches between the Archaic and Woodland (Figure 5). occupations at Fastener was the presence of grinding equipment in Unclassifiable point fragments (3) - the Woodland levels and feature. point base of brownish siltstone This does not necessarily mean (Figure 6), a medial fragment of brown that plant grinding activities were chert, and a tip fragment of gray shale. not a part of the subsistence activities of Late Archaic narrow 3. Knapping artifacts

38 LAVIN AND SALWEN: THE FASTENER SITE

Cores (2) - quartz. Projectile point (1) - Lamoka-like point of mottled light and dark gray Non-utilized flakes (496) - 86.5% chert eroding from bluff at eastern are quartz, 10.1% are siltstone, and edge of site. 3.4% are chert and jasper (Table 3). The ratio of quartz debitage to tools Unidentifiable point (1) - white is 61.6:1, indicating the importance quartz broad-bladed point with side- of quartz tool manufacture (Table 4). notches, from the surface. The high siltstone debitage:tool ratio of 25:1 also indicates the Unclassifiable point fragments (2) - importance of siltstone tool manu- quartz tip fragments; 1 from the sur- facture. In contrast, small debi- face and 1 eroding from bluff area. tage:tool ratios for chert (11:0) and jasper (6:1) suggest secondary 3. Knapping artifacts retouch of tools manufactured elsewhere. Non-utilized flakes· (40) - 31 quartz, 1 quartzite, 2 siltstone, 4 chert, 4. Domestic equipment and 2 jasper.

Fired stones (16) - fire-cracked SQUARE 40N20W and reddened, indicating hearth and/or "pot-boiling." As noted above, test square 40N20W showed unusual strata above the junc- 5; Miscellaneous tion zone. For this reason, its artifactual contents are listed separately Unclassifiable "worked" white (Table 1). The historic artifacts are quartz flakes (2) - worked along discussed in the Historic component. at least one edge. In each case, The sherds are included in the ceramic however, unfamiliar wear patterns section of the Woodland components. precluded their placement in any The 27 lithic artifacts are described general functional categories. below.

UNKNOWN PROVENIENCE 1. Knapping artifacts

This category includes 46 non- Core (1) - quartz. diagnostic lithic artifacts and 5 potsherds, found either on the sur- Non-utilized flakes (25) - 21 quartz, face or eroding from the bluff 1 quartzite, and 3 siltstone. area at the eastern end of the site (Table 1). The sherds were 2. Domestic equipment included in the ceramic section of the Woodland components. Fired rock (1) - fire-cracked and reddened. 1. General utility tools BIOTIC REMAINS Flake knife (1) - unmodified quartz, from the surface. Twelve hard clam shell fragments, 7 oyster shell fragments, 7 nut shell 2. Weapons and hunting equipment fragments, 1 acorn cap, and 2 bones were recovered but cannot be assigned

39 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46 to a cultural component with reported similar findings at the any certainty. One quahog shell Neville site in New Hampshire. was recovered from Feature 1, Ritchie (1969) also found narrow- within plowzone. The remaining stemmed points in the same levels shell, bone, and 1 nut fragment as Early Woodland Vinette I pottery were recovered from the upper at the Pratt and Peterson sites on part of Zone A, and may be post- Martha's Vineyard; he suggested that contact in origin. The acorn Vinette pottery was introduced into cap and 2 nut fragments were a Terminal Archaic assemblage in from Zone B, 2 nut fragments were which the Wading River point type from the Junction zone, and 2 more was a survivor. were from the first level of In-Connecticut, Swigart (1974) orange soil. Oak and hickory reported Early Woodland radiocarbon trees, however, are located with- dates for 3 narrow point components: in and close to the site. This 850 B.C. at Naugatuck, 585 B.C. at may have been the case in pre- New Haven, and.400 B.C. from South historic times as well, and so Kent. Until recently, these dates the presence of acorn and nuts would have been considered erroneous, within the site may be a natural the results of contamination. But occurrence rather than the result additional, independent data pre- of human endeavor. cludes their dismissal on these grounds: narrow-stemmed points have CONCLUSIONS been associated with Early Woodland Vinette I pottery in adjacent coastal Not only does the Fastener site New York (Kaeser 1974; Rothschild and contribute to our knowledge of Lavin 1977) and in the upper Delaware prehistoric cultural sequences Valley (Werner 1972). Further south, and settlement patterns, but it Stephenson (1971) reported the asso- also demonstrates the cultural ciation of narrow-stemmed Bare Island continuity between the Archaic and Vernon points with Marcy Creek and Woodland periods in southern Plain ware at the Accokeek Creek site New England. Not only does the in the Chesapeake Bay region. Re- site represent functional and analysis of the Charles Tyler site technological continuity, indi- in eastern Connecticut indicates that cated by similar tool types and it is a single component, Early Wood- subsistence activities, but also land camp characterized by narrow- stylistic continuity in the con- stemmed points and Vinette I pottery tinued production of narrow- (Lavin 1984). Preliminary re-analysis stemmed points by the quartz of the Old Lyme site (Jraus 1942) in- cobble reduction technique. dicates two major occupations -- a The evidence for the continu- Terminal Archaic Orient occupation ation of the narrow-stemmed point and a Late Woodland Seboriac occupation. tradition into the Woodland period Wading River, and Squibnocket Stemmed is not new. Ritchie (1969b) re- and Triangle points occur throughout ported on the contemporaneity of both occupations, and within a Late points of the Squibnocket complex Woodland burial (Lavin 1984). Wading with those of the Susquehanna River points were also found in fea- tradition at the Peterson and tures radiocarbon-dated to the ~Iiddle Hornblower sites on Martha's Woodland (A.D. 785) and Late Woodland Vineyard. Dincauze (1971:197) (A.D. 1385) on Long Island (Wyatt 1977: 404,406).

40 LAVIN AND SALWEN; THE FASTENER SITE

Salwen found Wading River points Archaic societies would have continued in the pits at Fort Shantok, an relatively unchanged in balance with early historic ~ohegan fort on their environment, for an indefinite- the Thames River (Williams 1972): ly long Period," if not for the influx Salwen's excavation area contained of "new cultural stimuli" from the no prehistoric levels. Perhaps south, archaeologically indicated by the historic Mohegan were collect- the broad-bladed point types and ing the more ancient narrow points steatite bowls of the Terminal Archaic. as "heirlooms," but the preceding The archaeological evidence from evidence suggests the alternate New England and coastal New York sug- hypothesis ~- that narrow-stemmed gests that this did indeed happen points were being used throughout here, except that in these areas the the entire Woodland period. "new cultural stimuli" had relatively The data suggest that we need little effect on the indigenous narrow to rethink our present models of point culture groups. Evidence from culture history and culture the Fastener, Charles Tyler, Old Lyme, change. In the Northeast, cul- and Fort Shantok sites indicates that, ture history has often been per- except for the introduction of pottery, ceived as a series of complete, the cultural lifeways remained rela- or almost complete, replacements, tively unchanged throughout the Late each culture with its own pottery Archaic and Woodland periods. and point types, totally super- seding the preceding one. The ACKNOWLEDGMENTS data from Fastener and other sites indicate, however, that in southern The authors would like to thank New England and coastal New York, Joseph A. Neff for reporting the site, at least, the traditional equa- generously donating his collection to tion of one point or pottery type New York University for analysis, and with one culture is no longer volunteering his time in the site ex- viable. A more appropriate model cavations. We also wish to thank the of culture change might be that USM Corporation, Fastener Group, and of gradual material culture re- particularly Raymond G. Hawes, Director placement proposed by Hatch (1983) of Manufacturing, for graciously allow- for the Late and Final Woodland ing the New York University Department periods in Pennsylvania. of Anthropology to excavate the site Discussing the Late Archaic located on their property. The field groups in the Hudson Basin, Sa1wen crew, composed mainly of New York (1975:54) notes that settlement University anthropology students, was pattern appears to have been "an consistently persevering and consci- extremely successful adaptive entious. Philip Perazio, Department response" to the regional environ- of.Anthropology, New York University, ment. A subsistence system based kindly photographed the artifacts. on the utilization of a wide range Robert Tracy, Yale University, Depart- of seasonally restricted foodstuffs ment of Geology and Geophysics, kindly prevented extensive population provided identification of the lithic growth, and "insured the survival materials. Special thanks go to of local groups against possible Howard D. Winters, New York University, resource failures during the Department of Anthropology, for his seasonal round." Salwen concludes help in functional analysis of the that "it is possible that the artifacts.

41 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46

REFERENCES CITED Nelson, Lee H. 1968 Nail chronology as an aid Dincauze, Dena F. to dating old buildings. 1971 An Archaic sequence for American Association for southern New England. State and Local His.tory, American Antiquity 36 (2): Technical Leaflet 48, 194--198. History News 24(11). Funk, Robert E. No!!l-Hume, Ivor 1976 Recent contributions to 1969 A guide to artifacts of Hudson Valley prehistory. Colonial America. Alfred A. New York State Museum and Knopf, Inc., New York. Science Service Hemoir 22. Praus, Alexis A. Hatch, James V. 1942 Excavations at the Old Lyme 1983 Stratigraphic analysis of Shell Heap. Bulletin of the Late Woodland material Archaeological Society of culture change at Fisher Connecticut 13:3-66. Farm. Pennsylvania Archae- Ritchie, William A. ologist 53(102):11-27. 1928 Hammerstones, anvils, and Hayden, Brian (editor) certain pitted stones. Re- 1979 Lithic use-wear analysis. searches and Transactions of Academic Press, New York. the New York State Archaeo- Kaeser, E.J. logical Association 7(2). 1974 The Oakland Lake site 1969a The archaeology of New York (Har-14-4). Bulletin of State (2nd ed.). Natural the New York State Archaeo- History Press, Garden City, logical Association 60:1-27. New York. Lavin, Lucianne 1969b The archaeology of Martha's 1980 Analysis of ceramic vessels Vineyard. Natural History from the Ben Hollister site, Press, Garden City, New York. Glastonbury, Connecticut. Ritchie, W.A. and R.S. MacNeish Bulletin of the Archaeo- 1949 The Pre-Iroquoian pottery of logical Society of Connecti- New York State. American cut 43:3-41. Antiguity 15(2):97-124. 1984 The research potential of Rothschild, Nan A. and Lucianne Lavin early archaeology collec- 1977 The Kaeser site: A stratified tions at Yale Peabody }lu- shell midden in the Bronx, seum: A case study of the New York. Bulletin of the New Old Lyme Shell Heap. Paper York State Archaeological presented at the Annual Association ]0:1-27. Meeting of the Northeastern Rouse, Irving Anthropological Association, 1947 Ceramic traditions and se- Hartford. quences in Connecticut. Lavin, Lucianne and Lyent Russell Bulletin of the Archaeological 1985 Preliminary report of the Society of Connecticut 21:10-25. Burwell-Karako site: New Salwen, Bert data on culture sequences 1968 Huskeeta Cove 2: A stratified and artifact typologies in Woodland site on Long Island. southern New England. Bul- American Antiquity 33(3):322- letin of the Archaeological 340. Society of Connecticut, in press.

