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Growth and Productivity of Virus-Infected Valencia Orange Trees on Twenty-Five Rootstocks

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Growth and Productivity of Virus-Infected Valencia Orange Trees on Twenty-Five Rootstocks GARDNER, HUTCHINSON, HORANIC, HUTCHINS: VIRUS STUDIES 89 GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF VIRUS-INFECTED VALENCIA ORANGE TREES ON TWENTY-FIVE ROOTSTOCKS F. E. Gardner, D. J. Hutchinson, G. E. Horanic is even more impressive than on the heavier AND P. C. HUTCHINS types. The present study is part of a continuing search for rootstocks as productive as Rough Crops Research Division lemon on the light sands but which produce Agricultural Research Service fruit of better internal quality. Also, the data U. S. Department of Agriculture is evaluated for the possibility of predicting fu Orlando ture tree growth and production on the basis of the early years of tree growth and production, Abstract thus shortening the length of time for rootstock evaluation. During the experiment, 23 of the original 43 rootstocks developed symptoms of xyloporosis or exocortis because the old-line Valencia trees, Materials and Methods used as bud sources, were symptomless carriers of the viruses which cause these diseases. Some The test planting,—Seeds of the various root of the most intolerant rootstocks died or declined stocks were obtained from the variety collection and were dropped from the trial. Data on tree at the USDA farm near Orlando, and the nur size, growth trends, fruit production and quality sery trees were grown at this location. The are presented for 25 rootstocks during a 19-year budded trees were planted June 30, 1948, near period. In Valencia tree size Kalpi lime and Avon Park, Florida, on a typical Lakeland fine Rough lemon rootstocks ranked first and second, sand as a randomized block design with three- respectively. These two rootstocks also produced tree plots of each rootstock and with five replica more fruit by a wide margin than any of the tions. Tree spacing was 25 x 25 feet. others, although the fruit was low in total Budwood source,—Old-line Valencia buds soluble solids. Citrumelo C-4475, a hybrid of were taken from several mature trees selected seedy grapefruit by trifoliate orange (Poncirus only for freedom from psorosis. When the root trifoliata), was the most dwarfing stock in the stocks were budded in 1946, it was not known experiment. Trees on citrumelo C-4475 were that most commercial citrus trees in Florida very productive per unit of tree size, a factor were infected, as symptomless carriers, with which suggests that this stock could be used xyloporosis and exocortis viruses. Most of the advantageously in close-spaced plantings. rootstock varieties used in this planting had not Trunk circumference measurements, taken been tested previously. It subsequently developed at frequent intervals, disclosed that, with few that 26 of the 43 rootstocks originally included exceptions, the relative order of tree sizes on developed symptoms of xyloporosis, exocortis, or the various rootstocks did not change rank ap budunion crease. Trees on most of these 26 preciably after the first 6 years. Thus, the stocks died or declined, and data from them ultimate relative tree size on a given rootstock were accordingly excluded. However, eight were was predictable at a fairly early age. The rela retained as stocks of record because they showed tive order of fruit production established during no exterior, visible evidence of disease, although the early fruiting years was also maintained, they had minor gum deposits in the bark char with a few exceptions, during subsequent years. acteristic of xyloporosis. These are designated in the tables. Tree size, yield, and fruit quality measure Introduction ments,—Trunk circumference, 6 inches above The outstanding fruitfulness of Valencia the bud union, were recorded at frequent inter orange trees on Rough lemon rootstock is well vals. A paint mark on the trunk served as the known. The increased production of Rough point of measurement during the early years. lemon over other common stocks on light soils Later a finishing nail, driven into the trunk, pro- 90 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1967 vided a permanent measuring point. Yields of tangor C-653, for example, moved up in rank in fruit were expressed in boxes picked per tree. relation to the group as a whole. Dancy tan Percent total soluble solids and total acid of the gerine lost rank, but this change did not occur juice were determined by standard laboratory until after 1956. As a rootstock, Hamlin sweet methods on random samples of 24 fruits from orange produced significantly larger trees than each plot in each replication. Florida sweet seedlings; this was apparently due to diminished growth on the latter stock between 1959 and 1967. In general, however, Results and Discussion relative tree sizes on the various stocks were Relative growth rate and tree size.