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Environmental STUDENT EDITION SAMPLER ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINING YOUR WORLD G. TYLER MILLER • SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN Transport Students into Environmental Science with National Geographic Learning ENVIRONMENTAL Elevate Environmental Science instruction with the first high school program built with National Geographic images and Explorers. Promote scientific understanding of environmental issues SUSTAINING YOUR WORLD Develop real-world science practices with Explorers as examples Encourage critical thinking skills GO DIGITAL with MindTap Increase student engagement with an enhanced, media-rich eBook, online assessments, and study tools. Personalize the course to meet your needs Track student progress and success with powerful analytics Easily create assignments and reminders for students CONNECT to the Next Generation Science Standards Address the Next Generation Science Standards to ensure your students meet 21st century science skills and practices. * Teach the 3-dimensions with instruction for the ON ASSIGNMENT National Geographic Disciplinary Core Ideas, Science and Engineering photographer Carsten Peter accompanied a group of explorers to document the Practices, and Crosscutting Concepts untouched subterranean beauty of Vietnam’s Hang Son Doong. The enormous Incorporate engineering with comprehensive cave is part of a national park, which was unit projects named a World Heritage site in 2003. Although longer and deeper caves have Multi-disciplinary approach with standards from been discovered, none are as large as Hang earth, life, physical, and technology sciences Son Doong, which could easily fit several 40-story skyscrapers. * is a registered trademark of Achieve. Neither Achieve nor the lead states and partners that developed the Next Generation Science Standards was involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.” ENVI_SCI_TITLEPAGE_.indd 3 2/4/16 4:26 PM About the Authors G. TYLER MILLER G. Tyler Miller has written 62 textbooks He describes his hopes for the future as follows. for introductory courses in environmental If I had to pick a time to be alive, it would be the next science, basic ecology, energy, and “ environmental chemistry. Since 1975, Miller’s 75 years. Why? First, there is overwhelming scientific books have been the most widely used evidence that we are in the process of seriously textbooks for environmental science in the degrading our own life-support system. In other words, United States and throughout the world. They we are living unsustainably. Second, within your have been used by almost 3 million students lifetime we have the opportunity to learn how to live Copyright © 2017 National Geographic Learning, a part and have been translated into eight languages. more sustainably by working with the rest of nature, of Cengage Learning Miller has a professional background in as described in this book. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered chemistry, physics, and ecology. He has a I am fortunate to have three smart, talented, and by the copyright herein may be reproduced or PhD from the University of Virginia and has “ wonderful sons—Greg, David, and Bill. I am especially Acknowledgments distributed in any form or by any means, except as received two honorary doctoral degrees for permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior his contributions to environmental education. privileged to have Kathleen as my wife, best friend, Grateful acknowledgment is given to the authors, written permission of the copyright owner. He taught college for 20 years, and developed and research associate. It is inspiring to have a artists, photographers, museums, publishers, and one of the nation’s first environmental brilliant, beautiful (inside and out), and strong woman agents for permission to reprint copyrighted material. “National Geographic,” “National Geographic Society” studies programs, before deciding to write Every effort has been made to secure the appropriate and the Yellow Border Design are registered environmental science textbooks full-time who cares deeply about nature as a lifemate. She is my permission. If any omissions have been made or if trademarks of the National Geographic Society in 1975. hero. I dedicate this book to her and to the earth.” corrections are required, please contact the Publisher. ® Marcas Registradas For product information and technology assistance, Photographic Credits contact us at Customer & Sales Support, 888-915-3276 SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN Cover Carsten Peter/National Geographic Creative. For permission to use material from this text or Scott Spoolman has more than 30 years of Spoolman has the following to say about his collaboration Inside Front Cover Can Yesil/Shutterstock.com Title product, submit all requests online