DOCSLIB.ORG

Channel Islands National Park Archaeological

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Channel Islands National Park Archaeological CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Authors Todd J. Braje Julia G. Costello Jon M. Erlandson Michael A. Glassow John R. Johnson Don P. Morris Jennifer E. Perry Torben C. Rick Compiler and Editor Michael A. Glassow Channel Islands National Park, Department of the Interior December 2010 Table of Contents List of Tables . iii List of Figures . iii Chapter 1. Introduction Environmental Context of Channel Islands National Park . 1.1 Changes in Archaeological Research and Resource Management since 1975 . 1.6 Significance of Cultural Resources within the Park . 1.7 Organization of the Volume . 1.8 Acknowledgements . 1.10 Chapter 2. Prehistory and History Prehistory . 2.1 History . 2.34 Chapter 3. Chumash Islanders at European Contact Introduction . 3.1 Culture History from Initial Contact through the Last Aboriginal Occupation . 3.1 Historic Chumash Rancherías . 3.6 Population Estimates . 3.15 Marriage and Family Patterns . 3.16 Sociopolitical Organization . 3.18 Conclusion . 3.19 Chapter 4. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Santa Barbara Island Status of Resource Inventories . 4.1 Project Descriptions . 4.3 Chapter 5. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Anacapa Island Status of Resource Inventories . 5.1 Project Descriptions . 5.3 Chapter 6. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Santa Cruz Island Status of Resource Inventories . 6.1 Project Descriptions . 6.9 Chapter 7. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Santa Rosa Island Status of Resource Inventories . 7.1 Project Descriptions . 7.3 Chapter 8. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on San Miguel Island Status of Resource Inventories . 8.1 Project Descriptions . 8.6 1.1 Chapter 9. Historic Archaeological Resources in Channel Islands National Park Status of Resource Inventories . .9.1 Project Descriptions . 9.14 Appendix 9.1. Recorded Historic-Period Sites . 9.21 Chapter 10. Submerged Archaeological Resources in Channel Islands National Park Status of Resource Inventories . 10.1 Project Descriptions . 10.6 Chapter 11. Archaeological Resource Management Issues Prehistoric Resources on Santa Barbara Island . 11.1 Prehistoric Resources on Anacapa Island . 11.2 Prehistoric Resources on Santa Cruz Island . 11.3 Prehistoric Resources on Santa Rosa Island . 11.6 Prehistoric Resources on San Miguel Island . 11.8 Ethnohistoric Resources on the Northern Channel Islands . 11.9 Historic Archaeological Resources on All Islands . 11.11 Submerged Sites in Waters Surrounding All Islands . 11.15 Parkwide Management Issues . 11.16 Chapter 12. Recommendations . 12.1 References Cited . ref.1 Appendix 1. Project Descriptions from the 1977 Overview . A.1 1. ii LIST OF TABLES 3.1. Island placenames as reported in Juan Esteban Pico’s various lists . .. 3.8 3.2. Santa Cruz Island sites known to possess artifacts from the Mission Period . 3.12 3.3. Santa Rosa and San Miguel Island sites known to date to the Protohistoric or Historic Periods . 3.14 3.4. Chumash baptisms from islands . 3.17 9.1. Recorded Historic-Period sites in Channel Islands National Park . 9.2 9.2. Sites from which data were collected . 9.18 10.1. Identified wrecks . 10.4 LIST OF APPENDICES 9.1. Recorded Historic-Period sites . 9.21 A1.1 Project Descriptions from the 1977 Overview . A2.1 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. Channel Islands National Park . 1.2 3.1. Locations of island rancherías . 3.7 6.1. Santa Cruz Island showing area intensively surveyed. 6.2 6.2. Western Santa Cruz Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 6.10 6.3. Eastern Santa Cruz Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 6.11 7.1 Santa Rosa Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 7.2 7.2 Santa Rosa Island showing areas intensively surveyed . 7.4 1.iii 8.1 San Miguel Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 8.2 8.2 San Miguel Island showing areas intensively surveyed. 8.4 1.iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Consistent with section B2c in Chapter 6 of the National Park Service’s Cultural Resource Management Guideline (National Park Service 1998), this overview and assessment is meant to serve as an element of the archaeological resource management program at Channel Islands National Park (Park) (Figure 1). The Park is blessed with unusually abundant prehistoric and historic resources spanning the period from about 13,000 years ago to the historic ranching period of the 19th and 20th centuries. The Park’s careful management of its archaeological resources and promotion of their wise use for archaeological research will enhance the pursuit of knowledge of the prehistory and history of the Channel Islands and the Santa Barbara Channel region. Although the subject of only limited attention from archaeologists, investigation of historic archaeological