—Tree essentially established by 1954, 6 years after sizes on 25 of the rootstocks in 1967, 19 years planting. Small changes in rank are meaning after planting, are arrayed in descending order less, in view of the very small differences in of trunk circumference (Table 1). In order to trunk circumferences between adjacent values. show growth trends at various time intervals With regard to vigor of growth on this light the trunk circumferences were ranked periodi sandy soil, sour orange No. 2, an ordinary sour cally since 1951. On this basis, the trees on selection used as a reference stock in most of our Kalpi lime (Webber's Philippine Hybrid), Rough rootstock trials, ranked 15th on the list. Ber- lemon, and Hamlin orange ranked first, second, gamia sour orange and Bittersweet produced and third, respectively, in size throughout the essentially the same sized trees as sour orange experiment. Several rootstocks, Sauvage sour and No. 2. Sauvage sour, an atypical type of sour Table 1. Relative ? growth rate, tree size, total soluble solids. and acid in iuice o: : Valencia on 25 rootstocks Trunk circ Juice-TSS Juice-acic 1 Trunk circ. rank in 1967 5-21- 59 5-21- '59 Rootstock '51 '34 •56 f 59 '67 cm % Rank % Rank Kalpi lime 1 1 1 1 1 83.1 a 11.65 ef 23 0.71 c-e 21 Rough lemon 2 2 2 2 2 81.0 ab 11.06 f 25 0.74 a-e 13 Hamlin orange 3 3 3 3 3 79.4 abc 11.84 de 20 0.71 c-e 19 Duncan gft. 7 6 4 4 4 78.9 abed 12.34 b-e 14 0.69 c-e 22 Sampson tangelo 12 3 7 5 5 77.7 a-e 12.70 be 5 0.75 a-e 10 Sauvage sour or. 11 10 9 8 6 76.1 b-o 11.64 ef 24 0.69 d-e 23 Tangor C-653 22 12 11 9 7 76.0 b-e 12.99 b 2 0.78 a-d 5 Oklawaha sour or. 9 11 12 12 3 73.9 c-f 12.45 bed 10 0.74 a-e 12 Cleopatra mand. 6 7 3 10 9 73.7 c-f 12.44 bed 11 0.77 a-e 6 Dancy tangerine* 5 5 5 7 10 73.6 c-f 12.23 b-e 18 0.70 a-e 14 Alamoen gft. 24 15 15 14 11 72.3 def 11.83 de 21 6.74 a-e 11 Fla. sweet or. 4 4 6 6 12 71.9 efg 12.23 b-e 17 0.73 b-e 15 Leonardy gft.* 10 9 10 11 13 71.8 efg 12.15 c-e 19 0.71 c-e IS Sunshine tangelo* 8 14 13 13 14 68.9 fgh 12.63 be 7 0.72 b-e 17 Sour or. No. 2 14 18 17 17 15 68.6 fgh 12.64 be 6 0.75 a-e 9 Watt tangelo * 17 13 14 15 16 68.3 fgh 12.71 be 4 0.79 abc 4 Bittersweet 19 19 18 16 17 68.2 fgh 12.60 bed 8 0.75 a-e 7 Bergamia sour IS 22 19 18 18 66.1 ghi 12.34 b-e 15 0.32 a 1 r> Pina tangelo* 20 21 20 19 19 65.4 hij 12.53 bed 9 0.75 a-e O Suwannee tangelo* 13 16 16 21 20 61.1 ijk 12.35 b-e 13 0.73 b-e 16 Umatilla tangelo* 1!) 17 22 22 21 60.9 ijk 12.95 b 3 0.79 abc 3 Siamese pum. 25 24 23 20 22 60.1 ijk 12.23 b-e 16 0.68 e 25 Thong Dee pum. 23 25 25 25 23 59.9 jk 11.83 d-e 22 0.63 e 24 Yalaha tangelo* 21 23 24 24 24 56.4 k 13.69 a 1 0.80 ab 2 Citrumelo C-4475 16 20 21 23 25 55.6 k 12.37 b-e 12 0.71 c-e 20 Sig. - Means not followed by any letters in common are significantly different at odds of 19 to 1, *No external symptoms of xyloporosis but some gum-staining of phloem. GARDNER, HUTCHINSON, HORANIC, HUTCHINS: VIRUS STUDIES 91 orange, exhibited rather outstanding vigor but However, in 3 of the 4 years in which tests were produced fruit of low solids. These characteris run on fruit from this experiment, Kalpi lime tics of Sauvage sour rootstocks were reported exceeded Rough lemon in solids by an average previously (3), with Marsh grapefruit as the of 0.56 percentage points and equaled Rough top. Trees on citrumelo C-4475 were the most lemon in the 4th year. Kalpi lime, like Rough dwarfed, as mentioned. lemon, has low tolerance of cold (2) and of Fruit yields and quality,—The total cumula the burrowing nematode, Radolpholus sinrilis tive yields of fruit per tree on the various root- Cobb (Thorne) (4), although it has high toler stocks (Table 2) showed a very wide spread.
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