On 1998 in the Annual Report

IESE

Imprint

Editorial board: Dr. Frank Bomarius Dipl.-Soz. Joachim Müller-Klink Dipl.-Dolm. Sonnhild Namingha

Layout and Graphics: Grimm & Lang, Partnerschaft Diplom Designer, Schopp

Lithography: ReproMedia GmbH, Kaiserslautern

Printing: Rohr Druck GmbH, Kaiserslautern

Photography: Fraunhofer IESE; Thomas Brenner, Kaiserslautern; University of Kaiserslautern Annual Report of the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering IESE 1998 Foreword

In early 1996, the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) was founded in Kaiserslautern. 1998 was the third year of continuing growth in industrial and public project acquisition. 1998 was marked by a reorganization of IESE to be prepared to better address industrial needs across major branches of industry in the future. Based on recommendations by an evaluation panel of internationally renowned software engineering experts, several new competence centers were added (e.g., learning organizations in software, training and continuing education); our marketing, acquisition, and project management capabilities were focused on major business domains (e.g., telecommuni- Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für cations, automotive, aerospace, ban- Experimentelles Software king/insurance/trade), the number of Engineering long-term strategic cooperations was extended (e.g., Deutsche Telekom AG, Sauerwiesen 6 Markant AG, Allianz AG, Daimler- D-67663 Kaiserslautern ChryslerAG), and our international network was strengthened (e.g., Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 100 Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 Software Engineering, Maryland, collaborations with major research organi- email: [email protected] zations in Europe, USA, Japan, and Internet: http://www.iese.fhg.de Australia). Based on this reorganization

6 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 - complemented by further strength- Competences most sought after in ing and organization of our industrial ening of our human resources -, IESE is 1998 included: training and education offerings. The fit to play a major role in the fast Fraunhofer Center for Experimental evolving market of software engineer- • development processes for certifia- Software Engineering, Maryland and ing research and technology for the ble high-quality software (special IESE form a Virtual Institute in the foreseeable future. focus on requirements engineering, sense that they coordinate their inspections/reviews, testing and complementary research efforts and The institute grew out of the success- object-oriented design); staff international projects jointly. SWA ful Software Transfer Initiative at the Software Akademie AG in Kaiserslau- University of Kaiserslautern (STTI-KL), • reuse-oriented development proc- tern is based on the IESE concept for which was founded in 1993 under the esses (special focus on product line “goal-oriented training and educa- sponsorship of the Ministry of Eco- approaches for creating software tion”. nomic Affairs, Transportation, Agricul- system variations, reengineering for ture, and Viniculture of the State of leveraging existing assets); Finally, I want to stress the high com- Rhineland-Palatinate. Within three mitment and devotion of ALL employ- years, IESE has established itself as one • project planning, management and ees to the mission of IESE. This com- of the leading international compe- quality assurance approaches mitment and devotion has been and tence centers for applied research, and (specific focus on explicit process will be the basis for our success. We has established strategic collaborations modeling, measurement and would like to sincerely acknowledge with major companies from the predictive models); the active support and guidance we telecommunications, automotive, and received from the Fraunhofer Gesell- banking/insurance industry. Special • approaches to support organiza- schaft e.V. in Munich, the University of attention is being given to cooperation tional learning within software Kaiserslautern, the State of Rhineland- with small and mediumsize companies organizations (specific focus on Palatinate, and our Advisory Board from the State of Rhineland-Palatinate. learning within and across projects, (Kuratorium). organization of best practices for Experimental Software Engineering reuse); This report is intended to provide you employs experiments as an instrument with an overview of our research and for software technology transfer. • programs for training and continu- transfer work in 1998. Together with Based on the recognition that well- ing education in software engineer- the distinguished members of our understood and quantitatively man- ing (specific focus on training Advisory Board we are optimistic that ageable software development and unemployed non-computer science we will continue on the successful path maintenance processes need to be university graduates, and on in the coming years. customized to a company’s specific company-specific education pro- business goals and characteristics, new grams). and innovative software technologies need to be carefully evaluated before Major accomplishments in 1998 being transferred into practice. After included the further build-up of highly transfer, they need to be continuously qualified personnel including about Prof. Dr. Dieter Rombach optimized based on feedback gained 20% international staff, a strong Director of Fraunhofer Institute for from measurements. dominance of major international Experimental Software Engineering conferences in our core competence The Fraunhofer IESE provides expertise areas, a continuing high rate of not only in a wide range of innovative renewal contracts with industry, the software engineering technologies, creation of the Fraunhofer Center for but also in approaches concerning the Experimental Software Engineering, build-up of industrial improvement Maryland (FC-MD) closely affiliated programs for continuous optimization with the University of Maryland at (i.e., TQM, Kaizen) of software devel- College Park, and the establishment of opment processes. SWA Software Akademie AG in Kaiserslautern for professional market-

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 7 Contents

Profile of Fraunhofer IESE Competence Areas and Projects Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Profile 11 Research Mission 27 Roots 54 Vision and Mission 11 Vision and Mission 55 International Activities 12 Quality Software Development 28 Perspective and Agenda 55 Transfer Approach 14 SOUND - Systematic Object-Oriented Unified Competencies and Offerings 56 Customer Orientation 14 Development 30 Scientific and Industrial Activities 56 History 15 Efficiency Improvement of Software FC-MD in Figures 57 Perspective and Agenda 16 Development at the Space Infrastructure Steering Committee Board 58 Division of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG 32 References 58 Competence in Research and Object oriented languages 33 Research Partners 58 Technology Transfer 17 Membership in Professional Organizations 58 Competencies in an International Institute 17 Software Product Lines 34 Events 59 Competences Areas 18 PuLSE™ - Product Line Software Engineering 36 Visitors Hosted 59 Collaborations 19 Activities 59 Offerings 19 Quality and Process Engineering 38 Presentations and Tutorials 60 Developing a Costing and Sizing Estimation Publications 60 Structure 20 Procedure 40 Organigram 20 Tool Support for GQM-based Measurement The International Institute 20 Projects (GQM Tool) 41 The Fraunhofer IESE 21 PROFES - PROduct Focused improvement of Embedded Software Processes 42 Service Centers 22 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Inspections Consulting Center for Small and (EFFECT) 43 Medium-Size Enterprises 22 Public Relations/Marketing Center 22 Systematic Learning and Improvement 44 Contact Office to Fraunhofer Center for The Software Experience Center 46 Experimental Software Engineering, Studies on Experience Factory Aspects 47 Maryland (FC-MD) 22 Process Improvement through Systematic Contact Office to University of Kaiserslautern 23 Measurement (PRISM) 48 SoftQuali 49 Advisory Board 23 Continuing Education and Training 50 The Institute in Numbers 24 The Competence Center for Software Budget 24 Technology and Training (KSTW) 52 Personnel 24 Development 25

8 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Appendix

Network in Science and Industry 62 Awards 81 Industrial Partners 62 External 81 National Research Partners 62 Internal 81 International Research Partners 62 International Software Engineering Network Events, Facts, and Photos 82 (ISERN) 63 Chronicle 82 Media Coverage 84 Visitors hosted 63 Letter from a Guest Scientist 63 The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft 88

Professional Contributions 64 Fraunhofer VIESE Locations 90 Lecturing Assignments at Universities 64 Fraunhofer Institute for Journal Editorships 64 Experimental Software Engineering 90 Committee Activities 65 Satellite Office at PRE Park - Competence Key Notes 66 Center for Software Technology and Presentations 66 Continuing Education 90 Satellite Office at the University of Scientific Publications 71 Kaiserslautern 90 Articles in Books 71 Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Articles in Journals 71 Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) 91 Conference Proceedings 72 IESE Reports 77 Fraunhofer IESE Contact 93 ISERN Reports 79 Doctoral Theses 80 Information Service 95 Diploma Theses 80 Master Theses 81

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 9 It doesn’t take glasses or a magnifying glass to see that software has become a major asset in today’s products and services. Rigorous Software Engineering methods are required to satisfy the increased requirements on quality, cost, and time-to-market, and to facilitate the transfer of future-oriented technologies. Software Engineer- ing is, therefore, indispensable in research and practice as a supplier of quality-improving methods and future-oriented technology.

10 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Profile of Fraunhofer IESE

Vision and Mission

Over the past decades, software has The mission of the IESE is to establish been introduced into almost all high- itself internationally as one of the top tech products and services. None of addresses both for researchers looking them can function without software for collaboration in areas of applied anymore. An increasing number of software engineering research, and for features of these products and services companies looking for help with their are implemented in software. Conse- software engineering problems and the quently, for the majority of industries, continuing education and training of for trade, banking, and other service their software engineers. domains, competitiveness and market success depend more and more directly Fraunhofer IESE is a competent partner ...transferring upon their software engineering in applied software engineering competence. research, transfer of innovative soft- software ware development technologies, Our vision is that software competence consulting, and training as well as competence... will become the most valuable asset of continuing (in-house) education. In all high-tech product and service order to live up to this expectation, the branches. Such competence has to be IESE continuously monitors customers’ built up, managed, and continuously needs and strategic goals, investigates developed according to well-defined the most promising innovative soft- strategic goals. More and more organi- ware engineering techniques and zations will seek help regarding meth- methods available, develops their app- ods and techniques to identify, custom- licability for industrial-strength environ- ize, continuously optimize, and strate- ments, and, finally, transfers them into gically align their software engineering industrial practice, thus building up the competence. software competence sought after by its customers.

Building of the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering in Kaiserslautern

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 11 Profile of Fraunhofer IESE

International Activities

On February 25, 1998, the Fraunhofer The opening of FC-MD was the re- Center Maryland (FC-MD) in College sponse by two internationally leading Park, USA, was opened officially. The software engineering research institu- ceremony took place on the campus of tions in Germany (University of Kaisers- the University of Maryland, with which lautern & Fraunhofer IESE) and the US both the Executive Director Prof. Victor (University of Maryland & FC-MD) to A place where researchers of different disciplines can develop new ideas: location of the FC-MD, R. Basili and the Co-Director Prof. both the requests from globally operat- University of Maryland, College Park Marvin V. Zelkowitz are affiliated. ing companies from various branches Fraunhofer IESE at Kaiserslautern and (e.g., automotive industry, telecommu- FC-MD together form an international nications industry) to provide research competence center for software and technology support across conti- engineering. The political dimension of nents, and the need for collaboration Building an internationally leading this event was demonstrated by the in a fast-evolving technology domain competence center across the Atlantic presence of Maryland Secretary of such as software engineering in order requires a joint strategy for synergistic State John T. Willis on the US side and to maintain world-leading compe- research as well as industrial collabora- Dr. Jürgen Rüttgers, Federal Minister of tence. tions. Based on the industrial model of Education, Science, Research and ‘Virtual Enterprises’, the two partner Technology, and Prof. Jürgen Zöllner, The focus on software engineering institutions think globally in the sense Rhineland-Palatinate Minister of Edu- reflects the increasing importance of that they plan research and compe- cation, Science and Continuing Educa- software and information technology tence development according to the tion on the German side. In addition, in the growing markets of ‘intelligent’ respective strengths of each partner, the opening was attended by Prof. products and services. As a result, but act locally in the sense that they Kirwan, President of the University of companies in all branches see the adjust their transfer and collaboration Maryland, Dr. Polter, President of necessity, not the option, to elevate approaches - including the use of Fraunhofer USA and Vice President of their software development capabilities native human resources - to the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft e.V., Prof. to a generally accepted level of engi- specific needs in each country. Conse- Warnecke, President of the University neering. More and more companies quently, FC-MD has to be a US organi- of Kaiserslautern, Prof. Landfried, realize that software engineering zation with mainly US employees, as President of the Association of German competence is a prerequisite for Fraunhofer IESE is a German organiza- Universities, and Prof. Rombach, maintaining existing markets as well as tion with mainly German employees. Director of Fraunhofer IESE. moving into new markets. In that sense, a competence center for soft- The Fraunhofer Virtual Competence ware engineering is a major vehicle for Center for Experimental Software boosting the economy and creating Engineering consisting of IESE and FC- jobs. MD requires an open and trusting relationship both at the leadership and scientist level in order to succeed. The chances for establishing such a culture are good based on the long-standing relationship between the two university research groups of Prof’s Basili and Dr. Dirk Meints Polter (Member of the Executive Rombach. Prof. Rombach spent 8 years Committee of the FhG) signs the inauguration as a post-doc and professor at the poster; on his right in order of appearance: Prof. Dr. Klaus Landfried (President of the HRK - University of Maryland before he Association of Universities and Other Higher moved to Kaiserslautern in 1992. Due Education Institutions in Germany), Prof. William to this long relationship, a joint vision E. Kirwan (University of Maryland), Prof. Dr. and numerous personal relationships Günter Warnecke (President of the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany) and collaborations exist.

12 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Profile of Fraunhofer IESE

The combination of basic research at a university and applied research and technology transfer in Fraunhofer IESE has elevated Kaiserslautern to one of the premier places for software engineering competence in Germany, if not in Europe. The creation of FC-MD forms a mirror environment at the University of Maryland. This joint organizational format - in addition to joint visions and backgrounds - enables easy exchange of personnel for both effective project staffing as well as human resource development for software engineering scientists.

Two heads, one vision: The Virtual Institute for This Virtual Competence Center can Experimental Engineering - Vic Basili und Dieter serve as a model for Fraunhofer and Rombach looking ahead the entire scientific community for how to respond to the challenges imposed by globalization and knowledge explosion. The success of this Center will be measured by improved and faster research and competence development as well as increased and more successful industry collaborations. It is, thereby, not important which partner does more research or has more industry projects; it is important that the sum across both partner institutions is larger than the sum of what both could do individually.

Good wishes for a fertile partnership: Globalization is absolutely essential: Dr. Jürgen Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zöllner (Minister of Education, Rüttgers (former Minister of Research and Science and Continuous Education, State of Technology, Federal Republic of Germany) with a Rhineland-Palatinate) message from the German government

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 13 Profile of Fraunhofer IESE

Transfer Approach Customer Orientation

Since software development is a non- Technology transfer according to the Our customers are companies from repeatable human-based endeavor, a experimental approach follows the many different branches, of any size single standard software engineering following process: (see graphic below), and from a large technology cannot fit all situations. We number of countries. In order to service • New promising technologies from strongly believe that high-quality soft- academia or research results stimu- ware can only be developed economi- lated by industry demands are Number of Companies by Size cally by using software engineering drawn from a rich body of basic technologies tailored to the specific research results from the highly- goals and characteristics of the particu- respected Computer Science De- lar development project. Small partment at the University of Large 35% Consequently, software engineering Kaiserslautern, the special research 42% research and transfer need to be institute (SFB 501), as well as from performed in an experimental context. Medium research collaborations with many 23% Our experimental approach makes it other highly-renowned research possible to experiment with the tech- institutes world-wide. nologies in use and thus helps to • Next, the new technologies and thoroughly understand their weakness- methods are experimentally evaluat- es and strengths. Technologies can also ed in laboratory settings, introduced be tailored to the goals and character- in carefully-selected pilot projects, Company size is defined by number of employees istics of particular projects and organi- evaluated in industrial-strength zations and can be packaged together Small < 50 environments, and continuously Medium < 500 with empirically-gained experience in improved. Large >= 500 order to enhance their reuse potential • Such validated technologies are in future projects. then disseminated as best practices such a large variety of customers, we to a wider range of customers. continuously build up and maintain domain knowledge in key application areas such as telecommunications, Software Technology Transfer Life Cycle automotive systems, banking, insurance, and trade. We created a sepa-

Stimulation of research rate service center for small and medium-size companies that is now Preparation for use conducting cooperation projects with a University of significant number of local SMEs. We Kaiserslautern Fraunhofer IESE Customers continue to hire scientists from foreign Basic Applied Pilot Roll-Out Wide-Spread countries to staff international custom- Research Research Applications Application er projects, and we hire experts with thorough industrial experience.

14 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Profile of Fraunhofer IESE

History

The foundations of the experimental In 1995, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft approach to software engineering decided to incorporate the successful were laid in the Eighties at the Soft- STTI-KL as a new Fraunhofer Institute. ware Engineering Laboratory (SEL), a The Fraunhofer Institute for Experimen- U.S. organization co-sponsored by tal Software Engineering (IESE) was NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, born. the Computer Sciences Corporation, and the University of Maryland. The The IESE is headed by Prof. Dr. Dieter achievements within the SEL were Rombach. In January 1996, the insti- recognized with the 1st IEEE/SEI Process tute started with 14 scientists. As of Achievement Award in 1994. December 1998, the IESE employed 75 scientists, 3 guest scientists, 14 non- ...offering a unique In 1992, Prof. Dr. Dieter Rombach, an scientific staff and 35 students and active SEL member, moved from the other employees. In January 1998, a approach... University of Maryland to the University sister organization of the IESE, the of Kaiserslautern to head the new chair Fraunhofer Center – Maryland, in for (Experimental) Software Engineer- College Park, Maryland, USA was ing in the Computer Science Depart- opened. This Fraunhofer Center, ment. headed by Prof. Victor R. Basili, is aimed at increasing the research In 1993, he launched the Software competence of IESE, aids in the acqui- Technology Transfer Initiative Kaisers- sition of joint international industrial lautern (STTI-KL), which adapted the projects, and plays an important role as experimental approach to the needs of coordinator of the development of German companies and performed software engineering competencies in numerous successful transfer projects. the State of Maryland. The STTI-KL was funded by the State Ministry of Economic Affairs, Transpor- tation, Agriculture and Viniculture of Rhineland-Palatinate.

University of Kaiserslautern, building 57, location of the Contact Office of Fraunhofer IESE

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 15 Profile of Fraunhofer IESE

Perspective and Agenda

The institute’s strategy is to maintain its Concrete next steps in realizing the position as a leading international institute’s strategy are: competence center in software engineering. As of today: • Further build-up and continuous improvement of highly demanded • we are coordinator and member of competencies in: ISERN, the International Software Engineering Research Network, an - quality and process engineering international network with twenty- (quality improvement, quantita- one members, tive and qualitative methods for empirical cost, risk, and quality ...maintaining inter- • we maintain an international modeling) and in working environment: about one national research fourth of our staff comes from - innovative software product abroad, engineering approaches (inspec- collaborations... tions, product line development, • we are attracting many well-known requirements engineering, guest scientists who contribute reengineering and maintenance). significantly to the excellence of our institute, • Increased emphasis on Knowledge Management for learning software • we have opened our sister institute organizations. FC-MD in the USA, • Concentration on key application • we have started an SME center, domains (telecommunications, automotive systems, banking/ • we are starting to build a center for insurance/trade). continuing education and training, • Extension of our independent • we maintain a number of research service centers (SME center, training collaborations with leading interna- center). tional technology transfer and research institutes, • Foundation of a second sister institute in Asia. • we are active in many conference committees and editorial boards of • Intensification of research collabora- international journals. tions with international technology transfer and research and develop- We will continue and extend these ment institutes. activities.

16 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Competence in Research and Technology Transfer

Competencies in an International Institute

The International Competence Center on Experimental Software Engineering consisting of IESE and FC-MD focuses on competencies in software engineering, both from a product and a process development perspective. Commemorative FC-MD Opening Poster depicting the many levels of German- American cooperation evident at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Major areas of competence in software Engineering, Maryland product development include:

Systematic processes for developing Approaches to support organizational Besides the approaches, technologies certifiable high-quality software with learning within software organizations and processes developed, the compe- an emphasis on inspections, testing, with an emphasis on learning mecha- tence of IESE and FC-MD also depends requirements engineering, and object- nisms that work within and across highly on competent humans. It is oriented design projects, organizational forms that obvious that the excellence of our (see page 28). support learning across projects, and personnel - and the speed of reaching packaging of best software develop- such excellence - is based on their ment practices for reuse (see page 44). constant exposure to world-leading experts across our Virtual Competence Center, exchange visits, and cross- In addition, IESE is recognized for Atlantic collaborations. Reuse-oriented software development leading competence in training and processes with an emphasis on prod- continuing education in software In the following, the IESE competencies uct-line development, patterns, and engineering. Direct collaborations are presented. The FC-MD competen- frameworks between IESE and FC-MD exist in the cies are presented in a separate sec- (see page 34). areas of inspection/reading techniques, tion. However, it must be clear that object-oriented development and neither side would have reached the analysis, and reuse with patterns and described level in isolation. Major areas of competence in software frameworks. It is obvious that our process development include: internationally leading research and transfer reputation is the result of Project planning, management and pooling our resources. Both IESE and quality assurance approaches with an FC-MD base their successful transfer emphasis on explicit process modeling, strategy on jointly developed base measurement, and predictive modeling concepts such as the transfer process (see page 38). QIP, the measurement approach GQM, and the organizational learning model EF (see page 50).

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 17 Competence in Research and Technology Transfer

• Quality and Process Engineering On the technology side, we Competence Areas “Capture and analyze data from • monitor the latest developments, software development processes • identify promising technologies, and In order to satisfy the needs of our and artifacts, build models to • experimentally evaluate and improve customers, we build up, maintain, and monitor, control, and predict project on them to create industrial- continuously develop a complementary costs, defects, and risks.” strength technologies. set of competencies, namely: • Systematic Learning and Improve- On the customer side, our competen- • application domain competencies ment cies are “Implement effective Knowledge • to identify strengths and weakness- • software engineering competencies Management in software develop- es of organizations, ment organizations so as to system- • to define strategic improvement • software technology transfer atically learn from experiences and goals with our customers, competencies. improve operations wrt cost, risk, • to implement continuous improve- software defects, security, etc.” ment programs, Application Domain Competencies • to set up means to monitor progress • Continuing Education and Training of the changes introduced, and Our current application domain com- “Provide curricula for continuing • to capture and store experiences petence knowledge is concentrated on education and life-long learning for made. telecommunications, embedded software professionals and for re- systems, especially automotive systems, education of engineers and scien- and banking/insurance/trade. tists from other disciplines in software engineering.” Software Engineering Competencies Technology Transfer Competencies The following list provides brief definitions of our key competence areas in Transfer of advanced industrial- Software Engineering: strength software engineering technologies is the central task of the Fraun- • Quality Software Development hofer IESE. We therefore maintain a “Develop systematic approaches transfer-oriented network of collabora- towards software development so tions with technology providers, such as to achieve predictable quality as universities, with research and within given time and budget development departments of large constraints. Special emphasis is on organizations, with providers of tools requirements engineering, object- that support our technologies, and oriented approaches, and UML.” with strategic partners that otherwise support our work. • Software Product Lines “Structure domain and design Competence gained from collaboration knowledge as well as software with these providers enables the IESE development know-how in a way to conduct technology transfer projects that it can be easily understood, with customers, i.e., the users of our changed, and reused across families technology. of systems.”

