DOCSLIB.ORG

GPS/Tachymetry) and GIS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GPS/Tachymetry) and GIS Ecological Assessment of Springs and Spring Brooks in the Swiss National Park: Combining Fieldwork with Geodesy (GPS/Tachymetry) and GIS Diploma Thesis by Michael Döring Written at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) Supervised by Dr. Urs Uehlinger PD Dr. Christopher T. Robinson (EAWAG, Switzerland) Diploma Professor: Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmitt (Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany) Table of contents Table of contents I SUMMARY......................................................................................................................1 II ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................................3 1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................5 1.1 HISTORY .......................................................................................................................5 1.2 STUDIES ON SPRINGS.....................................................................................................5 1.3 ECOLOGY OF SPRINGS ...................................................................................................6 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...........................................................................................8 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ....................................................................9 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION ..........................................................................................9 2.2 SWISS NATIONAL PARK ................................................................................................9 2.3 GEOLOGICAL SITUATION...............................................................................................9 2.4 CLIMATE.....................................................................................................................10 3 SAMPLING SITES.......................................................................................................11 3.1 BUFFALORA SPRING ....................................................................................................11 3.2 FUORN SPRING ............................................................................................................12 3.3 GOD DAL FUORN SPRING.............................................................................................12 3.4 SPÖL SPRING ...............................................................................................................13 3.5 VAL DA L´AQUA SPRING .............................................................................................14 4 METHODS ....................................................................................................................15 4.1 PARAMETERS AND SAMPLING DATES ..........................................................................15 4.2 GEODESY ....................................................................................................................15 4.2.1 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)..................................................................15 Table of contents 4.2.2 TACHYMETRY ......................................................................................................17 4.3 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) ...............................................................17 4.4 MOSS ..........................................................................................................................18 4.5 POTENTIAL SOLAR RADIATION ....................................................................................18 4.6 GRAIN SIZES AND BENTHIC PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER (BPOM) .......................18 4.7 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS..............................................................................19 4.8 PERIPHYTON ...............................................................................................................21 4.9 STATISTICAL ANALYSES..............................................................................................21 5 RESULTS.......................................................................................................................22 5.1 GPS AND TACHYMETRY .............................................................................................22 5.1.1 POINT PRECISION AND DENSITY ............................................................................22 5.2 DEM TERRAIN MODELING ..........................................................................................23 5.3 MORPHOLOGY ............................................................................................................24 5.3.1 THE BUFFALORA SPRING ......................................................................................24 5.3.1.1 Wetted area....................................................................................................24 5.3.1.2 Moss coverage...............................................................................................25 5.3.2 THE FUORN SPRING ..............................................................................................25 5.3.2.1 Wetted area....................................................................................................25 5.3.2.2 Moss coverage...............................................................................................26 5.3.3 THE GOD DAL FUORN SPRING ..............................................................................26 5.3.3.1 Wetted area....................................................................................................26 5.3.3.2 Moss coverage and plant cover .....................................................................27 5.3.3.3 Sludge layer...................................................................................................27 5.3.4 THE SPÖL SPRING .................................................................................................27 5.3.5 THE VAL DA L´AQUA SPRING ...............................................................................27 5.3.5.1 Wetted area....................................................................................................28 5.3.5.2 Moss coverage...............................................................................................28 5.4 POTENTIAL SOLAR RADIATION ....................................................................................28 5.5 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ..........................................................................................29 5.6 BENTHIC ORGANIC MATTER ........................................................................................30 5.7 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS.....................................................................32 5.7.1 