U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017
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A Product of the Water Availability and Use Science Program Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Texas at San Antonio and hosted by the Student Geological Society and student chapters of the Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Association of Engineering Geologists U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017 Edited By Eve L. Kuniansky and Lawrence E. Spangler Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5023 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). 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ISSN 2328-0328 (online) ii Contents Introduction and Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Agenda U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Workshop ..................................................................................................... 4 Karst Science: A National and International Review and Status Report ........................................................................................... 8 A Multi-Disciplined Approach to Understanding and Managing Shared Karst Landscapes ............................................................ 11 Methodology for Calculating Probability, Protection, and Precipitation Factors of the P3 Method for Karst Aquifer Vulnerability ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Methodology for Calculating Karst Watershed Nitrogen Inputs and Developing a SWAT Model ................................................... 24 Attenuation of Acid Rock Drainage with a Sequential Injection of Compounds to Reverse Biologically Mediated Pyrite Oxidation in the Chattanooga Shale in Tennessee ................................................................................................................. 37 A GIS-Based Compilation of Spring Locations and Geochemical Parameters in the Appalachian Landscape Conservation Cooperative (LCC) Region ................................................................................................................................ 38 Hydrogeophysical Investigations in the Upper Arbuckle Group on the Tishomingo Anticline in the Central Arbuckle Mountains of Southern Oklahoma ........................................................................................................................................... 49 Karst Aquifer Characteristics in a Public-Supply Well Field Near Elizabethtown, Kentucky ........................................................... 58 A Review of Recent Karst Research in the China Geological Survey............................................................................................. 59 Intra-Annual Variations of Soil CO2 and Drip-Water Chemistry in Shihua Cave, Beijing, China and Their Implications for the Formation of Annual Laminae in Stalagmites .............................................................................................................. 74 The Chemical and Stable Isotopic Characteristics of Heilongtan Springs, Kunming, China ........................................................... 76 Formation Mechanisms of Extremely Large Sinkhole Collapses in Laibin, Guangxi, China ........................................................... 79 Timescales of Groundwater Quality Change in Karst Groundwater: Edwards Aquifer, South-Central Texas ................................ 80 Estimating Recharge to the Edwards Aquifer, South-Central, Texas—Current (2017) Methods and Introduction of an Automated Method Using the Python Scripting Language ...................................................................................................... 81 Geologic Framework and Hydrostratigraphy of the Edwards and Trinity Aquifers Within Northern Bexar and Comal Counties, Texas ........................................................................................................................................................... 85 Aromatic-Ring Biodegradation in Soils From a Crude Oil Spill on Clear Creek, Obed Wild and Scenic River National Park, Tennessee ....................................................................................................................................................... 88 Investigating Microbial Response to Fertilizer Application From Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Located on Karst Aquifers in Northern Arkansas .................................................................................................................................. 89 Evidence for Karst-Influenced Cross-Formational Fluid Bypass of a Dolomite Unit at the Top of the Oldsmar Formation in the Lower Floridan Aquifer, Southeast Florida ................................................................................................... 90 Collapse of the Devonian Prairie Evaporite Karst in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Structuration of the Overlying Cretaceous Athabasca Oil Sands and Regional Flow System Reversal by Subglacial Meltwater ......................... 92 Tufa and Water Radiogenic Geochemistry and Tufa Ages for Two Karst Aquifers in the Buffalo National River Region, Northern Arkansas ................................................................................................................................................................ 107 Isotopic Constraints on Middle Pleistocene Cave Evolution, Paleohydrologic Flow, and Environmental Conditions From Fitton Cave Speleothems, Buffalo National River, Arkansas ....................................................................................... 119 Speleogenetic, Tectonic, and Sedimentologic Controls on Regional Karst Aquifers in the Southern Ozarks of the Midcontinent U.S., and Potential Problems at Site-Specific Scales From Aquifer Lumping ................................................. 133 Geologic Context of Large Karst Springs and Caves in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri .................................... 135 Utilizing Fluorescent Dyes to Identify Meaningful Water-Quality Sampling Locations and Enhance Understanding of Groundwater Flow Near a Hog CAFO on Mantled Karst, Buffalo National River, Southern Ozarks ................................. 147 iii Using Quantitative Tracer Studies to Evaluate the Connection Between the Surface and Subsurface at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky ............................................................................................................................................... 161 Stalagmite δ13C and δ18O Records for the Past 130,000 Years From the Eastern Edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP): Responses of the CLP as a Carbon Sink to Climate Change ...................................................................... 163 Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Precipitation and Cave Drip Water in Zhenzhu Cave, North China ................................... 164 High-Resolution Summer Monsoon Intensity Variations in Central China From 26,000 to 11,000 Years Before Present as Revealed by Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Ratios .............................................................................................................. 165 Controls on the Oxygen Isotopic Variability of Meteoric Precipitation, Drip Water, and Calcite Deposition at Baojinggong Cave and Shihua Cave, China ......................................................................................................................... 166 Use of Seismic-Reflection and Multibeam-Bathymetry Data to Investigate the Origin of Seafloor Depressions on the Southeastern Florida Platform ............................................................................................................................................... 167 Characterization of Microkarst Capping Lower Eocene High-Frequency Carbonate Cycles, Southeast Florida .......................... 168 Overview of the Revised Hydrogeologic Framework of the Floridan Aquifer System, Florida and Parts of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina ................................................................................................................................................. 170 Numerical Simulation of Karst Groundwater Flow at the Laboratory Scale .................................................................................