18 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Competence in Research and Technology Transfer

Industrially-funded Collaborations Collaborations Offerings The 29 industrial collaborations with The IESE conducts collaborations with 20 companies in 1997 were extended To developers of software, we offer: technology providers, technology- to 54 industrial collaborations with 49 transfer customers, and strategic companies in 1998, not including • the evaluation of software develop- partners. The overall goal is to identify, further industrial collaborations in the ment practices, further develop, and put into industrial context of publicly-funded projects. • the construction of customized practice software engineering technol- quality improvement systems, ogy so as to increase the competence The cooperation partners of the • the introduction and optimization of of our customers. Fraunhofer IESE range from very large engineering-based, state-of-the-art global players to very small companies. software development processes, International Research They can be roughly grouped into four • support towards development of categories: certifiable software, Among the international cooperations • preparation for auditing or certifica- • Large national and international in applied software engineering tion, companies that seek help in their research, the International Software • continuing training and education mid- to long-term endeavor of Engineering Research Network (ISERN) of software engineering profession- quality improvement in software with about 21 members from research als. development. and industry plays a prominent role. • Large national and international ISERN is a forum for applied software To users of software, we offer: companies that can afford their own engineering research with members R & D departments and that search from Europe, America, Asia, and • help in purchasing software, for competent research partners. Australia. It maintains high-level • independent support for monitoring • Medium-size companies that want contacts to leading international software development contracts. to set up improvement programs companies in the embedded systems but are usually under very tight domain such as AT&T, Motorola, Nokia, To small and medium-size enterprises budget and schedule constraints. Ericsson, NTT, Matsushita, Hitachi, and (SMEs), we offer individual assistance • Small companies that need ready- DaimlerChrysler. and “products” tailored specifically to to-use, evaluated technologies their needs. which yield short-term return on Publicly-funded Collaborations investment. Our services are offered by means of: Collaborations exist with many In addition to bilateral cooperations, publicly-funded consortia aimed at IESE and FC-MD have jointly started a • goal-oriented transfer projects, either software engineering technology multi-national consortium of interna- • long-term strategic research and advancement or dissemination of best tional companies – the Software development alliances, practices. Publicly-funded projects can Experience Center (SEC), in which, by • consulting, be devoted to research and develop- now, six member companies have • executive briefings, ment as well as technology transfer. teamed up to advance their software • continuing training and education, Often, additional bilateral industrially- engineering competencies on a global • studies and expert reports, funded collaborations result from scale, i.e., across different sites and • state-of-the-art surveys, performing these projects. Public business units and in collaboration • product evaluation, project sponsors include the Govern- with other leading companies in the • prototypical tools. ment of the State of Rhineland- scene as well as other application Palatinate, the Federal Government of domains. Germany, and the European Commis- sion.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 19 Structure

Fraunhofer Virtual Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (FVIESE) Prof. Dr. Basili Prof. Dr. Rombach

Fraunhofer- Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) Prof. Dr. Basili College Park, Maryland, USA Prof. Dr. Zelkowitz

Administration Wall Technology Development Prof. Dr. Zelkowitz Applied Research Prof. Dr. Basili Maryland Consortium Lear SEC Projects Pajerski Contact Office IESE (Germany) Wall

Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) Kaiserslautern Prof. Dr. Rombach

External Relations Services (ER) Prof. Dr. Rombach Marketing/Public Relations Müller-Klink, Steffens Education and Training Center Eberle Consulting Center for SMEs Dr. Hörmann Software Experience Center Projects Dr. Bomarius Contact Office FC-MD (USA) Namingha Contact Office University of Kaiserslautern Jerkku

Central Services (CS) Dr. Ruhe Administrative Services Halle Library and Publication Services Göpfert Technical Services Huber Programming Services Dr. Rösch

Quality Software Development (QSD) Prof. Dr. Atkinson Requirements Engineering Dr. Paech Software Design Prof. Dr. Atkinson Inspections and Testing Prof. Dr. Atkinson

Software Product Lines (SPL) Dr. Knauber Product Line Approaches Dr. Knauber Reengineering Girard Distributed Reference Architecture

Quality and Process Engineering (QPE) Dr. Briand Cost and Quality Engineering Dr. El Emam Process Engineering and Improvement Dr. Verlage Quality and Process Support Environments Dr. Rösch

Systematic Learning and Improvement (SLI) Dr. Bomarius Experience Factory Technology Dr. Althoff Management of Improvement and Learning Dr. Müller Information Technology Security Dr. Schwarz

Continous Education and Training (CET) Dr. Ruhe SE Education and Training Dr. Ruhe Company-Specific Education and Training Dr. Ruhe Training, Education, and Consulting Center Dr. Hörmann

20 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Structure

The International Institute The Fraunhofer IESE

The International Institute for Experi- In the fall of 1998, the initial structure Quality Software Development mental Software Engineering consists of Fraunhofer IESE was changed from a provides methods to build software in of two legally independent partner 2x2 matrix into a set of 5 complemen- a systematic way, such that quality institutions, the Fraunhofer Center for tary competence areas, each represent- requirements can be guaranteed. Experimental Software Engineering, ed by one department, plus the new Special emphasis is on object orienta- Maryland (FC-MD) at College Park, department Central Services that tion in general and UML in particular. MD, and the Fraunhofer Institute for provides all administrative and infra- Experimental Software Engineering structure services to the institute. Software Product Lines (IESE) at Kaiserslautern, Germany. They The reorganization was motivated by extends the systematic development of are both independent units under both the growth of the institute and quality software to the area of families Fraunhofer USA, Inc. and Fraunhofer the need to present the institute’s of software systems, i.e., provides Gesellschaft e.V., respectively. Together competence areas in a more problem- methods and tools that allow to they form the so-called Fraunhofer oriented fashion. With the new struc- analyze (wrt functionality as well as Virtual Institute for Experimental ture in place, every department is economy of scope), design, and Software Engineering (FVIESE), coordi- better focused on the typical problem implement a set of variants of software nated by Prof’s Basili and Rombach. On areas that our customers face. Howev- for a given application domain. the next page you find the joint organi- er, we continue to build project teams gram indicating major areas of joint by tying together experts from differ- Quality and Process Engineering emphasis. Both units have contact ent competence areas so as to optimal- provides the methods to instrument offices coordinating the daily contacts ly match our customers’ needs. development processes in such a way and exchanges across the Atlantic, that relevant attributes (cost, effort, project groups cooperating on the SEC Problem-oriented Research and defects, risk) can be measured and project (a consortium project on Transfer Departments modeled so as to create means for process improvement with several firms managers and developers to under- from both sides of the Atlantic), project The institute’s software engineering stand, monitor, control, improve, and groups focusing on local consulting competence is now being covered by finally predict their software develop- business, and research and technology five departments: Quality Software ment processes. development departments/groups. The Development, Software Product Lines, details of IESE and FC-MD are de- Quality and Process Engineering, Syste- Systematic Learning and Improvement scribed in separate sections (IESE: page matic Learning and Improvement, and develops methods and tools to build 22-52, and 62-87; FC-MD: page 54- Continuing Education and Training. up tailored knowledge management 60). systems for software development organizations that help to capture and make explicit expert experiences, analysis results, and other sources of experiences, and packages them for reuse in other development projects.

Members of Central Continuing Education and Training Services Department develops education and training ᕡ Stephan Thiel curricula for software professionals. ᕢ Sabine Peter The goal is to support life-long learning ᕣ Sara Bügler and further education close to the job ᕤ Frank Huber ᕥ Bertram Recktenwald for practitioners, and to re-educate ᕦ Markus Thum unemployed scientists and engineers ᕧ Holger Neu coming from other domains for new ᕨ Brigitte Göpfert employment in the software business. ᕩ Jörg Halle µ Erik Dick

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 21 Service Centers

Consulting Center for Small and Public Relations/Marketing Center Contact Office to Fraunhofer Center Medium-Size Enterprises for Experimental Software The general objective is to inform Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) The general objective is to take care of media about Fraunhofer IESE activities the particular needs of small and with general concern, to provide the The main general objective is to medium-size companies in terms of public with information material, to coordinate all IESE activities with industrial transfer projects, seminars, support marketing activities, to coordi- researchers of the University of Mary- and workshops. The center works in nate and execute presentations of the land, respectively the Fraunhofer close cooperation with the society institute at exhibits and trade fairs, and Center for Experimental Software “Software Technologie Initiative e.V.” to publish digital information (web site, Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD), and to (STI). Together with STI, a seminar and multimedia). Other tasks include: support joint industry projects. In workshop program is offered to the responding to general requests, addition, the Contact Office provides members and to the public. This checking media for relevant informa- services such as German-English includes topics such as “Requirements tion, and maintaining the corporate translations and linguistic reviews of Engineering”, “Configuration Manage- design of the institute in general. English-language publications. It also ment”, “Software Project Manage- Specific activities in 1998 included the organizes monthly management ment”, “Inspections”, and “Systematic publication of the second annual meetings between the leadership of Testing”. In addition, five evening report of the Fraunhofer IESE and the FC-MD and Fraunhofer IESE via video- workshops on ”Requirements Engi- continuous build-up of a framework conference, organizes visits from US neering” and three on ”Software that supports the needs of effective colleagues, supports foreign IESE Quality Management” have been public relations activities. employees in settling in Germany, and performed. In November 1998, a organizes international student ex- workshop on “Software-Qualitätsman- Contact: changes. Specific activities in 1998 agement für den Mittelstand” was Joachim Müller-Klink included the preparation of the grand held with more than 60 participants. Tel.: +49 (0) 6301 707 122 opening ceremony of the Fraunhofer Petra Steffens Center for Experimental Software Contact: Tel.: +49 (0) 6301 707 166 Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) at the Dr. Klaus Hörmann Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 University of Maryland on February 25, Tel.: +49 (0) 631 41690 13 email: [email protected] 1998, with dignitaries from the State Fax: +49 (0) 631 41690 41 of Maryland, the German Federal email: [email protected] Government, and the State Govern- ment of Rhineland-Palatinate, and the organization of a visit by a delegation from the Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development in June of 1998.

Contact: Sonnhild Namingha Tel.: +49 (0) 6301 707 239 Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 email: [email protected]

External Relations Services personnel

ᕡ Dr. Klaus Hörmann ᕢ Kristina Jerkku ᕣ Sonnhild Namingha ᕤ Joachim Müller-Klink ᕥ Dorothea Kilgore

22 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Advisory Board

Günther Plapp Contact Office to University of Research Technical Director Kaiserslautern Robert Bosch GmbH Prof. Dr. Gerhard Barth K3/LE The general objective is to provide visi- Member of the Board of Directors bility on campus, to manage the uni- Alcatel/SEL Monika Gonauser versity affiliation, to provide on-campus Department Head laboratories for students employed by Prof. Dr. Victor Basili Siemens AG IESE, and to provide offices for IESE Institute for Advanced Computer ZFE ST ACS employees lecturing at the university Science and/or cooperating with on-campus Department of Computer Science Franz Mayer research groups. Specific activities in University of Maryland Chairman of the Board of Directors 1998 included the processing of more USA Markant-Südwest than 20 diploma theses from IESE at Also: Executive Director, Fraunhofer the university, the organization of Center for Experimental Software workshops for SMEs at the university, Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) Government and the organization of guest lectures of IESE employees at the university. Prof. Dr. Manfred Broy Brigitte Klempt Institute for Computer Science Director, Department of Research and Contact: Technical University of Munich Technology Transfer Kristina Jerkku Ministry of Education, Science and Tel.: +49 (0) 631 205 3329; 3341 Prof. Dr. Jürgen Nehmer Continuing Education of the State of Fax: +49 (0) 631 205 3330; 3331 Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Board Rhineland-Palatinate email: [email protected] Department of Computer Science University of Kaiserslautern Dr. Ulrich Müller Also: Member of the German Science Director, Department of Research, Council (Deutscher Wissenschaftsrat) Technology, and Media Ministry of Economic Affairs, Transpor- Prof. Dr. Günter Warnecke tation, Agriculture and Viniculture of President, University of Kaiserslautern the State of Rhineland-Palatinate

Steffen Isensee Industry Director, Department of Computer Science Systems and Prof. Dr. Ernst Denert GMD (Society for Mathematics and Chairman of the Advisory Board Data Processing) Speaker of the Management Federal Ministry of Education, Re- sd&m GmbH & Co.KG search, Science and Technology (BMBF) software design & management also: Vice-President of GI - German Computer Society

Dietmar Freigang Director, Information Systems Allianz-Lebensversicherung AG

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 23 The Institute in Numbers

Business provisional Budget Income TDM % Industrially-funded projects 2.454 26,1 Publicly-funded projects 1.400 14,9 Other Income 22 0,2 Public Grant (State of Rhineland-Palatinate) 4.565 48,6 Fraunhofer Funds (PROFIL, OEF, SEF) 928 10,1 9.391 100,0

Expenses TDM % Personnel 6.394 67,8 Miscellaneous 2.997 32,2 9.391 100,0

Investments provisional

Income TDM % Public Grant (State of Rhineland-Palatinate) 861 100,0 861 100,0

Expenses TDM % 861 100,0

Personnel

The growth in terms of staff was Personnel as of 12/31/98 continued throughout 1998. By the end of 1998, the IESE employed 65 full- Number time employees, 2 guest scientists, 26 Scientists 48 students, and 5 apprentices and Infrastructure 17 trainees. Since at any point in time, Guest Scientists 2 approximately 20% staff comes from Students & other employees 31 abroad, the institute maintains a 98 unique international flavor. The plan is to grow to about 120 full-time employees by the end of the year 2000.

24 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 The Institute in Numbers

9.39 Development Development of Budget (Mio DM) Public Projects Industrial Projects 7.10 15% Base Funding

12% 26%

3.84

41%

22% 59% 36% 47%

42%

1996 1997 1998

Development of Costs (Mio DM) 9.39

Operating Costs Personnel Costs 7.1

32%

29% 3.84

68% 30% 71%

70%

1996 1997 1998

Development of IESE Staff

Infrastructure Guest Scientists Scientists 98 Students and other employees 81

67 17

14 2

11 3 3 48 39 30

31 23 25

1996 1997 1998

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 25 Knowledge, experience, and know-how are the most important assets in the development of high quality software and in the optimal fulfillment of requirements. With a comprehensive portfolio of services and competencies,Fraunhofer IESE ensures that these assets are available to customers at any time.

26 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Competence Areas and Projects

Research Mission

Our customers face large-scale quality, productivity, and time-to-market Projects by Domain and Year problems within their software divi- Misc sions. They expect us to perform quick Software Telecom root cause analyses, propose adequate Trade/Bank/Insurance 3 techniques, methods, and tools to Embedded systems 4 R&D/Consulting mitigate the identified problems, and 11 help integrate them into their software 11 and business processes as manageable 9 competencies. 1 10 2 2 8 To enable efficient and successful 7 6 transfer, such technologies have to be 7 6 rigorously evaluated under realistic 7 conditions and properly packaged. In 12 13 addition, once transferred, these tech- 9 nologies must be tightly controlled and 1996 1997 1998 managed for optimal use. That is, we must ensure that these technologies are properly used with respect to con- formance to intended use, resource Projects by Company Size expenditures, organization issues, and Small quality objectives. Consequently, the Medium core technical contribution of the IESE Large is to empirically characterize, validate, 9 8 and package innovative software technologies for use in industrial-strength 11 projects. 10

3 The IESE employs a mix of software 4 engineers with an industrial background and renowned researchers. This 31 32 enables us to both find industrial- 20 strength solutions and to advance the state-of-the-art in software engineering in our core competence areas. 1996 1997 1998

The following section is structured along these competence areas and lists sample projects within each competence area to illustrate the application of the respective competence. Of course, all projects draw from a set of complementary competence areas and therefore project teams are staffed from different areas in order to provide optimal competence profiles.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 27 Quality Software Development

The department is organized around Quality is the critical property of a the following groups: software system. Differing factors may affect the perceived quality of a system Requirements Engineering depending on the precise nature of the application domain. In the case of A requirements specification is the safety critical systems, for example, starting point for any large-scale soft- reliability and robustness are crucial ware development project. Without a aspects of quality, while in the case of good specification it is extremely a desktop development tool, respons- difficult, if not impossible, to develop iveness and extensibility are more likely quality software. This group therefore to be of concern. The Quality Software focuses on developing and supporting Development (QSD) department techniques for the capture, validation, develops and validates methods and and management of requirements. This ...introducing sys- tools for the cost-effective construction includes both functional requirements, of quality software systems. which define precisely what a system tematic develop- must do, and non-functional require- A common misconception is that ments, which describe the constraints ment practices... quality can be ”tested into” a software on the design and the development system after the bulk of the develop- process. ment work has been completed. In practice, however, defects detected The group focuses on methods for late in the development life-cycle capturing customer and software require such a significant redevelop- requirements with emphasis on incre- ment effort that they are rarely imple- mental development, modeling, reuse, mented. The cost-effective attainment traceability, and validation. These of quality goals therefore requires the methods are developed, tailored to continuous and systematic application specific application domains like of appropriate engineering techniques information or embedded systems, and at all stages in the development cycle, evaluated in experiments. Examples for not merely in the typical ”testing” such methods include approaches phase. using business processes, scenarios or use cases, and formal description The QSD department provides a port- techniques like SCR. folio of synergistic software engineering techniques that individually, or Software Design together, can help significantly improve quality software development in a cost- Once a satisfactory requirements effective way. One unifying focus of specification has been created, it must the department is object technology: be correctly translated into an executa- key elements supported and investigat- ble form that effectively meets the ed by the department include the needs and quality goals of the custom- Unified Modeling Language, scenarios, er. This is the process of design. The use cases, patterns, components, and software design group is concerned inspections. with the use of key implementation technologies for creating designs that represent the optimal balance between the system requirements (including quality goals) and the constraints of the available or chosen implementation technologies.

28 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Quality Software Development

Key technologies supported and Inspections are particularly effective The power of testing is that it is not investigated by the group include because they make it possible to only capable of uncovering defects in object-oriented languages (particularly identify and remove defects early in the executable software artifacts, but it is Java and C++), patterns, including development process before they have also effective in demonstrating that the architectural patterns, design patterns, caused much damage. They are artifacts have reached a certain re- and component technology (esp. consequently applicable in all stages of quired level of quality. Particular foci of CORBA, COM and JavaBeans). development, including requirements the group with respect to testing analysis and design. The group focuses include the testing of object-oriented One major emphasis of the group is on on one particularly powerful form of artifacts, and the statistical certification the synergistic interaction of these inspections, perspective-based inspec- of component reliability. techniques to support the seamless tion, based on the concepts of mapping of requirements into imple- perspective-based reading. Contact: mentation features. To this end, the Dr. Barbara Paech group is leading the development of Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 211 the SOUND method, which aims to Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 support systematic object-oriented email: [email protected] development using the principles of the Cleanroom approach, and the SORT technique, which enforces clean separation of refinement and translation activities through the provision of refinement and translation patterns.

Inspections and Testing Department Head: ᕢ Dr. Colin Atkinson (in 1998) As a human intensive activity, software ᕤ Dr. Barbara Paech development is inherently error prone. (starting in 1999) To attain adequate quality, therefore, Requirements Engineering: techniques are needed to identify and ᕤ Dr. Barbara Paech remove defects in software systems. ᕥ Erik Kamsties This group focuses on two complementary defect reduction techniques: Software Design: ᕢ Dr. Colin Atkinson inspection and testing, which have ᕡ Christian Bunse been shown experimentally to complement each other. Inspections involve Inspections and Testing: ᕣ the static examination of software Oliver Laitenberger artifacts, while testing involves their Absent: dynamic execution under controlled Andrea Coffey (Secretary) conditions.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 29 Quality Software Development

SOUND Philosophy SOUND - Systematic Object- Oriented Unified Development Within the context of a sequential development process, the key tech- Object technology offers numerous niques and models of object-oriented well-known advantages, but enhanced analysis and design have been under- quality is not normally viewed as one stood for some time. Probably the of them. A high proportion of object- most mature example of a strictly oriented systems still fails to work sequential object-oriented method is correctly, or does so in a way that falls Fusion, which is as systematic as any short of the non-functional require- object-oriented development method ments. One of the major reasons for available to date. However, a “simple” this problem is the lack of systematic, waterfall process is inappropriate for rigorous object-oriented methods. The anything but the smallest of systems. SOUND project, lead by the QSD For medium or large-scale industrial ...creating UML- department, addresses this problem by projects it is necessary to iterate integrating key software and quality between the major development based methods... engineering technologies from across phases, and to assemble the software IESE, to create a seamless, UML-based incrementally in terms of individually software development method. completed parts.

Unfortunately, existing strategies for the incremental assembly of object- oriented software tend to be very A major risk of the incremental ap- vague about how the separate incre- proach, however, is the occurrence of ments should be related to one anoth- quality problems due to defects in the er, and how consistency should be early components. This is where IESE’s maintained across distinct increments. extensive quality engineering expertise Also, they often adopt purely function- comes in. SOUND mitigates the risk of al increments, which can lead to quality problems in early increments suboptimal architectures and classes by: with low cohesion. • exploitation of Cleanroom principles SOUND addresses this problem by to guide the iterative process, explicitly including object increments in which iterations are achieved through • the use of extensive quality mode- hierarchic decomposition rather than ling and engineering techniques functional slices. The combination of based on UML analysis and design both yields the following advantages: models,

• the development process is architec- • continuous and systematic perspec- ture centric (assuming that the tive-based inspection of UML architecture is object-oriented), artifacts through the development process. • consistency between distinct increments is based upon the well- understood “contract” model of object interaction,

• the approach fits well with the basic tenets of components.

30 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Quality Software Development

UML-based Development Ensuring that all UML diagrams are Project Status defined in a uniform and localized way One of the main differences between at all levels in a component hierarchy In 1998, the underlying principles of SOUND and other UML-based methods has several important benefits for a the SOUND approach were consolidat- is that all diagrams are considered to software development organization: ed, and key elements validated be relative to a particular component, through peer review and publication. with the overall “system” simply being • It greatly simplifies the method by Currently, the approach is being viewed as the top-level component. enabling the same concepts to be documented in the form of a user’s Figure 1 illustrates the set of UML dia- reused at all stages in the develop- guide, and validated through extensive grams used to fully describe a SOUND ment process. case studies. component. These are divided into two subsets: the specification subset that • It facilitates the interchange of Contact describes the externally visible proper- components based on uniform and Prof. Dr. Colin Atkinson ties of the component, and the realiza- consistent interface definitions. Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 221 tion subset that describes how the Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 component is constructed from lower- • It ensures complete and user- email: [email protected] level components. friendly documentation of a component for future maintenance and for The specification models describe the publicizing in a library of reusable interface of a component from the software. three classic perspectives established by the OMT method and later consoli- • It enables an executing system to be dated by the Fusion method. A UML viewed as simple component for class diagram, of the kind illustrated in inclusion in larger systems, and vice Figure 2, describes the important versa. objects and relationships which the component manipulates; a UML Behaviour Model statechart diagram captures the (UML statechart diagram) externally visible states of the compo- Functional Model Environment Model nent, and a set of Fusion-style opera- (operation specifications) (UML class diagram) tion schemata collectively describe the functional properties of a component.

Interaktion Model (UML collaboration diagram) Component

Reservation Realization Model (UML class diagram)

Instance Model Figure 1 (UML object diagram) Person reserver Book ID on loan to no 0..1 1..3

Loan Library Printer issue date loan period due date

Librarian Figure 2

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 31 Quality Software Development

Results Efficiency Improvement of Software Development at the Space Quality assurance has accepted the Infrastructure Division of application of inspections as an inte- DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG gral part of their quality assurance activities. The inspection handbook The continuously growing proportion supplied by Fraunhofer IESE as well as of software in products and services in the online available lessons learned the aeronautics and space industry is and result+success reports are used as of paramount importance for the reference sources. systems built. Moreover, ever more stringent demands are placed on this Later the key parts of the inspection type of software, such as mission handbook, the lessons learned, and criticality, complexity, or sheer size. the result+success reports were repacked as Quality Patterns in the At the same time, DaimlerChrysler ...detecting context of a study in cooperation with Aerospace (DASA) is exposed to DaimlerChrysler Research, Ulm. substantial budget cuts in European defects early... space programs. Consequently, only The explicit documentation of the fixed-price contracts are offered by the above and their dissemination using European Space Agency (ESA) and the intranet is viewed as a first step in competition among providers increas- the long-term goal of establishing an Experience Factory at DASA. es. To remain competitive and satisfy Approach customers, DASA launched improvement programs that are targeted at Driven by goal (1), new software Partner keeping tight schedules and improving techniques, namely inspection tech- DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG productivity and quality. niques, were selected, customized to Space Infrastructure Division the particular needs of DASA, and P.O.Box 286156 At the Department of Orbital Systems introduced to the software develop- D-28361 Bremen and Operations in the Space Infrastruc- ment process. Inspections were applied ture Division at DASA, improvement to software development artifacts of Contact goals were identified during the course early development stages to decrease Dr. Lionel Briand of an earlier analysis by the Fraunhofer defect rate, increase reliability and Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 250 IESE and other external consultants. predictability, and cut costs for rework. Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 202 Their performance was monitored by email: [email protected] Objective means of a tailored measurement program. The cooperation with Fraunhofer IESE was launched to tackle several identi- The data collected by means of the fied improvement goals, in particular measurement program was supple- to: mented by qualitative experience and (1) Detect defects earlier in the soft- observations made during the applica- ware development process, reduce tion of inspections. Both the quantita- cost, increase reliability and predict- tive data (and its interpretation ac- ability. quired through feedback sessions) as well as the qualitative experience and (2) Capture and package experience of observations were captured in the form applying the introduced changes of technology-oriented lessons learned from software projects for reuse in (what can be improved?) and project- future projects and across applica- oriented result+success reports (what tion domains (in cooperation with impact, e.g., in terms of number of DaimlerChrysler Research, Ulm). defects found, had inspections on the projects?).