resources also has considerable potential, particularly with regard to understanding the nature and activities of ethnic groups that used the islands and various forms of resourse exploitation (fishing, sea mammal hunting, whaling, ranching, etc.). Presented herein are a description of the nature and variety of the Park’s archaeological resources, an assessment of the status of knowledge about prehistory and history generated through archaeological investigation, identification of issues to be addressed in the management of archaeological resources, and recommendations for further development of the Park’s archaeological resource management program. In addition to supporting the Park’s cultural resources management program, this overview and assessment is meant to aid researchers interested in investigating the islands’ prehistory and history. Although the status of knowledge about prehistory presented herein quickly will become outdated in light of ongoing archaeological research, the inventories of archaeological projects that have occurred on each of the islands since 1975 will remain an invaluable reference in determining the location and nature of past archaeological research and the location of repositories containing collections and records associated with this research. Environmental Context of Channel Islands National Park Channel Islands National Park comprises five of the Channel Islands, including all those in the northern group—Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel—and one in the southern group—Santa Barbara. Although included within the Park, the western 76 percent of Santa Cruz is owned by The Nature Conservancy, and all of San Miguel is owned by the US Navy. The Park includes the smallest of California’s Channel Islands, Anacapa and Santa Barbara, with areas of 2.8 and 2.6 km2 respectively, and the largest, Santa Cruz, with an area of 249 km2. (Santa Rosa and San Miguel Islands have areas of 217 and 37 km2, respectively.) Santa Cruz Island is the most rugged topographically of the five islands, with elevations reaching 742 m, and it is the only one with an interior watershed between two mountain ranges. The environment of the Channel Islands and the nearshore waters surrounding each of them is strongly influenced, on the one hand, by the cool-water California Current flowing southward along the California coast and along the outer margin of the Southern California Bight, and on 1.1 Figure 1.1. Channel Islands National Park the other hand by the warm-water California Countercurrent (Davidson Current) flowing northward along the coast (Hickey 1992:39). The meeting and mixing of these currents forms an east-west gradient in water temperatures through the Santa Barbara Channel and a northwest- southeast gradient through the bight as a whole (Hickey 1992; Blanchette et al. 2009:163). Sea- surface temperatures at the eastern tip of Anacapa Island, the easternmost of the northern Channel Islands, average roughly 2°C warmer than waters adjacent to the western end of San.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 54 (2019) 235–253
    Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 54 (2019) 235–253 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Anthropological Archaeology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Technological change and interior settlement on western Santa Rosa Island, T California ⁎ Christopher S. Jazwa , Richard L. Rosencrance Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We use data on site distributions, chronology, and artifact assemblages from a large, fat upland landscape on Site chronology Santa Rosa Island to better understand the relationship between coastal and interior settlement patterns on Coastal archaeology California’s northern Channel Islands. This region, Pocket Field, was an important hub of occupation during the Mobility patterns late Pleistocene/early Holocene (before 7550 cal BP) and throughout the late Holocene (3600–168 cal BP). A Territoriality radiocarbon chronology for the region suggests that settlement patterns are consistent with what has been Artifact typologies observed in coastal locations, with an increase in site density throughout the late Holocene. Groundstone is an Medieval climatic anomaly important component of the late Holocene archaeological record, although it decreases in importance following the droughts of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA; 1150–600 cal BP). Olivella biplicata shell bead production at dense midden sites indicates that occupation of the region was not just for access to terrestrial resources. An increase in sites with projectile points during the MCA may refect an increase in interpersonal violence and indicate that increasing territoriality that occurred on the coast may have extended into the island interior. Our study demonstrates that interior sites were integral components of island settlement and subsistence patterns, even when diet is heavily marine-oriented.
