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j»ly ana Irrigation Paper No. 145 Series 0, Underground Waters, 46 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 1905 MYRON L. FULLER GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 145 Series 0, Underground Waters, 46 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 19 O 5 L. FULLER GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE Tv7ater Resources Branch, Geological Survey, BDX 3106, Capitol Station Oklahoma City, Okla. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT I'KIN TING OFFICE 1905 CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transmittal _.........-.------_------------------------_-.----.- 7 Hydrologic work in eastern United States and publications on ground waters. by Myron L. Fuller___________________________ ___-__--__.______ 9 Drainage of ponds into drilled wells, by Robert E. Horton ______________ 30 Two unusual types of artesian flow, by Myron L. Fuller __________________ 40 Construction of so-called fountain and geyser springs, by Myron L. Fuller- 46 A convenient gage for determining low artesian heads, by Myron L. Fuller. 51 Water resources of the Catatorik area. New York, by E. M. Kindle ______ 53 Water resources of the Pawpaw and Hancock quadrangles. West Virginia. Maryland, and Pennsylvania, by George W. Stose and George C. Martin_ 58 Watsr resources of the Nicholas quadrangle, West Virginia, by George H. Ashley _ _ _ _ ____...._'____ ____________ _.._____.--_---_-___.__..____ 64 Water resources of the "Mineral Point quadrangle. Wisconsin, by U. S. Grant _-____...._...__.________________._._______ ___.______._.__ 67 Water resources of the Joplin district, Missouri-Kansas, by W. S. Tangier Smith __________________________________________________________ Water resources of the Winslow quadrangle, Arkansas, by A. H. Pnrdue _ Water resources of the contact region between the Paleozoic and Mississippi embayinent deposits in northern Arkansas, by A. H. Purdue_ __________ 88 Water resources of the Portsmouth-York region. New Hampshire and Maine, by George Otis Smith ____________ .__--_-_-___ __________ 120 A ground-water problem in southeastern Michigan, by Myron L. Fuller_ ._ 129 Water supplies at Waterloo, Iowa, by W. H. Norton _____________________ 148 Water supply from glacial gravels near Augusta, Me., by George Otis Smith ........................ ................................. ____ 156 Water supply from the delta type of sand plain, by W. O. Crosby......... 161 Waters of a gravel-filled valley near Tnlly. N. Y.. by George B. Hollister _ 179 Notes on certain hot springs of the southern United States, by Walter Har­ vey Weed _ ..---..._...................___-_-.. .__ ___________ 185 Notes on certain large springs of the Ozark region, Missouri and Arkansas, compiled by Myron L. Fuller ..__._.................._...-_...__._..... 207 Index _.....--....._..._........._......._..........-......__._.._....... 211 3 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. A, Black River at Blackrock, Ark.,a typical stream of the Paleo­ zoic highlands; B, A typical stream of the lowlands. .......... 90 II. Geologic map of the Paleozoic and Mississippi embayment con­ tact region in northern Arkansas (north half) _--___-,-___--__ 92 III. Geologic map of the Paleozoic and Mississippi embayment con­ tact region in northern Arkansas (south half) -.._.__._.._-._. 92 IV. A and B, Views of the Grosse Isle, Michigan, flowing well ______ 140 V. A, Kettle hole in North Dike Plain, Massachusetts; B, View up the foss valley of Cunningham Brook, Massachusetts _...__-_. 164 VI. A, Erosion slope of the Nashua Plain, Massachusetts; B, Wash drill in operation on the North Dike Plain, Massachusetts _ _ _. _ 166 FIG. 1. Index map showing extent of hydrologic work in eastern United States..........-....--.-.-.--,.-.-...-..-..-...-....--.....-... 11 2. Diagram illustrating conditions in drainage wells .-..-..-.....--.- 84 3. Diagram showing entrance of water into drainage pipe ------------ 35 4. Diagram of mouth of drainage pipe_ ___.-..-__________ ._____.-___ 35 5. Typical east-west sections across bay on north side of Long Island, New York __.__..--_____-----_--_-----___--_--_----___---__--_- 41 6. Shape of grains of coarse sand.................................... 43 7. Overlapping sand grains __----._____._______._____..____.________ 43 8. Type of artesian conditions in southeastern Michigan -.--.....-..- 44 9. Hillside spring from unconfined water bed without head .__._.____ 47 10. Hillside spring from confined water bed under more or less head,.. 47 11. Diagram showing method of construction of " fountain spring"--- 48 12. Diagram showing method of construction of " geyser spring"..... 49 13. A convenient form of pressure gage and its application --._........ 