VELOCITY.............................................................................................................32 Table of contents 5.7.2 THERMAL PATTERNS ............................................................................................32 5.7.3 HYDROCHEMISTRY...............................................................................................34 5.8 PHYSICO-CHEMISTRY AMONG AND WITHIN SITES........................................................38 5.9 PERIPHYTON ...............................................................................................................39 5.10 PERIPHYTON AND HABITAT CHARATERISTICS .............................................................42 5.11 MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF SPRINGS............................................................................44 6 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................45 6.1 GEODESY AND GIS .....................................................................................................45 6.2 MORPHOLOGY AND GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ...........................................................47 6.3 BENTHIC PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER (BPOM)...................................................47 6.4 TEMPERATURE............................................................................................................48 6.5 HYDROCHEMISTRY .....................................................................................................49 6.6 PERIPHYTON ...............................................................................................................50 6.7 SPRING TYPES .............................................................................................................51 6.8 SPRING HABITATS .......................................................................................................51 7 OUTLOOK...................................................................................................................52 8 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................53 9 LITERATURE CITED................................................................................................54 10 APPENDIX A: FIGURES ..........................................................................................66 11 APPENDIX B: VELOCITY DATA............................................................................95 12 APPENDIX C: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA.......................................................95 13 APPENDIX D: PERIPHYTON DATA....................................................................107 14 APPENDIX E: PERIPHYTON REGRESSIONS ...................................................109
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Swiss National Park (SNP) Zernez Annual Report 2013
    Swiss National Park (SNP) Zernez Annual Report 2013 State Switzerland Name of the area Swiss National Park (SNP) Central authority concerned Federal Commission of the Swiss National Park Robert Giacometti, President Clüs 150 J CH–7530 Zernez Authority responsible for its management Prof. Dr. Heinrich Haller Director of the Swiss National Park Chastè Planta-Wildenberg CH–7530 Zernez Tel. 0041 81 851 41 11 Fax 0041 81 851 41 12 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.nationalpark.ch I. General information The Swiss National Park (SNP) is a high-altitude mountainous nature reserve, extending over 170 km2 at an altitude between 1400 and 3200 m. It is the oldest Central European and Alpine national park and harbours a rich variety of alpine fauna and flora within an intact natural landscape. According to the IUCN the SNP belongs to the exclusive group of strict nature reserves (category Ia). The object of our national park is to permit nature to run its natural course, and to be able to observe its evolution. 1. Natural heritage — State of conservation 1.1. Environment In the SNP changes are observed over a long period of time and are an inherent part of its existence. They are well documented, but do not give rise to undue concern. The new “Atlas of the Swiss National Park”, which was published in October 2013, provides extensive information about the development of our institution during the first 100 years of its existence. The atlas is available in German and in French. Furthermore it exists in digital 2 form: www.atlasnationalpark.ch.
    [Show full text]
  • US Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville
    Prepared In Cooperation with the Department of Geosciences at the University of Arkansas U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26-29, 2011 Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5031 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Prepared in Cooperation with the Department of Geosciences at the University of Arkansas U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26–29, 2011 Edited By Eve L. Kuniansky Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5031 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey i U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2011 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Kuniansky,E.L., 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 26-29, 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5031, 212p. Online copies of the proceedings area available at: http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/karst/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    / Introduction In the twentieth century the national park became a global phenomenon. In the early 1900s, when the Swiss National Park was planned and set up, few national parks were in existence around the world, and Europe had none. Since then, the situation has changed dramatically. Europe now boasts several hundred national parks; globally, they number in the thousands. In the last hundred years the national park has clearly become one of the most signifi - cant spatial structures of contemporary times. At the same time, the national park is problematic. It is no accident that the total number and area of all the national parks varies depending on the source. Th e fi gures are in the order of fi ve thousand parks and fi ve million square kilometers, or 3 percent of the earth’s surface.1 But the numbers also depend on which facilities are actually categorized as national parks and thus included in the calculations. Th e term “national park” covers an astonishing diversity of entities. Individual parks dif- fer vastly, not only in appearance but also in purpose: biodiversity, landscape conservation, or wilderness; tourism, edifi cation, or research. Th e term “na- tional park” provides a common denominator for all this global diversity, yet the denominator itself is indistinct. One might aptly summarize the paradox by saying that all national parks are not equal, yet they are still national parks, which, however, does not illuminate the phenomenon much further. Th e approach I take in this book is a historical one. My aim is to understand the national park as a historical subject that arose out of a context both global and local.
