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CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT Authors Todd J. Braje Julia G. Costello Jon M. Erlandson Michael A. Glassow John R. Johnson Don P. Morris Jennifer E. Perry Torben C. Rick Compiler and Editor Michael A. Glassow Channel Islands National Park, Department of the Interior December 2010 Table of Contents List of Tables . iii List of Figures . iii Chapter 1. Introduction Environmental Context of Channel Islands National Park . 1.1 Changes in Archaeological Research and Resource Management since 1975 . 1.6 Significance of Cultural Resources within the Park . 1.7 Organization of the Volume . 1.8 Acknowledgements . 1.10 Chapter 2. Prehistory and History Prehistory . 2.1 History . 2.34 Chapter 3. Chumash Islanders at European Contact Introduction . 3.1 Culture History from Initial Contact through the Last Aboriginal Occupation . 3.1 Historic Chumash Rancherías . 3.6 Population Estimates . 3.15 Marriage and Family Patterns . 3.16 Sociopolitical Organization . 3.18 Conclusion . 3.19 Chapter 4. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Santa Barbara Island Status of Resource Inventories . 4.1 Project Descriptions . 4.3 Chapter 5. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Anacapa Island Status of Resource Inventories . 5.1 Project Descriptions . 5.3 Chapter 6. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Santa Cruz Island Status of Resource Inventories . 6.1 Project Descriptions . 6.9 Chapter 7. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on Santa Rosa Island Status of Resource Inventories . 7.1 Project Descriptions . 7.3 Chapter 8. Prehistoric Archaeological Resources on San Miguel Island Status of Resource Inventories . 8.1 Project Descriptions . 8.6 1.1 Chapter 9. Historic Archaeological Resources in Channel Islands National Park Status of Resource Inventories . .9.1 Project Descriptions . 9.14 Appendix 9.1. Recorded Historic-Period Sites . 9.21 Chapter 10. Submerged Archaeological Resources in Channel Islands National Park Status of Resource Inventories . 10.1 Project Descriptions . 10.6 Chapter 11. Archaeological Resource Management Issues Prehistoric Resources on Santa Barbara Island . 11.1 Prehistoric Resources on Anacapa Island . 11.2 Prehistoric Resources on Santa Cruz Island . 11.3 Prehistoric Resources on Santa Rosa Island . 11.6 Prehistoric Resources on San Miguel Island . 11.8 Ethnohistoric Resources on the Northern Channel Islands . 11.9 Historic Archaeological Resources on All Islands . 11.11 Submerged Sites in Waters Surrounding All Islands . 11.15 Parkwide Management Issues . 11.16 Chapter 12. Recommendations . 12.1 References Cited . ref.1 Appendix 1. Project Descriptions from the 1977 Overview . A.1 1. ii LIST OF TABLES 3.1. Island placenames as reported in Juan Esteban Pico’s various lists . .. 3.8 3.2. Santa Cruz Island sites known to possess artifacts from the Mission Period . 3.12 3.3. Santa Rosa and San Miguel Island sites known to date to the Protohistoric or Historic Periods . 3.14 3.4. Chumash baptisms from islands . 3.17 9.1. Recorded Historic-Period sites in Channel Islands National Park . 9.2 9.2. Sites from which data were collected . 9.18 10.1. Identified wrecks . 10.4 LIST OF APPENDICES 9.1. Recorded Historic-Period sites . 9.21 A1.1 Project Descriptions from the 1977 Overview . A2.1 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. Channel Islands National Park . 1.2 3.1. Locations of island rancherías . 3.7 6.1. Santa Cruz Island showing area intensively surveyed. 6.2 6.2. Western Santa Cruz Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 6.10 6.3. Eastern Santa Cruz Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 6.11 7.1 Santa Rosa Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 7.2 7.2 Santa Rosa Island showing areas intensively surveyed . 7.4 1.iii 8.1 San Miguel Island showing locations mentioned in this chapter . 8.2 8.2 San Miguel Island showing areas intensively surveyed. 8.4 1.iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Consistent with section B2c in Chapter 6 of the National Park Service’s Cultural Resource Management Guideline (National Park Service 1998), this overview and assessment is meant to serve as an element of the archaeological resource management program at Channel Islands National Park (Park) (Figure 1). The Park is blessed with unusually abundant prehistoric and historic resources spanning the period from about 13,000 years ago to the historic ranching period of the 19th and 20th centuries. The Park’s careful management of its archaeological resources and promotion of their wise use for archaeological research will enhance the pursuit of knowledge of the prehistory and history of the Channel Islands and the Santa Barbara Channel region. Although the subject of only limited attention from archaeologists, investigation of historic archaeological resources also has considerable potential, particularly with regard to understanding the nature and activities of ethnic groups that used the islands and various forms of resourse exploitation (fishing, sea mammal hunting, whaling, ranching, etc.). Presented herein are a description of the nature and variety of the Park’s archaeological resources, an assessment of the status of knowledge about prehistory and history generated through archaeological investigation, identification of issues to be addressed in the management of archaeological resources, and recommendations for further development of the Park’s archaeological resource management program. In addition to supporting the Park’s cultural resources management program, this overview and assessment is meant to aid researchers interested in investigating the islands’ prehistory and history. Although the status of knowledge about prehistory presented herein quickly will become outdated in light of ongoing archaeological research, the inventories of archaeological projects that have occurred on each of the islands since 1975 will remain an invaluable reference in determining the location and nature of past archaeological research and the location of repositories containing collections and records associated with this research. Environmental Context of Channel Islands National Park Channel Islands National Park comprises five of the Channel Islands, including all those in the northern group—Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel—and one in the southern group—Santa Barbara. Although included within the Park, the western 76 percent of Santa Cruz is owned by The Nature Conservancy, and all of San Miguel is owned by the US Navy. The Park includes the smallest of California’s Channel Islands, Anacapa and Santa Barbara, with areas of 2.8 and 2.6 km2 respectively, and the largest, Santa Cruz, with an area of 249 km2. (Santa Rosa and San Miguel Islands have areas of 217 and 37 km2, respectively.) Santa Cruz Island is the most rugged topographically of the five islands, with elevations reaching 742 m, and it is the only one with an interior watershed between two mountain ranges. The environment of the Channel Islands and the nearshore waters surrounding each of them is strongly influenced, on the one hand, by the cool-water California Current flowing southward along the California coast and along the outer margin of the Southern California Bight, and on 1.1 Figure 1.1. Channel Islands National Park the other hand by the warm-water California Countercurrent (Davidson Current) flowing northward along the coast (Hickey 1992:39). The meeting and mixing of these currents forms an east-west gradient in water temperatures through the Santa Barbara Channel and a northwest- southeast gradient through the bight as a whole (Hickey 1992; Blanchette et al. 2009:163). Sea- surface temperatures at the eastern tip of Anacapa Island, the easternmost of the northern Channel Islands, average roughly 2°C warmer than waters adjacent to the western end of San.
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