32 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Quality Software Development

To combine the results from both Object-Oriented Languages analyses, and come to final conclu- sions, we use the structural class Procedural and object-based program- properties to weight the extent of ming languages such as C and Ada are modification to classes. The underlying frequently used for space system soft- idea is that changes to a class with, ware development at ESA. Modern say, low complexity, are likely to be object-oriented (OO) languages such as easier to perform and therefore less Java, and new OO distribution technol- critical than changes to classes with ogies like CORBA promise to bring a high complexity. number of advantages over the more traditional approaches, e.g., better Results maintainable and reusable systems. However, these OO technologies are Analysis of the systems is currently in not yet regularly applied in the context progress. From the results of this of embedded space software at ESA, ...recommending analysis, we expect to learn more so there is only limited experience about the applicability of the men- concerning their applicability in that OO technologies... tioned OO technologies in the context domain. of embedded space software systems, and a better understanding of the Objective impact of the choice of programming language and distribution technology The main objective of this project is to on the maintainability, reusability, and arrive at informed recommendations Resource utilization is directly meas- resource utilization of the software. for the use of object-oriented technol- ured by observing the executing ogies for the development of space systems. To analyze and compare the Partner software systems at ESA. maintainability and reusability of the DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG Space Infrastructure Division In particular, it is of interest to which six systems, two state-of-the-art P.O.Box 286156 degree the choice of programming approaches are used and combined. D-28361 Bremen languages (C++ and Java) and the The first approach is the Software choice of distribution technology Architecture Analysis Method (SAAM), Contact (CORBA, inter-process-communication, developed at the Software Engineering Dr. Lionel Briand or threading) has an impact on the Institute, Pittsburgh. In this approach, a Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 250 maintainability, reusability, and re- set of likely scenarios of future mainte- Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 202 source utilization of the resulting nance activities and reuse scenarios are email: [email protected] systems. identified. It is then investigated how Approach well each of the six systems accommo- dates the scenarios, by determining for Six different versions of a subsystem of each scenario and system, which the international space station soft- system classes have to be changed to ware are implemented. A threaded accommodate the scenario, and how version, a version using communicating extensive these changes are. processes, and a version based on CORBA are each implemented both in The second approach is based on a Java and C++. static analysis of structural properties of each of the six systems. Coupling, These six versions are then analyzed complexity, and the size of classes were against specific criteria to get an shown to be indirect indicators of indication of the quality of those maintainability and reusability. Suitable systems in terms of their maintainabili- measures of these structural properties ty, reusability, and utilization of CPU are identified and applied to each time and storage usage. system.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 33 Software Product Lines

Product Line Approaches Enterprises often specialize in specific business areas where they accumulate To transfer product line benefits from experience and develop strategic other engineering disciplines to soft- know-how about the software prod- ware engineering, the product line ucts they develop. Often, clusters of approaches group (PLA) has developed these products share a set of similar the PuLSE™ method (Product Line core ideas, but the products them- Software Engineering). PuLSE™ selves are diverse, in order to address provides a customizable framework for the specific needs of different user product line engineering that can be groups, customers, or specific envi- applied in different software develop- ronments. These are variants of the ment situations at different levels of same product. integration. PuLSE™ makes it possible to manage product variability while ...identifying In software development, contrary to minimizing effort duplication and other engineering disciplines, variants maintaining an open and flexible commonalities in of a product are often treated as single design. systems with a unique design. That variants... implies a lot of repeated effort, thus PuLSE™ covers the complete product causing high development and mainte- line lifecycle, including the determina- nance costs, as well as long time-to- tion of an economically viable scope, market. In addition, the quality of the the elicitation and articulation of the product suffers. product line concepts and their interre- lationships, the definition of a refer- The Software Product Lines depart- ence architecture for the product line, ment (SPL) develops and validates the instantiation of products from the methods and techniques for systemati- architecture, and the evolution of the cally engineering product lines for product line over time by managing software. Our approach is to integrate the re-application of the above activi- product variants that share some ties. common functionality and purpose into an explicit line of products, and to The PLA group defined PuLSE™ engineer them around their common- bottom-up based on experience from alities and variabilities based on a the application of other domain coherent and efficient reusable archi- engineering approaches. Our industrial tecture. This leads to a high level of partners benefit from the strong reuse among these systems, thus domain engineering expertise of the reducing development and mainte- PLA group, PuLSE™ being the state-of- nance costs, decreasing time-to- the-art solution for current practice market, and ensuring quality through problems. the reuse of high-quality assets. The SPL department is structured into Distributed Reference Architectures the following groups: Reference software architectures are the key to successful software product lines. They support the generation of Contact the anticipated variant systems by Dr. Peter Knauber making explicit how existing and Tel.: +49 (0) 6301 707 251 planned software parts have to be Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 202 integrated. As a result of careful email: [email protected] architecting after a domain modeling

34 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Software Product Lines

effort, reference architectures are one In the more traditional field of reengi- of the supporting assets in product line neering, architectural and domain- software development. specific information can provide better visibility and control over a successful In practice, distributed systems have single system suffering from an in- been gaining more and more impor- crease in maintenance and evolution tance. Developers have started to reuse costs. existing components and connection mechanisms and thus rely on common Recovering a complete architectural standards like CORBA and DCOM. and domain view of a system is not economically realistic. We use the In recognition of the significance of business-driven evolution goals provid- these emerging fields, the Distributed ed by the customer to select what Reference Architecture group (DRA) information is actually needed. This has been recently set up to explore leads to cost-effective results for our distribution aspects of software refer- customers. ence architectures within software product lines. Bundling knowledge about state-of-the-art solutions for typical problems, the DRA group is the competent partner for companies working in these fields.

Software Reengineering

The Software Reengineering group (REE) focuses on supporting product line concepts through exploiting the experience embodied in existing systems. For this purpose, the group is developing technologies to recover architectural and domain-specific information about existing systems.

When these technologies are applied to multiple systems from the same domain, they enable the identification of the similarities and variations among these systems - a key aspect of product line modeling. Department Head: Reengineering: In addition, architectural and domain- ᕣ Dr. Peter Knauber µ Jean-François Girard ᕦ Martin Würthner specific information can be combined Product Line Aproaches: with other reengineering technologies ᕣ Dr. Peter Knauber Distributed Reference to extract valuable assets that can be ᕥ Joachim Bayer Architectures: ᕢ ᕧ reused in the development of new Oliver Flege Dr. Cristina Gacek ᕩ Roland Laqua variants within the same product line - ᕨ Dirk Muthig Absent: resulting in significant cost reductions. ᕡ Klaus Schmid Kerstin Walter (Secretary) ᕤ Tanya Widen

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 35 Software Product Lines

There are support components provid- PuLSE™ – Product Line Software ing customizations of PuLSE™ to major Engineering project categories, guidelines to set up and maintain the right organization The PuLSE™ method is being devel- structure for developing and managing oped at IESE to support the construc- product lines, and a method for evalu- tion, usage, and evolution of software ating the quality of product line con- product lines. PuLSE™ is divided into formance within an enterprise using three elements: deployment phases, PuLSE™. technical components, and support components. One major advantage of PuLSE™ is its modularity, that is, elements of the The PuLSE™ deployment phases are method can be applied independently logical stages a product line goes within an enterprise’s software lifecy- ...addressing through. They describe the four activi- cle. This modularity enables us to apply ties performed to set up, use, and and validate most parts of PuLSE™ in specific needs of evolve the product line: First, the some projects, while details of other enterprise is baselined and PuLSE is parts are still being defined. Currently, trading companies customized accordingly to fit into the PuLSE™ is being applied in the follow- specific context of the enterprise ing projects: WWS2000 and Software- (PuLSE Initialization, see graphic next Variantenbildung. page). Second, the product line infrastructure is constructed. Third, the Project WWS2000 infrastructure is used to create product line members. Fourth, the product line WWS2000 is a software development infrastructure is managed and evolved effort of the Markant Südwest Handels over time entering the construction AG, a trading company. Markant used and usage phases again. commercial merchandising systems in the past, but decided to implement a The PuLSE™ technical components new line of systems on its own. This provide the technical know-how decision was made because these needed to operationalize the product systems would fit its needs better than line development; they are applied commercial products, do so at a lower throughout the deployment phases. cost, and offer the opportunity for Different facets of a component may selling systems to trading companies be used in more than one phase – with similar needs. though some components directly correspond to phases. There are six The objective of the project is to technical components (see graphic next specify and develop a generic reference page) addressing baselining of the software architecture and an integrat- enterprise context and customization ed set of reusable components. The of PuLSE™ (BC), scoping of the do- reference architecture serves as a reuse main according to economic objectives infrastructure that enables the efficient (Eco), domain analysis and construction creation of customized variants. of a product line model (CDA), development of a reference architecture The role of the IESE within this project for the product line (DSSA), instantia- is to establish an efficient software tion of the model and the architecture development organization that will for a product line member (I), and enable Markant to take advantage of evolution and management of the the product line approach. product line (EM).

36 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Software Product Lines

During the first project phase, the Project Software-Variantenbildung The domains addressed in the project emphasis was on the development of a are civil engineering, stock market, single system. The purpose was two- The objective of this project is to help CAD systems, Case-Based Reasoning, fold: First, to provide a quick replace- Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in human comfort modeling, and publish- ment for a system that could no longer the region benefit from the advantages ing. be maintained, and second, to gain of product line software engineering. experience with developing systems in Those benefits include reduced costs The project is funded in part by the the domain. for development and maintenance, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Transpor- decreased time-to-market, increased tation, Agriculture and Viniculture of In the following phases, the emphasis reliability and quality, as well as faster the State of Rhineland-Palatinate. shifted towards product line engineer- introduction of new employees to the ing. Customized PuLSE™ components application area. Partners have been used for this purpose. Kretz Software GmbH In the project Software-Variantenbil- MARKET MAKER Software AG Currently, PuLSE-Eco is being used to dung (software variant building), the softTECH Software Technologie GmbH extend the scope of the product line PuLSE™ method has been adapted to tecInno GmbH beyond the boundary given by the the specific situation of SMEs. Their TECMATH GmbH & Co. KG systems that address the specific needs characteristics include limited resourc- Viva Software GmbH of Markant. A domain model covering es, the need to react flexibly to chang- the first two systems has been devel- es in the requirements of their custom- Contact oped using PuLSE-CDA. New variants ers, and short-term planning of Dr. Peter Knauber are being added incrementally. The projects. Depending on the domain Tel.: +49 (0) 6301 707 251 specification and development of the and the specific situation of each Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 202 reference architecture is being accom- enterprise, components of PuLSE™ are email: [email protected] plished by applying PuLSE-DSSA. selected, customized, and applied. The final goal is to develop a reference The first instance of the WWS2000 architecture for each project partner to shipped in 1998, another variant – for support current and potential future an external customer – is expected to needs within the domain. be fielded in early 1999. These two systems laid the foundation for the domain model currently to be built. Preliminary analysis of two additional PuLSE™ Overview variants has been concluded, their integration into the domain model will Deployment Phases Technical Components be straightforward. The release of Customizing (BC) those systems is planned for late 1999. PuLSE Initialization

Evolution & Management Scoping (Eco) Although the initial WWS2000 does PL Infrastructure PL Modeling (CDA) not have a genuine reference architec- Infrastructure ture, it is capable of supporting ele- Construction Architecting (DSSA) mentary variability. To be able to meet the more demanding requirements of Instantiating (I) PL Infrastructure the future, work has started and is Usage Evolving & Mgmt. (EM) now continuing on the transition towards a real reference architecture.

Partners Project Entry Points Organizational issues Maturity Scale Markant Südwest Handels AG Markant Südwest Software und Dienst- Support Components leistungs GmbH

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 37 Quality and Process Engineering

process weaknesses and strengths may The Quality and Process Engineering be identified. This is expected to department aims at providing the naturally drive process improvement technologies and methodologies to initiatives. We place particular empha- plan, control, and improve software sis on developing techniques to cope development and maintenance proc- with real-scale, high-complexity processes. The aim is ultimately to increase esses and organizations. productivity, reduce time-to-market, and improve the quality of software Examples of technologies include the products. development of an environment to describe, visualize, and analyze soft- In order to achieve the objectives ware development processes. A web- stated above, we have adopted a based technology was also developed three-fold approach: to document an organization’s pro- ...understanding, cesses on its own intranet in a way (1) Develop efficient methods and that supports the efficient performance techniques to elicit, describe, assess, modeling, of distributed, large-scale development and support actual software devel- and maintenance processes. opment processes. controlling... Examples of methods include the (2) Provide methods and techniques to elicitation methods to characterize the measure and model software processes in place in an organization development products, processes, The Quality and Process Engineering and assess them. The assessment of and resources expended. department is composed of the follow- processes can be performed at differing groups: ent levels of abstraction. At the highest (3) Support all the activities mentioned level, Fraunhofer IESE has developed a above with effective tool environ- Process Engineering and Improve- SPICE-based (ISO/IEC upcoming stan- ments to support quality and ment dard) assessment method. At lower process engineering activities. levels, techniques based on defect root The Process Engineering and Improve- cause analysis and defect classifications We place particular emphasis on ment group (PEI) aims at providing have been devised to identify problems developing solutions that are technical- methods for process elicitation, model- at a lower level of granularity. ly sound, optimal in their specific ing, and analysis so that specific context of application, and tailored to our customers’ expectations and needs.

Department Head: Process Engineering ᕡ Dr. Lionel Briand and Improvement: ᕢ Dr. Martin Verlage Cost and Quality ¸ Ulrike Becker- Engineering: Kornstaedt ᕩ Isabella Wieczorek ƹ Andrew Beitz ᕨ Bernd Freimut ᕤ Dirk Hamann ᕧ Michael Ochs ᕣ Dietmar Pfahl Quality and Process ᕥ Jürgen Wüst Support Environments: ¹ Dr. Peter Rösch Not on the picture: Ƹ Ralf Kempkes Khaled El Emam ƺ Dr. Louise Scott Janne Järvinen ᕦ Jörg Zettel

µ Kerstin Walter (Secretary)

38 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Quality and Process Engineering

Cost and Quality Engineering Environment): Spearmint aims at describing, visualizing, and analyzing The concurrent use of Spearmint and The Cost and Quality Engineering real-scale software development Smarties assists customers in dealing group (CQE) focuses on ways to build processes. It takes into account the with the complexity of understanding, quantitative models aimed at the specific needs of software develop- planning, and controlling real-scale monitoring, evaluation, and prediction ment and software process engineers software development processes. of software attributes such as produc- (see screenshot below as an example). tivity, maintainability, reliability, and Both Spearmint and Smarties are related software risks. This implies the Smarties (Systematic Measurement designed for use in real process im- use of measurement, statistical mode- Toolset for Improving and Engineering provement projects and are based on ling, and many other experimental Software Development): Smarties aims robust, portable technologies, includ- techniques. at helping people specify and plan ing Java, web-interfaces and object- measurement programs, which in turn oriented databases. The picture on the For example, we help customers will help them plan, control, and bottom of the left page shows a identify important cost and risk factors improve their development processes. screenshot of the Spearmint main in their development environment. The planning of measurement pro- window. Based on such an analysis, we help grams is performed in the context of a them build cost and risk models in specific development process, explain- Contact order to facilitate decision making ing the necessary connection between Dr. Lionel Briand during project bidding and planning. Smarties and Spearmint. Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 250 Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 202 Other examples include the construc- email: [email protected] tion of models for assessing or predicting the quality of software products in order to (1) benchmark and compare them, (2) identify weaknesses in the processes that produced them, or (3) make optimal decisions regarding their inspection or testing.

CQE can address a wide range of problems through efficient and rigorous quantitative techniques that help make software engineering a real engineering discipline.

Quality and Process Support Environments Screenshot of the The Quality and Process Support Spearmint Environments (QPS) group aims at main window providing automated support for all the quality and process engineering activities described above.

Two main integrated environments are being continuously evolved by QPS:

SpearmintTM (Software Process Elicita- tion, Analysis, Review and Measure- ment in an INTegrated Modeling

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 39 Quality and Process Engineering

information is then used in a Monte Developing a Costing and Sizing Carlo simulation. The results of the Estimation Procedure simulation indicate the probability that the proposal will exceed the target Despite fierce competition that begs price. In addition, various types of for precise cost estimation and control, sensitivity analyses can be performed many organizations have not mastered on the proposal cost estimate. Using cost estimation for their software this information, the proposal manager projects yet. Cost estimates are fre- can redefine the proposal parameters quently inaccurate and are not repeat- to remain competitive and eventually able. Such uncertainty diminishes an become profitable. For the size meas- organization’s capacity to manage urement, elements that can be count- projects, to make competitive bids for ed from early requirements and design fixed price contracts, and to assess documents were defined and validat- potential suppliers’ bids on a more ...defining a ed. These elements provide the basis objective basis. When there are estima- for early size measurement. tion successes, they are due to the costing availability of highly skilled individuals Results at that point in time. procedure... The study resulted in a defined costing A common approach to build or procedure and a prototype implement- augment cost estimation capabilities is ation on a commercial simulation to buy an off-the-shelf cost estimation engine. The whole procedure is easy to tool and attempt to use it in projects. Objective use, since it is an extension of the In many cases these tools fall into approach that is currently in use, and voluntary disuse because there has A primary objective of this study was the tool also uses a common spread- been no transition and institutional- to define a costing procedure that can sheet interface. Furthermore, the ization of cost estimation practices. In be applied during the proposal phase elements for early size measurement addition, generic tools do not always of a software project. The procedure for software projects that are specific produce very accurate results, and improves over existing procedures, to DASA RIO6 projects have been most of them are not transparent. especially in the area of risk analysis. defined. A second objective was to define a To excel in cost estimation, it is neces- software size measure that can be used Partner sary to implement repeatable cost during the early life cycle phases of a DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG estimation procedures that are custom- project (requirements engineering and Space Infrastructure Division ized for a particular organization’s high level design). Such a size measure P.O.Box 286156 context. Furthermore, these need to would provide a foundation for subse- D-28361 Bremen be implemented as early as possible in quent data collection activities and a project’s life cycle. empirical cost model construction. Contact Dr. Lionel Briand The Fraunhofer IESE is collaborating Approach Tel: +49 (0) 631 707 251 with DASA RIO6 in developing a cost Fax:+49 (0) 631 707 202 estimation procedure for the proposal Initially, a list of the most relevant cost email: [email protected] phase of their software projects. This drivers that affect software projects is the earliest phase when the projects was identified. These were then re- are still under bidding and when there presented in the form of a risk analysis is incomplete information about the form that is used during proposal software architecture and require- writing. The form captures informa- ments. It is also a critical phase to tion about the value of the cost driver ensure that bids are successful and that for that particular project, and its subsequent projects are profitable for potential impact in terms of cost. This the company.

40 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Quality and Process Engineering

future tools, prototypic screen designs Tool Support for GQM-based of the future prototype, and the design Measurement Projects (GQM Tool) of a common database schema. Furthermore, we derived a template Systematic and goal-oriented measure- structure for the description of GQM ment helps to explain and identify plans which can be used to describe variation and influencing factors of GQM plans in a uniform way, and product quality and process efficiency. which also contains information for At Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG, performing standard analysis of meas- systematic measurement based on the urement data. GQM approach (Goal/Question/Metric) has been applied successfully for many This collaboration with Allianz Lebens- years. versicherungs-AG has had a major impact on how IESE understands and Objective ...implementing a defines the requirements for tool support in measurement projects. IESE The purpose of the project can be toolset... has gained more insight into practical described from two perspectives. First, customer requirements. Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG wants to improve the efficiency of their Partner measurement projects and decrease Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG the maintenance costs by using com- Reinsburg-Str. 19 puter-based tools during project 70178 Stuttgart planning, project performance, and project analysis. Second, Fraunhofer mainly addresses the need for GQM- Contact IESE (referred to as IESE below) wants based planning and performance of Dr. Peter Rösch to gain more insight into the applica- measusurement programs. Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 261 bility of tools supporting measurement Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 203 projects and use this knowledge to IESE builds upon the identified require- email: [email protected] build GQM support tools that can be ments and describes additional require- used in the future for similar measurements that need to be fullfilled for ment projects with other partners of future integration of analysis and reuse IESE. concepts and also for addressing the more general needs of measurement Approach projects.

The transfer project aims at implement- In the next project phase, during 1999, ing a small toolset for GQM-based Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG will project support. In the starting phase implement a first version of the GQM of the project, requirements from tool providing core functionality. In multiple projects have been collected parallel, IESE will build advanced and prioritized in the context of past prototype tools that address the need measurement projects at Allianz for future extensions. Based on the Lebensversicherungs-AG. In parallel, experiences of this first development specific use cases have been identified phase, a joint development is planned. based on existing measurement project data and existing tools. This procedure Results helped us identify a core set of functionality which is to be provided after The most important results so far are a the first tool implementation phase in requirements document, which in- 1999. This core set of functionality cludes scenarios for the usage of the

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 41 Quality and Process Engineering

Approach PROFES - PROduct Focused improvement of Embedded PROFES provides a methodology for Software processes software process improvement that starts with the identification of compa- For companies in competitive markets, ny-specific product quality require- the customer-perceived product quality ments. Process improvement actions is an important driving force behind are based on available knowledge the improvement of software develop- about the impact of software processes ment processes. Existing improvement on product quality. This knowledge is approaches, however, are not really described using product/process focused on product quality require- dependency (PPD) models. PROFES ments. Usually, they are mainly based investigates PPDs, collects them in the on capability maturity profiles of form of a PPD repository, and makes software development processes. them available for improvement ...focussing planning. Advanced process improvement tech- improvement nology must give priority to company- The PROFES improvement methodolo- specific product quality requirements. gy offers comprehensive support for efforts... Process improvement actions should be performing improvement programs derived from product quality goals and and integrates state-of-the-art im- be based on state-of-the-art knowl- provement technology (e.g., SPICE (ISO edge about product/process dependen- 15504) software process assessments cies. Existing tools for process improve- and Goal/Question/Metric (GQM) The complete collection of PROFES ment, such as goal-oriented measure- measurement). It is validated through results will be released in the summer ment and process assessment, should three industrial case studies at Dräger, of 1999. Various intermediate results be integrated in order to support Ericsson, and Tokheim. are already available from the PROFES product-focused improvement effec- web pages at www.iese.fhg.de/Profes. tively. Results ESPRIT Project No. 23239 Objective The main results from PROFES are: The objective of the PROFES project is Partners to support industries that have strong • PROFES handbook and user manual, Dräger Medical Electronics (NL) product-related quality requirements, containing: Ericsson Finland (FIN) such as the embedded systems indus- – comprehensive documentation Etnoteam S.p.A. (I); try, with an effective improvement of the PROFES improvement Fraunhofer IESE (D); methodology that: methodology, Tokheim Retail Petroleum Systems (F); – guidelines for the identification University of Oulu (FIN); • focuses improvement actions on and usage of product/process VTT Electronics (FIN) those elements of the software dependencies, development process that contrib- – advice for the integrated applica- Contact ute most to the critical product tion of goal-oriented measure- Dr. Günther Ruhe quality factors, ment, software process assess- email: [email protected] • combines and enhances the ment, and experience reuse in Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 151 strengths of goal-oriented measure- software engineering; Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 203 ment, process assessment, product • a web-based repository of product/ email: [email protected] modeling, process modeling, as well process dependencies, as continuous learning and experi- • a web-based repository with cost/ ence reuse, benefit information about the • is validated through case studies PROFES improvement methodology, that are performed in industrial • training and presentation material. environments.