42 LAVIN AND SALWEN: THE FASTENER SITE

1975 Post-glacial environ- Werner, David J. ments and cultural change 1972 The Zimmerman site, 36-Pi- in the Hudson River Basin. 14. In Archaeology in the Han in the Northeast 10:43- Upper Delaware Valley, edited 70. by W.F. Kinsey, pp. 55-130. Semenov, S.A. Pennsylvania Historical and 1970 Prehistoric technology.' Museum Commission, Harrisburg. Adams and Dart, Bath, Eng- Wiegand, Ernest A. land. 1983 Rockshelters of southwestern Smith, Carlyle S. Connecticut: Their prehistoric 1950 The archaeology of coastal occupation and use. Norwalk New York. Anthropological Community College Press, Nor- Papers. Museum of Natural walk. History 43(Part 1). Williams, Lorraine E. Stephenson, R.L. 1972 A study of seventeenth cen- 1971 The Accokeek Creek site: tury culture contact in the Early and Niddle Woodland Long Island Sound area. Un- summary. In Foundations published Ph.D. dissertation, of Pennsylvania Prehistory, Department of Anthropology, edited by B. Kent, I. Smith, New York University. and C. McCann, pp. 241-60. Wilmsen, Edwin N. Pennsylvania Historical 1968 Lithic analysis in paleo an- and Museum Commission, thropology. Science 161: Harrisburg. 982-987. Swigart, Edmund K. Winters, Howard D. 1974 The prehistory of the 1969 The Riverton culture. Illi- Indians of western Connecti- nois Archaeological Survey, cut. American Indian Monograph 1, and Illinois Archaeological Institute State Museum, Reports of In- Occasional Papers 1. vestigations 13. Thompson, David H. n.d. Untitled monograph on the Laws 1969 The Binette site, Naugatuck, Farm site, Montgomery County, Connecticut. Eastern Illinois. Center for Ameri- States Archaeological Fed- can Archaeology, Kampsville, eration Bulletin 27,28:14,15. Illinois, in press. Wyatt, Ronald 1977 The Archaic on Long Island. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288:400- 410.

43 BASHAN LAKE: 4500 YEARS OF PREHISTORY

John E. Pfeiffer

INTRODUCTION Early in February, after the January thaw, the second flight was made. This Bashan Lake in the town of East time we used lenses of 50 to l60mrn Haddam, Connecticut (Figure 1) which greatly improved our photos. Sur- covered an area of approximately 260 face and some sub-surface features could acres prior to October 1982, when be discerned. Weirs, hearths, and the lake level was lowered by 6 to house outlines were plainly visible. 7m to repair flood damage to a state- At this time repairs to the dam had been owned dam at the northeastern end of completed and the lake level began to the lake. This draining caused the rise. lake to be decreased in size by 100 acres. Adjacent to the drained lake AERIAL, SURFACE, AND INFORMANT SURVEYS was exposed a lake bed that had not been dry for over a century when the The exposed shoreline of Bashan Lake darn had first been constructed. has many distinct loci of prehistoric (The lake had been partially drained activity. The series of aerial photo- to 2.5m approximately 35 years ago). graphs coupled with informant and sur- I inspected the formerly submerged face survey data help establish the shoreline in late November and saw probable temporal and cultural affini- evidence of aboriginal fish weirs, ties of several of these loci (Figure 2). hearths, and expansive midden de- Careful examination of the aerial posits. With winter approaching, an photographs shows that the northern excavation was not planned but an shoreline known as Brownell's Beach aerial photographic survey was under- (Figure 3A) appears to have large quan- taken by the Archaeological Society tities of cultural features and arti- of Southeastern Connecticut, under factual material (Figure 3). The site my direction. is located on a 250m knoll running The first of two missions was northeast to southwest. It is dotted undertaken in early January in clear, with fire-reddened stone piles, black cold weather at an elevation which soil, and much surface debitage. Two varied from 1000 to 2000 feet. Our· distinct stone fish weirs cross an in- first run proved the utility of let and incoming stream. Coffin (1947: black and white, color, and color in- 37)described such stone fish weirs frared film to reveal prehistoric in the Housatonic River: features, however, the resolution Where the bottom was loose of our photographic images was not with sand and rocks, stakes optimal. We therefore planned a would not stand up. To over- second series of aerial photographs come this difficulty, the In- but before we could schedule the dians built stone walls out pilot and plane, a winter storm from the shore, extending out buried the shoreline in 18 inches of into the river for almost 30 snow. to 40 feet. Besides the fish weirs, a dark circular ring pattern (Figure 4) ca. lOrn in John Pfeiffer is currently 4 doctoral candidate diameter was located at the western at the State Univecsitlj of Hew Yock at Albany, end of the knoll. It appears on Department of Anthropology. A litelonq resident ot Old LV'" he has been studying archaeology all three types of film that were ot the area for the past decade. used and, according to informants, has yielded several large stone tools.

45 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

CONNECTICUT I'YEI YALLEY

Figure 1. Map of Lower Connecticut River Valley and Bashan Lake

46 PFEIFFER: BASHAN LAKE: 4500 YEARS OF PREHISTORY

ji'" ...... ~ ..._... <£, ._.J

BASHAN LAKE 1:9000

Figure 2. Map of Bashan Lake showing discrete loci of habitation

Figure 3. Locus A - Brownell's Beach: stone fish weir (arrow), black soil and hearths (arrow)

47 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Figure 4. Circular ring pattern

48 PFEIFFER: BAS HAN LAKE: 4500 YEARS OF PREHISTORY

A hearth lies within the ring within evident. Instead, the base shows a which a large flint point was found slight indentation. by a collector. Locus E, known as Bailey's· Beach, On the knoll, point types from revealed many hearths and was apparent- Woodland Levanna to Archaic Brewer- ly an active area for production of ton are represented in private col- stone tools. Native quarried quartz lections (Ritchie, 1971). Also as well as quartz cobbles were worked within these collections are several in this area. Large hammerstones, reworked European gunflints. We pitted stones, and debitage cover the found fragments of aboriginal pot- surface. A cache of five net sinkers tery during our walking survey. was found in direct association with These were poorly preserved, prob- a stone fish weir. This supports our ably due to water wear and chemical interpretation of the stone piles as weathering. Thus, we suspect there being fish weirs, and also suggests is a component of the Contact period that nets were used in conjunction on the surface of the knoll. Local with these. oral tradition relates that when Locus F, Brook's Cove, is within this portion of the lake was first the northwestern inlet of Bashan Lake occupied by whites, the native popu- and is made up of hearths nestled lation relocated to the southern amongst boulders, midden deposits, end of the lake. For years afterward and several small hummocks which have it was the responsibility of the fire-cracked stone, charcoal-stained white settlers to provide corn to soil, and concentrations of chips. the Indians. Late Woodland or Historic Woodland The eastern shore (Figure 2) has ceramics, a mortar and pestle, Levanna several smaller sites which probably po Irrts, and bone' have all come from date to Middle to Late Woodland this locus. A small rock shelter may periods. Some deposits were still be associated with these surface finds. under water when the dam was com- Informant data are sometimes biased pletely open, suggesting that the in such a way that certain portions of lake level has been lower and that the archaeological record are over- it fluctuated during aboriginal times. represented (as is the case with pro- Several hearths are reported for this jectile points). Other artifacts, such area as well as a stone fish weir. as hammerstones, pitted stones, scrap- Two flint knives and an antler pipe ers, and utilized flakes, are often were also found as well as heavy con- not recognized or at least collected. centrations of flint debitage. Thus, it is difficult to determine range Locus C (Figure 2) yielded debi- of activities at a site solely from tage from a quartz cobble industry. informant sources. Many small-stemmed points were found Our surface survey demonstrated a by collectors. As this locus was no preponderance of small scrapers at more than 0.5m above the lowest level Loci A, E, and F (these were the only of the lake, it was already submerged sites which we were able to view in after the January thaw and we were late February and }larch). Only a few unable to view it. collectors had shown me such artifacts Locus D (Figure 2), at the sound from Bashan Lake. These "t.humbna I l ' end of the lake, is not well known scrapers appeared to be a very important but hearths are wedged in among the constituent of the assemblage and large boulders. Several small- probably represented a specific activi- stemmed points have come from this ty. Willoughby (1935) suggests that area. The usual characteristic of a these were important in the manufacture cobble surface at the base is not of dugout canoes. It is also possible

49 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

that the scrapers were used to stratum (Stratum D) became apparent. process fish or scrape hides. I This thick cultural layer extended have seen as many finely flaked down to 65 to 75cm and had many scrapers at only one other site in flakes, hammerstones, scrapers, and the Lower Connecticut Valley. This projectile points. A sterile yellow site, Hubbard Brook, is on the banks sand (Stratum E) continued to an un- of the Connecticut River in Middle- known depth. The water table was town. The relationship of these rising rapidly and was at the 70cm scrapers to a body of water is prob- level when we completed the three-day ably significant to the interpreta- excavation (Figure 5). tion of activity in which such arti- Two hearths were intersected by facts were employed. our test trench. Feature A, a hearth in Squares 4 and 5, was characterized EXCAVATIONS AT LOCUS A by large stones of 15 to 45cm which were heavily burned, reddened, and The aerial, infonnant, and surface fragmented. Feature A's matrix was surveys show clearly that Bashan Lake black gritty charcoal-laden soil. has tremendous archaeological poten- Flakes of cobble quartz, small cubes tial. Information on settlement, of bone, artifacts, and a Brewerton subsistence, and technology was pro- drill (Ritchie 1969) were found within vided by this part of the study. Be- this hearth. A second hearth was par- fore the lake reclaimed the cultural tially intersected and, in fact, al- deposits, it was important to estab- most missed by the test trench. Ap- lish site size and time depth. Since parently most of this feature lay to our data suggested that Locus A was the east of our test trench. Its the oldest and most complex, we pro- profile revealed a depth of 55cm in ceeded to test this area. Squares 9 and 10. The fire pit was Early in March, as the waters rose stratigraphically covered by Stratum C; rapidly, already drowning Loci B, C, however, the distinction between the and D, we initiated a sample excava- overlying stratum and the matrix into tion on the knoll feature of Locus A. which it was dug was very unclear. A test trench 0.5 by 15m was laid out Without further horizontal definition, on a north-south axis across the the stratigraphic relationship shall knoll. The trench was positioned in remain unknown. such a way that its north end would Several extensions were made on also test the fish weir. A second the western side of the trench to test unit 2m on a side was placed at further clarify features and strati- the western end of the knoll to veri- graphy. The NW and SW quadrants of fy the circular ring feature and Squares 4 and 5 as well as Squares hearth (Figure 4). 3, 22, 23, and 24 were excavated to The trench was excavated in 2m reveal hearth Feature A. An east- units at 10cm levels. As excavation west trench running west out of continued, a white-gray layer of dry Square 6 verified the stratigraphy sand (Stratum A) 5 to 7cm thick gave and demonstrated the small-stemmed way to a black cultural stratum and Levanna triangular points at the (Stratum B). This black layer with same depth and, therefore, were triangular and stemmed points varied directly associated. A more important in depth from 5 to 10cm. At ca 15 aspect of the area of the excavation to 17cm below surface, we encoun- was a thin gravelly layer within tered a sandy chestnut soil which Stratum D at 35 to 40cm. This may was relatively sterile (Stratum C). have been a living floor within a At 25 to 30cm, a second very black large structure. The living floor

