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Citrus Genetic Resources in California

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Citrus Genetic Resources in California Citrus Genetic Resources in California Analysis and Recommendations for Long-Term Conservation Report of the Citrus Genetic Resources Assessment Task Force T.L. Kahn, R.R. Krueger, D.J. Gumpf, M.L. Roose, M.L. Arpaia, T.A. Batkin, J.A. Bash, O.J. Bier, M.T. Clegg, S.T. Cockerham, C.W. Coggins Jr., D. Durling, G. Elliott, P.A. Mauk, P.E. McGuire, C. Orman, C.O. Qualset, P.A. Roberts, R.K. Soost, J. Turco, S.G. Van Gundy, and B. Zuckerman Report No. 22 June 2001 Published by Genetic Resources Conservation Program Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA i This report is one of a series published by the University of California Genetic Resources Conservation Program (technical editor: P.E. McGuire) as part of the public information function of the Program. The Program sponsors projects in the collection, inventory, maintenance, preservation, and utilization of genetic resources important for the State of California as well as research and education in conservation biology. Further information about the Program may be obtained from: Genetic Resources Conservation Program University of California One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 USA (530) 754-8501 FAX (530) 754-8505 e-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.grcp.ucdavis.edu/ Additional copies of this report may be ordered from this address. Citation: Kahn TL, RR Krueger, DJ Gumpf, ML Roose, ML Arpaia, TA Batkin, JA Bash, OJ Bier, MT Clegg, ST Cockerham, CW Coggins Jr, D Durling, G Elliott, PA Mauk, PE McGuire, C Orman, CO Qualset, PA Roberts, RK Soost, J Turco, SG Van Gundy, and B Zuckerman. 2001. Citrus genetic resources in California: Analysis and recommendations for long-term conservation. Report No. 22. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Genetic Resources Conserva- tion Program, Davis CA USA. © 2001 Regents of the University of California Cover photograph: Assemblage of citrus fruits. Photo credit: Eric Sander, 10558 Putney Rd, Los Angeles, CA 90064, http://www.ericsander.com, used by permission. Inside front cover: Top row, from left: Washington navel orange (CRC #1241) and Delta Valencia (Delta seedless) or- ange (CRC #3963); Second row, from left: Vainiglia pink-fleshed sweet orange (CRC #3801) and Moro blood orange (CRC #3830); Third row, from left: Mexican lime (CRC #1710), Variegated pink-fleshed Eureka lemon (CRC #2367), and Citrus hystrix (CRC #2454); Bottom row, from left: Frost Nucellar #1 (Owari) Satsuma mandarin orange (CRC #3178) and Gold Nugget mandarin orange (CRC #3913) Photo credit: All individual photographs by Ottillia J. Bier. Inside back cover: Sliced fruits demonstrating diversity in the Citrus Variety Collection. Photo credit: William S. Myerchin The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristic), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabilities veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended to be consistent with the provision of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin St., 6th Floor, Oakland CA 94607-5200. Tel. (510) 987-0096. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................... v 3. Citrus genetic resources in California .................15 Citrus Genetic Resources Assessment • Citrus Variety Collection (CVC) ............................ 15 Task Force membership......................................... vii • Citrus Evaluation Blocks (CEBs) ............................ 16 Charge to Task Force ............................................. ix • Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP) ..................................................... 17 Abbreviations and acronyms used in • National Clonal Germplasm Repository this report .............................................................. x for Citrus and Dates (NCGRCD) .......................... 18 Executive summary .............................................. xiii • Interrelationships among CVC, 1. Introduction ....................................................... 1 CEBs, CCPP, and NCGRCD .................................. 19 2. Background ........................................................ 3 4. US citrus genetic resources outside California ...........................................................23 • History of citrus in California .................................... 3 • Economic value of citrus to California ...................... 4 5. International citrus genetic resources .................25 • Taxonomy of citrus .................................................... 5 6. Analysis and recommendations in support • Biology of citrus ......................................................... 5 of citrus genetic resources in California ...............29 • Origin and distribution of citrus ................................ 6 Literature cited ......................................................37 • Domestication of citrus .............................................. 6 Appendix. Holdings of the University of California, • Genetic diversity of citrus .......................................... 6 Riverside Citrus Variety Collection (CVC) ............43 • Utilization of genetic resources in California............................................................... 8 • Importance of citrus genetic resources conservation ............................................. 11 • Acquisition of citrus genetic resources ................................................................... 12 • Conservation of citrus genetic resources ...................................................... 14 iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Figure 7. Fruit and branch of Australian finger lime (Microcitrus australasica CRC #1484). ............................ 8 Executive summary table 1. Costs of personnel, equipment, supplies, and facility requirements Figure 8. Example of diversity at the molecular level. .. 9 for the CVC. ................................................................. xii Figure 9. Howard B. Frost (l.), first citrus breeder Table 1. Summary of taxa in subgenus Citrus. ............... 6 at UC Riverside (beginning in 1914) and Robert K. Soost, who succeeded Frost as citrus breeder in 1949 Table 2. Chronology of UCR Citrus Variety and was a curator of the CVC from 1982 until 1986. ... 9 Collection supervision.................................................. 15 Figure 10. Fruit and branch of Gold Nugget Table 3. Type and number of accessions in the CVC. 17 mandarin orange (CRC #3913). .................................. 10 Table 4. Research projects utilizing accessions Figure 11. Trunk of root-stock showing damage in the CVC (1997–2001). ............................................ 32 from Phytophthora infection. ......................................... 10 Table 5. Costs of personnel, equipment, supplies, Figure 12. Trunk with bark removed to reveal and facility requirements for the CVC. ....................... 35 damage caused by the citrus tristeza virus (CTV). ...... 11 Figure 13. Successful graft. .......................................... 11 Figures Figure 14. An incompatible graft shown with Executive summary figure 1. Movement of bark stripped away. ....................................................... 11 citrus genetic resources into, within, and out of Figure 15. Hiryu (Flying Dragon trifoliate orange, the California system for conservation and Poncirus trifoliata, CRC #3795). ................................... 12 utilization of citrus genetic resources. .......................... xv Figure 16. W.P. Bitters, curator of the Citrus Figure 1. December 23, 1914 headlines from Variety Collection from 1946 to 1982. ........................ 16 the Riverside Daily Press. ............................................... 4 Figure 17. Budwood source trees for the Citrus Figure 2. Original Citrus Experiment Station Clonal Protection Program in a screenhouse- staff on the steps of the main office-laboratory protected planting at the Lindcove Research building ca. 1916. ........................................................... 4 and Extension Center. .................................................. 18 Figure 3. A cultivation demonstration at Figure 18. Seedlings of indicator plants for Riverside ca. 1917. ......................................................... 5 indexing, growing in cool-temperature chamber Figure 4. Microscopic cross-section of developing of NCGRCD greenhouse facilities. .............................. 19 seed revealing the multiple nucellar embryos Figure 19. Movement of citrus genetic resources contained within (polyembryony). ................................ 7 into, within, and out of the California system Figure 5. Germinating seeds revealing the for conservation and utilization of citrus genetic multiple nucellar seedlings emerging from the resources. ...................................................................... 20 seed at the left (polyembryony). .................................... 7 Figure 20. Headstand of furrow irrigation system. .....
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