42 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Quality and Process Engineering

niques and how the existing data Effectiveness and Efficiency of collection procedures can be improved. Inspections (EFFECT) We first develop appropriate defini- The ever increasing market pressure tions for efficiency by taking into requires more and more effective and account the economical aspect of efficient ways of developing software. inspections. Based on these definitions Therefore, the cost of defects (e.g., and the project data, we derive bench- rework, operational failures) should be marks for the purpose of evaluating reduced. This can be achieved by future inspections. detecting as many defects as possible early in the development cycle. Second, we identify the factors influencing inspection efficiency and Software inspection is one method for effectiveness (e.g., product size and detecting defects early and it should be complexity, number of participants, ...analyzing past as effective and efficient as possible. In inspection process, effort). This investi- collaboration with Siemens ZT SE 3 and gation is performed using statistical projects... Siemens ICN CA MS E we started to data analysis of the past projects as investigate the inspection processes at well as interviewing the project staff. Siemens ICN CA MS E in order to optimize them with respect to their effec- Finally, we investigate the existing data tiveness and efficiency. collection procedures at Siemens ICN CA MS E and identify potential im- • A handbook containing techniques Objective provement. Based upon this investi- for planning, controlling, evaluating, gation, a practical handbook is devel- and improving inspections through The purpose of the project is to ana- oped on how to collect better defect measurement. The handbook will lyze data from past projects at Siemens and effort data and use them more take into account the specific ICN CA MS E with respect to the effectively for the purpose of control- situation at Siemens ICN CA MS E inspection effectiveness and efficiency. ling, evaluating, and improving inspec- and will provide tailored procedures Additionally, interviews are taking tions. for collecting and exploiting defect place to acquire and formalize expert and effort data. judgement on the matter from experi- Results enced developers. Based on these Partner analyses, decisions are made to better The results of this ongoing project will Siemens AG plan, control, evaluate, and improve include: Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 inspections. D-81730 München • A benchmark for assessing the Approach economic benefits of inspections. Contact By means of this benchmark, Dr. Lionel Briand Based upon an analysis of the current different inspection practices can be Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 250 inspection practice and data at Sie- compared and, thus, the more Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 202 mens ICN CA MS E, we proposed a set efficient inspection practice can be email: [email protected] of techniques for assessing and im- selected. proving the effectiveness and efficiency of the inspection processes. • An identification of factors influencing the effectiveness and efficiency Inspection and test data from past of inspections. Based upon these projects is analyzed to a) demonstrate results, it will be possible to make the usefulness of the proposed tech- decisions on how to improve niques and b) to find out to which inspections. extent this data is usable for the tech-

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 43 Systematic Learning and Improvement

intranet and data bases. The Experi- The department Systematic Learning ence Base stores diverse types of and Improvement (SLI) develops and information, such as lessons learned validates methods and techniques from projects, best practices, process required to implement effective organi- models, and application know-how in zational learning and goal-oriented an easy-to-find and ready-to-use form. continuous improvement in the software area. Following the TQM-based We apply Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP), which is a methodology that helps to we help customers establish a software solve problems in a very natural way. organization that is able to set quanti- CBR emulates expert problem solving fiable (improvement) goals, s

44 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Systematic Learning and Improvement

the EFT group and all other groups in commerce, and the expanding use of Contact the institute. This includes the defini- telecommunication services create new Dr. Frank Bomarius tion of measures that allow to monitor opportunities, but also new threats. Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 121 business process performance and Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 203 identify weaknesses and problems. This The Information Technology Security email: [email protected] applies to software processes as well as (ITS) group assists an organization in to the knowledge management precisely determining its security re- processes related to the Experience quirements, defining adequate security Factory. objectives, and closing existing security gaps. Learning and improvement are not only applied in projects with external To identify areas where assets are at customers, but are also applied risk, the organization’s security policies throughout all IESE projects. Thus, they are inspected. The IT system under complement the competence areas of study, its documentation and existing all IESE departments and foster IESE- safeguards are reviewed. Guidelines for internal experience sharing. proper safeguarding and recommendations for the improvement of the Information Technology Security organization’s basic security strategy are derived from these investigations. In a networked world where frontiers become meaningless and information With their work the ITS group helps is just a mouse-click away, protecting a make a Learning Organization safer by company’s information assets while at protecting its essential assets – the the same time offering comprehensive information infrastructure. response to legitimate requests is vital to survive competition. Current trends toward teleworking and teleconfer- encing, the introduction of electronic

Department Head: ᕧ Dr. Frank Bomarius

Experience Factory Technology: ᕣ Dr. Klaus-Dieter Althoff ᕡ Markus Nick ¹ Dagmar Surmann ᕥ Carsten Tautz

Management of Improvement and Learning: ᕩ Dr. Wolfgang Müller ᕨ Andreas Birk µ Susanne Hartkopf

Information Technology Security: ᕦ Dr. Reinhard Schwarz ᕢ Dr. Volker Hübsch ᕤ Dr. Peter Kaiser

¸ Gaby Klein, Secretary

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 45 Systematic Learning and Improvement

• run the SEC consortia offices, The Software Experience Center • plan, coordinate, and execute The Software Experience Center SECTM workshops for the SEC consortia, is a generic consortium set-up that has been conceived jointly by the IESE and • contribute tutorials, exploratory its sister institute in the US, the Fraun- technology presentations, and hofer Center for Experimental Software experience reports to the work- Engineering, Maryland, as a framework shops, to create SEC consortia. • collect experience in the course of bilateral projects with members and Mission document it for dissemination within the consortium, SEC consortia are designed to bring together like-minded international ...sharing • maintain the SEC consortium’s companies for the purpose of an open Experience Base, which makes the experience exchange and for setting knowledge and consortium’s experience assets up and performing joint case studies accessible to the members, and applied research projects. The experience... main goal is to promote the extension • maintain and provide access to a of Learning Organization concepts to world-wide network of experts, the software domain. The intended international set-up is expected to • deliver on-line services to the create insight into Learning Organiza- operation of the SEC. A steering members, such as a web site with tion issues across different cultural committee, comprised of one repre- the SEC Experience Base, and a environments. sentative per member, guides the newsletter. consortium. Each SEC consortium provides a forum Status for its members to share their experi- The industrial members jointly fund the ence much more effectively than in a operations of their SEC consortium and In 1998, Fraunhofer IESE and the conference or workshop. In particular, are expected to make a mid-term Fraunhofer Center for Experimental there will be exchange on successful as commitment to the consortium. Each Software Engineering, Maryland well as less successful projects, on SEC comprises six to eight member designed and put together the first setting up and performing improve- companies. Each member subscribes to international SEC. The official start of ment programs, and on introducing its SEC consortium agreement and in this consortium was June 1st 1999. and running Experience Factories. On a particular to the free mutual exchange More SECs, national as well as interna- regular basis, the SEC members select of experience within the consortium tional ones, are planned to be assem- topic areas from the software engi- for the purpose of accelerated learn- bled in the future. neering domain that are most relevant ing. to them for investigation within their Contact consortium, thus setting the consorti- Different SEC consortia do not inter- in Europe: um’s focus. fere with one another, that is, confi- Dr. Frank Bomarius dentiality is guaranteed. Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 121 Implementation Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 203 Role of the Fraunhofer Institutes email: [email protected] Each SEC is a consortium of industrial members plus the Fraunhofer Institutes The Fraunhofer Institutes act as facilita- in the US: that together want to act as an Experi- tors and bring added value to the SEC Rose Pajerski ence Factory. A consortium is governed consortia. In particular, they: Tel: +1 301 405 6580 by a consortium agreement that settles Fax: +1 301 404 6638 confidentiality issues and regulates the email: [email protected]

46 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Systematic Learning and Improvement

Experience Factory Roles Studies on Experience Factory Aspects • This study was an investigation of literature on existing EFs and EF- The installation of improvement style organizations to extract the set programs in general and Experience of tasks common to EFs. The tasks Factories (EFs) in particular requires found were consolidated and carefully designed change processes, bundled into eight generic EF roles strong management support, and early that are considered mandatory to staff involvement. The generic EF con- operate an EF. cept has to be tailored to the specific needs of the company. At Daimler- Alternatives for the Description of Chrysler AG, Corporate Research Experience provides support for business units that want to install improvement programs. ...providing guide- • This study investigated different In an ongoing collaboration, which approaches for structuring experi- started in 1997, IESE has conducted lines for develop- ence and presenting it to the user. several studies for DaimlerChrysler. For the study the Quality Pattern Each study investigated a special ment practices... approach, Case-Based Reasoning aspect of the EF concept. (CBR), Product-Process Dependency Models, and GQM Abstraction Objective Sheets were selected. In order to evaluate their utility, the different The purpose of the studies is to obtain lined. Besides underpinning the theo- description alternatives were applied guidelines for the instantiation of EFs retical concepts of the EF, the goal was to different types of lessons learned in different environments. Since to develop practical guidelines for and experience was related to continuous software process improve- DaimlerChrysler Corporate Research various artifacts (e.g., process ment has to be embedded in the daily for the implementation of EFs in models, effort distribution models, business processes, it has to consider business units. Therefore, all studies and GQM plans), based on usage existing organizational structures, were conducted in close cooperation scenarios. available information technology, and with DaimlerChrysler, considering specific needs of the business domain. requirements and restrictions from the Partner All these factors affect the organiza- business units. DaimlerChrysler AG tional set-up, the type of experience Postfach 2360 the EF has to process, the effort spent Results D-89013 Ulm on acquiring, packaging, and storing experience, and the way different staff Three topics of the EF concept have Contact members access stored experience. The been investigated in depth so far: Dr. Frank Bomarius studies should reveal design alterna- Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 121 tives and practical guidelines for EF The Process of Experience Packaging Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 203 implementation at DaimlerChrysler AG. Email. [email protected] • This study focused on software Approach inspections experience and how to use the Quality Pattern approach for Every study focused on a special aspect packaging such experience. The of the EF concept. Application scenari- study confirmed the basic idea of os from the business units served as the Quality Pattern and helped to viewpoints to determine the environ- better understand its applicability. mental context in which the selected Guidelines for writing and maintain- EF concept was discussed and restric- ing Quality Pattern were developed. tions for the applicability were out-

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 47 Systematic Learning and Improvement

An assessment of the project organiza- An Experience Base is under develop- tion, performed by a third party prior ment. First assets are put into the to this project, revealed that although structure, which is designed to be the development process was already accessible through the intranet so that under control, gains could be achieved all stakeholders can easily share experi- by introducing methods for process ence. and product measurement. Conse- quently the transfer project with IESE Results was set up. The Goal/Question/Metric measurement approach was chosen. The measurement program helped The customer’s method specialists identify potential for improvement. joined the project team from the very Among other results, there is now a beginning. They were trained by IESE description of the actual software so as to later on deploy the method to development process and a compre- ...measuring other business units without the help hensive documentation of the meas- of the IESE. urement activities including a user’s development guide to instruct developers about Approach their role in improvement tasks. An processes... intranet-based tool has been devel- The transfer project aims at implement- oped to facilitate data collection, ing the Experience Factory concept to management, and evaluation. IESE support continuous improvement. provided prototypes to evaluate During the pilot phase, methods and alternative implementations. Process Improvement through techniques were tailored and a set of Systematic Measurement (PRISM) tools and procedures was created. This The measurement program provides phase also helped to create buy-in on detailed insight into the actual perfor- The increasing pace of the telecommu- the part of the developers for introduc- mance of the development process and nication business sector places more ing measurement-based management the quality of the product. Manage- and more requirements on develop- practices. Right from the beginning, ment can now relate failures and faults ment efficiency and product quality. the participation of developers was to phases. Effort data collected from At Bosch Telecom GmbH, the develop- considered indispensable for gathering the process is compared with schedules ment of a large telecommunication knowledge about the actual software and capacity budgets to monitor the system was targeted for measurement- development process. Meanwhile, development activities and to detect based improvement. The collaboration more than 80 developers are involved deviations early on. started in 1996 with a pre-study, in the program. followed by a pilot phase at the Partner Frankfurt site, and has now been Different types of feedback sessions Bosch Telecom GmbH extended to three more development were installed to interpret process data Kleyer Straße 96 sites (Darmstadt, Düsseldorf, and with the help of the developers. These D-60277 Frankfurt/Main Stuttgart). sessions became the driving force of local, project-wide, and strategic Contact Objective improvements, and established close Dr. Martin Verlage contact between the improvement Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 157 The purpose of the project is two-fold. team, developers, leaders, and manag- Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 Bosch Telecom aimed at extending its ers. Well-defined responsibilities for email: [email protected] strengths in goal-oriented measure- improvement and change processes ment, while at the same time the deve- have been assigned to organizational lopment process had to be improved. units. A cross-department process group facilitates organizational learning and identifies common process patterns.

48 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Systematic Learning and Improvement

Results SoftQuali Technologies for sustained quality Competencies in sustained quality and improvement were transferred to the productivity improvement are a critical industrial partners. In pilot projects, factor in today’s competition. In goal-oriented measurement has been software industry, many questions successfully applied at three sites. A set concerning improvement of software of factors influencing the product and processes and application of technolo- process quality has been discovered gies are still open. To achieve top and verified in the measurement quality goals (i.e., flexibility of software programs. processes and reliability of software products), the following questions have Scenario-based reading techniques to be answered: have been adapted to the needs of the ...establishing industrial partners, and their effective- • What are the essential quality and ness and efficiency have been validat- productivity attributes and how can adequate soft- ed. As a result, guidelines for the appli- they be measured? cation of such techniques in different ware know-how... environments are now available. • What are the factors influencing quality and productivity and how The different types of experience can their influence be verified? related to goal-oriented measurement Approach and application of review techniques • How can quality improvement be have been described systematically. achieved in an explainable and In this project, the Quality Improve- Prototypes for the representation of therefore repeatable way? ment Paradigm (QIP), which is the such experience have been developed basic concept for continuous quality and validated for packaging and reuse • How can experience acquisition be improvement in software industry, in an Experience Factory organization. organized for cross-project reuse? served as the main guideline. QIP is The outcome of this activity is a set of strongly related to goal-oriented technology packages available for Objective measurement. Thus, adequate meas- project partners and the public do- urement programs for the industrial main. The project aims at creating the partners were developed. Review and foundation of systematic quality inspection techniques were selected SoftQuali is funded by the BMBF. It improvement and at demonstrating the based on their potential improvement started in 1995 and will end in 1999. achievements in quantitative terms. gains throughout all stages of SW development. Combined with goal- Partner For industrial partners, concrete results oriented measurement, these tech- Alstom Energietechnik GmbH for their quality improvement are niques provide significant help in Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG essential. So, project work is centered understanding and controlling the DaimlerChrysler AG around effects of systematic review software process. Siemens AG and inspection techniques on reliability Fraunhofer IESE and flexibility of products and process- All experience gained from the applica- es. For research partners, the main tion of this approach has been docu- Contact focus is on providing technologies for mented so as to foster continuous Dr. Günther Ruhe measurement-based, continuous learning from experience according to Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 151 quality improvement that allow the the Experience Factory concept. Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 203 evaluation of their effects on quality email: [email protected] attributes. Such technologies are a significant cornerstone for evolutionary learning.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 49 Continuing Education and Training

Company-oriented education programs There is no successful technology take into account actual and future transfer without preparatory training trends in technology development. The and education courses. Background, mid-term or long-term education pro- main contents, and implementation of grams are composed of sequences of the new technologies have to be ex- individual education and training plained for all the people involved. This courses. Each of these courses makes a must always be done in the context of well-defined and measurable contribu- the organization. The demand for both tion to the strategic objectives. They specific technology training and pro- are based on the following principles: fessional Software Engineering education is growing significantly. Human • Existing modules have to be tailored resources have become more and more according to the application do- the bottleneck for industrial growth. main. ...training for • Upper exit level of the course must The IESE education and training be chosen based on target qualifica- technology approach is based on a modular system tion (e.g., software engineer, tester, of courses. The different modules can developer). transfer... be classified according to the following • Lower entry level of the course is schema: chosen based on candidate’s qualification. • basics for software engineering • Synergy with existing company (e.g., discrete math, logic, algo- education and training modules rithms), • Integration of external competencies and presenters. • principles and foundations of software product engineering IESE offerings are directed both at (e.g., information hiding, data individuals with different backgrounds abstraction, traceability, reuse), and university degrees and at organizations of different size and domain. For • principles and foundations of all our offerings, web and multimedia software process engineering technologies are becoming increasingly (e.g., process modeling, measure- important. There is great variety in ment, experimentation, learning), objective, style, and duration of these offerings: • techniques, methods and tools on product engineering • Tailored training courses which are (e.g., requirements engineering, design, quality assurance), – technology-oriented, – one to five days in duration, • techniques, methods and tools on – at IESE or at the company, process engineering – during work-time, (e.g., experience packaging, process – complementing transfer of IESE improvement, quality management), competencies;

• empirical results (e.g., case studies, experiments, lessons learned) and industrial experiences for different domains (e.g., telecom, embedded systems, MIS).

50 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Continuing Education and Training

• Development and realization of The Consulting Center works in close Contact company-specific continuing educa- cooperation with the society “Software Dr. Günther Ruhe tion programs with classification Technologie Initiative e.V.” (STI) which, Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 151 based on by the end of 1998, counted more Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 203 than 30 member companies and email: [email protected] – contents: competence/job- organizations. In cooperation with STI, oriented, a variety of seminars and workshops – duration: varying between three have been offered. The topics covered months and two years, in 1998 were Requirements Engineer- – location: at IESE, at PRE Holtzen- ing, Systematic Testing, and Software dorff park (starting January Quality Management. In addition, the 1999) or partially at company, annual conference entitled “Software- – organization: full-time or part- Qualitätsmanagement für den Mittel- time and inclusion of other stand” was held with more than 70 players (e.g., university, high- participants. tech companies, other educa- tional institutions).

• Executive management briefings

– Overviews, tendencies, and most recent results in software engineering technologies are presented for upper executive management of companies.

• Education, training, and consulting for SMEs.

The general objective is to take care of the particular needs of small and medium-size companies. Industrial Department Head: ᕡ Dr. Günther Ruhe transfer projects for SMEs are conducted. The emphasis of the projects is on Software Engineering consulting with respect to base practic- Education and Training: ᕡ Dr. Günther Ruhe es in Software Engineering such as ᕢ Manfred Eberle Requirements Engineering, Systematic ᕧ Ines Grützner Testing, Inspections, etc.. Projects typically start with a short assessment Company-Specific Education and Training: phase and/or a kick-off workshop and ᕡ Dr. Günther Ruhe (acting) afterwards concentrate on transferring methods into the customer company, Training, Education and Consulting Center: training and coaching personnel, and ᕤ Dr. Klaus Hörmann troubleshooting during the application ᕦ Maud Schlich of the new methods in day-to-day ᕥ Stefanie Mahler business. ᕣ Cornelia Streb, Secretary

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 51 Continuing Education and Training

• To verify and, possibly, enhance this The Competence Center for study, an additional internet study Software Technology and Training was performed. 221 online job (KSTW*) advertisements were viewed with similar results and the same out- In order to further intensify the training standing demand for software and consulting activities for SMEs, it developers. was decided to start the Competence Center for Software Technology and • In order to gather more detailed Training (KSTW) as a satellite office in a information in the area of Software newly constructed technology park in Engineering, another 85 enterprises Kaiserslautern (PRE Holtzendorff Park). were interviewed. The purpose of Preparatory actions took place in late this study was to find out their most 1998. urgent problem areas, their demand ...initiating a for Software Engineering compe- One major reason for this was the tre- tence, and which kind of compe- mendous lack of qualified IT personnel qualification tence they would expect (informa- in the region, which has turned out to tion, consulting, training, tool be a major obstacle for further busi- campaign... support). The interviewees reported ness growth. The same is true for the problems mainly in documentation lack of methodical know-how in con- and requirements and requested ducting IT projects, especially in soft- competence in testing, require- ware development. Typical weaknesses ments, documentation, design, and are problems with time, budget, and SWA was designed to work in close co- quality management, mainly of the quality. These constitute severe prob- operation with existing professional type “information”. lems for both business growth and training providers and, in particular, competitiveness. with IESE/KSTW. As one immediate result, a decision was made to design two different re- For these reasons, IESE took the As a preparatory step to the founda- education courses for unemployed initiative to start a qualification cam- tion of SWA and the start-up of KSTW, university graduates: Specialists for paign together with the local Economic the following studies were performed: software documentation and OO Development Agency “WFK Wirt- software developers in the area of schaftsförderungsgesellschaft Stadt • More than 200 companies in the insurance. Both courses were prepared und Landkreis Kaiserslautern mbH”. As region were interviewed in order to in close cooperation with companies a consequence, the foundation of a find out their recruitement and that, for the most part, were recruited professional education and training training requirements in the areas of from the interviews. It was thereby company was initiated (SWA Software Software Development, Internet/ assured that the participants would be Akademie AG). The goal was twofold: Intranet/Multimedia, SAP, Databas- precisely trained for the participating es, Operating Systems/Networks, companies purposes, that all partici- • To offer high-quality training courses and areas such as Sales/Customer pants would go through an internship and seminars for IT personnel, and Support/Project Management. Most program and would, finally, have of the companies had the highest excellent job opportunities. • To offer courses of longer duration demand in the areas of Software to enable university graduates of Development, Databases, and Sales/ Contact other disciplines to take over Customer Support/Project Manage- Dr. Klaus Hörmann responsibilites in the IT business. ment. The most prominent result Tel: +49 (0) 631 41690 13 was the demand for software Fax: +49 (0) 631 41690 41 developers/software engineers: Two email: [email protected] thirds of the interviewees had an urgent demand for this job profile. * Kompetenzzentrum für Softwaretechnologie und Weiterbildung

52 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Centers in the US show the international engagement of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. In the area of Software Engineering, the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland is the competent partner for software developers and researchers in North America.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 53 Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Roots

In 1984, Dr. H. Dieter Rombach joined Prof. Rombach and Prof. Basili looked the department of Computer Science at the establishment of Fraunhofer at the University of Maryland in order USA as a means to continue their years to work with Professor Victor R. Basili of successful collaboration. Negotia- and the Experimental Software Engi- tions between these two principals and neering Group, and in 1985 he be- the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, the state came a professor in the department. In of Maryland, and the University of 1992, Professor Rombach returned to Maryland began in early 1997. Prelimi- Germany to assume the professorship nary activities for this new Fraunhofer in software engineering at the Univer- Center - Maryland began in October, sity of Kaiserslautern. In 1996, Profes- 1997 and the first employees were sor Rombach became director of the added to the Fraunhofer payroll on new Fraunhofer Institute for Experi- January 1, 1998. On February 25, mental Software Engineering. 1998, the Fraunhofer Center - Mary- land had its official opening with About the same time, Fraunhofer attendees from Fraunhofer Gesells- Gesellschaft, the parent organization Happy about a dream fulfilled: chaft, the German government, the Prof. Dr. Vic Basili, to the Fraunhofer Institutes, decided to Executive Director of FC-MD State of Maryland, and University of establish linkages with universities in Maryland officials. the United States and to foster collaborative activities with U.S. corporations. In December, the Fraunhofer Centers In 1994, the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft adopted a new naming convention established Fraunhofer USA, with that highlights their areas of expertise. headquarters in Ann Arbor, Michigan, The Maryland Center became the as the mechanism for this collabora- Fraunhofer Center for Experimental tion. Separate centers would be set up Software Engineering, Maryland (FC- in the United States, each center MD), thus further emphasizing its affiliated with both a local American linkage with IESE. It is now a thriving university and one of the Fraunhofer member of the Fraunhofer USA family Institutes in Germany. of centers.

Paradox of a symbolic action: Prof. Dr. Dieter Rombach cuts a ribbon and thereby establishes a connection between Kaiserslautern and Maryland. On his right: James T. Brady (Maryland Secretary of Business and Economic Fraunhofer Locations in the United States Development; on his left (in order of appearance): Prof. Dr. Vic Basili, Dirk Meints Polter, Joe Page (Ex-Mayor of College Park). Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zöllner watches the ceremony.

54 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Vision and Mission Perspective and Agenda

The Fraunhofer Center for Experimen- Software development is an activity not tal Software Engineering, Maryland often well understood, especially with (FC-MD) is the first Fraunhofer USA respect to the role that software plays unit in the US to specialize in software in a company’s business strategy. Too development and maintenance, with a often, software is late to deliver, over focus on the use of experimental budget, and unreliable. Competitive approaches to introduce innovative companies are continually looking for techniques into industry. FC-MD is a ways to better control, manage, US, not-for-profit, software engineer- predict, and evaluate their software ing applied research and technology efforts. Standard solutions, such as transfer organization. Its primary focus ISO 9000 certification or a Software ...improving the is to improve the quality of software Capability Evaluation, are often pro- related products and services by posed to these problems without an quality of working directly with organizations, accompanying understanding of their learning about their particular business effect on the business product. Com- software... needs, and tailoring software improve- panies need to adapt effective process- ment to those needs. es to their own environment and the FC-MD will use its expertise to help organizations customize solutions. FC-MD believes that its unique expertise and experience-based program combine to make it a market leader in the delivery of customized process solutions to companies.

FC-MD emphasizes software engineering, software development practices, and software processes using applica- Staff of the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental tion development, feedback, and Software Engineering, Maryland: learning as the basis for improving From left, front - Ron Lear, Vic Basili, Rose Pajerski from left, back - Carolyn Seaman, Cheryl Wall, software development technologies for Marv Zelkovitz its client organizations. By using this proven approach, the FC-MD enables its clients to become more competitive in critical information technology fields. Global, national, and Maryland- regional companies are all potential clients for FC-MD.

Negotiating contract issues between the FC-MD and University of Maryland (UM) representitives are (from left): Marv Zelkowitz (FC-MD), Brian Darmody (UM), Erica Magrum (UM), Herb Rabin (UM), and Vic Basili (FC-MD)

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 55 Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Process and product improvement Competencies and Offerings focuses on establishing Experience Scientific and Industrial Activities Factories in organizations and across The Fraunhofer Center for Experimen- an entire company. Support activities FC-MD is actively supporting two tal Software Engineering, Maryland include the following measures: major projects and developing propos- supports organizations committed to als for others. research and development in the dis- • Characterize and evaluate client cipline of software engineering and its software environment by conduct- Software Experience Center enabling technology. It facilitates ing a detailed software product and collaborative activities between these process survey. Evaluate the organi- The goal of the Software Experience companies and the University of zation’s business goals, structural Center (SEC) consortium, a joint pro- Maryland’s Computer Science Depart- elements, and infrastructure systems ject with IESE, is to improve the soft- ment and other academic partners. with respect to the Experience ware competencies and development The core competencies of FCMD lie in Factory model. Recommend new practices of its member companies in a the areas of technology transfer and software development technologies multi-step approach. The Fraunhofer process and product improvement. and any organizational changes organizations will organize and facili- needed to facilitate the changes. tate the exchanges of the SEC mem- As technology transfer agents, FCMD Use and leverage existing processes bers to improve their capabilities as facilitates transferring a specific proc- by tailoring the new technologies to learning organizations to: ess technology into a project using the operate within the existing environ- following support activities: ment. • establish an Experience Base (EB) for cross-company sharing and learn- • Provide an initial evaluation of client • Based on business goals and experi- ing, software environment and organiza- mental plans, select pilot projects • consolidate the experiences of all tion using questionnaires to qualita- and provide technology training to the member organizations to tively and quantitatively describe the study participants. Collect study distribute proven, effective technol- project’s software products and data (objective measures and ogies and measure their impact on processes. subjective impressions) from the process and product, projects and analyze the impact of • freely exchange information across • Recommend a specific process the new technology on both the companies on how to build effective technology to transfer into practice product and the process. learning organizations, how to based on the business goals and integrate the learning organizations problem areas identified. Integrate • Using the measures from multiple with existing improvement efforts, the new technology into the pro- project applications of the new and how to share best practices. ject’s existing processes and provide technology, build and/or refine the technology training. organization’s models for errors, In 1998, the SEC project completed the cost estimation, and schedule. pre-study phase with several compa- • Collect study data (objective meas- Recommend further management nies. In 1999, the SEC project will ures and subjective impressions) measures and analysis techniques to move into active support of the mem- from the project and analyze the assure the continuing success of the ber companies that join the SEC impact of the new technology on process changes. consortium. Please see page 46 for both the product and the process. further information about this project. Tailor the resultant process based on • Support building local and compan- feedback received and continue to ywide experience bases to allow the evolve the technology for the organization to transfer new organization from project to project. technologies to other projects and divisions.