50 PFEIFFER: BASHAN LAKE: 4500 YEARS OF PREHISTORY

-N LOCUS A TRENCH PROFILE EAST WALL

y 13 7

.. v ~,.~.0 , \~ ) , ,

, e • • • • . . .. • . . . • .• . . :" ..D • v I I , ~ • , I , v I • • • , I I • , v I I I v

Figure 5. Cultural stratigraphy which was more compact than other indicate that there was, indeed, 'an regions of the excavation yielded a Archaic component. The hickory nuts serrated Brewerton projectile point from this living floor where the Brewer- (Figure 6) very similar to the type ton point, gouge, and hammers tone were of points identified at the Bliss found dated to 4730± 280 BP (Beta Site in Old Lyme (Pfeiffer 1983a), #6723). Several more dates from the a shallow gouge (Figure 7), a basalt site would, of course, strengthen its hammers tone , and many hickory nut chronologic sequence. fragments which were collected and The excavation at the west end of sent for radiometric dating. By the knoll in the area of the 10m cir- analogy to the Bliss Site which cular ring showed a thin 2 to 3cm dated to ca 4700 BP, I expected a white~gray sand layer, a darker matrix similar age (Pfeiffer 1983b). Be- extending to l5cm, and a yellow sub- low the living floor was a recur- soil. Within the darker matrix was rence of the black matrix of a large hearth, several post molds, and Stratum D overlying sterile sand. many chips. One broken black flint Stratigraphically, the living floor point came from the hearth area. was associated to the hearth fea- The excavation was left incomplete ture (A) and the post molds in as time and funds were unavailable. Square 75. The hearth was left intact, a plastic The results of the radiometric sheet laid over the square, and back- dating from Bashan Lake Locus A filled.

51 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

The test in this region of the knoll confirmed the existence of the circular ring and strongly suggested that the aerial photographs documented an aboriginal structure. A charcoal sample was taken from the hearth for eventual radiocarbon dating. This will determine the age of the hearth, which, based on typology and stratigraphy, I estimate to be from the \,oodland period. Several lxIm test units were laid out to the east and west of the trench in order to establish the site size. One test unit of the trench 10m east of Square 10 showed the identical stratigraphy as in the trench. We found a pit covered by slab rock within Stratum D at 30cm. Within the feature was a cache of quartz cobbles in various stages of reduction. Two small-stemmed points were within this cache. Another 5m to the east, another test unit again verified the stratigraphy and cultural content of the trench. Shovel-test-pitting farther east showed that the site continued to the outlet of the brook 90m east of our test trench. To the west, shovel-test-pitting revealed cultural deposits in an area over 150m; 15 to 20m seems very Figure 6. Brewerton point likely for the measurement of the site. from Stratum D ARTIFACTS OF THE TEST TRENCH

Sixty-three artifacts were recovered from the test trench and extensions. Stratum B yielded 3 Levanna points, 4 small-stemmed points, 1 drill, 7 thumbnail scrapers, 1 hammerstone, and 3 bifaces. Debitage was heavy from this level where predominantly quartz cobbles were being worked. Stratum C consisted of 5 artifacts which were quartz bifaces and scrapers. Debitage was very sparse. Stratum D had 3 small-stemmed points, Figure 7. Gouge from Stratum D 6 Brewerton and 6 Squibnocket triangles (Ritchie, 1'171), 3 drills, 13 thumbnail scz aper s , 1 gouge, I" hammerst6ne, a-nd several fragmented and untyped arti-

52 PFEIFFER: BASHAN LAKE: 4500 YEARS OF PREHISTORY facts. Quartz cobble debitage was ACKNOWLEDGMENTS very heavy. Activities as indicated by arti- I wish to thank the Archaeological facts within Stratum B were: stone Society of Southeastern Connecticut for tool manufacture (a quartz cobble their interest and support of this industry), hunting, cooking (based project. Without their assistance, on surface hearths and bone frag- the site would have remained undocu- ment s-),wood or bone working mented. Several enthusiastic amateurs, (based upon drills, scrapers, and Oscar and Dan Dill, Gaspar Ingui, and bifaces which were found in the Rick Todzia,informed me of the site. assemblage), possibly hide scraping, The professional photographic expertise and fishing (based on fish weirs of Cynthia Richmond is greatly appre- and net sinkers). ciated and adds a powerful component Activities indicated for Stratum to this research. Finally, the radio- D were: stone tool production metric date funded by the Public Archae- (quartz cobble industry), hunting, ological Survey Team has been integral cooking, heavy wood working (gouge), to the chronological assignment of the wood and bone working (drills, test excavation of Locus A. scrapers, and bifaces), and nut processing. REFERENCES CITED A comparison between the two strata reveals little significant Coffin, C.C. difference. This may well imply 1947 Ancient fish weirs along the that a similar, if not identical, Housatonic River. Bulletin mode of adaptation existed for of the Archaeological Society both components. The Woodland of Connecticut 21:35-38. period in this case can be viewed Pfeiffer, John as a direct descendant-of the Ar- 1983a Preliminary report - Bliss chaic period and as an example of site. Man in the Northeast, cultural continuity. in press. 1983b Radiometric dates from two CONCLUSIONS cremation burial sites in Southern New England. Man in The Bashan Lake study has demon- the Northeast, in press. strated intense prehistoric utili- Ritchie, William zation of this freshwater body in 1969 The Archaeology of New York southeastern Connecticut. Six State. Natural History Press, discrete loci of activity were Garden City, New York. identified through the use of 1971 A typology and nomenclature of aerial photography, informant New York projectile points. sources, surface survey, and limited New York State Museum and Sci- excavation. Temporal and spatial ence Service Bulletin 384. parameters were established for Willoughby, C.C. this site which was occupied during 1935 Antiquities of the New England Archaic and Woodland times. Indians. peabody Museum, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts. lA sample of this bone was sent for collagen dating; however, no date could be generated since almost all of the collagen had been boiled out through aboriginal cooking.

53 TERMINAL ARCHAIC SETTLEMENT-SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS IN THE LOWER CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY: A SET OF TESTABLE HYPOTHESES

Peter Pagoulatos

INTRODUCTION varieties of eastern New England (Dincauze 1972), and the Genesee in The Terminal Archaic period is the Hudson drainage (Snow 1980). not well known in the Northeast. These broad blade point types have The following paper briefly sum- been classified as part of the Sus- marizes current research on this quehanna tradition (Witthoft 1953, period in southern New England. Snow 1980). In Connecticut, this Data on the chronological setting tradition is characterized by assem- of the Terminal Archaic are pre- blages which include wing-shaped sented, and the temporal relation- atlatl weights, grooved axes, adzes, ship of this period to other Late gouges, whetstones, steatite bowls, Archaic cultural traditions is occasionally steatite-tempered cera- discussed. A set of hypotheses mics, hammerstones, large knives, concerning Terminal Archaic set- spears, dart points, scrapers, and tlement-subsistence patterns is bifacially flaked ceremonial blades presented that will be tested in commonly associated with cremation future research. burials (Dincauze 1972; Turnbaugh The Terminal Archaic period in 1975; Cook 1976; Snow 1980; Pfeiffer Connecticut is identified by a 1983a). variety of broad blade projectile point forms which date from 3600 LATE ARCHAIC-TERMINAL ARCHAIC to 2700 B.P. (Dincauze 1968, (4700-2700 B.P.) SETTLEMENT-SUB- 1975; Ritchie 1969; Snow 1980). SISTENCE PATTERNS IN THE LOWER Broad blade projectile point forms CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY are distributed on the eastern slope of the Appalachians from For the purposes of this paper, Georgia to Maine. Broad blade the lower Connecticut River Valley sites date to 4000 B.P. along the is confined to the area extending Savannah River, Georgia (Claflin from South Windsor to the Long 1931) and the Carolina Piedmont Island Sound (Figure 1). The lower (Cae 1964). Early broad blade valley is divided into a series of point types include the Lehigh in parallel ecoregions based on land the Susquehanna Valley (Witthoft forms, climate, and biota. The 1949, 1953), the Coens-Crispin North-Central Lowlands of Glastonbury variety in the Delaware drainage and South Windsor (3B) are charac- (Kinsey 1972), the Snook Kill in terized by extensive floodplain and eastern New York and western New terrace zbnes adjacent to the Con- New England (Ritchie 1951, 1969), necticut River. The Southeast Hills the Atlantic and Wayland-Notched (4C) and Eastern Coastal ecoregions (5B) incorporate the towns of Lyme, Haddam, East Haddam, and Old Lyme. The author received his M.A. in The former is a near coastal upland; Anthropology at the University of the latter consists of tidal marshes Connecticut where he is continuing and estuaries along the Long Island his graduate studies in Anthro- pology.