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 99, NUMBER 4 A CHECK-LIST OF THE FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA BY ALEXANDER WETMORE Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution (Publication 3587) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JUNE 18, 1940 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 99, NUMBER 4 A CHECK-LIST OF THE FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA BY ALEXANDER WETMORE Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution (Publication 3587) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JUNE 18, 1940 Z^t £ovi) i^a{fttnore (pnea BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A. A CHECK-LIST OF THE FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA By ALEXANDER WETMORE Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution Since publication of the last complete list of the fossil birds of North America, which appeared in the Fourth Edition of the Check- list of North American Birds of the American Ornithologists' Union in October 1931, there have been many changes and additions, both in species found only in fossil state and in modern forms recorded from Pleistocene and (rarely) earUer deposits. This information is widely scattered so that it seems pertinent now to gather it together and to present the entire list again for the use of all who may be interested. The material that follows is complete so far as records have come to attention to January 1940. In preparing this paper every species included has been checked carefully against the original records, and data pertaining to geologic distribution have been revised. As in the fourth edition of the A. O. U. Check-list, all modern forms for which there are fossil records have been included.
    [Show full text]
  • The Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland Founded 1885 Registered Charity No
    The Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland Founded 1885 Registered Charity No. 214726 A DIRECTORY OF HUGUENOT REFUGEES ON THE CHANNEL ISLANDS 1548-1825 Edited by Robert Nash (Huguenot Society Quarto Series 63) Despite their small size, the Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark) played an important role, both as a refuge and as temporary staging posts, for refugees fleeing France. Furthermore, the modified form of francophone Anglicanism which emerged on the islands formed a model for the conformist French churches in England and Ireland. This volume (the first general study of this particular topic) lists the details of several thousand refugee individuals, taken from island sources (wills, records of reconnaissances and abjurations, parish records of baptisms, marriages and burials), English records (Royal Bounty charity, archives of the French Hospital etc.), and sources in France. The volume tackles the difficult task of separating Huguenot refugees from native Channel Islanders (who were also French-speaking and Protestant) and cites documentary evidence for identifying the refugees. The detailed introduction examines the questions of who the refugees were, where they came from, how they escaped, when they arrived on the islands, whether they stayed or moved on, and how much they intermarried with the native islanders. There are clear and detailed maps showing the islands’ locations, the island parishes, and French provinces. ------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Web-Book Catalog 2021-05-10
    Lehigh Gap Nature Center Library Book Catalog Title Year Author(s) Publisher Keywords Keywords Catalog No. National Geographic, Washington, 100 best pictures. 2001 National Geogrpahic. Photographs. 779 DC Miller, Jeffrey C., and Daniel H. 100 butterflies and moths : portraits from Belknap Press of Harvard University Butterflies - Costa 2007 Janzen, and Winifred Moths - Costa Rica 595.789097286 th tropical forests of Costa Rica Press, Cambridge, MA rica Hallwachs. Miller, Jeffery C., and Daniel H. 100 caterpillars : portraits from the Belknap Press of Harvard University Caterpillars - Costa 2006 Janzen, and Winifred 595.781 tropical forests of Costa Rica Press, Cambridge, MA Rica Hallwachs 100 plants to feed the bees : provide a 2016 Lee-Mader, Eric, et al. Storey Publishing, North Adams, MA Bees. Pollination 635.9676 healthy habitat to help pollinators thrive Klots, Alexander B., and Elsie 1001 answers to questions about insects 1961 Grosset & Dunlap, New York, NY Insects 595.7 B. Klots Cruickshank, Allan D., and Dodd, Mead, and Company, New 1001 questions answered about birds 1958 Birds 598 Helen Cruickshank York, NY Currie, Philip J. and Eva B. 101 Questions About Dinosaurs 1996 Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY Reptiles Dinosaurs 567.91 Koppelhus Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, N. 101 Questions About the Seashore 1997 Barlowe, Sy Seashore 577.51 Y. Gardening to attract 101 ways to help birds 2006 Erickson, Laura. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA Birds - Conservation. 639.978 birds. Sharpe, Grant, and Wenonah University of Wisconsin Press, 101 wildflowers of Arcadia National Park 1963 581.769909741 Sharpe Madison, WI 1300 real and fanciful animals : from Animals, Mythical in 1998 Merian, Matthaus Dover Publications, Mineola, NY Animals in art 769.432 seventeenth-century engravings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit Era