56 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Software Industry Consortium FC-MD in Figures The goal of the Software Industry Consortium (SWIC) Project, in conjunc- The Center has grown from three to tion with the Maryland Department of eight staff members in 1998 and Business and Economic Development, expects to double its size next year. is to provide a software engineering resource to assist Maryland organiza- The Center generated over 35% of its tions in advancing the practices of revenue from new agreements with system and software engineering and government and industry sources in in improving the quality of their soft- the first year. ware related products and services by:

• integrating research and experience into practical improvement, Development of the FC-MD Budget 1998 1999 • creating opportunities to develop 2000 and disseminate improvement $ 1.800.000 practices, • enhancing the competitiveness of member companies, especially small

to mid-size companies, $ 1.200.000 • accelerating new software technology adaptation, • leveraging member company experience $ 600.000 • promoting inter-corporate cooperation of member organizations, • providing education and training.

Project Proposals Base External Total Proposals for additional work are being developed for data analysis and process and product improvement support Development of the FC-MD 1998 for several organizations including the 1999 NASA Independent Verification and 2000 Validation Facility in West Virginia and 30 the Data Analysis Center for Software in New York.

FT Staff PT Staff Directors Total

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 57 Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Steering Committee Board References Research Partners (initial Members) – ABB – Experimental Software Engineering Dr. Dirk Meints Polter – ACS Group, University of Maryland, Senior Vice President – Alcatel (F) Maryland Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – ARINC – Computer Sciences Corporation – NASA Independent Verification & Dr. James D. Fielder Jr. – Computer Technology Associates Validation Facility, West Virginia Acting Secretary – DaimlerChrysler AG Maryland Dept. of Business & Economic – Diversified International Sciences – Software Engineering Laboratory, Development Corporation NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, – Dyncorp Maryland Professor Dieter Rombach – Ericsson (S) Director – GEC Marconi – University of West Virginia Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental – HCIA Software Engineering – Litton Amecon – Lockheed Martin Mr. Pete Bracken – Mantech Membership in Professional CEO/President – Motorola (USA) Organizations ACS Incorporated – OAO – PSI – Maryland High Technology Council Mr. Lynn Wright – Q-Labs, Inc. (USA) Vice President of – RSI – Prince Georges County High Tech- Engineering & Technology – Siemens AG nology Business Council Lockheed Martin Mission Systems – Veda – International Software Engineering Mr. George Myerson – Maryland Department of Business Research Network (ISERN) Vice President and Economic Development Computer Sciences Corporation – Computer Research Association

Mr. Frank Herman GEC-Marconi

General Emmett Paige, Jr. President & Chief Operating Officer OAO Corporation

Dr. Richard H. Herman Dean, College of Computer, Math & Physical Science University of Maryland

Offering advice arround the table to FC-MD Execute Director Vic Basili (standing left rear) are FC-MD Steering Committee members: (sitting from left) Vernon Thompson (Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development), Lynn Wright (Lockheed Martin), James Fielder (Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development), Peter Bracken (ACS), Frank Herman (GEC-Marconi), George Myerson (Computer Sciences Corporation), Emmett Paige (OAO), Dieter Rombach (Fraunhofer IESE), Dirk Meints Polter (Fraunhofer USA), and (standing right rear) Richard Herman (University of Maryland)

58 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Events Visitors Hosted Professional Activities

– Fraunhofer Center for Experimental – Thomas McGibbon, ITT Industries, – M. Zelkowitz, Editor, Advances in Software Engineering, Maryland Data Analysis Center for Software, Computers, Academic Press, Lon- Grand Opening, February 25 New York, USA, March 16 don, volumes 46 and 47, 1998

Special guests: – Theo von Bomhard and Johannes – V. Basili, Program Committee, – Dr. Dirk Meints Polter, President, Maier, Robert Bosch GmbH, Germa- International Conference On Soft- Fraunhofer USA ny, March 18-19 ware Reuse, 97-98 – Dr. Dieter Rombach, Director, Fraunhofer IESE – Ara Kouchakdjian, Software Engi- – V. Basili, Program Committee, – Dr. Jürgen Rüttgers, German neering Technology, Inc./Q-Labs, Achieving Quality in Software Federal Minister of Education, August 31 (AQUIS), 97-98 Research, Science and Technolo- gy – Dr. Louis Blazy, NASA IV&V Center, – M. Zelkowitz, Program Committee, – Prof. Günter Warnecke, Presi- West Virginia, October 14 10th Software and Knowledge dent, University of Kaiserslautern Engineering Conference, June 1998 – John Willis, Maryland Secretary – Lars Halkjaer, SAXoTech A/S, Den- of State mark, October 26 – M. Zelkowitz, Program Chair, 5th – James Brady, Maryland Secretary International Symposium on Soft- of Business and Economic – Anthony Vernucci, MITRE, Virginia, ware Metrics, November 1998 Development September through December – Dr. William Kirwan, President, – V. Basili, Chair, Workshop Symposi- University of Maryland um for IT A&D Program, October- November 1998 – 1st FC-MD Steering Committee Meeting, June 24

– 2nd FC-MD Steering Committee Meeting, December 16

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 59 Fraunhofer-Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland

Presentations and Tutorials Publications

– M. Zelkowitz, Florida Atlantic Tesoriero, R. and Zelkowitz, M.V.: Basili, V.R., Lanubile, F., and Shull, F.: University, March 1998 A Model of Noisy Software Engineering Investigating Maintenance Processes in Data (Status report); a Framework-Based Environment; – V. Basili, Keynote, SEPG’98, March International Conf. on Soft. Eng., Proceedings of the International 1998 Kyoto, Japan, April 1998 Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM’98), – M. Zelkowitz, Keynote presentation, Zelkowitz, M. V. and Wallace, D.: Bethesda, MD, November 18-20, 1998 MITRE Software Engineering Sympo- Experimental models for validating sium, April 1998 computer technology; Lanubile, F., Shull, F., and Basili, V.R.: IEEE Computer 31, 5, May 1998 Experimenting with Error Abstraction in – V. Basili, University of California at Requirements Documents; Proceedings San Diego, March 1998 Briand, L., Kim, Y-M., Melo, of the Fifth International Symposium W., Seaman, C., and Basili, V.: on Software Metrics, – V. Basili, 20th International Confer- Q-MOPP: Qualitative Evaluation of Bethesda, MD, November 18-20, 1998 ence on Software Engineering, Maintenance Organizations, Processes, ICSE’98, April 1998 and Products; Journal of Software Zelkowitz, M. V., Wallace, D., and Maintenance, Volume 10, no. 4, Binkley, D.: – V. Basili, Washington DC Quality pp 249-278, July-August 1998 The culture clash in software engineer- Assurance Association WDC-QAA, ing technology transfer; NASA/GSFC May 1998 Seaman, C.B. and Basili, V.R.: Software Engineering Workshop, Communication and Organization: Greenbelt, MD, December 1998 – M. Zelkowitz, Panel Member, 10th An Empirical Study of Discussion in Software and Knowledge Engineer- Inspection Meetings; IEEE Transactions ing Conference, June 1998 on Software Engineering, July-August 1998 – R. Lear, Software Industry Consorti- um Kickoff, July 1998 Tesoriero, R. and Zelkowitz, M.V.: WebME: A web-based tool for data – V. Basili and R. Pajerski, Experience analysis and presentation; IEEE Internet Factory Tutorial, September 1998 Computing, September 1998

– V. Basili and R. Pajerski, Software Briand, L., Morasca, S., and Basili, V.R.: Experience Center, October 1998 Defining and Validating Measures for Object-based High-level Design; IEEE – V. Basili, 23rd Software Engineering Transactions on Software Engineering, Workshop, NASA/Goddard SEL September-October 1998 (SEL), December 1998 Zelkowitz, M. V. and Wallace, D.: Validating the benefit of new software technology; Software Quality Practi- tioner, November 1998

Mendonca, M.G., Basili, V., Bhandari, I. S., and Dawson, J.: An Approach to Improving Existing Measurement Frameworks; IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp 484-501, November 1998

60 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Appendix

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 61 Network in Science and Industry

Industrial Partners National Research Partners International Research Partners

– ABB – University of Kaiserslautern, Kaisers- – Center for Advanced Empirical – Alcatel Alsthom (F) lautern, Germany (formal affiliation Software Research (CAESAR), – Alcatel-SEL agreement) University of New South Wales, – Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG Sydney, Australia (formal affiliation – AEG Energietechnik GmbH – Center for Learning Systems and agreement) – Bosch Telecom GmbH Applications (LSA), University of – Centre de Recherche Informatique – Brose GmbH & Co. KG Kaiserslautern, Germany de Montreal (CRIM), Montreal, – DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG Canada – DaimlerChrysler AG – Institute of Computer Science, – European Software Institute (ESI), – Deutsche Bank University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Bilbao, Spain (formal affiliation – Deutsche Telekom AG Germany agreement) – DLR – Experimental Software Engineering – Dräger Medical Electronics (NL) Group of the University of Maryland – Ericsson Eurolab Deutschland GmbH (UMD/ESEG), College Park, USA – Ericsson (S) (formal affiliation agreement) – Ericsson (USA) – Federal University of Santa Catarina, – Ernst Informatik GmbH Florianopolis, Brazil – Etnoteam (I) – Georgia Tech University, Atlanta, – ESA European Space Agency Georgia, USA – KoDa Kommunikations und – GrafP Technologies Inc., Montreal, Datentechnik Quebec, Canada – Kretz Software GmbH – Instituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e – Lucent Technologies GmbH Technologica (IRST), Trento, Italy – Markant Südwest Handels AG – Semantics Designs, Austin, Texas, – Markant Südwest Software- und USA Dienstleistungs GmbH – Software Engineering Technology – Motorola (USA) Inc. (SET), Knoxville, Tennessee, USA – Q-Labs, Inc. (USA) – Software Engineering Institute (SEI), – Q-Labs Software Engineering GmbH Carnegie Mellon University, Pitts- – Robert Bosch GmbH burgh, Pennsylvania, USA (formal – Schlumberger RPS (F) affiliation agreement) – Siemens AG – Swedish Institute of Production – Siemens (A) Engineering Research (IVF) – Siemens (N) – Software Engineering Laboratory – Società Interbancaria per (SEL), NASA/Goddard Space Flight l‘Automazione (I) Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA – softTECH - Software Technologie – Software Technology Transfer GmbH Finland, Espoo, Finland – software, design & management – University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland GmbH & Co. KG – University of Tennessee, Knoxville, – tecinno GmbH Tennessee, USA – Tecmath GmbH – VTT Electronics, Oulu, Finland – Testo GmbH & Co. – Videotronic – Viva Software GmbH – VTT Electronics

62 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Network in Science and Industry

International Software Engineering Visitors hosted Letter from a Guest Scientist Research Network (ISERN) Professor Alfs T. Berztiss, University of Coordinator of ISERN since 1996: Pittsburgh, USA, January 1 - April 30 Fraunhofer IESE Janne Järvinen, VTT Electronics, Finnland, January 1, 1998 - June 30, Members of ISERN: 1999 – CSIRO; Australia Alec Doring und Hakan Wickberg, – DaimlerChrysler Research Center; IVF Centre for Software Engineering, Germany Stockholm, Sweden, January 29 Prof. Dr. Alfs Bertziss – Fraunhofer Institute for Experimen- Rick Kazman, SEI Carnegie Mellon tal Software Engineering; Germany University Pittsburgh, PA, USA, A sabbatical leave should have two – Lucent Technologies - Bell Labora- February 18 and March purposes. One is to provide a pause tories; USA from day-to-day pressures in which to – Macquarie University; Australia Audris Mockus, Lucent Technologies, reexamine and integrate continuing – Nara Institute of Science and USA, March 20-21 work. The other is to become exposed Technology; Japan Michel Lavallee, CRIM Computer to new ideas. I was very fortunate that – Norwegian University of Technology Research Institute of Montreal, my four months at IESE advanced both & Science; Norway Canada, March 27 these purposes. Looking back can be – NTT Data Corp.; Japan done anywhere, but the beautiful – Quality Laboratories Sweden AB Hajimu Iida, Information Technology surroundings of Kaiserslautern gave (Q-Labs); Sweden Center, Nara Institute of Science and additional stimulation. As regards new – University of Bari; Italy Technology, Nara, Japan, ideas, there can hardly be a more – University of Hawaii; USA June 1 – November 30 suitable place than IESE. The only – University of Kaiserslautern; Jerome Pesant, Ericsson/Montreal, problem was that there was so much Germany Canada, June 2 of interest going on. UML turned out – University of Maryland at College to be the most appropriate topic to Park; USA Richard Webby, CAESAR, University of pursue, and there I could depend on – University of New South Wales; New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, the expertise of Colin Atkinson. After Australia July 15-17 returning to Pittsburgh, I have looked – University of Rome - Tor Vergata; Randy L. Hackbarth, Lucent Technolo- at ways of effectively integrating UML Italy gies, USA, August into the requirements specification – University of Strathclyde; Scotland; process. Right now I am working on U.K. Professor Brian Henerson-Sellers, developing “Requirements Engineering – VTT Electronics; Finland University of SwinburneHawthorn, Australia, October 9 and UML,” a course that I will be teaching at the University of Stockholm Horst Degen-Hientz, Q-Labs, Germany, in May. November 2- 6 Risto Nevalainen, Software Technology Transfer Finland, Finland, November 2- 6 David Card, Software Productivity Consortium, USA, November 2- 6 Jack McGarry, Department of Defense, USA, November 2- 6 Gregory D. Abowd, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 63 Professional Contributions

D. Rombach Lecturing Assignments at Lecture: Journal Editorships Universities Software Engineering I, Department of Computer Science, L. Briand: C. Atkinson University of Kaiserslautern, Empirical Software Engineering: Lecture: Winter Semester 1997/1998 and An International Journal Object-Oriented Software Develop- Winter Semester 1998/1999 ment K. El-Emam: Department of Computer Science, D. Rombach Software Process Newsletter University of Kaiserslautern, Project Course: Winter Semester 1998/1999 Software Engineering I, D. Rombach: Department of Computer Science, IEEE Software Magazine K.-D. Althoff University of Kaiserslautern, Lecture: Summer Semester 1998 D. Rombach: Konstruktion wissensbasierter Systeme The Journal of Systems and Software zur Entscheidungsunterstützung und D. Rombach, Günther Ruhe Diagnose Lecture: D. Rombach: Department of Computer Science, Software Engineering II, Informatik: Forschung und Entwicklung University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Computer Science, Summer Semester 1998 University of Kaiserslautern, D. Rombach: Summer Semester 1998 International Journal of Software K.-D. Althoff Process: Improvement and Practice Lecture: D. Rombach Anwendungen Fallbasierter Systeme Project Course: D. Rombach: Department of Computer Science, Software Engineering II, International Journal of Empirical University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Computer Science, Software Engineering Winter Semester 1998/1999 University of Kaiserslautern, (Associate Editor for Europe) Winter Semester 1997/1998 and L. Briand Winter Semester 1998/1999 Lecture: Empirical Foundations and Quantitative D. Rombach Methods for Software Engineering Seminary: Department of Computer Science, Software Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Computer Science, Winter Semester 1998/1999 University of Kaiserslautern, Winter Semester 1998 J.-M. DeBaud Lecture: Martin Verlage Domain-Oriented Software Engineering Lecture: Department of Computer Science, Softwareentwicklungsprozesse und University of Kaiserslautern, ihre Modellierung Summer Semester 1998 Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, D. Rombach Summer Semester 1998 Proseminar: Software Engineering Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Summer Semester 1998

64 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Professional Contributions

Briand, L.: Rombach, D.: Committee Activities PC Member, Empirical Assessment of Member, Supervisory Board of the Software Environment Technologies German National Research Center for Atkinson C.: EASE’98 Information Technology (GMD), since Co-program Chair, 2nd International 1996 Enterprise Distributed Object Briand, L.: Computing Workshop (EDOC ’98) PC Member, IEEE International Rombach, D.: Symposium on Software Reliability Member, Advisory Board of Q-Labs, Atkinson C.: Engineering ISSRE’98 since 1996 PC Member, UML’98 International Workshop Girard, J.-F.: Rombach, D.: PC Member, Working Conference on Head of Scientific Advisory Board of Bomarius, F.: Reverse Engineering WCRE98 SWA Software Akademie AG, Kaisers- PC Member, Conference on Quality lautern, since 1998 Engineering in Software Technology Paech, B.: CONQUEST 98 PC Member, GI-Workshops Rombach, D.: “Anwendung von objektorientierten Senior Member, Institute of Electrical Briand, L.: Entwicklungsstrategien und deren and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), since Program Committee (PC) Member, Unterstützung durch Vorgehens- 1996 IEEE Workshop on Empirical Studies of modelle” Software Maintenance WESS’98 Ruhe, G.: Paech, B.: PC Member, 10th International Briand, L.: PC member, GI-Workshop Conference on Software Engineering Tutorial Chair, IEEE International Modellierung ‘99 and Knowledge Engineering SEKE’98 Conference on Software Maintenance, ICSM’98 Rösch, P.: Ruhe, G.: PC Member, IEEE International PC Member, Workshop on Heterogene Briand, L.: Conference on Software Engineering Informationssysteme (GI-Jahrestagung) Steering Committee Member, ICSE ’98; Workshop on Software International Conference on Software Engineering over the Internet Maintenance, ICSM’98 Rösch, P.: PC Member, Asia Pacific Web Conference APWeb ‘98

Rombach, D.: Chairman, Steering Committee ICSE (International Conference on Software Engineering), from 1996 to 1998

Rombach, D.: Member, Technologiebeirat, Rheinland-Pfalz, since 1994

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 65 Professional Contributions

Atkinson, C.: Keynotes Presentations Using the UML in the Development of Mission and Safety Critical Systems: Rombach, D.: Althoff, K.-D.: The SOUND Method, ESTEC Software Experimentation as a Vehicle for Case-Based Construction of Knowl- Engineering Round Table, Noordwyk, Software Technology Transfer: edge-Based Systems for Implementing Netherlands, November 1998 A Family of Software Reading Tech- Learning Software Organizations (in niques, FESMA ’98 Conference, German), Invited talk, University of Atkinson, C.: Antwerpen, May 1998 Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, April 1998 Systematic, Traceable Software Devel- opment, IESE-Review Meeting, Rombach, D.: Althoff, K.-D.: Kaiserslautern, Germany, July 1998 Empirische Methoden: Tasks and Possible Usages of an Experi- Voraussetzung für ingenieurmäßige ence Base (in German), SEF Project Atkinson, C.: Software-Entwicklung (eingeladener »Knowledge Management in the Systematic Object-Oriented Software Festvortrag), 10-Jahres-Feier, Healthcare Domain«, Stuttgart, Development, Workshop Anwendung Uni Stuttgart, Fakultät Informatik, Germany, May 1998 von objektorientierten Entwick- Stuttgart, November 1998 lungsstrategien und deren Unterstüt- Althoff, K.-D.: zung durch Vorgehensmodelle der Rombach, D.: Case-Based Reasoning and Experimen- GI-Fachgruppen 5.1.1. und 2.1.9., Testing and Inspections: tal Software Engineering, Invited talk, Frankfurt, Germany, June 1998 A Historical Perspective (invited key- 3rd EWCBR98, Dublin, Ireland, note), EuroStar98, September 1998 Becker-Kornstaedt, U.: München, December 1998 Understanding, Controlling, and Althoff, K.-D.: Predicting Software Cost at DASA Concepts for Reuse in the Experience RIO6; final presentation of the DASA Factory and Their Implementation for project given by Ulrike Becker-Korn- CBR-System Development, staedt, Daimler-Benz Aerospace, 11th FGML98, Berlin, Germany, Abt. Raumfahrtinfrastruktur, Bremen, August 1998 Germany, March 1998

Althoff, K.-D.: Birk, A.: Operationalizing Comprehensive Product-Focused Process Improvement, Software Knowledge Reuse Based on Daimler-Benz AG, Forschung und CBR Methods, 6th GWCBR98, Berlin, Technik, Ulm, Germany, May 1998 Germany, March 1998 Birk, A.: Atkinson, C.: Experience about SE Technologies and Supporting and Applying the UML Their Application Contexts, University Conceptual Framework, UML’98 of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, International Workshop, Mulhouse, Germany, October 1998 France, June 1998 Birk, A.: Atkinson, C.: Experience Management for the Object Technology, 5 day STI Seminar, Application of Software Engineering Kaiserslautern, Germany, Technologies, University of Maryland, Nov./Dec.1998 College Park, Maryland, USA, November 1998

66 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Professional Contributions

Birk, A.: Briand, L.C.: Bunse, C.: Systematic Improvement of Software Acquisition and Integration of COTS in Static Structure Diagrams, Lecture, Engineering Processes, Frühjahrstagung Software Systems (Panel presentation), University of Kaiserslautern, Wirtschaftsinformatik, Hamburg, IEEE International Conference on Kaiserslautern, Germany, November Germany, February 1998 Software Maintenance (ICSM), 1998 Washington, D.C., USA, November Birk, A.: 1998 Bunse, C.: Business Impact, Benefit, and Cost of Large Scale Development, STI Seminar Applying GQM in Industry, Internation- Briand, L.C.: Series ”Objekttechnologie”, al Software Metrics Symposium, Quality Modeling in Object-Oriented Kaiserslautern, Germany, December Bethesda, Maryland, USA, November Systems, Invited presentation at 1998 1998 NORTEL, Ottawa, Canada, November 1998 DeBaud, J.-M.: Birk, A.: PuLSE - Product Lines for Software Applications of Measurement in Briand, L.C.: Systems, Daimler Benz, Ulm, Germany, Product-Focused Process Improvement, A Hybrid Method for Software Cost May 1998 International Software Metrics Sympo- Risk Analysis, IEEE International Confer- sium, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, ence On Software Engineering (ICSE), DeBaud, J.-M.: November 1998 Kyoto, Japan, May 1998 PuLSE - Product Lines for Software Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, Bomarius, F.: Briand, L.C.: Kaiserslautern, Germany, July 1998 Effizientes Qualitätsmanagement bei Using simulation to Build Inspection der Software-Entwicklung, PPS-Strate- Efficiency Benchmarks, IEEE Interna- DeBaud, J.-M.: gie-Workshop, Centrum für Produk- tional Conference On Software Engi- PuLSE - Product Lines for Software tionstechnik Kaiserslautern CCK, neering (ICSE), Kyoto, Japan, May Systems, European Reuse Workshop, Kaiserslautern, Germany, May 1998 1998 Madrid, Spain, November 1998

Bomarius, F.: Briand, L.C.: DeBaud, J.-M.: Practical Experiences Regarding Inspec- Building Resource and Quality Models A Method for Development of Soft- tions, Software Experience Center for Software Inspections, IEEE Interna- ware Reference Architectures, Meeting, Chicago, USA, October 1998 tional Conference On Software Engi- International Software Architecture neering (ICSE), Kyoto, Japan, May Workshop’98, Orlando, Florida, USA, Bomarius, F.: 1998 November 1998 Process Improvement Methods - Integrating Approaches, Software Briand, L.C.: DeBaud, J.-M.: Experience Center Meeting, Predicting Fault-Prone Classes with Identifying and Evolving the Scope of Chicago, USA, October 1998 Design Measures in Object-Oriented Software Product Lines, ERW’98, Systems, 9th ISSRE ’98, Madrid, Spain, November 1998 Briand, L.C.: Paderborn, Germany, November 1998 COBRA: COst estimation, Benchmark- El Emam, K.: ing, and Risk Analysis, IEEE Internation- Bunse, C.: Talk on the results of Phase 2 of the al Conference On Software Engineer- Verification of Object-Oriented Sys- SPICE Trials, seminar organized by ing (ICSE), Kyoto, Japan, May 1998 tems, Technical University Munich, Software Technology Transfer Finland, Munich, Germany, January 1998 Helsinki, Finland, March 1998 Briand, L.C.: Software Risk and Cost Analysis Bunse, C.: El Emam, K.: (Keynote), EASE Conference, Systematic Refinement and Translation Talk on the interim results of Phase 2 Keele, U.K, April 1998 in OO: The SORT Approach, 1st IESE of the SPICE Trials, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7/ PhD-Workshop, Kaiserslautern, WG10 meeting, Venice, Italy, March Germany, November 1998 1998