55 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Sound (Dowhan and Craig 1976; camps in the floodplain and terrace McBride, ms. in preparation). zones, with task-specific sites or The Late Archaic period in the seasonal camps in the uplands (Dewar lower Connecticut River Valley and McBride n.d. ; McBride and Dewar consists of the Laurentian and 1981; HcBride and Pagoulatos 1983). Narrow-stemmed cultural traditions Terminal Archaic settlement-sub- (4700-2900 B.P.). The Laurentian sistence patterns (3600-2700 B.P.) tradition is the earlier, dated contrast strongly with those of the between 4700 and 4200 B.P., and Late Archaic, with settlement patterns includes Brewerton and Vosburg clearly oriented toward the river and projectile point types. The terrace edges, perhaps indicating a Narrow-stemmed tradition is dated riverine economy (McBride and Dewar between 4200 and 2900 B.P., and is 1981). In the North Central Lowland identified by triangular and small- ecoregion, Terminal Archaic occupations stemmed quartz projectile points are predominantly on the river edge of (Ritchie 1969; Dincauze 1972; the terrace, adjacent to the flood Snow 1980; McBride, n.d.). plain. The limited number of small Woodchuck Knoll, a multi-compo- sites found suggest that floodplain nent Late Archaic Narrow-stemmed and upland zones were used infrequently occupation on the Connecticut for specialized activities, although River flood plain in South Windsor, larger occupations have been found in provides specific information on upland areas, which may indicate ex- seasonality and subsistence ploitation of seasonally available re- (McBride 1978). Stratigraphically, sources (McBride n.d.). Settlement a thin Laurentian occupation under- pattern and site size distribution of lies a Narrow-stemmed component. Terminal Archaic sites suggest fewer The presence of hearths and possi- residential moves than in the preceding ble storage facilities indicates a Narrow-stemmed tradition (Dewar and long, localized sequence of occu- McBride n.d.). This pattern is char- pation. Macrobotanical remains acterized by larger occupations along such as nuts, lotus seeds, and the river and a reduction of seasonal chenopodium sp. indicate a summer- and task-specific sites in floodplain fall occupation for at least part and upland zones (McBride and Dewar of the time. Early spring occu- 1981). The reduction of flood plain and pancy of the flood plain can be upland sites suggests either year-round ruled out due to annual flooding; or seasonal occupation along the river terrace zone sites probably repre- edge of the terrace zone. Seasonal sent occupations during other occupation of only the terrace zone might seasons (McBride 1978). indicate that the annual subsistence The Narrow-stemmed tradition is range included areas outside of the well represented in the North- study region. Central Lowlands ecoregion (Figure 1). Large sites are predominantly TERMINAL ARCHAIC SETTL~illNT-SUBSISTENCE on the flood plain; medium and small PATTERNS: A SET OF HYPOTHESES sites are on terraces and uplands (McBride and Dewar 1981). The Two competing hypotheses have been associated settlement pattern was proposed to explain the nature of the probably characterized by hunters Susquehanna tradition in southern New and gatherers operating out of base England: 1) the specialized maritime-

56 PAGOULATOS: TERMINAL ARCHAIC IN CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY

riverine economic subsystem hypo- from rivers may suggest hunting or thesis (Cook 1976), and 2) the com- related activities. Presumably sites plete cultural system hypothesis showing evidence of both projectile (Turnbaugh 1975; Pfeiffer 1983a; point forms should exist during certain Dewar and McBride n.d.). Studies times of the year. of Terminal Archaic sites in the Settlement patterns should be de- Northeast have generally focused tected through evidence of a clear on cremation burial complexes separation of specialized activities (Dincauze 1968; Snow 1980; Pfeiffer of people using broad blade and 1983a). Sites yielding evidence narrow-stemmed points during specific of occupation and associated stone times of the year. Broad blade tools tool industries have not yet been might represent specialized activities systematically tested to determine such as fishing; narrow-stemmed tools function, seasonality, and duration representing hunting. Both fishing and of occupation. Analysis of arti- hunting would take place in the spring. fact variability within and between Seasonal camps with fishing, hunting, occupation sites should indicate and collecting activities should possess the spatial and temporal distribu- both pOint types in winter, summer, tion of activities and allow for and fall. Therefore, except for special evaluation of the explanatory purpose activities at certain times of hypotheses. This would be a sig- the year, both point types should be nificant contribution to our under- found together in association in the standing of Terminal Archaic settle- lower Connecticut River Valley. ment-subsistence patterns in the lower Connecticut River Valley. 2) The Complete Cultural System Each of the hypotheses is discussed Hypothesis below. This hypothesis proposes that the 1) The Specialized Maritime- Susquehanna tradition represents a Riverine Hypothesis complete cultural system in the lower Connecticut River Valley, i.e., a The specialized maritime- full range of site types in terms of riverine hypothesis proposes function and seasonality. The need that the presence of broad blade to exploit seasonal resources might elements indicates a technological necessitate the use of seasonal camps, subsystem of the Narrow-stemmed as well as smaller temporary camps tradition in the lower Connecticut and task-specific sites at different River Valley. Broad blade point times of the year. All 12 months of types may only reflect a minor the annual cycle should be accounted technological innovation adopted for. by local Late Archaic cultures pos- Turnbaugh (1975) proposes that the sessing Narrow-stemmed point types Susquehanna tradition represents a in the lower Connecticut River culture focused on a maritime-riverine Valley. The distribution of economy in the lower Connecticut River broad blade point types along Valley. A maritime-riverine economy rivers may imply a specialized is characterized by riverside base camps, function, possibly associated with an emphasis on the exploitation of fishing, while Narrow-stemmed anadromous fish species, and a maritime point types found at a distance technology.

57 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT; BULLETIN 46

Storage facilities would have tem, but question whether Terminal been essential for short-term sur- Archaic occupation along the terrace pluses of anadromous shad, salmon, edge zone was year-round or seasonal and alewife fish runs. Anadromous in the lower Connecticut River Valley. fish remains from riverside base Dewar and McBride propose that ter- camps might imply springtime occu- race edge Terminal Archaic occupation pation. The short duration of fish may have been year-round in the Glas- runs would require alternative re- tonbury area, with seasonal movement sources such as deer, bird, nut, within the terrace zones. There is and vegetable foods during other very little evidence for seasonal seasons. The need for these re- occupation either in the floodplain sources might but need not neces- or terrace zones. Year-round occu-' sitate movements to other resource pation of the terrace zone might be zones and the establishment of indicated by preserved remains of plant hunting and collecting camps and animal that were available in all (Binford 1980). The settlement seasons, superimposed occupations, sub- pattern of a maritime-riverine stantial residential construction, and economy might be represented by evidence of re-usable storage facilities populations operating out of (Flannery 1972; Dewar and McBride riverside base camps along streams n.d.). This settlement pattern should in the spring, with use of in- include permanent base camps in the terior hunting and collecting terrace zones, with task-specific sites stations in the fall and winter, located in floodplain and upland zones. and riverine hunting, fishing, Evidence for semi-permanent occupations and collecting encampments in as early as the Terminal Archaic period the summer months. might imply highly efficient food Pfeiffer (1983a) proposes that gathering strategies and storage. the Susquehanna tradition in the Grain storage during the Late Archaic lower Connecticut River Valley period has been identified at Woodchuck is characterized by a generalized Knoll (McBride 1978). gathering-hunting economy which In contrast, seasonal or temporary depends heavily upon vegetable occupation along the terrace edge zone foods supplemented by hunting. could be implied by the recovery of Aquatic resources appear-to be of plant, animal, and fish remains which minor importance (Pfeiffer 1983a). are available only at certain times of Seasonally available plant and the year. In the Glastonbury area, animal resources would necessitate nearly all Terminal Archaic occupation frequent group movements to specific was in the terrace zone. Despite this resource zones. Settlement patterns fact, Dewar and McBride (n.d.) state would include hunter-gatherers that terrace zone occupation may have operating out of riverine base camps been limited to seasonal activities to collect plant foods and hunt such as fishing. Further, they suggest small game in the spring and summer. that Terminal Archaic occupations Interior fall and winter camps would shifted to the terrace zoneta allow have been necessary to hunt deer and residence close to the river earlier collect nuts. in the year than would have been possi- Dewar and McBride (n.d.) also ble on the floodplain knolls. The argue that the Susquehanna tradition Connecticut River had important runs represents a complete cultural sys- of Atlantic salmon and shad. Netting

58 PAGOULATOS; TERMINAL ARCHAIC IN CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY anadromous fish in the lower Con- through subsur£ace testing a strat- necticut River would have yielded ified systematic unaligned sampling high returns. design (McBride and Dewar 1981). The absence o£ floodplain and Terminal Archaic occupation sites upland zone sites might indicate from this survey will be tested by that the annual subsistence range systematic, controlled excavation may have extended beyond the Glas- to determine site £unction, season- tonbury area (Dewar and McBride ality, and duration of occupation. n.d.). Orient phase components Site function will be interpreted £rom the Hudson drainage and Long primarily through artifact variability Island indicate that populations and lithic use-wear analysis. Season- may have moved to the coast to ex- ality and length of occupation will ploit shellfish during the summer be based on preserved faunal and months. Seasonal movements also floral remains. took people' to the hinterlands to Riverside fishing camps should pro- hunt and collect in the fall and vide evidence for the taking of fishing winter; migratory fish were har- by means of weirs, nets, traps, and vested along major tributary streams lines. Other fishing equipment may in the spring. There is no evi- include pronged fish spears, harpoons, dence for fishing equipment at and net sinkers. Adzes, axes,'and coastal sites, probably indicating gouges might imply canoe building a clear separation of activities (Turnbaugh 1975; Snow 1980). Collect- by season and by site location ing camps might be suggested by the (Ritchie and Funk 1973; Snow 1980). presence of grinding implements such The lower Connecticut River Valley as mortars, mulIers, and nutting settlement pattern should indicate stones to process plant, seed, and terrace zone fishing camps in the nut resources. Hunting camps might spring, the presence of upland hunt- be indicated by knives and scraping ing and collecting camps in the tools, which are required to process fall and winter, and the movement deer and other animals. Larger base of groups to the coast to collect camps might include hunting, gathering, shellfish, hunt, and gather in and fishing activities. summer. With the exception of the Grannis Island site in New Haven, CONCLUSION which provided evidence for an Orient phase shellfish midden, no Despite accumulating evidence, the other occupations dating to the Terminal Archaic period of southern Terminal Archaic period have yet New England is still .poorLy understood. been identified in Connecticut. The expansion of the Susquehanna tradition has been one of the most perplexing DISCUSSION problems in New England prehistory. Does the Susquehanna tradition repre- Future field research will focus sent a specialized maritime-riverine on the town of Glastonbury and sur- adaptation or a complete cultural sys- rounding areas (Figure 11. A aur-« tem? The establishment of a specialized vey of Glastonbury was undertaken maritime-riverine economy would indi- by the Public Archaeology Survey cate the development of a technological Team, Inc. in 1979. The survey subsystem adopted by local Narrow- included the location of sites stemmed cultures. If the Susquehanna