    Island Studies Journal, 15(1), 2020, 151-168 The sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era Maria Mut Bosque School of Law, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain MINECO DER 2017-86138, Ministry of Economic Affairs & Digital Transformation, Spain Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, UK [email protected] (corresponding author) Abstract: This paper focuses on an analysis of the sovereignty of two territorial entities that have unique relations with the United Kingdom: the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories (BOTs). Each of these entities includes very different territories, with different legal statuses and varying forms of self-administration and constitutional linkages with the UK. However, they also share similarities and challenges that enable an analysis of these territories as a complete set. The incomplete sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and BOTs has entailed that all these territories (except Gibraltar) have not been allowed to participate in the 2016 Brexit referendum or in the withdrawal negotiations with the EU. Moreover, it is reasonable to assume that Brexit is not an exceptional situation. In the future there will be more and more relevant international issues for these territories which will remain outside of their direct control, but will have a direct impact on them. Thus, if no adjustments are made to their statuses, these territories will have to keep trusting that the UK will be able to represent their interests at the same level as its own interests. Keywords: Brexit, British Overseas Territories (BOTs), constitutional status, Crown Dependencies, sovereignty https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.114 • Received June 2019, accepted March 2020 © 2020—Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • ASSESSMENT of COASTAL WATER RESOURCES and WATERSHED CONDITIONS at CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA Dr. Diana L. Engle
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2006/354 Water Resources Division Natural Resource Program Centerent of the Interior ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL WATER RESOURCES AND WATERSHED CONDITIONS AT CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA Dr. Diana L. Engle The National Park Service Water Resources Division is responsible for providing water resources management policy and guidelines, planning, technical assistance, training, and operational support to units of the National Park System. Program areas include water rights, water resources planning, marine resource management, regulatory guidance and review, hydrology, water quality, watershed management, watershed studies, and aquatic ecology. Technical Reports The National Park Service disseminates the results of biological, physical, and social research through the Natural Resources Technical Report Series. Natural resources inventories and monitoring activities, scientific literature reviews, bibliographies, and proceedings of technical workshops and conferences are also disseminated through this series. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Copies of this report are available from the following: National Park Service (970) 225-3500 Water Resources Division 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 National Park Service (303) 969-2130 Technical Information Center Denver Service Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225-0287 Cover photos: Top Left: Santa Cruz, Kristen Keteles Top Right: Brown Pelican, NPS photo Bottom Left: Red Abalone, NPS photo Bottom Left: Santa Rosa, Kristen Keteles Bottom Middle: Anacapa, Kristen Keteles Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Channel Islands National Park, California Dr. Diana L.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Boating and Boater Activities in the Channel Islands: a Spatial Analysis and Assessment
    CALIFORNIA MARINE RECREATION Catamaran at anchor, Coches Prietos anchorage Private Boating and Boater Activities in the Channel Islands: A spatial analysis and assessment FINAL REPORT Prepared for: The Resources Legacy Fund Foundation (RLFF) The National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) Prepared by: Chris LaFranchi1 Linwood Pendleton2 March 2008 1 Founder, NaturalEquity (www.naturalequity.org) Social Science Coordinator, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (CINMS) Email: [email protected] 2 Senior Fellow and Director of Economic Research The Ocean Foundation, Dir. Coastal Ocean Values Center Adjunct Associate Professor, UCLA www.coastalvalues.org Email: [email protected] Acknowledgments Of the many individuals who contributed to this effort, we thank Bob Leeworthy, Ryan Vaughn, Miwa Tamanaha, Allison Chan, Erin Gaines, Erin Myers, Dennis Carlson, Alexandra Brown, the captain and crew of the research vessel Shearwater, volunteers from the Sanctuary’s Naturalist Corps, Susie Williams, Christy Loper, Peter Black, and the man boaters who volunteered their time during focus group meetings and survey pre-test efforts. 2 Contents Page 1. Summary……………………………. ……………………………….. 4 2. Introduction …………………………………………………………... 18 2.1. The Study ………………………….…………………………….. 18 2.2. Background ………………………….…………………………… 19 2.3. The Human Dimension of Marine Management ………………… 19 2.4. The Need for Baseline Data ……………………………………... 20 2.5. Policy and Management Context ………………………………... 21 2.6. Market and Non-Market Economics of Non-Consumptive Use … 22 3. Research Tasks and Methods ………………………………………… 25 3.1. Overall Approach ………………………………………………… 25 3.2. Use of Four Integrated Survey Instruments …………….……….. 26 3.3. Biophysical Attributes of the Marine Environment ……………… 30 4. Baseline Data Set ……………………………………………………. 32 4.1. Summary of Responses: Postcard Survey Of Private Boaters….. 32 4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • California State Waters Map Series: Offshore of Santa Barbara, California