52 14. North-south geologic section through Boonsboro and Chinkapin Knob, Arkansas ________________________________________________ 85 15. Drainage map of northeastern Arkansas __.-.--.__.-_--_-____..-._ 90 16. Section from Austin to Hickory Plains, Ark., across the Sandhill area 93 17. Section at G-randglaise, Ark __.________._-_.__-_-._____________.__ 94 18. Well sections _.----..--....-..-..._..-...................-....... 95 19. Section of deep well at Cushman, Ark ...-.-..--.-...-.--.....-... 98 20. North-south section through Batesville, Ark --..--..........-.-... 101 21. Section from Bald Knob eastward to Augusta, Ark___-.-.____..,.. 102 22. Diagram showing encroachment of the sea upon the land as a result of land subsidence _____________________________________________ 102 23. Generalized north-south section showing relations of Paleozoic and later formations ______-_____-.______.___---__________-----__-_- ' 103 24. Diagram showing th 3 infiltration of water from a stream into adja­ cent sandy beds _____--____-____________--__._..____.._____-.,__ 108 25. Section at Newark, Ark .......................................... 109 6 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. FIG. 26. Section at Tupelo, Ark ......______ .............................. Ill 27. Representative section at Weldon and Auvergne, Ark_..._...._.. Ill 28. Diagram showing buried sloughs __-._.... -____-______-______.-_ 112 29. Style of drive-well point commonly used_________________________ 114 30. Diagram illustrating method of sinking deep wells ________._____ 115 31. Well situated near an old slough ________________________________ 117 32. Rainfall map of Michigan,_.____________________________________ 130 33. Sketch map of southeastern Michigan ___________________________ 133 34. Actual and theoretical positions of water table ___________________ 141 35. Sketch map of lakes near Augusta. Me __________________________ 157 36. Extent of Lake Nashua at Clinton stage -________-_-.___. _____. _. 163 37. Selected east-west profile through north-dike area, Clinton, Mass. 166 38. Diagrammatic section of a typical delta-._______-____.________,_- 170 39. Sketch map of the vicinity of Tully, N. Y_ _. _ _ _ _ _ _______________ 180 40. Geologic map of Hot Springs, Ark., and vicinity _________________ 192 41. Geologic section near Hot Springs, Ark____^_ ______________ ______ 195 42. Geologic section through end of Hot Springs Mountain and the city of Hot Springs, Ark. _.__._-.._.-_......__._.__._________.__... 195 LETTER OF TRANSMIT! AL. DEPARTMENT or THE INTERIOR, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Washington, I). C., January 28, 1905. SIR: I transmit herewith, for publication as a water-supply and irrigation paper, a manuscript entitled " Contributions to the Hy­ drology of Eastern United States, 1905,"' which forms the third of a series of progress reports relating to the hydrology of the eastern portion of the country, submitted by M. L. Fuller, as geologist in charge of the eastern section of the division of hydrology. The re­ port embraces 20 contributions by 14 geologists, and presents the results of a considerable number of subordinate lines of investigation, the descriptions of which are not of sufficient length to warrant separate publication. The report covers a wide range of subjects and, in general, the papers form concise summaries of the subjects covered, rather than elaborate treatises. They may be grouped under five heads and include: (1) Papers dealing with special artesian problems, (2) reports describing the water resources of more or less extensive areas, (3) description of special localities, (4) papers on the water supplies of special types of deposits, and (5) descriptions of important springs. It is believed that a composite report of this type not only reaches a much larger number of readers than any other form of publication, but puts on record a considerable amount of interesting data which, because of its brief nature, could not otherwise be made available. Very respectfully, F. H. XEWELL, Chief Engineer. Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director United States Geological Survey. 7 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF EAST­ ERN UNITED STATES, 1905. MYRON L. FULLER, Geologist in Charge. HYDROLOGIC WORK IN EASTERN UNITED STATES AND PUBLI­ CATIONS OiN GROUND WATERS. By MYRON L. FULLER. WORK OF DIVISION OF HYDROLOGY. The work of the division of hydrology deals with underground waters, or those found beneath the surface of the earth, in the same manner that the work of the division of hydrography deals \vith sur­ face waters, the aim being to obtain and publish for the benefit of the people information relating to the occurrence, movements, meth­ ods of obtaining, and uses of artesian and other underground waters, including those reaching the surface
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