at experience in educational publishing. He has with Tyler Miller. Page (bg) Carsten Peter/National Geographic Creative. worked with Tyler Miller first as a contributing www.cengage.com/permissions I am honored to be working with Tyler Miller as a v (tl) Shah Selbe. vi (cl) Stephen Saks/Lonely Planet editor and then as coauthor of Living in the “ coauthor to continue the Miller tradition of thorough, Images/Getty Images. viii (cr) Karine Aigner/Meet Your Further permissions questions can be emailed Environment, Environmental Science, and clear, and engaging writing about the vast and Neighbours/iLCP. 3 (tr) Shah Selbe. (cr) Karine Aigner/ [email protected] Sustaining the Earth. With Norman Myers, he Meet Your Neighbours/iLCP. (br) Stephen Saks/Lonely coauthored Environmental Issues and Solutions: complex field of environmental science. I share Tyler A Modular Approach. Planet Images/Getty Images. 64 Paul Harris/AML National Geographic Learning | Cengage Learning Miller’s passion for ensuring that these textbooks and 1 N. State Street, Suite 900 Images/Getty Images. 67 (t, bl, br) Robin Moore. 68 Spoolman holds a master’s degree in science their multimedia supplements will be valuable tools Chicago, IL 60602 (bl, br) U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological journalism from the University of Minnesota. for students and instructors. To that end, we strive to He has authored numerous articles in the Survey. 70 (t) Frans Lanting/National Geographic Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized introduce this interdisciplinary field in ways that will Creative. 74 (bg) Frans Lanting/National Geographic fields of science, environmental engineering, learning solutions with office locations around the politics, and business. He has also worked as a be informative and sobering, but also tantalizing Creative. 77 (t) Eye of Science/Science Source. 79 (b) globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, consulting editor in the development of over and motivational. Roy Toft/National Geographic Creative. 84 (bg) Peter Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local 70 college and high school textbooks in fields McBride/National Geographic Creative. 91 (bg) 2011 office at www.cengage.com/global. of the natural and social sciences. “If the flip side of any problem is indeed an opportunity, Drew Fulton. 92 (cl) Sue Cunningham Photographic/ then this truly is one of the most exciting times in Alamy Stock Photo. 93 (t) NASA Goddard Space Flight Visit National Geographic Learning online at In his free time, he enjoys exploring the forests and waters of his native Wisconsin history for students to start an environmental career. Center Image by Reto Stöckli (land surface, shallow NGL.Cengage.com along with his family—his wife, environmental Environmental problems are numerous, serious, and water, clouds). Enhancements by Robert Simmon Visit our corporate website at www.cengage.com educator Gail Martinelli, and his children, Will daunting, but their possible solutions generate exciting (ocean color, compositing, 3D globes, animation). Data and Katie. and technical support: MODIS Land Group; MODIS ISBN: 9781305637429 new career opportunities. We place high priorities on inspiring students with these possibilities, challenging Science Data Support Team; MODIS Atmosphere Printed in the USA. Group; MODIS Ocean Group Additional data: USGS them to maintain a scientific focus, pointing them EROS Data Center (topography); USGS Terrestrial RR Donnelley, Willard, Ohio, USA toward rewarding and fulfilling careers, and in doing Remote Sensing Flagstaff Field Center (Antarctica); Print Number: 01 so, working to help sustain life on the earth. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (city lights). ” 205 (b) Leonardo Patrizi/iStock/Getty Images. Print Year: 2016 iii PROTOTYPE PAGES PROTOTYPE PAGES ENVI_SCI_Copyright.indd 2 2/4/16 4:24 PM ENVI_SCI_AUTHORS.indd 3 2/4/16 4:30 PM Jim Estes Andrés Ruzo Ecologist and Evolutionary Biologist Geologist CONTENTS National Geographic Grantee National Geographic Young Explorer John Francis SPECIAL FEATURE CHAPTER 2 National Geographic Behavioral Ecologist Enric Sala Into the Okavango with National Geographic Consultant National Geographic Grantee and Marine Ecologist SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, AND SYSTEMS Vice President for Research, National Geographic Christopher Thornton Conservation, and Exploration Explorer-in-Residence EXPLORERS AT WORK New Paths to Engaging Vice-Chair, Committee for Research Science, with Nalini Nadkarni and Exploration Christopher Golden Joel Sartore Ecologist and Epidemiologist Photographer CASE STUDY Experimenting with a Forest National Geographic National Geographic Fellow Emerging Explorer 2.1 What Do Scientists Do? National Geographic Anna Savage Engineering Focus: What Is Engineering?
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