    [Show full text]
  • Councilof Europe ---Conseil De Ueurope
    o3 COUNCIL OF EUROPE ------------------ ---------------- CONSEIL DE U EUROPE Strasbourg, 4 February 1986 SN-ZP (85) 49 COE182857 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES Select Committee of Experts - Protected areas SWISS NATIONAL PARK Category A ON-THE-SPOT APPRAISAL by A. van Wijngaarden (Netherlands) 7.525 THIS DOCUMENT WILL NOT BE DISTRIBUTED DURING THE MEETING 09.3 PLEASE BRING THIS COPY CONTENTS Page Terms of reference 3 1. State of conservation of the site 3 2. Conservation of the natural environment 4 2.1 Flora 4 2.2 Fauna 4 3. Alterations completed ^ 3.1 Physical alterations ^ 3.2 Statutorial, legal and organisational alterations 5 4. Impact of the public 5 5. Scientific research in the park • 5 6. Financial resources of the park 6 6 7. Suggestions 7.1 Reactions on the suggestions made in 1980 ^ 7.2 Possibilities for cooperation with other national parks 7 8. Conclusions ? 9. Literature and maps 8 9.1 Swiss national park 8 9.2 Stelvio national park (Italy) 8 Terms of reference The European Diploma awarded to the Swiss national park on 27 October 1967 was renewed on 16 October 1972, in 1977, and on 26 October 1982. During its fifth year of validity the European Committee for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is required by the relevant regulations (Resolution (73) 4) to consider whether to renew the Diploma for a new period of five years. To this end, an expert is appointed to carry out a new on-the-spot appraisal, taking particular account of the information supplied in the last annual reports.
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeological Investigation and Technological
    AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STOCKHOFF BASALT QUARRY , NORTHEASTERN OREGON By BRUCE RAYMOND WOMACK A thesis submitted in partial f ulfil l ment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS ~vASHINGTON STATE UNIVERS I TY Department of Anthropology 1977 r r r v r AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL r ANALYSIS OF THE STOCKHOFF BASALT QUARRY, r NORTHEASTERN OREGON ABSTRACT r by Bruce Raymond Womack, M.A. Washington State University, 1977 r I Chairman: Frank C. Leonhardy J ~ i i The Stockhoff Basalt Quarry (35UN52) is located the Blue Mountains f in r ~ of northeastern Oregon, 19 km southeast of La Grande. The site lies along a r small tributary of Ladd Creek in the upper end of Ladd Canyon. During surface collection and excavation, over 700 basalt implements r and 3900 pieces of chipping detritus were recovered. A test excavation which r revealed the presence of basalt implements beneath a deposit of Mazama ash indicated exploitation of the site's lithic resources by 6700 B.P. The imple- r ments recovered from the site bear a strong technomorphological resemblance to implements of the Cascade Phase 8000-4500 B.P. This suggests that the r site's lithic resources may have been exploited as early as 8000 B.P. The r paucity of diagnostic lithic material post-dating the Cold Springs Horizon 6000-4000 B.P. suggests non-utilization of these resources after 4000 B.P. I r ( The Stockhoff site served aboriginal folk as a major source of lithic raw material for approximately 4000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SWISS NATIONAL PARK by DR
    G4 Oryx THE SWISS NATIONAL PARK By DR. G. N. ZIMMERLI, Superintendent The idea of a Swiss national park originated with the Swiss Society for Nature Research and this Society played the leading part in its realization. In 1900 the Society set up as part of its own organization a Swiss Nature Protection Commission and charged it to search for an area in Switzerland suitable for establishment as a reserve, in which all the animal and plant life could be protected against interference by man and so could be left entirely to the play of natural forces. It was not easy to find in Switzerland a suitably large area which still retained its original characteristics, was virtually free from human settlement, and contained some wealth of fauna and flora. After a careful survey of the whole country it became clear that the most suitable region was the Lower Engadine, with its isolated valleys on the eastern border of the country. The district in which, at the beginning of the century, bears had still lived was the one in which primitive nature could be found in its truest state. In 1909 the Swiss League for Nature Protection was founded in order to provide financial support for the national park and for the advancement of nature protection in general. Between 1909 and 1911 the Nature Protection Commission of the Swiss Nature Research Society signed its first agreements with the communes of Zernez, S-chanf and Scuol for certain territory to be set aside as a nature reserve. In these first agreements it was stipulated that the rights and obligations embodied in them should later be transferred to the Swiss Confederation.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Tucannon Phase in Lower Snake River Prehistory