59 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

tradition was a complete cultural as well as the nature of the Sus- system, what type of settlement- quehanna tradition in eastern North subsistence pattern is it char- America. acterized by in the lower Connec- ticut River Valley? If future REFERENCES CITED data do not conform to any previously mentioned settlement-sub- Binford, L.R. sistence pattern, will they hint 1980 Willow smoke and dog's tails: at yet a new model? hunter-gatherer settlement Further, the expansion of broad systems and archaeological blade groups may indicate popula- site formation. American tion pressure along the Atlantic Antiquity 45(1):4-20. seaboard. Funk and Rippeteau Claflin, W.H. (1977) report a sharp increase 1931 The Stallings Island Hound, in the number of components per Columbus County, Georgia. century for the Terminal Archaic Papers of the Peabody Museum in the Susquehanna Valley. Funk of American Archaeology & (1976) and Dincauze (1971) re- Ethnography 14. Harvard Uni- port similar patterns for the versity, Cambridge. Hudson River drainage and Massa- Coe, Jeffrey chusetts. It should be noted that 1964 Formative cultures of the an increase in components through Carolina Piedmont. Trans- time is not necessarily an accu- actions of the American rate indicator of population size. Philosophical Society, new Curtin (1979) argues that an in- series 54(5). crease in components could indi- Cook, T.G. cate an increase in the number of 1976 Broadpoint: culture, phase, special-purpose sites and not horizon, tradition, or knife? population growth. But if popula- Journal of Anthropological Re- tion growth were the case, why search 23(4):337-357. did it occur? Reasons could in- Curtin, E. clude improved storage of plant 1979 Demographic and economic foods (McBride 1978), the exploita- changes in the Upper Susque- tion of new harvestable resources hanna Late Archaic. Paper such as anadromous fish (Turnbaugh presented at the 19th annual 1975), and appropriate processing meeting of the Northeast and storage (Testart 1982). Anthropological Association, This discussion is only a pre- Hennicker, New Hampshire. liminary attempt to address the Dewar, R. and K.A. McBride problems of the Terminal Archaic n.d. Remnant settlement patterns period. Future field research in Connecticut prehistory. and the subsequent development Ms. on file, Department of of a settlement-subsistence model Anthropology, University of from the lower Connecticut River Connecticut, Storrs. Valley will hopefully also help to Dincauze, Dena explain annual cycles of movement 1968 Cremation cemeteries in of Terminal Archaic populations Eastern Massachusetts. Pea- in other river drainages and body Museum, Harvard Univer- valleys in southern New England, sity, Cambridge.

60 PAGOULATOS; TERMINAL ARCHAIC IN CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY

1971 Population dynamics in McBride, K.A. and R. Dewar southern New England; an 1981 Prehistoric settlement in essay in prehistory. the Lower Connecticut Ms. in possession of the Valley. Man in the North- author. east 22. 1972 The Atlantic phase; A Late McBride,~. and Peter Pagoulatos " Archaic culture in Massa- 1983 Continuity and change during chusetts. Man in the the Early Woodland period in Northeast 4 :40-6l. the Lower Connecticut Valley. 1975 The Late Archaic period in Paper presented at ASC meet- southern New England. ing, Wesleyan University, Arctic Anthropology 12 (2). Middletown, Connecticut. Dowhan, J. and R. Craig Pfeiffer. John 1976 Rare and endangered species 1983a Late Archaic and Terminal of Connecticut and their Archaic cultural adaptations habitats. State Geological in the Broadspear Complex. and Natural History Survey Occasional Papers in North- of Connecticut. Department eastern Anthropology. Man in of Environmental Protec- the Northeast, in press. tion, Hartford. 1983b Preliminary reports: Chadwick, Flannery, K.V. Murdock, Broeder, and Tolle 1972 The cultural evolution of Road sites. Occasional Papers civilization. Annual Re- in Northeastern Anthropology. view of Ecology and Sys- Man in the Northeast, in press. tematics 3:399-426. Ritchie, W.A. Funk, R.E. 1951 A current synthesis of New 1976 Recent contributions to York prehistory. American Hudson Valley prehistory. Antiquity 17(2) :130-136. New York State Museum and 1969 The archaeology of New York Science Service Memoir 22. State. Natural History Press, Funk, R.E. and B.E. Rippeteau Garden City, New York. 1977 Adaptation, continuity and Ritchie, W.A. and R.E. Funk change in Upper Susque- 1973 Aboriginal settlement patterns hanna prehistory. Man in in tqe Northeast. New York the Northeast, Occasional State Museum and Science Publications in North- Memoir 20. eastern Anthropology 3. Snow, Dean Kinsey, W.F. 1980 The archaeology of New England. 1972 The archaeology of the Academic Press, New York. Upper Delaware Valley. Testart, A. Anthropological series, 1982 The significance of food stor- Pennsylvania State Museum 2. age among hunter-gatherers: McBride, K.A. residence patterns, population 1978 Archaic subsistence in the densities, and social inequal- Lower Connecticut River ities. Current Anthropology Valley: evidence from Wood- 23(5) ;523-530. chuck Knoll. Man in the Turnbaugh, W.A. Northeast 15-16:124-132. 1975 Toward an explanation of the ms. The prehistory of the Lower Broadpoint dispersal in North Connecticut River Valley. American prehistory. Journal Ms. in preparation. of Anthropological Research 31.

61 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT: BULLETIN 46

Witthoft, J. 1949 An outline of Pennsylvania Indian Prehistory. Pennsyl- vania History l6(3}. 1953 Broad spearpoints and the Transitional period. Pennsyl- vania Archaeologist 23(1), 4-31.

...... 1..... ~5ouod

key: Lower Connecticut River Valley IIIIII North-Central Lowland Survey (Glastonbury) 3B North-Central Lowlands ecoregion 4C Southeast Hills ecoregion 5B Eastern Coastal ecoregion SW South Windsor H Haddam EH East Haddam L Lyme OL Old Lyme

Figure 1. Ecoregions of the Connecticut River Valley. Taken from Dowhan and Craig (1976)

62 BOOK REVIEWS

Gramly, Richard Michael The two appendices are more tech- 1981 The Vail Site: A Palaeo- nical. The first is the results of the Indian Encampment in Maine, magnetic survey conducted across the Bulletin of the Buffalo entire habitation area in search of prev- Society of Natural Sci- iously undiscovered features. The second ences Number 30, Buffalo. discussed the collecting and analysis of phytoliths (silica bodies from plant To truly appreciate the signif- tissues, especially leaves and roots) icance of this book, one must rea- found adhering to the working surfaces lize the primary audience for which of stone tools. While no identifica- it is intended: lay archaeologists tions had been made at the time of publi- who are interested in Paleo-Indian cation, the process itself will be of studies. Non-Paleo-Indian speci- interest to all serious researchers. alists also will be able to broaden Because this is a pioneering work in their horizons and enjoy Dr. Gramly's extreme northwestern Maine, the absence lucid, narrative style. Paleo-Indian of a strong archaeological data base for specialists, who have excavated sites many of the interpretations cannot be elsewhere or intensively studied faulted too strenuously. One must also collections, will have a detailed keep in mind that the excavation was outline of what was present at the taking place in Aziscohos Lake during site and its potential for expli- a very dry period. Time was of the es- cating many of the persistent prob- sence lest the lake waters rise suddenly lems of early man and his adaptation. and inundate their work. Any week may However, those looking for a detailed have been their last, and the potential analysis of each artifact class and for not achieving sufficient exposure a thorough intra- and intersite com- to define what was present was being parative interpretation will have to weighted daily against maximum recovery wait. This is a preliminary state- of all possible types of environmental ment appearing only two years after and artifactual data. With perfect the excavation was completed. 20/20 hindsight one could always say The six chapters contain (1) a what should have been done and what it discussion of the setting and vege- would have meant, but that is neither tational history of the site and its possible nor fair. However, the poten- environs, (2) its discovery and ex- tial does exist for getting more from cavation, (3) descriptions of the the existing information and for present- tools, (4) their distribution at the ing certain interpretations with some habitation site and associated kill- qualifications and caveats. ing ground, (5) a narrative of the Given the previous considerations, I lifeways practices, and (6) the cul- will discuss what Gramly has done and tural context of Vail vis-a-vis attempted to do in light of current several other Paleo-Indian sites in Paleo-Indian studies in the Northeast. the northeastern United States and He learned of the site during a general Canada. Each of the chapters is well door knocker survey in Bethel, Maine written and easy to follow for any- where hemet the owner of a rock and one with some background in archaeo- mineral shop, Reginald Bachelder, who logical terminology. introduced him to Francis Vail, who had a huge collection of Paleo-Indian artifacts from a single site. After seven- This review is reprinted from North teen years of hearing "Boy, do I have American Archaeologist 1983, Vol.4(3): a site for you!" from excited collectors 254-259. 0 1983, Baywood Publishing only to find that the materials are co , , Inc.

