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How to Fight Citrus Greening Disease (And It’S Not Through Genetic Engineering)
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 40 (2015-2016) Issue 3 Article 7 May 2016 Saving The Orange: How to Fight Citrus Greening Disease (And It’s Not Through Genetic Engineering) Evan Feely Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr Part of the Agriculture Law Commons, and the Environmental Law Commons Repository Citation Evan Feely, Saving The Orange: How to Fight Citrus Greening Disease (And It’s Not Through Genetic Engineering), 40 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 893 (2016), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol40/iss3/7 Copyright c 2016 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr SAVING THE ORANGE: HOW TO FIGHT CITRUS GREENING DISEASE (AND IT’S NOT THROUGH GENETIC ENGINEERING) EVAN FEELY* INTRODUCTION The orange is dying. With Florida’s citrus industry already suffer- ing from the growing skepticism of an increasingly health-conscious American public as to orange juice’s benefits,1 the emergence of citrus greening disease over the past two decades has left the orange’s long-term future very much in doubt.2 A devastating virus first documented in China roughly one hundred years ago, citrus greening disease (or “HLB”), has only migrated to Florida in the past twenty years, but has quickly made up for lost time.3 Primarily transmitted by an insect known as the Asian citrus psyllid (“ACP”), the disease has devastated Florida growers in recent years, wiping out entire groves and significantly affecting trees’ overall yield.4 This past year, Florida growers experienced their least productive harvest in forty years, and current estimates of next year’s yield are equally dismal.5 * J.D. -
SPRO 2005 30 Citrus Greening
FOR INFORMATION DA# 2005-30 September 16, 2005 SUBJECT: New Federal Restrictions to Prevent Movement of Citrus Greening TO: STATE AND TERRITORY AGRICULTURAL REGULATORY OFFICIALS On September 2, 2005, APHIS confirmed the findings of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) that identified the first U.S. detection of citrus greening caused by the bacterium, Liberibacter asiaticus. The disease was detected through the APHIS-FDACS’ Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program (CAPS). FDACS has imposed regulations governing the movement of certain material from Miami-Dade County. PPQ is imposing similar restrictions to support our combined efforts to prevent movement of citrus greening disease from infested areas, effectively immediately. All ornamental citrus psyllid host plant material in addition to all citrus is quarantined and prohibited from movement out of Miami-Dade County. A compliance agreement is being developed in conjunction with FDACS that will include recommended controls and treatments for the citrus psyllid. These treatments will allow for citrus psyllid host plant material (other than citrus) from Miami-Dade County to be shipped within the State of Florida and to non-citrus producing states. The certification process for host plants of L. asiaticus is more complex and will take more time to develop certification procedures. For all other counties, the interstate shipping (shipments outside the State of Florida) of all citrus psyllid host plants (including citrus) is permitted, except to citrus producing states (Arizona, California, Louisiana, Texas, and Puerto Rico). If citrus greening disease is detected in additional counties, the regulations established for Miami-Dade County will be applied. The current Citrus Canker quarantine areas remain in effect; these quarantines prohibit the movement of citrus out of the quarantine area. -
Fruits; Fresh Vegetables and Fresh Limes” (Opp
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA881622 Filing date: 03/07/2018 IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 91238258 Party Plaintiff Wonderful Citrus LLC Correspondence DARYA P LAUFER ESQ Address ROLL LAW GROUP PC 11444 WEST OLYMPIC BLVD LOS ANGELES, CA 90064 UNITED STATES Email: [email protected], [email protected] Submission Other Motions/Papers Filer's Name Michael M. Vasseghi Filer's email [email protected], [email protected] Signature / Michael M. Vasseghi / Date 03/07/2018 Attachments Opposition with Exhibits-reduced size.pdf(1950576 bytes ) IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Wonderful Citrus LLC, Opposition No. 91238258 Opposer, Application Serial No. 87/472272 v. APB, Inc. dba Vision Produce Company, Applicant. OPPOSER WONDERFUL CITRUS LLC’S OPPOSITION TO APPLICANT’S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS I. INTRODUCTION Applicant moves for judgment on the pleadings (“Motion”), arguing that “there is no genuine issue as to Opposer’s lack of prior rights in a trademark that could be confusingly similar to Applicant’s Mark.” (Motion pg. 3.)1 Applicant’s Motion is not well taken. It acknowledges that Opposer has alleged exactly what it takes issue with – that Opposer has prior rights in a trademark that could be confusingly similar to Applicant’s Mark. Despite this, Applicant seeks to take issue with those allegations, implicitly contending that Opposer will be unable to prove what it has alleged. (Motion pg. 2.) This is not a proper basis for judgment on the pleadings, which must accept as true all allegations asserted in the Opposition. -
Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening)
PUBLICATION 8218 Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) MARYLOU POLEK, Citrus Tristeza Virus Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Tulare; GEORGIOS VIDALAKIS, Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP), Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside; and KRIS GODFREY, UNIVERSITY OF Biological Control Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento CALIFORNIA Division of Agriculture INTroduCTioN and Natural Resources Compared with the rest of the world, the California citrus industry is relatively free of http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu diseases that can impact growers’ profits. Unfortunately, exotic plant pathogens may become well established before they are recognized as such. This is primarily because some of the initial symptoms mimic other diseases, mineral deficiencies, or toxicities. In addition, development of disease symptoms caused by some plant pathogenic organisms occurs a long time after initial infection. This long latent period results in significantly delayed disease diagnosis and pathogen detection. Citrus canker (CC) and huanglong- bing (HLB, or citrus greening) are two very serious diseases of citrus that occur in many other areas of the world but are not known to occur in California. If the pathogens caus- ing these diseases are introduced into California, it will create serious problems for the state’s citrus production and nursery industries. CiTrus BACTerial CaNker Disease Citrus bacterial canker disease (CC) is caused by pathotypes or variants of the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis (for- merly campestris) pv. citri (Xac). This bacterium is a quaran- tine pest for many citrus-growing countries and is strictly regulated by international phytosanitary programs. Distinct pathotypes are associated with different forms of the disease (Gottwald et al. -
Rangpur Lime X Troyer Citrange, a Hybrid Citrus Rootstock for Closely Spaced Trees
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 99:33-35. 1986. RANGPUR LIME X TROYER CITRANGE, A HYBRID CITRUS ROOTSTOCK FOR CLOSELY SPACED TREES W. S. Castle A combination of diseases, repeated freezes, and other University of Florida, IFAS factors has reemphasized the importance of rootstocks in Citrus Research and Education Center Florida. Moreover, the effects of these factors illustrate the 700 Experiment Station Road inherent weaknesses in virtually all citrus rootstocks and Lake Alfred, FL 33850 the need to continually search for new, improved ones. Another recent trend related to rootstocks has been C. O. YOUTSEY the shift toward more closely spaced trees, particularly FDACS, Division of Plant Industry within the row (7,8). Rootstocks well-suited for dense plan Citrus Budwood Registration Bureau tings have not been available although such stocks are 3027 Lake Alfred Road being evaluated and one appears particularly promising Winter Haven, FL 33881 (1, 3, 4, 8). It is a hybrid of Rangpur lime and Troyer D. J. Hutchison citrange (RxT) and has been under study in Florida for 18 United States Department of Agriculture yr. During this period, trees on RxT have demonstrated Agricultural Research Service sufficient commercial potential to justify our presentation 2120 Camden Road in this report of their performance and a description of Orlando, FL 32803 RxT and its characteristics. Additional index words. Blight, tristeza, tree size control. History Dr. J. R. Furr, formerly a plant breeder with the U.S. Abstract. A hybrid of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osb.) and Department of Agriculture (USDA) at Indio, California, Troyer citrange [ C. sinensis (L) Osb. -
Citrus Greening Candidatus Liberibacter Text and Images from FDACS Pest Alert, Susan Halbert, DPI
Citrus Greening Candidatus Liberibacter Text and images from FDACS Pest Alert, Susan Halbert, DPI Asian citrus psyllid adult and nymph Yellow shoots and defoliation caused by citrus greening infection. Citrus greening disease or huanglongbing (yellow dragon disease) may be the most serious citrus disease in the world. It is the major limiting factor for citrus production in parts of Asia and Africa. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees may live for 5-8 years and never produce usable fruit (Roistacher 1996). At the time of this writing, citrus greening disease is widespread in Asia, Africa, and the Saudi Arabian Peninsula. It was reported in July 2004 in São Paulo State, Brazil (Coletta-Filho et al. 2004) and in south Miami-Dade County in Florida in August 2005. Citrus greening has not been found in Australia, or the Mediterranean citrus production regions. Origin PATHOGEN: Citrus greening disease is caused by phloem-limited bacteria in the genus Candidatus Liberibacter. Three species are described, including Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Texeira et al. 2005). VECTORS: The most common vector species, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the Asian citrus psyllid, was found for the first time in the USA in Palm Beach County in June 1998, and has since colonized peninsular Florida. Most long distance spread of the vector occurred as a result of movement of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (orange-jasmine), a popular ornamental and a preferred host of D. citri. The other reported vector is the African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (del Guercio). Host Range Citrus greening infects most citrus species, hybrids, cultivars, and some citrus relatives. -
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang -
What to Eat on the Autoimmune Protocol
WHAT TO EAT ON THE AUTOIMMUNE PROTOCOL All the foods listed here are great to include in your It’s time to create an epidemic of - health. And it starts with learning ents that will help regulate your immune system and how to eat more nutrient-dense food. your hormones and provide the building blocks that your body needs to heal. You don’t need to eat all of these foods (it’s okay if snails, frog legs, and crickets aren’t your thing, and it’s okay if you just can’t get kangaroo meat or mizuna), but the idea is both to give Poultry innovative ways to increase variety and nutrient density • chicken • grouse • pigeon by exploring new foods. • dove • guinea hen • quail • duck • ostrich • turkey • emu • partridge (essentially, Red Meat • goose • pheasant any bird) • antelope • deer • mutton • bear • elk • pork • beaver • goat • rabbit • beef • hare • sea lion • • horse • seal • boar • kangaroo • whale • camel • lamb (essentially, • caribou • moose any mammal) Amphibians and Reptiles • crocodile • frog • snake • turtle 1 22 Fish* Shellfish • anchovy • gar • • abalone • limpet • scallop • Arctic char • haddock • salmon • clam • lobster • shrimp • Atlantic • hake • sardine • cockle • mussel • snail croaker • halibut • shad • conch • octopus • squid • barcheek • herring • shark • crab • oyster • whelk goby • John Dory • sheepshead • • periwinkle • bass • king • silverside • • prawn • bonito mackerel • smelt • bream • lamprey • snakehead • brill • ling • snapper • brisling • loach • sole • carp • mackerel • • • mahi mahi • tarpon • cod • marlin • tilapia • common dab • • • conger • minnow • trout • crappie • • tub gurnard • croaker • mullet • tuna • drum • pandora • turbot Other Seafood • eel • perch • walleye • anemone • sea squirt • fera • plaice • whiting • caviar/roe • sea urchin • • pollock • • *See page 387 for Selenium Health Benet Values. -
An Orangelo Is a Citrus Fruit That Is a Cross Between an Orange and What Other Fruit?
An orangelo is a citrus fruit that is a cross between an orange and what other fruit? Continue This article contains a list of links related to reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has no in-line links. Please help improve this article by entering more accurate quotes. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) OrangeloHybrid parentageCitrus paradisi × Citrus sinensisOriginPuerto Rico An orangelo (Spanish chironja - C. paradisi × C. sinensis) is a hybrid citrus fruit that is believed to originate in Puerto Rico. The fruit, a cross between grapefruit and orange, spontaneously appeared in the shade of trees grown on coffee plantations in the Puerto Rican Highlands. In 1956, Carlos G. Moscoso of the Horticultural and Agricultural Expansion Service at the University of Puerto Rico noticed trees that grew fruit that were larger and brighter than other trees on plantations. The Rootstock trials led to the development of a hybrid commonly known as chironia. In Puerto Rican Spanish, the name portmanteau is orange (Puerto Rico Spanish: porcelain) and grapefruit (toronja). Orangelos are often eaten in the same way as grapefruit (cut in half and eaten with a grapefruit spoon), but sweeter and brighter in color than grapefruit, and easier to clean. They are round to pear-shaped, with 9-13 segments. References a b Morton, J. (1987). Orange. hort.purdue.edu. received on January 17, 2017. I don't know what to do. fruitsinfo.com. Received on January 17, 2017. Chironja's external references to the Citrus Variety Collection. PUERTO RICAN CHIRONJA - A new type of citrus Chironja on citrus ID Puerto Rico chironja-new all-purpose citrus fruits This article related to fruit is a stub. -
Breeding Citrus for Cold Hardiness