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Steven W. Lucas for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Anthropology, Anthropology, and Geography presented on September 29, 1994. Title: The Origin of the Tucannon Phase in Lower Snake River Prehistory. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy David R. Brauner Approximately 5,500 years ago a discreet period of wetter and cooler environmental conditions prevailed across the southern Columbia Plateau. This period was marked by the first prominent episodes of erosion to occur along the lower Snake River following the height of the Altithermal and eruption of Mt. Mazama during the mid post-glacial. In addition to the reactivation of small stream courses choked with debris and sediment, large stream channels began downcutting and scouring older terrace faces incorporated with large accumulations of Mazama ash. The resulting degradation of aquatic habitats forced concurrent changes within human economies adapted to the local riverine-environments. These adjustments reported for the Tucannon phase time period along the lower Snake River are notable and demonstrate the degree to which Cascade phase culture was unsuccessful in coping with environmental instability at the end of the Altithermal time period. This successionary event has demonstratively become the most significant post-glacial, qualitative change to occur in the lifeways of lower Snake River people prior to Euro-American influence. © Copyright by Steven W. Lucas September 29, 1994 All Rights Reserved Origin of the Tucannon Phase in Lower Snake River Prehistory By Steven W. Lucas A THESIS Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Completed September 29, 1994 Commencement June 1995 Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies thesis of Steven W.
    [Show full text]
  • Basin Descriptions and Flow Characteristics of Ohio Streams
    Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water BASIN DESCRIPTIONS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF OHIO STREAMS By Michael C. Schiefer, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Bulletin 47 Columbus, Ohio 2002 Robert Taft, Governor Samuel Speck, Director CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 2 Purpose and Scope ……………………………………………………………. 2 Previous Studies……………………………………………………………….. 2 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………… 3 Factors Determining Regimen of Flow………………………………………………... 4 Weather and Climate…………………………………………………………… 4 Basin Characteristics...………………………………………………………… 6 Physiology…….………………………………………………………… 6 Geology………………………………………………………………... 12 Soils and Natural Vegetation ..………………………………………… 15 Land Use...……………………………………………………………. 23 Water Development……………………………………………………. 26 Estimates and Comparisons of Flow Characteristics………………………………….. 28 Mean Annual Runoff…………………………………………………………... 28 Base Flow……………………………………………………………………… 29 Flow Duration…………………………………………………………………. 30 Frequency of Flow Events…………………………………………………….. 31 Descriptions of Basins and Characteristics of Flow…………………………………… 34 Lake Erie Basin………………………………………………………………………… 35 Maumee River Basin…………………………………………………………… 36 Portage River and Sandusky River Basins…………………………………….. 49 Lake Erie Tributaries between Sandusky River and Cuyahoga River…………. 58 Cuyahoga River Basin………………………………………………………….. 68 Lake Erie Tributaries East of the Cuyahoga River…………………………….. 77 Ohio River Basin………………………………………………………………………. 84
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017
    A Product of the Water Availability and Use Science Program Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Texas at San Antonio and hosted by the Student Geological Society and student chapters of the Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Association of Engineering Geologists U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017 Edited By Eve L. Kuniansky and Lawrence E. Spangler Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5023 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Kuniansky, E.L., and Spangler, L.E., eds., 2017, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, May 16–18, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5023, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175023.