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 67 Professional Contributions

El Emam, K.: Freimut, B.: Hübsch,V.: Talk on software benchmarking re- Quantitative Evaluation of Capture Studien zur Sicherheit der Vermit- search activities and the application of Recapture Models to Control Software tlungssysteme, Treffen des Arbeitskreis- the benchmarks, European Software Inspections, Annual Meeting of the es Netzsicherheit, Darmstadt, Germany, Institute, Bilbao, Spain, April 1998 ISERN’98, Naperville, Illinois, USA, September 1998 October 1998 El Emam, K.: Kamsties, E.: Talk on the results of Phase 2 of the Freimut, B.: A Framework for Empirical Studies SPICE Trials, Deutsches Institut für A Comparison and Integration of with Requirements Specification Normung e.V. (DIN) NI-7.10, Köln, Capture-Recapture Models and the Techniques, RENOIR Research Training, Germany, April 1998 Detection Profile Method, Ninth Bommerholz, Germany, January 1998 ISSRE’98, Paderborn, Germany, El Emam, K.: October 1998 Kamsties, E.: Talk on recent results from the SPICE Empirische Untersuchung von An- Trials, Johannesburg, South Africa, Freimut, B.: sätzen des Requirements Engineerings, May 1998 Quality Assurance Technologies for RENOIR Meeting (co-located with GI the EURO Conversion - Industrial Fachgruppentreffen 2.1.6.), Paderborn, El Emam, K.: Experience, Allianz Lebens- Germany, September 1998 Cost Implications of Interrater Agree- versicherungs-AG, 2nd QWE’98, ment for Software Process Assess- Brussels, Belgium, November 1998 Kamsties, E.: ments, Lucent Technologies/Bell Labs, Requirements Engineering in Small and USA, June 1998 Girard, J.-F.: Medium Enterprises: State-of-the- Applying File-based Information Flow Practice, Problems, Solutions, and El Emam, K.: and ASE Identification to a Legacy Technology Transfer. 1st Conference on Talk on software process modeling and System, 6th Reengineering Forum at the European Industrial Requirements assessment using ISO/IEC 12207 and 2nd CSMR, Florence, Italy, March 1998 Engineering, London, October 1998 ISO/IEC 15504 (TR-2), Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, June 1998 Hamann, D.: Kamsties, E.: A Product-Process Dependency Defini- Anforderungsanalyse und -spezifika- El Emam, K.: tion Method, Workshop on Software tion, STI-Seminar, Kaiserslautern, The Application of Capture-Recapture Process and Product Improvement at Germany, November 1998 Models to the Control of Software the 24th EUROMICRO Conference, Inspections, SEI Software Engineering Västerås, Sweden, August 1998 Kamsties, E.: Symposium, Pittsburgh, USA, Anforderungsanalyse und –spezifika- September 1998 Hamann, D.: tion – Voraussetzung für Softwarequa- Experience with explicit modeling of lität, STI-Jahrestagung, Kaiserslautern, El Emam, K.: relationships between process and Germany, November 1998 The Application of Capture-Recapture product quality, 4th SPI’98, Models to the Control of Software Monte Carlo, Monaco, December 1998 Kamsties, E.: Inspections, National Research Council Requirements Engineering – Die Basis (Institute for Information Technology), Hübsch, V.: für Softwarequalität, 144. PTB-Seminar Ottawa, Canada, September 1998 Studien zur Sicherheit der Vermit- ”Softwarequalitätssicherung in der tlungssysteme, Treffen des Arbeitskreis- Metrologie”, Physikalisch-Technische Flege, O.: es Netzsicherheit, Darmstadt, Germany, Bundesanstalt Berlin, Germany, Tutorial on Basic Principles of Object- May 1998 November 1998 Oriented Programming, UML and Usage of Rational Rose, 2 Days of Hübsch, V.: Knauber, P.: Training for Staff at Markant-Südwest Sicherheit digitaler Vermittlungssys- Entwicklung und Analyse von Software und Dienstleistungs GmbH, teme, Präsentation bei o-tel-o, Software-Architekturen illustriert am Kaiserslautern, Germany, June 1998 Düsseldorf, Germany, July 1998 Beispiel von Übersetzern, TU Darm- stadt, Darmstadt, Germany, June 1998

68 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Professional Contributions

Knauber, P.: Rombach, D.: Rombach, D.: PuLSE - Product Lines for Software Continuous Improvement of Software Software-Qualitätsmanagement – Systems, TLC, Frankfurt, Germany, Development Competence: Prerequi- Überblick, STI-Jahrestagung, June 1998 site for Future Competitiveness, Espoo Kaiserslautern, Germany, November & Oulu, Finland, February 1998 1998 Knauber, P.: PuLSE - Product Lines for Software Rombach, D.: Rösch, P.: Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, Software-Prozeßverbesserung: Strate- The Spearmint Approach to Process Frankfurt, Germany, October 1998 gische Notwendigkeit für alle Definition and Process Guidance, Branchen, SQM 1998, Köln, Germany, Workshop on Software Engineering Laitenberger, O.: April 1998 over the Internet at the 20th ICSE’98, Fehlerreduktion durch Inspektionen, Kyoto, Japan, March 1998 STI-Seminar, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Rombach, D.: April 1998 Workshop und Ausstellung zur Infor- Ruhe, G.: mationstechnik im Unternehmen der How to Make Sense of Empirical Laitenberger, O.: Zukunft, Universität Kaiserslautern, Software Engineering Data – An Fehlerreduktion durch Inspektionen, Kaiserslautern, Germany, May 1998 Integrated Approach, IESE Workshop, STI-Seminar, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Kaiserslautern, Germany, November October 1998 Rombach, D.: 1998 Die Bedeutung von Experimenten im Laitenberger, O.: Software Engineering, Daimler-Benz Ruhe, G.: Studying the Effects of Code Inspection AG, Stuttgart, Germany, June 1998 How to Make Sense of Empirical and Structural Testing on Software Software Engineering Data – An Quality, The Ninth ISSRE’98, Paderborn, Rombach, D.: Integrated Approach, Ericsson Projekt- Germany, November 1998 Innovationen im Software-Entwick- besprechung, Helsinki, Finland, lungsprozeß – Anforderungsprofile und October 1998 Laitenberger, O.: Schlüsselfähigkeiten, Robert-Bosch Evaluating the Usefulness and Ease of Kolloquium, Stuttgart, Germany, July Ruhe, G.: Use of a Web-Based Inspection Data 1998 How to Make Sense of Empirical Collection Tool, Software Metrics Software Engineering Data – An Symposium, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Rombach, D.: Integrated Approach, SEKE’98, November 1998 Experimentieren: Prototyping bei der San Francisco Bay, USA, June 1998 Prozeßverbesserung, Softwaretechnik Paech, B.: ’98, Paderborn, Germany, August 1998 Ruhe, G.: Requirements Management, Seminar Measurement-based Improvement at Steuergeräte-Design im Automobilbau Rombach, D.: Allianz Life Insurance, BLANKO’98, und in der Industrieautomation, Essen, 3. Kuratoriumsvortrag, Kaiserslautern, Oulu, Finland, October 1998 Germany, November 1998 Germany, September 1998 Ruhe, G.: Pfahl, D.: Rombach, D.: Panel Discussion: Knowledge Manage- Integration of System Dynamics Mode- Innovationen im Software-Entwick- ment in Empirical Software Engineer- ling with Descriptive Process Modeling lungsprozeß – Anforderungsprofile und ing, SEKE’98, San Francisco Bay, USA, and Goal-Oriented Measurement, First Schlüsselfähigkeiten, Robert-Bosch June 1998 Workshop on ProSim’98, Silver Falls, Kolloquium (RK 015), Stuttgart, Oregon, USA, June 1998 Germany, October 1998 Ruhe, G.: Learning from Empirical Software Rombach, D.: Rombach, D.: Engineering Data: Prediction of Module Positionierung des BMBF-Leitprojekts Softwaretechnologie: Entscheidender Criticality, KISS’98, Kilpisjärvi, Finland, Systemtechnik Automobil, Faktor für Wirtschaftswachstum, March 1998 TU München, Munich, Germany, Jahrestagung der FhG Fraunhofer January 1998 Gesellschaft e.V., Darmstadt, Germany, October 1998

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 69 Professional Contributions

Ruhe, G.: Verlage, M.: Wieczorek, I.: Experimental Software Engineering: Rollenspezifische Sichten großer Soft- Software Cost Modeling and Estima- Theory and Applications, ESE, Helsinki, ware-Entwicklungsprozesse, eingelad- tion, Daimler-Benz Forschung und Finland, March 1998 ener Vortrag, Informatik Kolloquium, Technik, Ulm, Germany, May 1998 Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Ruhe, G.: Germany, January 1998 Wieczorek, I.: Systematische Qualitätsverbesserung A Case Study in Productivity Bench- durch zielorientiertes Messen und Verlage, M.: marking, Methods and Lessons Bewerten sowie explizite Wiederver- From Process Design to Process Imple- Learned, ESCOM/ENCRESS, Rome, wendung von Software-Entwicklungs- mentation, ICSP5, Chicago, USA, June Italy, May 1998 Know-how, BMBF Statusseminar, 1998 Bonn, Germany, March 1998 Wieczorek, I.: Verlage, M.: The Repeatability of Code Defect Ruhe, G.: An Approach for Capturing Large Classifications, Ninth ISSRE’98, Methodische Grundlagen zur Durch- Software Development Processes by Paderborn, Germany, November 1998 führung von GQM-basierten Meßpro- Integration of Views Modeled Inde- grammen, Allianz Lebensversicherungs- pendently, SEKE 98, San Francisco Bay, Würthner, M.: AG, Stuttgart, Germany, February 1998 USA, June 1998 Software Design – Häufig gemachte Fehler, und wie Sie sie vermeiden Schwarz, R.: Verlage, M.: können, STI-Jahrestagung, Studien zur Sicherheit der Entgelterfas- Prozeßverbesserung in der Praxis, Kaiserslautern, Germany, November sung in der Digitalvermittlungstechnik, Bosch Telecom GmbH, Stuttgart, 1998 Treffen des Arbeitskreises Netzsicher- Germany, June 1998 heit, Darmstadt, Germany, February 1998 Verlage, M.: Prozeßverbesserung in der Praxis, Tautz, C.: Bosch Telecom GmbH, Düsseldorf, Aufbau einer Erfahrungsdatenbank, Germany, July 1998 Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG, Stuttgart, Germany, May 1998. Verlage, M.: Knowledge Management of Software Tautz, C.: Engineering Lessons Learned, SEKE 98, Similarity-Based Retrieval of Software San Francisco Bay, USA, June 1998 Engineering Artifacts: Demo for SFB 501, University of Kaiserslautern, Widen, T.: Kaiserslautern, Germany, October 1998 A practical comparison of major domain analysis approaches - towards Tautz, C.: a customizable domain analysis frame- Explicit Documentation of Software work, SEKE 98, San Francisco Bay, Engineering Technologies: Improving USA, June 98 Best Practices, International Confer- ence on Software Process Improvement Widen, T.: in Research and Education, INSPIRE-98, Software Design Automation: lan- London, England, September 1998. guage design in the context of domain engineering, SEKE 98, San Francisco Surmann, D.: Bay, USA, June 98 The IESE Experience Factory, SoftQuali-Meeting, Kaiserslautern, Wieczorek, I.: Germany, November 1998 COBRA - A Hybrid Model for Cost Estimation, Benchmarking, and Risk Analysis, Allianz Lebensversicherungs- AG, Stuttgart, Germany, February 1998

70 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Scientific Publications

Verlage, M.: Bunse, C.; Verlage, M.; Giese, P.: Articles in Books Modellierungssprachen für Vorgehens- Improved Software Quality Through modelle Improved Development Process Names of Fraunhofer IESE and FC-MD members appear In: Kneuper, R.; Müller-Luschnat, G.; Descriptions in bold. Oberweis, A.: In: Automatica 34 (1998), no.1, Althoff, K.-D.; Birk, A.; Gresse von Vorgehensmodelle für die betriebliche pp. 23-32 : Ill., Lit. Wangenheim, C.; Tautz, C.: Anwendungsentwicklung ISSN 0005-1098 CBR for Experimental Software Stuttgart : Teubner, 1998 Engineering (Teubner-Reihe Wirtschaftsinformatik) Fusaro, P.; El Emam, K.; Smith, B.: In: Lenz, M.; Bartsch-Spoerl, B.; ISBN 3-8154-2605-7, pp. 76-94 : Ill. The Internal Consistencies of the 1987 Burkhard, H.-D.; Wess, S.: SEI Maturity Questionnaire and the Case-Based Reasoning Technology. Verlage, M.: SPICE Capability Dimension From Foundations to Applications Vorgehensmodelle und ihre Formalis- In: Empirical Software Engineering 3 Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1998, (Lecture ierung (1998), no.2, pp. 179-201 : Ill., Lit. Notes in Artificial Intelligence; 1400) In: Kneuper, R.; Müller-Luschnat, G.; ISSN 1382-3256 ISBN 3-540-64572-1, pp. 235-254 : Ill. Oberweis, A.: Vorgehensmodelle für die betriebliche Gresse, C.; Briand, L.C.: Bergmann, R.; Althoff, K.-D.: Anwendungsentwicklung Requirements for the Knowledge- Methodology for Building CBR Stuttgart : Teubner, 1998 Based Support of Software Engineering Applications (Teubner-Reihe Wirtschaftsinformatik) Measurement Plans In: Lenz, M.; Bartsch-Spoerl, B.; ISBN 3-8154-2605-7, pp. 60-75 : Ill., In: Knowledge-based systems 11 Burkhard, H.-D.; Wess, S.: Conference (1998), no.2, pp. 125-143 : Ill., Lit. Case-Based Reasoning Technology. From Foundations to Applications Latum, F.v.; Solingen, R.v.; Oivo, M.; Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1998, (Lecture Hoisl, B.; Rombach, H.D.; Ruhe, G.: Notes in Artificial Intelligence; 1400) Articles in Journals Adopting GQM-Based Measurement in ISBN 3-540-64572-1, pp. 299-326 : Ill. an Industrial Environment Briand, L.C.; Kim, Y.-M.; Melo, W.L.; In: IEEE Software 15 (1998), no.1, El Emam, K.; Goldenson, D.R.: Seaman, C.; Basili, V.R.: pp. 78-86 : Ill., Lit. Empirical Evaluation of SPICE Q-MOPP. Qualitative Evaluation of ISSN 0740-7459 In: El Emam, K.; Drouin, J.-N.; Maintenance Organizations, Processes Melo, W.L.: and Products Leippert, F.; Ruhe, G.: SPICE. The Theory and Practice of In: Journal of software maintenance. An Interesting Experience at Allianz Software Process Improvement and Research and practice 10 (1998), Nr.4, Life (Germany) Capability Determination pp. 249-278 In: ESSI g-r-a-m. Newsletter of the Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, ISSN 1040-550X Software Best Practice Community 1998 (1998), no.6, pp. 5 : Ill. ISBN 0-8186-7798-8, pp. 287-305 : Ill., Briand, L.C.; Daly, J.; Wüst, J.: Lit. A Unified Framework for Cohesion Rombach, H.D.; Ruhe, G.: Measurement in Object-Oriented Das Fraunhofer Institut für Experimen- El Emam, K.; Marshall, P.: Systems telles Software Engineering. Ein Porträt Interrater Agreement in Assessment In: Empirical Software Engineering 3 In: Informatik. Forschung und Entwick- Ratings (1998), no.1, pp. 65-117 : Ill., Lit. lung 13 (1998), no.4, pp. 235-240 : In: El Emam, K.; Drouin, J.-N.; Melo, ISSN 1382-3256 Lit. W.L.: ISSN 0178-3564Report SPICE. The Theory and Practice of Briand, L.C.; Lanubile, F.; Pfleeger, S.L.; Software Process Improvement and Rothermel, G.; Schneidewind, N.: Capability Determination Empirical Studies of Software Mainte- Los Alamitos : IEEE Computer Society, nance. A Report from WESS’97 1998 In: Empirical Software Engineering 3 ISBN 0-8186-7798-8, pp. 357-362 : Ill., (1998), no.3, pp. 299-307 Lit. ISSN 1382-3256

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Birk, A.; (Derks, P.; Hamann, D.; Birk, A.; (Kempkens, R.; Rombach, Conference Proceedings Hirvensalo, J.; Oivo, M.; Rodenbach, E.; H.D.; Ruhe, G.): Solingen, R.v.; Taramaa, J.): Systematic Improvement of Software Name of presenter appears first; names of Fraunhofer IESE and FC-MD members appear in bold. Applications of Measurement in Engineering Processes: (Frühjahrsta- Product-Focused Process Improvement. gung Wirtschaftsinformatik: 1998, Althoff, K.-D.; (Auriol, E.; A Comparative Industrial Case Study: Hamburg) Bergmann, R.; Bolotov, A.; Gurov, (International Software Metrics Sympo- In: Hummeltenberg, W. ; Univ. Ham- S.I.; Larichev, O.I.; Manago, M.; sium: 5, 1998, Bethesda) burg, Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik: Wess, S.; Zhuravlev, Y.I.): In: IEEE Computer Society: Information Management for Business Case-based reasoning for medical 5th International Software Metrics and Competitive Intelligence and decision support tasks. The Inreca Symposium 1998. Proceedings Excellence. Proceedings der Frühjahrs- approach Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik ‘98 In: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 12 Society, 1998 Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1998 (1998), no.1, pp. 25-41 ISBN 0-8186-9201-4, pp. 105-108: Ill., ISBN 3-528-05678-9, pp. 265-280: Ill., ISSN 0933-3657 Lit. Lit.

Althoff, K.-D.; (Nick, M.; Tautz, C.): Birk, A.; (Järvinen, J.; Solingen, R.v): Bomarius, F.; (Althoff, K.-D.; Concepts for Reuse in the Experience Business Impact, Benefit, and Cost of Tautz, C.): Factory and Their Implementation for Applying GQM in Industry. An In- Using Case-Based Reasoning Technolo- CBR-System Development: (Fachgrup- Depth, Long-Term Investigation at gy to Build Learning Software Organi- pentreffen Maschinelles Lernen Schlumberger RPS: (International zations: (Interdisciplinary Workshop on (FGML): 11, 1998, Berlin) Software Metrics Symposium: 5, 1998, Building, Maintaining, and Using In: Wysotzki, F.; Geibel, P.; Schädler, K.; Bethesda) Organizational Memories (OM): 1, Gesellschaft für Informatik -GI-, Fach- In: IEEE Computer Society: 1998, Brighton) gruppe 1.1.3 Maschinelles Lernen; 5th International Software Metrics In: Abecker, A.; Decker, S.; Matta, N.; TU Berlin, Fachbereich Informatik: Symposium 1998. Proceedings Maurer, F.; Reimer, U.: Beiträge zum Treffen der GI-Fach- Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer 1st Interdisciplinary Workshop on gruppe 1.1.3 Maschinelles Lernen. Society, 1998 Building, Maintaining, and Using FGML-98 ISBN 0-8186-9201-4, pp. 93-96: Ill., Lit. Organizational Memories. OM-98. Berlin: Leiter der Fachbibl. Informatik, Proceedings 1998 Birk, A.; (Tautz, C.): Brighton: 1998 (TU Berlin. Forschungsberichte des Knowledge Management of Software pp. 1-20: Ill., Lit. Fachbereichs Informatik; 98,11) Engineering Lessons Learned: (Interna- pp. 48-55: Ill., Lit. tional Conference on Software Engi- Briand, L.C.; (Bomarius, F.; neering and Knowledge Engineering El Emam, K.): Althoff, K.-D.; (Tautz, C.): (SEKE): 10, 1998, San Francisco) COBRA. A Hybrid Method for Software Operationalizing Comprehensive SEKE ’98, the 10th International Cost Estimation, Benchmarking, and Software Knowledge Reuse Based on Conference on Software Engineering Risk Assessment: (International Confer- CBR Methods: (German Workshop on and Knowledge Engineering ence on Software Engineering (ICSE): Case-Based Reasoning (GWCBR): Skokie: Knowledge Systems Institute, 20, 1998, Kyoto) 6, 1998, Berlin) 1998 In: Science Council of Japan; Informa- In: Gierl, L.; Lenz, M.: ISBN 0-9641699-9-1, pp. 116-119: Ill., tion Processing Society of Japan; Japan 6th German Workshop on Case-Based Lit. Society of Software Science and Reasoning 1998 Technology; Association for Computing Rostock: 1998 Birk, A.; (Järvinen, J.; Komi-Sirvioe, Machinery -ACM-; IEEE Computer (IMIB Series; 7) S.; Kuvaja, P.; Oivo, M.; Pfahl, D.): Society: 20th International Conference pp. 89-98: Ill., Lit. PROFES. A Product Driven Process on Software Engineering 1998. Pro- Improvement Methodology: (European ceedings Conference on Software Process Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Improvement (SPI): 1998, Monte Carlo) Press, 1998 The European Conference on Software ISBN 0-8186-8368-6, pp. 390-399: Ill., Process Improvement 1998 Lit. Monte Carlo: 1998

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Briand, L.C.: DeBaud, J.-M.; (Schmid, K.): Development and Evolution of Soft- COTS Evaluation and Selection: A Practical Comparison of Major ware Architecture for Product Families (International Conference on Software Domain Analysis Approaches. Towards Berlin: Springer, 1998 Maintenance (ICSM): 1998, Bethesda) a Customizable Domain Analysis (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; In: Khoshgoftaar, T.M.; Bennet, K.; Framework: (International Conference 1429) IEEE Computer Society: on Software Engineering and Knowl- ISBN 3-540-64916-6, pp. 132-139: Ill., International Conference on Software edge Engineering (SEKE): 10, 1998, Lit. Maintenance 1998. Proceedings San Francisco) Los Alamitos. Calif.: IEEE Computer SEKE ’98, the 10th International DeBaud, J.-M.; (Jazayeri, M.): Society Press, 1998 Conference on Software Engineering Session 3. Architecture Recovery: ISBN 0-8186-8779-7, pp. 222-223: Ill., and Knowledge Engineering (International Workshop on Develop- Lit. Skokie: Knowledge Systems Institute, ment and Evolution of Software 1998 Architectures for Product Families: Broy, M.; (Huber, F.; Paech, B.; ISBN 0-9641699-9-1, pp. 128-131: Ill., 2, 1998, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) Rumpe, B.; Spies, K.): Lit. In: Linden, F. van der; European Com- Software and System Modeling Based munities, ESPRIT Project Architectural on a Unified Formal Semantics: (Inter- DeBaud, J.-M.; (Flege, O.; Knauber, Reasoning for Embedded Systems - national Workshop on Requirements P.): ESPRIT ARES-: Targeting Software and Systems PuLSE-DSSA - A Method for the Development and Evolution of Soft- Engineering (RTSE): 1997, Bernried) Development of Software Reference ware Architecture for Product Families In: Broy, M.; Rumpe, B.: Architectures: (International Software Berlin: Springer, 1998 Requirements Targeting Software and Architecture Workshop (ISAW): (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Systems Engineering. International 3, 1998, Orlando/Fla.) 1429) Workshop RTSE’97. Proceedings 3rd International Software Architecture ISBN 3-540-64916-6, pp. 87-88 Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998 Workshop 1998. Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Orlando/Fla.: 1998, Ill., Lit. El Emam, K.; (Jacquet, E.; Rousseau, 1526) S.; Simon, J.-M.): ISBN 3-540-65309-0, pp. 43-68: Ill., Lit. DeBaud, J.-M.; (Schmid, K.): Cost Implications of Interrater Agree- PuLSE-Eco, a Context-based Approach ment for Software Process Assess- DeBaud, J.-M.; (Knauber, P.): to Scope a Software Product Line: ments: (International Software Metrics Applying PuLSE for Software Product (Annual Software Architectures in Symposium: 5, 1998, Bethesda) Line Development: (European Reuse Product Line Acquisitions Workshop: In: IEEE Computer Society: Workshop (ERW): 1998, Madrid) 2, 1998, Salem) 5th International Software Metrics In: European Software Institute -ESI-: 2nd Annual Software Architectures in Symposium 1998. Proceedings European Reuse Workshop 1998. Product Line Acquisitions Workshop Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Assessing the Benefits of Reuse. 1998. Results Society, 1998 Position Papers and Presentations Salem: 1998, Ill., Lit. ISBN 0-8186-9201-4, pp. 38-51: Ill., Lit. Bilbao: 1998 pp. 73-94: Ill., Lit. DeBaud, J.-M.; (Girard, J.-F.): El Emam, K.: The Relation Between the Product Line The Internal Consistency of the ISO/IEC DeBaud, J.-M.; (Schmid, K.): Development Entry Points and Reengi- 15504 Software Process Capability Identifying and Evolving the Scope of neering: (International Workshop on Scale: (International Software Metrics Software Product Lines: (European Development and Evolution of Soft- Symposium: 5, 1998, Bethesda) Reuse Workshop (ERW): 1998, Madrid) ware Architectures for Product Fami- In: IEEE Computer Society: In: European Software Institute -ESI-: lies: 2, 1998, Las Palmas de Gran 5th International Software Metrics European Reuse Workshop 1998. Canaria) Symposium 1998. Proceedings Assessing the Benefits of Reuse. In: Linden, F. van der ; European Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Position Papers Part II Communities, ESPRIT Project Architec- Society, 1998 Bilbao: 1998 tural Reasoning for Embedded Systems ISBN 0-8186-9201-4, pp. 72-81: Ill., pp. 69-72: Ill., Lit. -ESPRIT ARES-: Lit.