63 BOOK REVIEWS out of context in a trucked-in examples (depending upon their relative plow zone, I readily appreciate frequencies at the site and in Francis Gramly's amazing good fortune. Vail's collection) from each class are A brief survey in 1979 convinced in the text, but the plates are at the him that excavation would be high- back of the book. The absence of cross ly rewarding if only the lake level referencing from tables to plates to were to drop. The next summer it text makes finding individual specimens did. His research plan evolved time consuming. The insertion of color gradually in the field rather than fold-out maps throughout the book is in the optimal sequence of system- very nice, but flipping through the book atic surface collection, cores, to match tables to plates to text is test pits, and large block excava- awkward because of it. tions. There simply was not enough The fact that an incredible number time. of artifacts may be present in a single A vivid account of the site's cluster in any of the eight excavation present setting is a fine advertise- loci necessitated two significant compro- ment to the outdoor minded, but it mises. It was impossible to indicate cannot be the basis for building which artifact on a map corresponded to paleo-ecological models. The only one pictured on a plate or described identified ecofact from the site is in a table or text. The second is the a piece of charcoal from an unknown creation of the term "cutter." Since species of conifer (p.60). The ab- it was frequently difficult to assign sence of even pollen cores from the tools to individual functional categories, immediate vicinity makes any effort and there would have been so many addi- at paleo-environmental reconstruc- tional tool classes to differentiate tion flawed at the outset. However, on the fold-out maps, the generalized the ongoing analysis of phytoliths term was used. promises to provide the necessary The first compromise is a source of direct evidence of what the environ- concern to the few Paleo-Indian speci- ment was like at the site at the time alists who have worked with single com- the people were actually there. ponent sites or with a lithic scatter Since the opportunity for future associated with a single tool manufac- excavation may never present itself, turing episode. Gramly interprets the the record of what has been found and artifacts in discrete loci as being the circumstances of its recovery from individual family living areas at must be as detailed as possible. The either single or successive occupation absence of much of the raw data in camps, depending upon the quantity the current volume will upset only present. The reason given for the tools the handful of Paleo-Indian speci- and debitage remaining tightly clustered alists who have data comparable to is that they were discarded within a those from Vail. However, the cura- single house or multiple, overlapping tion of the data in public museums ones established during different visits. will facilitate this study. The po- Aside from the fact that there is not tential for future productive study even a single post mold or oth~r direct is clearly evident given the meticu- evidence for any form of structure lous mapping of cultural and natural (let alone a(semi-)permanent one implied features with their associated arti- by the use of the term "house"), there facts. is no objective evidence from this site The description of the tool that artifacts from a single cluster classes present is general and some- are more similar to one another than to what difficult to follow. Tables those from another cluster. The reader with metric attributes of some or all should have been given more evidence

64 BOOK REVIEWS

to evaluate the interpretation such is lacking. that artifact clusters represent While the people certainly had mono longer extant houses, or at tive, opportunity, and appropriate weap- least discrete activity areas. onry, and their alleged victims were The second point is more germane known to frequent the area, they cannot to understanding the function of the be convicted without a corpus delicti or artifacts themselves. The term "smoking atlatl" as it were. Gramly "cutter" is employed to encompass compares Vail to three other Paleo- the functions served by gravers, Indian sites yielding caribou bones: graving spurs, knives, denticulates, Whipple in New Hampshire (Curran 1979), awls, and minimally retouched/ Bull Brook in Massachusetts (Grimes utilized flakes. While this lumping 1979), and Dutchess Quarry Cave in does preclude some confusion which New York (Funk, Walters, and Ehlers may have occurred with so many addi- 1969). But in each case the problem of tional symbols on the maps, it ob- irrefutable association looms large. scures inherent functional distinc- For me the circumstantial evidence is tions. Although it may be difficult very convincing, but the jury is still to classify the Paleo-Indian version out. of a Swiss Army knife with a graver The narrative of a day in the life tip, scraping edge, the denticulate of a Vail caribou hunter is an interest- notch, the fact of multiple func- ing amalgam of archaeological, paleo- tions on a single tool is important environmental, and ethnographic data in itself. The obvious re-shaping and interpretation. The only flaw is of a tool no longer useful as a that it is difficult to separate the graver for other functions is also data from the interpretation and the of importance. hypothesis from the facts. It is an ex- In contrast to the numbers of planation for the distribution of the fluted points, drills, scrapers, artifacts which will probably change "cutters," pieces esquillees, debi- only in detail. tage, channel flakes, bifaces, and The last chapter on the cultural hammer-anvils at the habitation site, context of Vail vis-a-vis other New the (so called) killing ground lo- England Paleo-Indian sites is very cated 250 m away has only whole or illuminating and interesting more for fragmentary fluted points. At least what is implied. Most of the compar- four tips found at the killing ison is to the Debert site in Nova ground fit bases found at the habi- Scotia because of the similarity of tation area, but two fits were deeply incurvated-base fluted points found among fragments found at dif- and the apparent habitation loci ferent habitation loci. The fact (MacDonald 1968). Other strongly simi- that only fluted points were found lar sites, according to Gramly, are there is the only direct evidence for Whipple and Bull Brook for reasons designating the area a killing cited above. ground. Coupled with this is re- Of the many parallels among these search that migrating herds of cari- sites the multi-occupational nature and bou would have selected a route inferred association to caribou hunting through this area that would have are the most interesting. There are taken them across the killing no sites in the region north and east ground, rather than samewnere elsea of these that have nearly the quantity While the presence of a killing of artifacts. The only sites south ground is sufficient reason to es- and west that come close are quarry tablish and revisit a camp, direct sites--West Athens Hill and Kings Road proof that it was actually used as in the Hudson Valley--until one reaches

65 BOOK REVIEWS

Plenge in New Jersey and Williamson by the same set of inhabitants return- and Thunderbird in Virginia (Funk ing to an old camp site the next year. 1976; Weinman and Weinman 1969; The book has very few typographical Kraft 1973; McCary 1975; Gardner errors, but the layout does leave a 1977). For whatever combination of lot of blank space among the plates reasons the linkages to Vail are and the index. .Most of the artifact real and seem to be related to pro- photographs were good, but the chipping curement patterns not operating detail was obscured in many instances. further south or west. Time is also Just about the only way to get maxi- a factor, and the early date at Vail mum clarity of each face is to photo- exceeding 11,000 years B.P. overlaps graph each specimen separately and some of the Debert dates. The site arrange them on the page. But this older by about 1,000 years that is creates a whole variety of new problems. close to New England is Dutchess I found the book very stimulating Quarry Cave, but comparing a rock- and filled with new avenues of research shelter to an open site may have linking Paleo-Indian sites specifically some bearing. in New England, but also more generally I would find it very interesting throughout the Eastern United States. to couple Gramly's observations com- The lay archaeologist will be interested paring northernmost sites to a in the interpretations as presented, study of the contexts of fluted but should be aware of their biases and points reported in a recently con- alternative possibilities. The Pa1eo- ducted archival survey (Brennan 1982). Indian specialist will start with the On first inspection there seems to data given and see the future of the be many common traits among the past more clearly. northernmost Paleo-Indian sites not shared with the more southerly ones, BIBLIOGRAPHY and it is reasonable to concentrate on these. However, I was disap- Brennan, L.A. pointed for a very selfish, immodest 1982 A compilation of fluted points reason that 6LF2l was not used to of eastern North America by make a case for individual loci hav~ count and distribution: An ing implements from a single occupa- AENA Project Archaeology of tion (Moeller 1980). Although there Eastern North America 10:27-46. were no structures evidenced at Curran, M.L. 6LF2l or its extension, Templeton, 1979 Studying human adaptation at the comparison would have been war- a Paleo-Indian site: A prelim- ranted on the basis of limited vari- inary report. In Ecological ation occurring in tool manufac- Anthropology of the Middle turing techniques and styles at a Connecticut River Valley, single point in time. Were the edited by R. Paynter, Univer- loci actually sites of individual sity of Massachusetts Research structures or even discrete activity Reports 18:14-26. areas, then each artifact class re- Funk, R.E. covered there should have very 1976 Recent contributions to Hudson similar members. If more than one Valley prehistory. New York structure is suggested for a given State Museum and Science Serv- locus, then more than a single set ice Memoir 22, Albany. should appear for each class. This hypothesis still would be applicable if the interval between successive habitations was very short or even

66 BOOK REVIEWS

Funk, R.E., G.R. Walters, and Grimes, J.R. W.F. Ehlers 1979 A new look at Bull Brook. An- 1969 The archaeology of Dutchess ~hropology 3(1 and 2) :109-130. Quarry Cave, Orange County, Kraft, H. New York. Pennsylvania 1973 The Plenge site: A Paleo-Indian Archaeologist 39(1-4):7-22. occupation site in New Jersey. Funk, R.E., T. Weinman, and Archaeology of Eastern North P. Weinman America 1:56-117. 1969 The Kings Road site: A MacDonald, G. recently discovered Paleo- 1968 pebert: A Palaeo-Indian site Indian manifestation in in central Nova Scotia. National Greene County, New York. Museum of Canada Anthropological New York State Archaeological Paper 16, Ottawa. Association Bulletin 45:1 23. McCary, B.C. Gardner, W.M. 1975 The Williamson Paleo-Indian site, 1977 Flint Run Paleo indian complex Dinwiddie County, Virginia. The and its implications for Chesopiean 13(3-4):48-132. eastern Nbrth American pre- Moeller, R.W. history. In Amerinds and 1980 6LF21: A Paleo-Indian Site in Their Paleo-environments in Western Connecticut. Occasional Northeastern North America, Paper Number 2, American Indian edited by W. Newman and Bert Archaeological Institute, Wash- Salwen. Annals of the New ington, Connecticut. York Academy of Sciences 288: 257-263. Roger W. Moeller American Indian Archaeological Institute . Box 260 Washington, Connecticut 06793

67 BOOK REVIEWS

Barber, Russell J. (editor) "Heat Treating Quartz: A Controlled 1981 Quartz Technology in Pre- Experiment," details experimental historic New England. procedures for examining the effects Institute for Conservation of applied heat on the fracture proper- Archaeology, Peabody Museum, ties of quartz. While methodologically Harvard University, Cambridge. sound, the study fails to demonstrate that this technique may have been As the title suggests, this mono- used prehistorically. graph is a study of prehistoric quartz Luedtke's paper, "Quartz Tech- technology in New England. The nology on Prudence and Patience volume consists of ten articles, most Island, Rhode Island," is an inno- of which are papers presented at vative approach to the study of several regional conferences. The quartz assemblages. Her attribute papers cover three main areas: ex- analysis of quartz debitage from perimental studies (Boudreau, Leveillee three sites in Narragansett Bay was and Souza); case studies (Barber, intended to determine the temporal Luedtke, Callanan); and regional relationship between the sites with studies (Gramly, Ritchie, Nicholas). respect to lithic technology. In the paper entitled, "Replicat- Luedtke demonstrates that the prop- ing Quartz Squibnocket Small-stemmed erties of the quartz being used may and Triangular Projectile Points," have had an effect on the specific Boudreau describes the quartz produc- production techniques, a factor tion techniques for replicating which should be taken into account Squibnocket triangular projectile when assessing the relative similar- points. In addition to a detailed ities of quartz lithic technologies. description of the knapping princi- Callanan's paper. "Quartz Tech- ples and techniques used, Boudreau nology within the Narragansett Basis also analyzes the quartz debitage Region: A Challenge in Lithic Anal- produced. This paper is of general ysis." illustrates the kinds of interest to students of lithic questions that can be asked on a replication procedures and methods, regional level through the analysis and also has some important impli- of quartz assemblages. Callanan cations for the interpretation of uses differences in lithic assemblages prehistoric lithic technology. It to discuss movement of lithic raw is interesting to compare Boudreau's materials as well as lithic technology. results from replicating Squibnocket By focusing on differential exploita- triangles with Barber's analysis of tion of lithic raw materials, as well the Sassafras site, a prehistoric as the composition of debitage lithic workshop which produced through time. Callanan suggests that Squibnocket triangular projectile broader questions on lithic tech- points. Barber analyzes the quartz nology can be raised, to help solve assemblage from the site, outlining problems on regional procurement the production sequence from quarry strategies and settlement patterns. extraction to production of bifaces Unfortunately, Callanan determined and Squibnocket triangle projectile site type on the basis of techno- points. This article provides im- logical differences only, because portant information on the nature he believes that quartz "does not of the "quarry workshops" that are lend itself well to functional or so commonly cited in the literature. microwear studies.1I A regional Leveillee and Souza's paper, analysis necessitates a determina-