    California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Santa Barbara, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Peter Dartnell, Guy R. Cochrane, Nadine E. Golden, Eleyne L. Phillips, Andrew C. Ritchie, H. Gary Greene, Lisa M. Krigsman, Rikk G. Kvitek, Bryan E. Dieter, Charles A. Endris, Gordon G. Seitz, Ray W. Sliter, Mercedes D. Erdey, Carlos I. Gutierrez, Florence L. Wong, Mary M. Yoklavich, Amy E. Draut, Patrick E. Hart, and James E. Conrad (Samuel Y. Johnson and Susan A. Cochran, editors) Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3281 2013 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Cochrane, G.R., Golden, N.E., Phillips, E.L., Ritchie, A.C., Greene, H.G., Krigsman, L.M., Kvitek, R.G., Dieter, B.E., Endris, C.A., Seitz, G.G., Sliter, R.W., Erdey, M.E., Gutierrez, C.I., Wong, F.L., Yoklavich, M.M., Draut, A.E., Hart, P.E., and Conrad, J.E. (S.Y. Johnson and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2013, California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Santa Barbara, California: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • COURT of CLAIMS of THE
    REPORTS OF Cases Argued and Determined IN THE COURT of CLAIMS OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS VOLUME 39 Containing cases in which opinions were filed and orders of dismissal entered, without opinion for: Fiscal Year 1987 - July 1, 1986-June 30, 1987 SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 1988 (Printed by authority of the State of Illinois) (65655--300-7/88) PREFACE The opinions of the Court of Claims reported herein are published by authority of the provisions of Section 18 of the Court of Claims Act, Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 37, par. 439.1 et seq. The Court of Claims has exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine the following matters: (a) all claims against the State of Illinois founded upon any law of the State, or upon an regulation thereunder by an executive or administrative ofgcer or agency, other than claims arising under the Workers’ Compensation Act or the Workers’ Occupational Diseases Act, or claims for certain expenses in civil litigation, (b) all claims against the State founded upon any contract entered into with the State, (c) all claims against the State for time unjustly served in prisons of this State where the persons imprisoned shall receive a pardon from the Governor stating that such pardon is issued on the grounds of innocence of the crime for which they were imprisoned, (d) all claims against the State in cases sounding in tort, (e) all claims for recoupment made by the State against any Claimant, (f) certain claims to compel replacement of a lost or destroyed State warrant, (g) certain claims based on torts by escaped inmates of State institutions, (h) certain representation and indemnification cases, (i) all claims pursuant to the Law Enforcement Officers, Civil Defense Workers, Civil Air Patrol Members, Paramedics and Firemen Compensation Act, (j) all claims pursuant to the Illinois National Guardsman’s and Naval Militiaman’s Compensation Act, and (k) all claims pursuant to the Crime Victims Compensation Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Chumash Ritual and Sacred Geography on Santa Cruz Island, California
    UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title Chumash Ritual and Sacred Geography on Santa Cruz Island, California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0z15r2hj Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 27(2) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Perry, Jennifer E Publication Date 2007 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol, 27, No, 2 (2007) | pp. 103-124 Chumash Ritual and Sacred Geography on Santa Cruz Island, California JENNIFER E. PERRY Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711 In contrast to the archaeological visibility of Chumash rock art on the mainland, its virtual absence on the northern Channel Islands is reflective of what little is understood about ritual behavior in island prehistory. By relying on relevant ethnohistoric and ethnographic references from the mainland, it is possible to evaluate how related activities may be manifested archaeologically on the islands. On Santa Cruz Island, portable ritual items and rock features have been identified on El Montahon and the North Ridge, the most prominent ridgelines on the northern islands Citing material correlates of ritual behavior, intentionally-made rock features are interpreted as possible shrines, which were an important aspect of winter solstice ceremonies among the mainland Chumash. Portable ritual items and possible shrines are considered in the context of sacred geography, revealing aspects of how the Chumash may have interacted with the supernatural landscape of Santa Cruz Island. andscapes are imbued with different attributes and Conception and Mount Pinos (as examples of the former) Llvalues; whether economic, aesthetic, recrea­ to sweatlodges and rock sites (as examples of the latter) tional, spiritual, or otherwise, these values intersect, (Grant 1965; Haley and Wilcoxon 1997,1999).