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El Emam, K.: Freimut, B.; (Briand, L.C.; Klein, B.; Järvinen, J.: The Predictive Validity Criterion for Laitenberger, O.; Ruhe, G.): Facilitating Process Assessment with Evaluating Binary Classifiers: (Interna- Quality Assurance Technologies for the Tool Supported Measurement Pro- tional Software Metrics Symposium: EURO Conversion - Industrial Experi- gramme: (European Software Measure- 5, 1998, Bethesda) ence at Allianz Life Assurance: (Interna- ment Conference (FESMA): 1998, In: IEEE Computer Society: tional Software Quality Week Europe Antwerpen) 5th International Software Metrics (QWE): 2, 1998, Brussels) In: Coombes, H.; Hooft van Huys- Symposium 1998. Proceedings In: Software Research Institute Inc.: duynen, M.; Peeters, B.: Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer 2nd International Software Quality The European Software Measurement Society, 1998 Week Europe 1998. Conference Conference 1998. Proceedings ISBN 0-8186-9201-4, pp. 235-244: Ill., Proceedings Antwerpen: 1998 Lit. San Francisco: 1998, pp. 1-23: Ill., Lit. ISBN 90-76019-03-7, pp. 609-614: Ill., Lit. El Emam, K.; (Briand, L.C.; Gresse von Wangenheim, C.; Laitenberger, O.; Fussbroich, T.): (Althoff, K.-D.; Barcia, R.M.; Martins, Kamsties, E.; (Hörmann, K.; Using Simulation to Build Inspection A.; Ramos, A.M.; Weber, R.): Schlich, M.): Efficiency Benchmarks for Develop- Case-Based Reasoning Approach to Requirements Engineering in Small and ment Projects: (International Confer- Reuse of Experiential Knowledge in Medium Enterprises. State-of-the- ence on Software Engineering (ICSE): Software Measurement Programs: Practice, Problems, Solutions, and 20, 1998, Kyoto) (German Workshop on Case-Based Technology Transfer: (Conference on In: Science Council of Japan; Informa- Reasoning (GWCBR): 6, 1998, Berlin) European Industrial Requirements tion Processing Society of Japan; Japan In: Gierl, L.; Lenz, M.: Engineering (CEIRE): 1998, London) Society of Software Science and 6th German Workshop on Case-Based Conference on European Industrial Technology; Association for Computing Reasoning 1998 Requirements Engineering 1998. Machinery -ACM-; IEEE Computer Rostock: 1998 Industrial Programme Papers Society: (IMIB Series; 7), pp. 109-118: Ill., Lit. London: 1998, pp. 40-50: Ill., Lit. 20th International Conference on Software Engineering 1998. Proceed- Hamann, D.; (Järvinen, J.; Oivo, M.; Kamsties, E. (Rombach, H.D.): ings Pfahl, D.): A Framework for Evaluating System Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Experience with explicit modelling of and Software Requirements Specifica- Press, 1998 relationships between process and tion Approaches: (International Work- ISBN 0-8186-8368-6, pp. 340-349: Ill., product quality: (European Conference shop on Requirements Targeting Lit. on Software Process Improvement Software and Systems Engineering (SPI): 1998, Monte Carlo) (RTSE): 1997, Bernried) Freimut, B.; (Briand, L.C.; The European Conference on Software In: Broy, M.; Rumpe, B.: El Emam, K.): Process Improvement 1998 Requirements Targeting Software and A Comparison and Integration of Monte Carlo: 1998 Systems Engineering. International Capture-Recapture Models and the Workshop RTSE’97. Proceedings Detection Profile Method: (Internation- Hamann, D.; (Birk, A.; Järvinen, J.; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998 al Symposium on Software Reliability Pfahl, D.): (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Engineering (ISSRE): 9, 1998, Pader- A Product-Process Dependency Defini- 1526) born) tion Method: (EUROMICRO Confer- ISBN 3-540-65309-0, pp. 203-222: Ill., In: IEEE Computer Society: ence: 24, 1998, Vaesteras) Lit. 9th International Symposium on EUROMICRO ’98. Proceedings of the Software Reliability Engineering 1998. 24th EUROMICRO Conference. Vol. 2 Kamsties, E.; (Rombach, H.D.): Proceedings Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer A Framework for Evaluating System Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society, 1998 and Software Requirements Specifica- Society Press, 1998 ISBN 0-8186-8646-4, pp. 898-904: Ill., tion Approaches: (International Work- ISBN 0-8186-8991-9, pp. 32-41: Ill., Lit. shop on Requirements Targeting Lit. Software and Systems Engineering (RTSE): 1997, Bernried)

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In: Broy, M.; Rumpe, B. ; TU München. Koschke, R.; (Girard, J.-F.; Rheindt, M.; (Ruhe, G.): Institut für Informatik: Würthner, M.): Systematische Qualitätsverbesserung RTSE ’97. Workshop on Requirements An Intermediate Representation for durch zielorientiertes Messen und Targeting Software and Systems Integrating Reverse Engineering Bewerten sowie explizite Wiederver- Engineering Analyses: (Working Conference on wendung von Software-Entwicklungs- München: 1998, pp. 281-296: Ill., Lit. Reverse Engineering (WCRE): 5, 1998, Know-how: (Statusseminar Soft- Honolulu) waretechnologie: 2, 1998, Bonn) Kellner, M.I.; (Becker-Kornstaedt, U.; In: IEEE Computer Society: In: Grote, U. ; Bundesministerium für Riddle, W.E.; Tomal, J.; Verlage, M.): 5th Working Conference on Reverse Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Process Guides. Effective Guidance for Engineering 1998 Technologie -BMBF-, Bonn; Deutsche Process Participants: (International Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raum- Conference on the Software Process Society Press, 1998 fahrt e.V. -DLR-, Projektträger Informa- (ICSP): 5, 1998, Lisle) ISBN 0-8186-8967-6, pp. 241-250: Ill., tionstechnik, Berlin: In: Balzer, R.; Osterweil, L.J.; Dewayne, Lit. Statusseminar des BMBF Software- E.P. ; International Software Process technologie Association -ISPA-: Laitenberger, O.; (Dreyer, H.M.): Berlin: DLR, Abt. Informationsverarb., 5th International Conference on the Evaluating the Usefulness and the Ease 1998, pp. 169-200: Ill., Lit. Software Process 1998 of Use of a Web-based Inspection Data Lisle: ISPA Press, 1998, pp. 11-25: Ill., Lit. Collection Tool: (International Software Ruhe, G.; (Hartkopf, S.; Leippert, F.): Metrics Symposium: 5, 1998, Bethesda) How to Make Sense of Empirical Kempkens, R.; (Rösch, P.; Webby, R.; In: IEEE Computer Society: Software Engineering Data. An Inte- Zettel, J.): 5th International Software Metrics grated Approach: (International Con- The Spearmint Software Process Symposium 1998. Proceedings ference on Software Engineering and Modeling Environment: (International Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Knowledge Engineering (SEKE): 10, Conference on Software Engineering Society, 1998 1998, San Francisco) (ICSE): 20, 1998, Kyoto) ISBN 0-8186-9201-4, pp. 122-132: Ill., SEKE ’98, the 10th International In: Science Council of Japan; Informa- Lit. Conference on Software Engineering tion Processing Society of Japan; Japan and Knowledge Engineering Society of Software Science and Laitenberger, O.: Skokie: Knowledge Systems Institute, Technology; Association for Computing Studying the Effects of Code Inspection 1998 Machinery -ACM-; IEEE Computer and Structural Testing on Software ISBN 0-9641699-9-1, pp. 209-218: Ill., Society: Quality: (International Symposium on Lit. 20th International Conference on Software Reliability Engineering Software Engineering 1998. Proceed- (ISSRE): 9, 1998, Paderborn) Ruhe, G.: ings. Vol. II In: IEEE Computer Society: Knowledge Management and Empirical Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer 9th International Symposium on Software Engineering: (International Society Press, 1998 Software Reliability Engineering 1998. Conference on Software Engineering ISBN 4-931474-00-4, pp. 54-57: Ill., Lit. Proceedings and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE): Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer 10, 1998, San Francisco) Knethen, A. von; (Bunse, C.; Society Press, 1998 SEKE ’98, the 10th International Kamsties, E.; Reussner, R.; Shen, B.): ISBN 0-8186-8991-9, pp. 237-246: Ill., Conference on Software Engineering A Comparative Case Study with Lit. and Knowledge Engineering Industrial Requirements Engineering Skokie: Knowledge Systems Institute, Methods: (International Conference on Pfahl, D.: 1998 Software Engineering and its Applica- Integration of System Dynamics Model- ISBN 0-9641699-9-1, pp. 298-300: Lit. tions: 11, 1998, Paris) ling with Descriptive Process Modelling In: European Software Institute -ESI-: and Goal-Oriented Measurement: 11th International Conference on (Software Process Simulation Modeling Software Engineering and Its Applica- Workshop: 1998, Silver Falls) tions 1998. Software and Systems ProSim Workshop’98. Software Process Engineering. Proceedings. Vol. 3: Simulation Modeling Preprints, Paris: 1998 Silver Falls: 1998, pp. 1-13: Ill., Lit.

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Tautz, C.; (Feldmann, R.L.): Verlage, M.; (Kiesgen, T.): In: Kusters, R.J.; Cowderoy, A.; Heem- Improving Best Practices Through From Process Design to Process Imple- stra, F.J.; Trienekens, J.J. M.: Explicit Documentation of Experience mentation: (International Conference Project Control for 2000 and Beyond. About Software Engineering Technolo- on the Software Process (ICSP): 5, Proceedings of ESCOM - ENCRESS 98 gies: (International Conference on 1998, Lisle) Maastricht: Shaker, 1998 Software Process Improvement Re- In: Balzer, R.; Osterweil, L.J.; Dewayne, ISBN 90-423-0038-8, pp. 4-14: Ill., Lit. search, Education and Training: 3, E.P. ; International Software Process 1998, London) Association -ISPA-: Wieczorek, I.; (El Emam, K.;): In: Hawkins, C.; Ross, M.; Staples, G.; 5th International Conference on the The Repeatability of Code Defect Thompson, J.B. ; British Computer Software Process 1998 Classifications: (International Symposi- Society, Quality Special Interest Group: Lisle: ISPA Press, 1998, pp. 55-66: Ill., um on Software Reliability Engineering INSPIRE III. Process Improvement Lit. (ISSRE): 9, 1998, Paderborn) through Training and Education In: IEEE Computer Society: London: British Computer Society, Webby, R.; (Rösch, P.; Verlage, M.): 9th International Symposium on 1998 SPEARMINT - A Prototype Tool for Software Reliability Engineering 1998. ISBN 1-902505-03-4, pp. 43-57: Ill., Lit. Visualising Complex Software Process- Proceedings es: (World Conference on Integrated Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Verlage, M.: Design and Process Technology: Society Press, 1998 An Approach for Capturing Large 3, 1998, Berlin) ISBN 0-8186-8991-9, pp. 322-333: Ill., Software Development Processes by In: Tanik, M.M.; Tanaka, J.; Itoh, K.; Lit. Integration of Views Modeled Inde- Gödicke, M.; Rossak, W.; Ehrig, H.; pendently: (International Conference Kurfess, F.: Wüst, J.; (Briand, L.C.; Daly, J.; on Software Engineering and Knowl- Integrated Design and Process Technol- Porter, V.): edge Engineering (SEKE): 10, 1998, ogy. IDPT. Vol. 4 A Comprehensive Empirical Validation San Francisco) Austin: Society for Design and Process of Design Measures for Object-Orient- SEKE ’98, the 10th International Science, 1998, pp. 297-304: Ill., Lit. ed Systems: (International Software Conference on Software Engineering Metrics Symposium: 5, 1998, Bethes- and Knowledge Engineering Widen, T.; (Hook, J.): da) Skokie: Knowledge Systems Institute, Software Design Automation. Lan- In: IEEE Computer Society: 1998 guage Design in the Context of Do- 5th International Software Metrics ISBN 0-9641699-9-1, pp. 227-235: Ill., main Engineering: (International Symposium 1998. Proceedings Lit. Conference on Software Engineering Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE): Society, 1998 Verlage, M.: 10, 1998, San Francisco) ISBN 0-8186-9201-4, pp. 246-257: Ill., Towards Software Process Modules: SEKE ’98, the 10th International Lit. (International Software Process Work- Conference on Software Engineering shop (ISPW): 10, 1997, Dijon) and Knowledge Engineering Wüst, J.; (Briand, L.C.; Daly, J.; Porter, In: International Software Process Skokie: Knowledge Systems Institute, V.): Association -ISPA-: 1998 Predicting Fault-Prone Classes with 10th International Software Process ISBN 0-9641699-9-1, pp. 308-317: Design Measures in Object-Oriented Workshop 1996. Proceedings Ill., Lit. Journals Systems: (International Symposium on Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Software Reliability Engineering Society, 1998 Wieczorek, I.; (Briand, L.C.; (ISSRE): 9, 1998, Paderborn) ISBN 0-8186-7725-2, pp. 112-114: Ill., El Emam, K.): In: IEEE Computer Society: Lit. A Case Study in Productivity Bench- 9th International Symposium on marking. Methods and Lessons Software Reliability Engineering 1998. Learned: (European Software Control Proceedings and Metrics Conference (ESCOM): 9, Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer 1998, Rome; European Network of Society Press, 1998 Clubs for Reliability and Safety of ISBN 0-8186-8991-9, pp. 334-343: Ill., Software (ENCRESS): 5, 1998, Rome) Lit.

76 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Scientific Publications

Birk, A.; Derks, P.; Hamann, D.; Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; IESE Reports Hirvensalo, J.; Oivo, M.; Rodenbach, E.; Freimut, B.: Solingen, R.v.; Taramaa, J.: A Comparison and Integration of Names of Fraunhofer IESE and FC-MC members appear Applications of Measurement in Capture-Recapture Models and the in bold. Product-Focused Process Improvement. Detection Profile Method Althoff, K.-D.; Bomarius, F.; A Comparative Industrial Case Study IESE-Report 025.98/E, 15 pp., Ill., Lit. Müller, W.: IESE-Report 039.98/E, VII, 25 pp., Ill., Lit. Building and Running Learning Soft- Briand, L.C.; Daly, J.; Porter, V.; ware Organizations. The Role of Birk, A.; Solingen, R.v.; Järvinen, J.: Wüst, J.: Knowledge-Based Systems Business Impact, Benefit, and Cost of A Comprehensive Empirical Validation IESE-Report 056.98/E, 6 pp., Lit. Applying GQM in Industry. An In- of Product Measures for Object- Depht, Long-Term Investigation at Oriented Systems Althoff, K.-D.; Nick, M.; Tautz C.: Schlumberger RPS IESE-Report 021.98/E, 35 pp., Ill., Lit. CBR-PEB. An Application Implementing IESE-Report 040.98/E, VI, 25 pp., Ill., Lit. Reuse Concepts of the Experience Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; Freimut, Factory for the Transfer of CBR System Birk, A.; Hamann, D.; Pfahl, D.: B.; Laitenberger, O.: Know-How Goal-Driven Planning of Maintenance A Comprehensive Evaluation of Cap- IESE-Report 058.98/E, VIII, 16 pp., Ill., Lit. Processes ture-Recapture Models for Estimating IESE-Report 011.98/E, VIII, 15 pp., Ill., Lit. Software Defect Content Althoff, K.-D.; Nick, M.; Tautz C.: IESE-Report 068.98/E, 60 pp., Ill., Lit. Concepts for Reuse in the Experience Birk, A.; Tautz C.: Factory and Their Implementation for Knowledge Management of Software Briand, L.C.; Lounis, H.; CBR-System Development Engineering Lessons Learned Ikonomovski, S.; Wüst, J.: IESE-Report 031.98/E, VIII, 20 pp., Ill., Lit. IESE-Report 002.98/E, VIII, 34 pp., Ill., Lit. A Comprehensive Investigation of Quality Factors in Object-Oriented Althoff, K.-D.; Bomarius, F.; Tautz C.: Birk, A.; Kempkens, R.; Rombach, Designs. An Industrial Case Study Using Case-Based Reasoning Technolo- H.D.; Ruhe, G.: IESE-Report 047.98/E, VIII, 49 pp., Ill., Lit. gy to Build Learning Software Organi- Systematic Improvement of Software zations Engineering Processes Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; IESE-Report 037.98/E, VII, 34 pp., Ill., Lit. IESE-Report 008.98/E, VIII, 19 pp., Ill., Lit. Wieczorek, I.: Explaining the Cost of European Space Basili, V.R.; Briand, L.C.; Morasca, S.: Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; Maxwell, and Military Projects Defining and Validating Measures for K.; Surmann, D.; Wieczorek, I.: IESE-Report 030.98/E, 15 pp., Ill., Lit. Object-Based High-Level Design An Assessment and Comparison of IESE-Report 018.98/E, 42 pp., Ill., Lit. Common Software Cost Estimation Briand, L.C.; Freimut, B.; Klein, B.; Modeling Techniques Laitenberger, O.; Ruhe, G.: Becker-Kornstaedt, U.; Hamann, D.; IESE-Report 045.98/E, VII, 26 pp., Ill., Lit. Quality Assurance Technologies for the Kempkens, R.; Rösch, P.; EURO Conversion. Industrial Experience Verlage, M.; Webby, R.; Zettel, J.: Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; at Allianz Life Assurance The SPEARMINT Approach to Software Wieczorek, I.: IESE-Report 050.98/E, VIII, 42 pp., Ill., Process Definition and Process Guid- A Case Study in Productivity Bench- Lit. ance marking. Methods and Lessons IESE-Report 035.98/E, VIII, 18 pp., Ill., Learned Briand, L.C.; Devanbu, P.; Melo, W.L.: Lit. IESE-Report 022.98/E, 12 pp., Ill., Lit. Quality Modeling based on Coupling Measures in a Commercial Object- Birk, A.; Surmann, D.; Althoff, K.-D.: Briand, L.C.; Carriere, J.; Kazman, R.; Oriented System Applications of Knowledge Acquisition Wüst, J.: IESE-Report 001.98/E, 28 pp., Ill., Lit. in Experimental Software Engineering COMPARE. A Comprehensive Frame- IESE-Report 059.98/E, VIII, 20 pp., Ill., work for Architecture Evaluation Lit. IESE-Report 046.98/E, V, 14 pp., Ill., Lit.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 77 Scientific Publications

Dreyer, H.M.; Laitenberger, O.: El Emam, K.; Goldenson, D.R.; Laitenberger, O.; Atkinson, C.: Automated Software Engineering Data McCurley, J.; Herbsleb, J.: Generalizing Perspective-based Inspec- Collection Activities via the World Success or Failure? Modeling the tion to handle Object-Oriented Devel- Wide Web. A Tool Development Likelihood of Software Process Im- opment Artifacts Strategy applied in the Area of Soft- provement IESE-Report 057.98/E, VIII, 26 pp., Ill., ware Inspection IESE-Report 029.98/E, 14 pp., Ill., Lit. Lit. IESE-Report 026.98/E, 13 pp., Ill., Lit. Feldmann, R.L.; Tautz C.: Laitenberger, O.: Dreyer, H.M.; Laitenberger, O.: Improving Best Practices Through Studying the Effects of Code Inspection Evaluating the Usefulness and the Ease Explicit Documentation of Experience and Structural Testing on Software of Use of a Web-based Inspection Data About Software Engineering Technolo- Quality Collection Tool gies IESE-Report 024.98/E, 10 pp., Ill., Lit. IESE-Report 027.98/E, 13 pp., Ill., Lit. IESE-Report 053.98/E, VIII, 18 pp., Ill., Lit. Nick, M.; Tautz C.: El Emam, K.: Gresse von Wangenheim, C.; Practical Evaluation of an Organization- Benchmarking Kappa for Software Althoff, K.-D.; Barcia, R.M.; Tautz C.: al Memory using the Goal-Question- Process Assessment Reliability Studies Evaluation of Technologies for Packag- Metric Technique IESE-Report 016.98/E, 14 pp., Ill., Lit. ing and Reusing Software Engineering IESE-Report 063.98/E, VIII, 24 pp., Ill., Experiences Lit. El Emam, K.; Simon, J.-M.; Rousseau, IESE-Report 055.98/E, VIII, 14 pp., Ill., Lit. S.; Jacquet, E.: Pfahl, D.; Lebsanft, K.; Vollei, F.: Cost Implications of Interrater Agree- Hamann, D.; Järvinen, J.; Oivo, M.; Integration of System Dynamics Model- ment for Software Process Assessments Pfahl, D.: ling with Descriptive Process Modelling IESE-Report 028.98/E, 15 pp., Ill., Lit. Experience with explicit modelling of and Goal-Oriented Measurement relationships between process and IESE-Report 032.98/E, VII, 32 pp., Ill., El Emam, K.; Madhavji, N.H.; product quality Lit. Shostak, B.: IESE-Report 052.98/E, VII, 23 pp., Ill., Lit. Implementing Concepts from the Tautz C.; Gresse von Wangenheim, C.: Personal Software Process in an Indus- Hamann, D.; Järvinen, J.; Birk, A.; REFSENO. A Representation Formalism trial Setting Pfahl, D.: for Software Engineering Ontologies IESE-Report 019.98/E, 15 pp., Ill., Lit. A Product-Process Dependency IESE-Report 015.98/E, VIII, 146 pp., Ill., Definition Method Lit. El Emam, K.: IESE-Report 049.98/E, VII, 15 pp., Ill., Lit. The Internal Consistency of the ISO/IEC Tautz C.; Gresse von Wangenheim, C.: PDTR 15504 Software Process Capabili- Hartkopf, S.; Leippert, F.; Ruhe, G.: A Representation Formalism for Sup- ty Scale How to Make Sense of Empirical porting Reuse of Software Engineering IESE-Report 020.98/E, 13 pp., Ill., Lit. Software Engineering Data. An Inte- Knowledge grated Approach IESE-Report 051.98/E, VIII, 18 pp., Ill., El Emam, K.; Wieczorek, I.: IESE-Report 013.98/E, VII, 24 pp., Ill., Lit. Lit. Uni The Repeatability of Code Defect Classifications Kellner, M.I.; Becker-Kornstaedt, U.; IESE-Report 023.98/E, 21 pp., Ill., Lit. Riddle, W.E.; Tomal, J.; Verlage, M.: Process Guides. Effective Guidance for El Emam, K.; Goldenson, D.R.: Process Participants SPICE: An Empiricist’s Perspective IESE-Report 012.98/E, VIII, 40 pp., Ill., Lit. IESE-Report 017.98/E, 19 pp., Ill., Lit. Laitenberger, O.; DeBaud, J.-M.: An Encompassing Life-Cycle Centric Survey of Software Inspection IESE-Report 065.98/E, VIII, 56 pp., Ill., Lit.