    [Show full text]
  • Faunistic Characterisation of Alpine Springs in the Swiss National Park
    5th Symposium Conference Volume for Research in Protected Areas pages 185 - 190 10 to 12 June 2013, Mittersill Faunistic Characterisation of Alpine Springs in the Swiss National Park Susanne Felder & Stefanie von Fumetti Abstract Springs are unique ecosystems for highly adapted organisms that are endangered by anthropogenic impacts. Alpine springs are even more special as species have to adapt to lower temperatures and a short growth season during summer. The springs in the Swiss National Park have not been influenced by anthropogenic impacts since 1914, when the park was founded. In 1942 the only complete faunistic study of springs in the Swiss National Park was realised. A new monitoring of these unaffected alpine springs is of special interest today. In this Master’s project 20 springs of the Swiss National Park were characterised. In early summer and autumn 2012 the springs were mapped and physiochemical parameters were measured. The macroinvertebrates were sampled quantitatively with a surber-sampler and qualitatively by hand-picking. Results show that Diptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera are the most diverse orders. Within these orders cold-stenothermal species with alpine altitudinal preferences and endemic species were found. They are partly endangered or at least vulnerable in Switzerland. This underlines the importance of protected areas as refuges for endangered species living in endangered habitats such as springs. Moreover, a protection of the springs outside of the park would be desirable. Keywords Alpine springs, Swiss National Park, macroinvertebrates, endangered species Introduction Springs are ecotones between the groundwater and the surface water and provide a habitat for specialised organisms due to constant environmental conditions (VAN DER KAMP 1995; GERECKE & FRANZ 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Monitoring of Coal-Ash Disposal Sites in a Karst Terrane Near Burnside, South-Central Kentucky
    ISSN 0075-5591 Kentucky Geological Survey Donald C. Haney, State Geologist and Director University of Kentucky, Lexington Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Monitoring of Coal-Ash Disposal Sites in a Karst Terrane near Burnside, South-Central Kentucky Shelley Minns Hutcheson Lyle V.A. Sendlein James S. Dinger James C. Currens Arsin M. Sahba Report of Investigations 11 Series XI, 1997 DISCLAIMER The Kentucky Geological Survey provides online versions of its publications as a public service. Publications are provided as Adobe PDF (portable document format) files. Hard- copy versions are available for purchase by contacting the Survey at: Kentucky Geological Survey Publication Sales Office 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0107 Phone: 606-257-5500 Fax: 606-257-1147 Selected KGS reports published before 1999 have been scanned and converted to PDF format. Scanned documents may not retain the formatting of the original publication. In addition, color may have been added to some documents to clarify illustrations; in these cases, the color does not appear in the original printed copy of the publication. Every effort has been made to ensure the integrity of the text. KGS maps and charts are supplied either whole or in part and some are too large to be printed on most plotters. Open-file reports are reproduced from the best available copy provided by the author, and have not undergone KGS technical or editorial review. The Kentucky Geological Survey disclaims all warranties, representations, or endorsements, expressed or implied, with regard to the information accessed from, or via, this server or the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions
    j»ly ana Irrigation Paper No. 145 Series 0, Underground Waters, 46 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 1905 MYRON L. FULLER GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 145 Series 0, Underground Waters, 46 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 19 O 5 L. FULLER GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE Tv7ater Resources Branch, Geological Survey, BDX 3106, Capitol Station Oklahoma City, Okla. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT I'KIN TING OFFICE 1905 CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transmittal _.........-.------_------------------------_-.----.- 7 Hydrologic work in eastern United States and publications on ground waters. by Myron L. Fuller___________________________ ___-__--__.______ 9 Drainage of ponds into drilled wells, by Robert E. Horton ______________ 30 Two unusual types of artesian flow, by Myron L. Fuller __________________ 40 Construction of so-called fountain and geyser springs, by Myron L. Fuller- 46 A convenient gage for determining low artesian heads, by Myron L. Fuller. 51 Water resources of the Catatorik area. New York, by E. M. Kindle ______ 53 Water resources of the Pawpaw and Hancock quadrangles. West Virginia. Maryland, and Pennsylvania, by George W. Stose and George C. Martin_ 58 Watsr resources of the Nicholas quadrangle, West Virginia, by George H. Ashley _ _ _ _ ____...._'____ ____________ _.._____.--_---_-___.__..____ 64 Water resources of the "Mineral Point quadrangle. Wisconsin, by U. S. Grant _-____...._...__.________________._._______ ___.______._.__ 67 Water resources of the Joplin district, Missouri-Kansas, by W.
    [Show full text]