69 BOOK REVIEWS tion of site function. It is a of quartz crystal may be related to shame that the new interest in the manufacture of specific tool types quartz technology does not extend (~scrapers). Nicholas also sug- to the functional interpretation gests that the raw material preference of use-wear analysis of quartz of prehistoric populations may have artifacts. been a factor contributing to the cur- Gramly's paper, "Flaked Quartz ation of artifacts, and that this Industries: Problems of Recogni- should be taken into account when t fon ;." is an excellent discussion comparing different, though contem- of some of the false assumptions poraneous, lithic assemblages. and biases many New England The articles indicate the in- archaeologists have when analyzing creasing concern among New England quartz assemblages. Gramly points archaeologists about the role of out that archaeologists should be quartz in prehistoric technology. aware of the effect different raw As a raw material, quartz is not only materials have on tool frequencies the most abundant lithic source found and artifact recognition. He also in southern New England, but found suggests ways in which recognition in varying quantities in sites from of technological differences be- Paleo-Indian through Contact periods. tween lithic assemblages can aid The authors emphasize that quartz in recognizing Similarities between cannot be treated as merely a poor cultural assemblages. Discrepan- quality chert, but that it has its cies that appear to exist between own attributes and qualities. Tradi- lithic assemblages may be the re- tionally, the understanding of the sult of different technology and/or role quartz played in prehistoric tool types due more to differential technologies has been limited to the use of raw materials than to any identification of easily recognizable major cultural differences. tool types. How many of us have In "Quartz Reduction Sequences simply compiled "chip counts" or from Small Point Contexts in the "primary flake" percentages in a Taunton Basis, Southeastern Massa- quartz assemblage on the assumption chusetts," Duncan Ritchie examines that nothing more could be done, or Late Archaic regional variability because the prospect of systematically with respect to lithic resource analyzing thousands of quartz flakes utilization and technology. and shatter was more than anyone Ritchie measures the technological could reasonably bear? The assumption variation within well-defined that quartz is not amenable to most spatial and temporal limits in kinds of lithic studies due to its southeastern Massachusetts. His physical properties has been effec- analysis suggests that observed tively dispelled in this monograph. differences may be due in part to Barber introduces the collection differences related to the prop- of essays by stating that New England erties of the local raw materials archaeologists have been under four used. This work has broad impli- major misconceptions about quartz cations for regional analysis of technology: 1) quartz is difficult lithic assemblages. to work and difficult to control, Nicholas, in "Crystal Quartz 2) quartz is extremely common; easy as a Northern New England Lithic to find and obtain, 3) quartz can Resource," discusses the use of be worked with the same techniques quartz crystal in tool manufacture. and methods as chert, 4) it is im- His research suggests that the use possible to analyze wear patterns on

70 BOOK REVIEWS quartz tools. The papers pre- problem of wear on quartz tools. sented in this monograph effec- In general, however, the volume tively dispel the first three makes a very important contribu- myths about quartz. Unfortunate- tion to our general understanding ly, the fourth misconception has of quartz technology and will be not been laid to rest here and in of use to New England archaeologists fact is supported by some of the for some time to come. papers. Barber recognizes that a major shortcoming of the monograph Kevin A. McBride is that it fails to address the Department of Anthropology University of Connecticut

71 RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Barber, Russell J. Hume, Ivor No!!l 1982 The Wheeler's Site: A Spe- 1982 Martin's Hundred. Alfred A. Knopf, cialized Shellfish Processing New York. 343 pp., $17.95. Station on the Merrimack River. Harvard University Jennings, D.D., editor Press, Cambridge, Massachu- 1983 Ancient North Americans. W.H. setts. 117 pp. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, California. 642 pp., $24.95. Brawer, C.C., general editor 1983 Many Trails: Indians of the Keene, Arthur S. Lower Hudson Valley. The Kat- 1981 Prehistoric Foraging in a Temper- onah Gallery, Katonah, New ate Forest: A Linear Programming York, 112 pp., $12.00 paper. Model. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 274 pp., $32.00. Butzer, Karl W. 1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology. Mathews, Z.P. and Aldona Jonaitis, editors Cambridge University Press, 1982 Native North American Art History: New York. 364 pp., $29.50 Selected Readings. Peek Publica- cloth, $12.95 paper. tions, Palo Alto, California. 502 pp., $12.95 paper. Chambers, Allen S., editor 1982 Discovering Historic America: Paynter, Robert New England. E.P. Dutton & Co., 1982 Models of Spatial Inequality: Inc., New York. 288 pp., Settlement Patterns in Historical $8.95 paper. Archaeology. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 302 pp., $28.00. Cohen, Patricia Cline 1983 A Calculating People: The Truex, J.E., editor Spread of Numeracy in Early 1982 The Second Coastal Archaeologv America. The University of Reader: 1900 to the Present. Read- Chicago Press, Chicago, Illi- ings in Long Island Archaeology nois, 271 pp., $22.50. and Ethnohistory, Vol. V. Suffolk County Archaeological Association. Dillon, B.D., editor 312 pp., $18.00. Order from: 1981 The Student's Guide to Archae- The Suffolk Co. Archaeol. Assoc. ological Illustrating. Insti P.O. Drawer AR tute of Archaeology, Univer- Stony Brook, NY 11790 sity of California, Los Angeles. 134 pp., $7.50 paper. Van Tilburg, Jo Anne, editor 1983 Ancient Images on Stone: Rock Art Geismar, Joan H. of the Californias. The Rock Art 1982 The Archaeology of Social Dis- Archive, Institute of Archaeology, integration in Skunk Hollow: A University of California, Los An- Nineteenth Century Rural Black geles. 128 pp., $25.00 paper. Community. Academic Press, Inc., New York. 275 pp., $24.50. Periodicals

Halpin, Marjorie M. American Archaeology. Atechiston, Inc., 1983 Totem Poles: An Illustrated 81 West Mountain Road, Ridgefield, CT Guide. University of Washington 06877. 3 issues per year. $25.00. Press, Seattle. 66 pp., $8.95 paper.

72 1983 - 1984 MEMBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

Norman Adams Nick Bellantoni 6812 SW 35th Way 2L Summer Hill Road Gainesville, FL 32608 Middletown, CT 06457

Laura Allen Aldo Bergonzi Box 415 55 Horace Street New Canaan, CT 06840 Torrington, CT 06790

American Museum of Natural History Phil Bernnard 79th St. & Central Park W 121-2 Second Avenue New York, NY 10024 West Haven, CT 06515

Mus of American Indian Library Fred Betolatti 9 Westchester Square 5 Wood Lane Terrace New York, NY 10461 Newington, CT 06111

Amerind Foundation Library Michael Bielawa Box 248 1025 Stratford Ro.ad Dragoon, AZ 85609 Stratfo.rd, CT 06497

Donald Armistead Blackstone Memo.rial Library 716 Opening Hill Road 758 Main Street Madison, CT 06433 Branford, CT 06405

David Baillie, III Blackwell No.rth America 276 State Street New Title Department Guilford, CT 06437 6024 SW Jean Road Bldg G Lake Oswego., OR 97034 Julianna Ballard Box 49 Boston University 62 Cider Mill Road Library Serials Ellington, CT 06029 771 Commo.nwealth Avenue Boston, MA 02215 Russell J. Barber ICA Peabody Museum Richard Bourn, Jr. Cambridge, MA 02138 87 Church Street Old Saybroo.k, CT 06475 Carol Guy Barnes 15 Barkhamsted Road Bridgeport Public Library West Granby, CT 06090 925 Broad Street Bridgeport, CT 06604 Baywood Publishing 120 Marine Street Box D Carol Brock Farmingdale, NY 11735 1111 Coleman Road Cheshire, CT 06410 John M. Beierle Jackson Road Brown University Box 582 Library Serials Higganum, CT 06441 Box A Providence, RI 02912

73 1983 - 1984 MEMBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

Robert Buck Connecticut State Library 5138 Vernon Ridge Drive Acquisitions Dept. Dunwoody, GA 30338 231 Capital Avenue Hartford, CT 06106 University of California Main Library Serials 01 Edith Cooper Berkeley, CA 94720 5 Parsell Lane Westport, CT 06880 Barbara Calogero 148 Lawler Road Cornell University Library West Hartford, CT 06117 Ithaca, NY 14853

Frank Camarda Catherine Creegan Seamens Church Institute 160 Putnam Avenue 15 State Street Hamden, CT 06517 New York, NY 10004 Charles Crouch1ey Carol Ann Campbell 18 High Street 17 Ensign Road Belfast, ME 04915 Rowayton, CT 06853 Daniel Crus on Mary Francis Carmel 1 Box 685 61 North Maple Avenue Botsford, CT 06404 Westport, CT 06880 John Cuneo Timothy Chaucer 11 Pine Tree Drive 45 Kenmore Lane Westport, CT 06880 Milford, CT 06460 Ernest Dalton University of Chicago Chase Rd. Library Serials RR2 Box 72 1100 East 57th Street Thompson, CT 06277 Chicago, IL 60637 Dartmouth College Donald Clark Baker Library Serials Meeting House Lane Hanover, NH 03755 Old Lyme, CT 06371 Constance Davis Martha Cobbs 53 Harvest Hill Lane 311 Old Church Road Stamford, CT 06905 Greenwich, CT 06830 Dena Dincauze Christopher Collier 20 Webster Court 876 Orange Center Road Amherst, MA 01002 Orange, CT 06477 Linda Dorsey Connecticut College 184 Tunxsis Avenue Library Serials Bloomfield, CT 06002 New London, CT 06320

74 1983 - 1984 MEMBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

John Durso Jane French 24 Sunset Drive 1200 Bethany Mountain Rd. Shelton, CT 06484 Cheshire, CT 06410

East Carolina University Michael Girardi Periodicals Library 97 Pepperridge Circle Greenville, NC 27834 Fairfield, CT 06430

John Ellsworth Henry Colet Box 515 Binney Road Simsbury, CT 06070 Old Lyme, CT 06371