    [Show full text]
  • For Creative Minds
    For Creative Minds The For Creative Minds educational section may be photocopied or printed from our website by the owner of this book for educational, non-commercial uses. Cross-curricular teaching activities, interactive quizzes, and more are available online. Go to www.ArbordalePublishing.com and click on the book’s cover to explore all the links. Animal Homes Animals use homes to sleep, to hide from predators, to raise their young, to store food, and even to hide from weather (heat, cold, rain, or snow). All animals find shelter in or around things that are found in the habitat where they live— living (plants or even other animals) or non-living (water, rocks, or soil). Some animals stay in one location for long periods of time while other animals might make a home for short periods of time—as long as it takes to raise young or when travelling. Animals use dens as nurseries to raise their young. Dens can be burrows, caves, holes, or even small areas under bushes and trees. Caves protect animals from the hot sun during the day. They also provide shelter from wind and cold weather. Some caves are so deep underground that there is no sunlight at the bottom! Narrow cracks in rocks (crevices) and tree holes protect animals from larger predators. Most animals can’t make crevices bigger but many animals make holes bigger. Once they have a hole big enough, they move in. A burrow is an underground hole or tunnel. Some burrows have one entrance but other burrows may have many “rooms” and several ways in and out.
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States District Court for the District Of
    4:02-cv-03093-LES-DLP Doc # 109 Filed: 06/01/06 Page 1 of 20 - Page ID # 1322 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEBRASKA INSURANCE AGENCY OF BEAVER ) CROSSING, INC., ) ) Plaintiff, ) 4:02CV3093 ) v. ) ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and ) MEMORANDUM OPINION COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, ) an agency of the United States ) of America within the Department ) of Agriculture. ) ) Defendants. ) ___________________________________) The plaintiff, Insurance Agency of Beaver Crossing, Inc. (“Beaver Crossing”), commenced this action against the United States of America and the Commodity Credit Corporation (“the CCC”), an agency within the United States Department of Agriculture (“the USDA”), under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671 et seq., seeking damages for negligence and private nuisance.1 Beaver Crossing alleges that the CCC, which operated a grain storage facility across from Beaver Crossing’s farmland (“the Property”) from approximately 1950-1974, negligently handled grain fumigants containing carbon tetrachloride (“CT”) so as to allow the CT to migrate through the 1 Beaver Crossing’s amended complaint also asserted claims against the government for inverse condemnation and trespass. Both of these claims have since been dismissed (See Filing Nos. 23 & 85). 4:02-cv-03093-LES-DLP Doc # 109 Filed: 06/01/06 Page 2 of 20 - Page ID # 1323 soil and contaminate the shallow aquifer below Beaver Crossing’s farmland. A trial to the Court, sitting without a jury, was held on May 15-18, 2006. The Court, having considered the evidence, the briefs and arguments of counsel, and the applicable law, hereby enters the following findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Fed.
    [Show full text]