78 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Scientific Publications

Briand, L.C.; Carriere, J.; Kazman, R.; Premkumar, M.; Walcelio, L.: ISERN Reports Wüst, J.: Quality Modeling based on Coupling COMPARE. A Comprehensive Frame- Measures in a Commercial Object- Names of Fraunhofer IESE and FC-MC members appear work for Architecture Evaluation Oriented System in bold. Kaiserslautern 1998 Kaiserslautern 1998 Basili, V.R.; Briand, L.C.; Morasca, S.: ISERN Technical Report; 98-28 ISERN Technical Report; 98-01 Defining and Validating Measures for 8 pp., Ill., Lit. 24 pp., Ill., Lit. Object-Based High-Level Design Kaiserslautern 1998 Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; Dreyer, H.M.; Laitenberger, O.: ISERN Technical Report; 98-04 Freimut, B.: Automated Software Engineering Data 42 pp., Ill., Lit. A Comparison and Integration of Collection Activities via the World Capture-Recapture Models and the Wide Web. A Tool Development Birk, A.; Derks, P.; Hamann, D.; Detection Profile Method Strategy applied in the Area of Soft- Hirvensalo, J.; Oivo, M.; Rodenbach, E.; Kaiserslautern 1998 ware Inspection Solingen, R.v.; Taramaa, J.: ISERN Technical Report; 98-11 Kaiserslautern 1998 Applications of Measurement in 15 pp., Ill., Lit. ISERN Technical Report; 98-12 Product-Focused Process Improvement. 13 pp., Ill., Lit. A Comparative Industrial Case Study Briand, L.C.; Daly, J.; Porter, V.; Kaiserslautern 1998 Wüst, J.: Dreyer, H.M.; Laitenberger, O.: ISERN Technical Report; 98-25 A Comprehensive Empirical Validation Evaluating the Usefulness and the Ease VII, 25 pp., Ill., Lit. of Product Measures for Object- of Use of a Web-based Inspection Data Oriented Systems Collection Tool Birk, A.; Solingen, R.v.; Järvinen, J.: Kaiserslautern 1998 Kaiserslautern 1998 Business Impact, Benefit, and Cost of ISERN Technical Report; 98-07 ISERN Technical Report; 98-13 Applying GQM in Industry. An In- 39 pp., Ill., Lit. 13 pp., Ill., Lit. Depht, Long-Term Investigation at Schlumberger RPS Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; El Emam, K.: Kaiserslautern 1998 Freimut, B.; Laitenberger, O.: Benchmarking Kappa for Software ISERN Technical Report; 98-26 A Comprehensive Evaluation of Cap- Process Assessment Reliability Studies VI, 26 pp., Ill., Lit. ture-Recapture Models for Estimating Kaiserslautern 1998 Software Defect Content ISERN Technical Report; 98-02 Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; Surmann, Kaiserslautern 1998 14 pp., Ill., Lit. D.; Maxwell, K.; Wieczorek, I.: ISERN Technical Report; 98-31 An Assessment and Comparison of VIII, 34 pp., Ill., Lit. El Emam, K.; Simon, J.-M.; Common Software Cost Estimation Rousseau, S.; Jacquet, E.: Modeling Techniques Briand, L.C.; Lounis, H.; Cost Implications of Interrater Agree- Kaiserslautern 1998 Ikonomovski, S.; Wüst, J.: ment for Software Process Assessments ISERN Technical Report; 98-27 A Comprehensive Investigation of Kaiserslautern 1998 14 pp., Ill., Lit. Quality Factors in Object-Oriented ISERN Technical Report; 98-14 Designs. An Industrial Case Study 15 pp., Ill., Lit. Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; Kaiserslautern 1998 Wieczorek, I.: ISERN Technical Report; 98-29, El Emam, K.; Madhavji, N.H.; A Case Study in Productivity Bench- 29 pp., Ill., Lit. Shostak, B.: marking. Methods and Lessons Implementing Concepts from the Learned Briand, L.C.; El Emam, K.; Personal Software Process in an Indus- Kaiserslautern 1998 Wieczorek, I.: trial Setting ISERN Technical Report; 98-08 Explaining Cost for European Space Kaiserslautern 1998 12 pp., Ill., Lit. and Military Projects ISERN Technical Report; 98-05 Kaiserslautern 1998 15 pp., Ill., Lit. ISERN Technical Report; 98-19 11 pp., Ill., Lit. El Emam, K.:

Briand, L.C.; Devanbu, P.;

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 79 Scientific Publications

Doctoral Theses Diploma Theses

The Internal Consistency of the ISO/IEC Hübsch, V.: Brockhage, K.: PDTR 15504 Software Process Capabili- Transaktionsbasierter globaler gemein- Suche nach einem Verfolgbarkeits- ty Scale samer Speicher - Ein Modell zur ansatz zur Verbesserung von Änder- Kaiserslautern 1998 verteilten fehlertoleranten Program- barkeit ISERN Technical Report; 98-06 mierung Department of Computer Science, 13 pp., Ill., Lit. Aachen : Shaker, 1998 University of Kaiserslautern, (Berichte aus der Informatik) Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., El Emam, K.; Wieczorek, I.: Zugl.: University of Kaiserslautern, Differding, C., Knethen, A. von The Repeatability of Code Defect Diss., 1997. - ISBN 3-8265-3542-1, XII, Kaiserslautern April 1998, 116 pp., Ill., Classifications 153 pp., Ill., Lit. Lit. Kaiserslautern 1998 ISERN Technical Report; 98-09 Verlage, M.: Dreyer, H.M.: 21 pp., Ill., Lit. Ein Ansatz zur Modellierung großer Development and Evaluation of a Software-Entwicklungsprozesse durch Web-based Inspection Process Support El Emam, K.; Goldenson, D.R.: Integration unabhängig erfaßter Tool (WIPS) SPICE: An Empiricist’s Perspective rollenspezifischer Sichten Department of Computer Science, Kaiserslautern 1998 Aachen : Shaker, 1998 University of Kaiserslautern, ISERN Technical Report; 98-03 (Berichte aus der Informatik) Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., 15 pp., Ill., Lit. Zugl.: University of Kaiserslautern, Laitenberger, O. Diss., 1997. - ISBN 3-8265-3273-2, XII, Kaiserslautern April 1998, 85 pp., Ill., Lit. El Emam, K.; Goldenson, D.R.; 211 pp., Ill., Lit. McCurley, J.; Herbsleb, J.: Ehresmann, M.: Success or Failure? Modeling the Cleanroom Software Engineering for Likelihood of Software Process Im- Real-Time Systems. A Combination of provement the Box Structure Method and State- Kaiserslautern 1998 charts ISERN Technical Report; 98-15 Department of Computer Science, 14 pp., Ill., Lit. University of Kaiserslautern, Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., Laitenberger, O.; DeBaud, J.-M.: Bunse, C., Kamsties, E. An Encompassing Life-Cycle Centric Kaiserslautern 1998, 155 pp., Ill., Lit. Survey of Software Inspection Kaiserslautern 1998 Graudejus, H.: ISERN Technical Report; 98-32 Implementing a Concept Analysis Tool 42 pp., Ill., Lit. for Identifying Abstract Data Types in C code Laitenberger, O.: Department of Computer Science, Studying the Effects of Code Inspection University of Kaiserslautern, and Structural Testing on Software Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., Quality Girard, J.-F. Kaiserslautern 1998 Kaiserslautern February 1998, 60 pp., ISERN Technical Report; 98-10 Ill., Lit. 10 pp., Ill., Lit.

80 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Awards

Master Theses External

Hoffmann, O.: Broome, M.: Martin Würthner: Reintegration von Entwurfsdokumen- Requirements and Implementation Preis der Freunde der Universität ten zur Unterstützung des Roundtrip Approaches for an Experience Base Stuttgart für besondere wissenschaftli- Engineering in der SPEARMINT-Umge- University of Lund che Leistungen; awarded by the bung Supervisors: Runeson, P., Tautz, C., Vereinigung der Freunde der Univer- Department of Computer Science, Surmann, D., Degen-Hientz, H. sität Stuttgart on the occasion of its University of Kaiserslautern, (Lund Institute of Technology, Depart- 75th year of existence jubilee celebra- Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., Rösch, P. ment of Communication Systems; tion, Stuttgart, Germany, October, Kaiserslautern February 1998, 96 pp., Fraunhofer Einrichtung für Experimen- 1998 Ill., Lit. telles Software Engineering -IESE-, Kaiserslautern) Kröschel, F.: Lund, 1998, 104 pp., Ill., Lit. A System for Knowledge Management Internal of Best Software Engineering Practice Department of Computer Science, Andreas Birk University of Kaiserslautern, The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., Birk, A., Project Excellence Althoff, K.-D. Kaiserslautern 1998, 98 pp., Ill., Lit. Ralf Kempkens The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for Nick, M.: Project Excellence Implementation and Evaluation of an Experience Base: Concepts for the Betram Recktenwald Evaluation of an Experience Factory. The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for Evaluation with the GQM Approach. Infrastructure Excellence Implementation Department of Computer Science, Stephan Thiel University of Kaiserslautern, The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., Infrastructure Excellence Althoff, K.-D., Tautz, C. Kaiserslautern February 1998, 148 pp., Carsten Tautz Ill., Lit. The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for Research Excellence Stumpe, J.: Generation of Hypertext User Docu- Isabella Wieczorek mentation from Usage Models The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for Department of Computer Science, Research Excellence University of Kaiserslautern, Supervisors: Rombach, H.D., Kerstin Brockhage DeBaud, J.-M., Jungmayr, S. The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for Kaiserslautern 1998, 133 pp., Ill., Lit. Thesis Excellence

Markus Nick Wolf, T.: The Fraunhofer IESE 1998 Award for State of the Art in Software Engineer- Thesis Excellence ing Environments (SEEs) Fachhochschule Kaiserslautern, Supervisors: Rösch, P., Huber, M. Kaiserslautern 1998, 88 pp., Ill., Lit.

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 81 Events, Facts and Photos 1998

April 1-3 June 16 Chronicle (highlights) SQM '98, Cologne Visit by a delegation of the Christian Democratic Party of Rhineland Palati- January 22 nate (CDU).

Keynote speaker Prof. Dieter Rombach giving a talk on “Software Process Presentation by Alfs Berztiss, Title: Improvement - A "Design Reuse For Families of Software Strategic Necessity for Systems" all Branches” From left to right: Hans-Josef Bracht, Marlies June 4 Kohnle-Gros, Bernhard J. Deubig, Dr. Georg February 25 Gölter, Prof. Dr. Rombach, Dr. Josef Rosenbauer, Visit by a delegation from the State of Opening of the Fraunhofer Center for Christoph Böhr Maryland. Experimental Software Engineering, June 6 Maryland Success at the Fraunhofer Soccer Tournament in Braunschweig: March 23 4th place for the team from Fraunhofer Visit by a delegation of Social Demo- IESE. cratic Party (SPD) members of the Rhineland-Palatinate state parliament.

From left to right: Anders Gustavsson (Q-Labs), Charles Talley (OAO Corp.), Vic Basili, Sonnhild Namingha, Dieter Rombach, James L. Hughes, Helga Weschke, Antonia Monster

Top row from left to right: Volker Hübsch, Dirk Hamann, Peter Rösch, Erik Dick, Sarah Bügler, From left to right: Prof. Dieter Rombach, Ruth Frank Huber, Martin Würthner; bottom row: Leppla, Dr. Martin Walter Ruf, Hildegard Rogel, Johannes Krüger, Dirk Muthig, Drazen Cindric, Walter Freitag, Harald Brandstädter Stephan Thiel, Marcel Dörr

March 19-25 July 9-10 Presentation of services and highlights Evaluation of the Fraunhofer IESE. on the CeBit '98 in Hannover, Germany. James L. Hughes, Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development, presents a certificate to Prof. Dieter Rombach

Dr. Peter Knauber talking to a visitor After two days of presentations and discussions: Reviewers and leading members of the Fraunhof- er IESE meet for a commemorative photograph in front of the IESE main building. From left to right: Dr. Lionel Briand, Dr. Frank Bomarius, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Nehmer, Mike Dyer, Prof. Dr. Victor Basili, Prof. Dr. Dieter Rombach, Dr. David Weiss, Klaus-Steffen Isensee, Prof. Dr. Ernst Denert, Dr. Ulrich Buller, Prof. Dr. Peter Freeman, Prof. Dr. Werner Mellis, Dr. Jean-Marc DeBaud, Dr. 82 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Günther Ruhe Events, Facts, and Photos

September 15 November 11 Visit by the speaker for research- Visit by Fact-Finding Delegation from related politics of the Social Democrat- the Vietnamese Department of Re- ic Party group in the German Parlia- search and Environment MOSTE. ment, Edelgard Bulmahn (since Octo- ber 1998 Federal Minister of Education and Research), and the SPD Member of Federal Parliament from Kaiserslautern, Dr. Hansjörg Schäfer Prof. Dr. Per Runeson (University of Lund, Consultant at Quality Laboratories Sweden AB), giving a lecture on “Systematic Testing - how does it work, what is the appropriate method for your company?”

December 11 From left to right: Dr. Ingmar Schmidt (DLR), Full house! Members of Fraunhofer Nguyen Trung Quynh, Do Van Giap, Hoang Kim IESE collected a Christmas donation for Sang, Dr. N. Dinh Ngoc, Prof. Dr. Dieter Rom- the Malteser Hilfswerk Kaiserslautern bach, Dr. Frank Bomarius November 11 Presentation of a Study on the Demand From left to right: Edelgard Bulmahn, Dr. for Software Qualifications, conducted Hansjörg Schäfer, Prof. Dr. Dieter Rombach by the Fraunhofer IESE on behalf of the Kaiserslautern Economic Development October 9 Agency (WFK). Presentations by Professor Henderon- December 14 Sellers, Swinburne University of Tech- Presentation by Terry Rout, Griffith nology, Melbourne, Australia on University, Australia, on "A Strategy for “OPEN object-oriented methodology” National Software Process Improvement and “Introducing an OO Metrics in Australia" Programme to an Organization Transi- tioning to OO”

November 2-6 From left to right: Barbara Jörg (WFK), Mayor Seminar “Software Cost and Quality Gerhard Piontek, Prof. Dieter Rombach Measurement in Practice”. External presenters: Horst Degen-Hientz, (Q- November 18-19 Labs, Germany), David Card (Software STI Annual Meeting. External Present- Productivity Consortium, USA), Risto ers: Prof. Dr. Per Runeson, Dr. Dirk Nevalainen (Software Technology Meyerhoff, Dirk Stelzer, Werner Schirp, Transfer Finland, Finland) Lothar Cochems

November 9 Presentation by Chris Lott, Bellcore, USA, on "Automated Test Generation"

Oliver Laitenberger (Fraunhofer IESE) giving a lecture on “Inspections - an Efficient Method for Reduction of Faults in Code and Documents”

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 83 Media Coverage

84 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Media Coverage

- Die Rheinpfalz, - Stuttgarter Zeitung, 02-27-1998 Media Coverage of the Fraunhofer IESE 01-27-1998 - SuperHighway News, 03-13-1998 Reports and articles about the Fraun- 02-27-1998 - Der Tagesspiegel, 02-26-1998 hofer IESE have been published in the 02-27-1998 - Thüringer Allgemeine/ following media: 02-26-1998 Gothaer Allgemeine, 02-26-1998 02-26-1998 - Trierischer Volksfreund Trierer - Berliner Morgenpost, 02-27-1998 03-04-1998 Stadt-Zeitung, - Computerzeitung, 03-12-1998 03-05-1998 02-26-1998 - ddp/ADN, 02-25-1998 03-13-1998 04-18-1998 - Deutschland Germany, 06-03-1998 03-13-1998 - Uni-Spectrum Kaiserslautern, - dpa lrs, 03-14-1998 No. 2/1998 02-25-1998 03-14-1998 - VDI-Nachrichten, 04-17-1998 02-25-1998 07-29-1998 - Westricher Rundschau, 12-30-1998 08-26-1998 09-16-1998 - Wirtschaftsinfo Kaiserslautern, 09-04-1998 10-27-1998 Juli 1998 09-15-1998 11-09-1998 - Wirtschaftsmagazin Pfalz, - Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11-18-1998 No. 3/1998 02-23-1998 11-18-1998 03-07-1998 11-19-1998 - Generalanzeiger, 08-27-1998 11-27-1998 - IHK Journal, No. 5/1997 12-22-1998 - Industrie Anzeiger, 06-02-1997 - Die Kitzinger, 02-26-1998 - Kölnische Rundschau, 02-28-1998 - Mainzer Rhein-Zeitung, 03-12-1998 - Mannheimer Morgen, 02-26-1998 - MM-Maschinenmarkt, 05-25-1998 - Nordsee-Zeitung, 02-26-1998 - Nordwest-Zeitung, 03-07-1998 - Outlook, 03-03-1998 - Pirmasenser Zeitung, 02-27-1998 12-04-1998 12-10-1998

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 85 Media Coverage

86 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Media Coverage

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 87 The Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft

The Research Organization The Research Fields of the Advantages of Contract Research Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft with the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is the leading organization of applied re- Eight fields form the core of Fraunhof- • More than 2,600 experts are availa- search in Germany. It operates 47 er research: ble for the development of com- research institutes in Germany with plete systems. about 9,000 employees, about half of • Materials and Components them scientists and engineers. The • Production Technology • All developments are based on Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is expanding • Information and Communication profitability considerations. into a worldwide Organization, espe- • Microelectronics and Microsystems cially in the USA and Asia. Home of the • Sensor Systems, Testing Technolo- • The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft collabo- Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is Munich. gies rates with various renowned compa- • Process Engineering nies whose research contracts have One of the goals of the Fraunhofer • Energy, Environment, Health resulted in successful products. company policy is rapid transfer of • Technical and Economic Studies innovations. • Modern laboratory equipment and Apart from research services, certified scientific aids such as project Total expenditure for 1996 reached a test beds and other facilities can also management and internationally level of approximately 1.3 billion DM; be provided. linked communications systems more than two-thirds of this amount is enhance the quality of the research earned through contracts from industry work. and the public sector (>50% of the industrial earnings come from small- • Detailed project reports, instructions and medium-sized enterprises). Inter- for use, staff training, and complete national activities are increasingly introduction strategies for new important. Apart from the collabora- technologies round off the contract tion with numerous companies and research services. research establishments within Europe, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft operates • Reliability, continuity and service of resource centers and research units in a large organization are available to the United States. The Fraunhofer- all companies. Management-Gesellschaft mbH (FhM) was founded as a subsidiary company in 1990.

The name Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was chosen in reference to the researcher, inventor, and entrepreneur Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787 - 1826), who won high acclaim for his scientific and commercial achievements.

88 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 The Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft

Collaboration with the Fraunhofer- Executive Board Gesellschaft (as of December 31, 1998)

Contract research with the Fraunhofer- Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. hc. mult. Hans-Jürgen Gesellschaft has advantages for all Warnecke (President) companies. Orders come from all Dr. jur. Dirk-Meints Polter (Personnel branches of industry and companies of and Legal) all sizes. The institutes’ facilities are Dr. rer. pol. Hans-Ulrich Wiese (Finance) particularly recommended for small businesses who can take advantage of Fraunhofer research when their own Address capacities are not sufficient to make the technical innovations necessary to Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft stay competitive. We would be glad to Postbox 19 03 39 provide further information on subsidy D-80603 Munich programs for small businesses. Leonrodstraße 54 D-80636 Munich, Germany Tel +49 (0) 89 1205 01 Fax +49 (0) 89 1205 317 email: [email protected] www: http://www.fhg.de

Fraunhofer Locations

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 89 Fraunhofer VIESE Locations

Fraunhofer Institute for Satellite Office at PRE Park Satellite Office at the University of Experimental Software Engineering Competence Center for Software Kaiserslautern Sauerwiesen 6 Technology and Continuing Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse, Geb. 57 D-67661 Kaiserslautern Education D-67663 Kaiserslautern Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 100 Luxemburger Str. 1+3 Tel: +49 (0) 631 205 3329 Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 D-67657 Kaiserslautern Fax: +49 (0) 631 205 3330 E-Mail: [email protected] Tel: +49 (0) 631 41690 13 email: [email protected] Fax: +49 (0) 631 41690 41 Contact: Kristina Jerkku Our web server offers up-to-date email: [email protected] information about the institute. We Contact: Dr. Klaus Hörmann invite you to visit our web site at: http://www.iese.fhg.de

How to reach us: How to reach us: How to reach us: by car by car by car coming from the west (Saarbrücken) or the east Highway (Autobahn) A6, exit Kaiserslautern-Ost Highway (Autobahn) A6, exit Kaiserslautern- (Mannheim) on highway (Autobahn) A6. Take Follow signs to Kaiserslautern “Stadtmitte” on West: the exit ”Kaiserslautern-West” and follow the highway B40 (=Mainzer Straße). After crossing Follow signs to Pirmasens on highway B270; signs that read “Lauterecken”. About 500 m under the Autobahn, turn left in the direction of after approx. 1 km (1/2 mile) turn right onto after exiting the highway, turn left to “Siegel- PRE-Park Pariser Straße, following signs “Universität” and bach”. Follow the road leading through a forest. Total driving time from A6 exit: approx. 2 “Stadtmitte”; after approx. 1.5 km (1 mile) you Right after entering “Siegelbach”, you turn right minutes will see a white sign “Universität” on your right. at the first junction into the street “Sauer- Do not take this right turn, but rather continue wiesen”. After about 100 m you find IESE on by train for another 50 m, then turn right at traffic light your right-hand side. Take bus no. 2, 5, or 7 from Kaiserslautern and follow the second sign to “Universität”. The railway station to Schillerplatz stop, change into Contact Office is located in Building 57 on the by train bus no. 4, exit at PRE-Park stop. Attention: Not fourth floor. from Kaiserslautern railway station either by taxi every bus stops at PRE-Park! Total driving time from A6 exit: approx. 10 (ca. 8 km) or by bus (line RSW 6510, departing Total time: approx. 30 minutes minutes from bus stop A/2 at railway station, destination: Siegelbach) to Siegelbach; the stop “Siegelbach by car Sand” is about 100 m from the institute Highway (Autobahn) A6, exit Kaiserslautern-Ost: Follow signs for “Stadtmitte” on Mainzer Straße; by airplane then follow signs “Universität” (Bldg. 57, 4th Airport Frankfurt/Main, either by train (about 2 floor). hours) or by car (about 1.5 hours) Total driving time from A6 exit: approx. 15 minutes

by train Take bus no. 5 from Kaiserslautern railway station, destination “Uni-Wohngebiet”; exit at Uni-Ost stop; walk back approx. 300 m in the opposite direction, follow signs to Bldg. 57. The Contact Office is located on the fourth floor.

to Saarbrücken Downtown Central Train Station

Sports Facilities Buchenloch to Mannheim

Bldg. 57 to Kaiserslautern IESE Contact Office to A6, K'lautern-West UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

90 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Fraunhofer IESE Contact

Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) 3115 Ag/Life Sciences Surge Building #296 Paint Branch Drive University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA Tel: +1 301 405 6541 Fax: +1 301 405 6638 email: [email protected] Website: http://fc-md.umd.edu

How to reach us: by car by train National Airport Directions from Points North From Metro station (College Park- Univ. of (about 90 minutes by car) Follow I-95 South to the point where it merges Maryland) 15 minute walk or taxi or by bus 83 Exit the airport towards I-395 North headed for with I-495. At this point, follow the signs for Washington D.C.. Continue on I-395 North to Richmond (I-95/495 South). Take Baltimore by plane New York Avenue. Turn right onto New York Avenue (Route 1) exit 25 towards College Park. B.W.I. Airport (about >45 minutes by car) Avenue (US Rt-50-East) to MD Rt. 295/Baltimore- Make a right onto 193 West. Exit the Airport to Route 295 South, take exit for Washington Parkway for approximately 6 miles. For directions from this point on, see bottom of Greenbelt Road, Maryland Route 193. At the Stay on BWI Parkway to the exit for Maryland page! stop sign, make a left onto South Way. Take Route 193. This is Greenbelt Road, take Route Greenbelt Road Route 193 East. Continue onto 193 East. Continue onto University Blvd. Directions from Points South University Blvd. For directions from this point on, see bottom of Follow I-95 North to the point where it merges For directions from this point on, see bottom of page! with I-495. At this point, follow the signs for page! Baltimore (I-95/495 North). Take Exit #25 further directions: towards College Park Make a left at the first light onto Azalea Lane. Make a right onto 193 West. (Metzerott Rd. is to the right) (Azalea Lane turns For directions from this point on, see bottom of into Paint Branch Drive) page! Bear to your left around the circle past the baseball field, the dumpster, and the parking lots on the left and right hand sides. You will then see a red brick building. Make a right into that parking lot K4. The name of the building is Agriculture / Life Global View of Kaiserslautern Sciences Surge Building. We are located on the third floor. Otterbach Erfen- Erlenbach bach Lauter Mor- 270 lautern 40

Engels- to Mannheim hof K’lautern-Ost Siegelbach

K’lautern-West 6 PRE-Park Central 37 Train Station Lauter to Saarbrücken

270 University KAISERSLAUTERN 1 km

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 91 92 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Fraunhofer IESE Contact

Dial Phone No. +49 (0) 6301 707- . . . 100 Prof. Dr. Dieter Rombach Executive Director [email protected]

151 Dr. Günther Ruhe Deputy Director Department Head CET (Continuing Education and Training) [email protected]

121 Dr. Frank Bomarius Department Head SLI (Systematic Learning and Improvement) [email protected]

251 Dr. Lionel Briand Department Head QPE (Quality and Process Engineering) [email protected]

251 Dr. Peter Knauber Department Head SPL (Software Product Lines) [email protected]

226 Dr. Barbara Paech Department Head QSD (Quality Software Development) [email protected]

Dial Phone No. +49 (0) 631 41690 13 Dr. Klaus Hörmann (Competence Center for Software Technology and Continuing Education) Luxemburger Str. 1+3 D-67657 Kaiserslautern [email protected]

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 93 94 Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 Information Service

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Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Experimentelles Software Engineering Sauerwiesen 6

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Point of Contact: Petra Steffens Your data will be stored in an address Marketing, Press and Public Relations database for internal processing only. Tel: +49 (0) 6301 707 166 Fax: +49 (0) 6301 707 200 email: [email protected]

Fraunhofer IESE Annual Report 1998 95