William Engelbrecht Robert Cradie, III 16 Atlantic Avenue 400 Woodstock Avenue Buffalo, NY 14222 Putnam, CT 06260

Jeffrey Everett Nell Graham 395 Hillhurst Avenue 29 Hazelrnere Road New Britain, CT 06053 New Britain, CT 06053

Helen Ewald Eugene Graze 192 Shunpike Road 305 Pixlee Place Cromwell, CT 06416 Bridgeport, CT 06610

Kenneth Feder Harlan Griswold Dept. Anthropology Hollow Road Central Connecticut Univ. Woodbury, CT 06798 New Britain, CT 06050 Gustav Grotz Chamberlain Ferry 17 Salem Road Ocean Reef Paterson, NJ 07502 Key Largo, FL 33037 Groton Public Library Field Museum of Natural History 52 Route 117 Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Drive New Town Road Chicago, 1L 60605 Groton, CT 06340

Eugene Finch Guilford Library Association South Road 67 Park Street East Kingston, NH 03827 Guilford, CT 06437

William Foy Gail Gustafson 42 Brown Avenue 523 New London Turnpike Jewett City, CT 06351 N. Stonington, CT 06359

Franklin & Harshall Coll Howard Haber Box 3003 Grosyenor House Lancaster, PA 17604 795 Prospect Avenue West Hartford, CT 06105 Andrew Freeburg l5D Carriage House Drive Storrs, CT 06268

75 1983 - 1984 MEMBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

John Harman Indiana University 22 Geneva Road Library Serials Dept. West Norwalk, CT 0.6850 Bloomington, IN 47401

Victoria Hart Indian Colonial Res. Ctr. 237 New Britain Avenue Edward Breed, Treasurer Hartford, CT 06106 Mistuxet Avenue BX 260 Mystic, CT 06355 Deborah L. Heilig Carter Drive Gaspar Ingul Stamford, CT 06902 Box 481 Middletown, CT 06457 Phyllis Henry Box 383 University of Iowa Huntingdon, PA 16652 Serials Department Iowa City, 10 52242 Herbert L. Hergert 215 Pepper Ridge Road George A. Jackson Stamford, CT 06905 Box 185 N. Stonington, CT 06359 Robert J. Hermann 64 Carbonella Drive Douglas Jordan Hamden, CT 06514 475 Middle Turnpike Mansfield Dep., CT 06251 Frank Hole 1971 Chapel Street Harold Juli New Haven, CT 06515 Box 1492 Connecticut College Thomas Horrigan New London, CT 06320 87 Karen Lee Road Glastonbury, CT 06033 Joseph Kabara Box 110 Charles Howard Moodus, CT 06469 45 Buttonhall Road Old Lyme, CT 06371 Jeffrey Kalin 30 East Avenue Chapin Hubbell Norwalk, CT 06851 74 Fairhaven Road Niantic, CT 06357 University of Kansas Library Serials Anne Hummel Lawrence, KS 66045 31 Nursery Road New Canaan, CT 06840 Deane Keller 211 West Road Allen C. Hutchinson Marlborough, CT 06447 1685 Hartford Turnpike North Haven, CT 06473 Dan Kirby 409 Patton Drive University of Illinois Library Cheshire, CT 06410 504 East Penna Avenue Champaign, IL 61820

76 1983 - 1984 MEMBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

Cecelia Kirkorian Roy }Ianstan 43 Zaccheus Mead Road Oak Street RFD ~3 Greenwich, CT 06830 Lyme, CT 06371

John Klein James Marshall 26 Pond Road 1828 S. Rosell, RT #1 Hamden, CT 06514 Schaumburg, IL 60172

Andrew Kowalsky University of Massachusetts 1029 Hopewell Road Library Serials Dept. S. Glastonbury, CT 06073 Amherst, MA 01003

Renee Kra Kevin McBride 24 Pleasant Hill Road 15 Coachman Pike Woodbridge, CT 06525 Ledyard, CT 06339

William Krause John P. McGregor 20C Heritage Village 306 Noble Street Southbury, CT 06488 West Haven, CT 06516

Alice LaBouchere Lucinda McWeeney 222 Dudley Road 9 Big Pines Road Wilton, CT 06897 Westport, CT 06880

Karen Langthorne University of Michigan 14 Quincy Street General Library Cochituate, MA 01778 Ann Arbor, MI 48109

Lucianne Lavin Milford Public Library 8 Hawthorne Avenue 57 New Haven Avenue Shelton, CT 06484 Milford, CT 06460

Jack L. Lee Gordon S. Miller 105 Meadowbrook-Bull Hill Box 117 West Haven, CT 06516 Northford, CT 06472

Edward Lenik Mississippi State University 100 Deerfield Road Mitchell Memorial Library Wayne, NJ 07470 Mississippi St., MS 39762

Betsy B. Lewis Roger Moeller 1195 Dunbar Hill Road Box 267 Hamden, CT 06514 Washington, CT 06793

William Lindgren Univ. Montreal Biblioteque 81 Prindle Avenue CP 6202 Succarsale A Ansonia, CT 06401 Montreal, Que, Canada H3C 3T2 James Lynch 45 Dellwood Drive Waterbury, CT 06708

77 1983 - 1984 MElIBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

County of Nassau Museum Peabody Museum of Salem Eisenhower Park Library East Meadow, NY 11554 161 Essex Street Salem, MA 01970 New Haven Colony Historical Society Penn State University 114 Whitney Avenue Pattee Library Serials New Haven, CT 06510 University Park, PA 16802

New York Public Lihrary Ralph & Elyse Petzold Serials Box 4154 182 Lamplighter Drive Grand Central Station Manchester, CT 06040 New York, NY 10017 John Pfeiffer New York University 43 Rowland Road Bobst Library Serials Old Lyme, CT 06371 70 Washington Square New York, NY 10012 Ronald Pierpaoli 358 Wildwood Drive University of New York Orange, CT 06477 At Albany Library 1400 Washington Avenue Mary Pituch Albany, NY 12222 235 Newbury Street Hartford, CT 06114 The Newberry Library Chicago, IL 60610 David Poirier 114 Newgate Road Ellis B. Nye East Granby, CT 06026 176 Main Street S. Glastonbury, CT 06073 Richard Pollard 47 Hansen Drive Timothy O'Leary Vernon, CT 06066 Box 2054 Yale Station Gus D. Pope New Haven, CT 06520 Taconic Road Salisbury, CT 06068 Cornelius Osgood 150 Deepwood Drive Putnam High School Library Hamden, CT 06517 Schoolhouse Drive Putnam, CT 06260 Johnson Parker 58 Falls Road Sherwood Rapp Bethany, CT 06525 50 West Hill Circle Stamford, CT 06902 John Pawloski Squash Hollow Road Rensselaer Polytechnic New Milford, CT 06776 Institute Library Serial Troy, NY 12181

78 1983 - 1984 11EMBEltSOF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

Paul Robinson Richard Silocka 24 Mather Avenue 47 Centerbrook Road Cranston, RI 02905 Hamden, CT 06518

Irving Rouse Barbara Smith Ridgewood Terrace 8 Hillcrest Park North Haven, CT 06473 Old Greenwich, CT 06870

Stephen Rudnanske Lenore Smith 340 West Stafford Road Penfield Hill Road Stafford Springs,. CT 06076 Portland, CT 06480

William Rudolph Smithsonian Institution Silvermine Road Library Acquisitions Norwalk, CT 06850 Washington, DC 20560

Wayne Rundell South Windsor Public Library Wolf Den Road 1550 Sullivan Avenue Brooklyn, CT 0.6234 South Windsor, CT 06074

Lyent Russell Springfield Science Museum 15 Orpington Street Anthropology Hamden, CT 06517 236 State Street Springfield, MA 01103 Robert Sanger 142 Long Island View Rd. David Starbuck Milford, CT 06460 Dept. Sci. and Technol. Stu. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Warren Sargent, Sr. Troy, NY 12181 Box 46 Storrs, CT 06268 William Stead 29 Whitcomb Avenue Christina E. Schoen Hingham, MA 02043 73 Clay Hill Road Stamford, CT 06905 R. Edward Steck 90 Margherita Lane Robert Scholl Stratford, CT 06497 29 Imperial Avenue Westport, CT 06880 Elizabeth Stew.art 143 Pelham Rd. Robert Schuyler Rochester, NY 14610 University of Pennsylvania Museum Philadelphia, PA 19104 George Stillson 104 Suomi Rd. Dorothy Shumaker Hyannis, MA 02601 12 Driftway Lane Darien, CT 06820 Reginald Swann 130 Hazelmere Road Joan Signore New Britain, CT 06052 138 Hallow Tree Ridge Darien, CT 06820 79 1983 - 1984 MEMBERS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CONNECTICUT

Edmund Swigart Wesleyan University Roxbury Road Olin Library Periodicals Washington, CT 06]93 Middletown, CT 06457

Patricia Tampellini West Chester University 102 Curtiss Street F.H. Green Library Naugatuck, CT 06770 West Chester, PA 19380

Gladys Tantaquidgeon Ernie Wiegand 1819 Norwich-New London 137 Woodbrook Drive Uncasville, CT 06382 Stamford, CT 06907

David Thompson Maurice Wilson 403 Bethmour Road 14 Reynolds Road Bethany, CT 06525 Wallingford, CT 06492

Kay Timmis Wisconsin Historical Society 474 Brookside Road Library Acquisitions New Canaan, CT 06840 816 State Street Madison, WI 53706 Tozzer Library Peabody Museum Stanley Wisniewski 21 Divinity Avenue 56-09 l37th Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Flushing, NY 11355

Denise Tratolatis Mrs. Leighton Wood 16 Glenwood Avenue #10 1258 Smith Ridge Road Norwalk, CT 06854 New Canaan, CT 06840

Marion Rowley Treggor T.W. & Elizabeth Workman 5B Penn Place 1852 Whitney Avenue Rocky Hill, CT 06067 Hamden, CT 06517

Trinity College Yale University Library Acquisitions Watkinson Library Box l603A Hartford, CT 06106 Yale Station New Haven, CT 06520 UConn Library Acquisition Department Yale-Kline Science Library Storrs, CT 06268 219 Prospect Street Box 6666 Vassar College Lihrary New Haven, CT 06511 Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 William Young University of Vermont 14 Porter Road Bailey-Howe Library E. Longmeadow, MA 01028 Burlington, VT 05405 Ken Zurcher Marie J. Warden 623 Manchester Rd. 121 Beach Bluff Avenue E. Glastonbury, CT 06025 Swampscott, MA 01907