66 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1959 LITERATURE CITED liminary studies on cold hardiness in citrus as related to cambiai activity and bud growth. Proc. Ann. Rio Grande 1. Camp, A. F., H. AAowry and K. W. Loucks. The effect Valley Hort. Inst. 9:1-15. 1955. of soil temperature on the germination of citrus seeds. Am. 9. Fawcett, H. S. Temperature experiments in germinat Jour. Bot. 20:348-357. 1933. ing orange seed. Calif. Citrog. 14:5-15. 1929. 2. Cathey, H. AA. Mutual antagonism of growth control 10. Girton, R. E. The growth of citrus seedlings as in of Chrysanthemum morifolium by gibberellin and Amo-1618. fluenced by environmental factors. Calif. Univ. publication Proc. Plant Physiol. meetings 33:43. 1958. Agr. Sci. 5:83117. 1927. 3. Cooper, W. C. Periodicity of growth and dormancy , 11. Lawless, W. W. Effect of freeze damage on citrus in citrus—a review with some observations on conditions in trees and fruit in relation to growth practices. Proc. Fla. the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Jour. Rio Grande State Hort. Soc. 54:67-74. 1941. Valley Hort. Soc. 11:3-10. 1957. 12. Lawless, W. W. and A. F. Camp. Preliminary report 4. Cooper, W. C. Influence of rootstock on injury and on various fertilizers and other factors as influencing cold recovery of young citrus trees exposed to the freezes of resistance in citrus. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 53:120-125. 1950-51 in the Rio Grande Valley. Proc. Ann. Rio Grande 1940. Valley Hort. Inst. 6:16-24. 1952. 13. Peltier, G. -
The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing
TheThe AsianAsian CitrusCitrus PsyllidPsyllid andand thethe CitrusCitrus DiseaseDisease HuanglongbingHuanglongbing Psyllid Huanglongbing The psyllid (pronounced síl - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphid The pest insect It has an egg stage, 5 wingless intermediate stages called nymphs, and winged adults Adult The pest insect Egg 5 Nymphs (insects molt to grow bigger) Adult psyllids usually feed on the underside of leaves and can feed on either young or mature leaves. This allows adults to survive year -round. The pest insect When feeding, the adult leans forward on its elbows and tips its rear end up in a very characteristic 45 o angle. The eggs are yellow -orange, tucked into the tips of tiny new leaves, and they are difficult to see because they are so small The pest insect The nymphs produce waxy tubules that direct the honeydew away from their bodies. These waxy tubules are unique and easy to recognize. Nymphs can only survive by living on young, tender The leaves and stems. pest insect Thus, nymphs are found only when the plant is producing new leaves. As Asian citrus psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin that causes the tips of new leaves to easily break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as it grows. Twisted leaves can be a sign that the psyllid has been there. The pest insect What plants can the psyllid attack? All types of citrus and closely related plants in the Rutaceae family • Citrus (limes, lemons, oranges, grapefruit, mandarins…) • Fortunella (kumquats) • Citropsis (cherry orange) • Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine) • Bergera koenigii (Indian curry leaf) • Severinia buxifolia (Chinese box orange) Plants • Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) • Clausena indica (wampei) affected • Microcitrus papuana (desert-lime) • Others…. -
Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A
Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A. QURESHI, SUSAN E. HALBERT AND PHILIP A. STANSLY−Host Suitability of Citrus and Zanthoxylum Spp. for Leuronota fagarae and Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Florida Entomologist 97(4) (December 2014) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse Corresponding author: Dr. J. A. Qureshi University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) 2685 SR 29N, Immokalee, Fl 34142, USA Phone: (239) 658-3400 Fax: (239) 658-3469 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Leuronota fagarae Burckhardt (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), an exotic psyllid described from South America, was first observed in 2001on a citrus relative Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. (Sapindales: Rutaceae) in southern Florida. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) is principal vector of the bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter spp.’ causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. Both vector and disease are now well established in Florida and also reported throughout the Americas and Asia. The host range of D. citri is limited to citrus and some rutaceous relatives. Additional vectors and host plants could accelerate spread of HLB in citrus and threaten endangered species such as Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. and Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl. Experiments were conducted to evaluate adult survival, reproduction and nymphal development of psyllids on 3 Citrus and 4 Zanthoxylum species as well as orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Syn. M. exotica) (Sapindales: Rutaceae), a common ornamental and preferred host of D. citri. Leuronota fagarae in single male−female pairs at 24 °C lived an average 4-47 days, 4-12 fold longer on Zanthoxylum spp. (except Z. flavum) than on citrus.